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Populism in Hungary:The False Promise of Re-politicisation
2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Current Populism in Europe: Impact on the Political Landscape
Conference
23-24 May 2016, Prague
Attila Antal
Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Law
Topics
I. Notions and Definitions of Populism
II. The Political Theories of the Orbán’s Regime
1. Theory of Carl Schmitt
2. Leader democracy
3. Political constitutionalism
III. The Elimination of Politics
I. Notions and Definitions of Populism
Political communication,
strategy
Logic
Ideology
Democracy
(de la Torre, 2000; Laclau, 2005; Mudde, 2004; Pappas, 2014)
II. The Political Theories of the Orbán’s Regime
De-politicisation and the crisis of representation
1. A Renaissance of Carl Schmitt
2. Leader Democracy
3. Political Constitutionalism
(Agamben, 2014)
II. The Political Theories of the Orbán’s Regime
1. A Renaissance of Carl Schmitt
• Dangers of depolitization
• Distinction of friend and enemy
• There is no consensus or it is undesirable
• Anti-political attitude after 1989
• Popular demands
(Schmitt, 2005 and 2007)
II. The Political Theories of the Orbán’s Regime
2. Leader Democracy
• Political leadership
• Not self-rule of the people
• The political leader as a representative
• Political representation is leadership
• Overrule the diversity of the political community
(Körösényi, 2005)
II. The Political Theories of the Orbán’s Regime
3. Political Constitutionalism
• Legal constitutionalism after 1989: the idea of constitutional rights and the rule of law
• Fundamental Law adopted in 2011 was based on political constitutionalism
• A constitutional concept which recognizes the core element of the concept of the Political
• Decision over what is legitimate activity or not can only be made politically
(Bellamy, 2007)
III. The Elimination of Politics
Anti-populism
Elitism
Populism
III. The Elimination of Politics
Populism as…
political
communication,
strategy
logic ideology democracy
Theory of Carl
Schmitt+ - - -
Leader Democracy - - - -
Political
Constitutionalism+ + - -
III. The Elimination of Politics
Populism as…
political
communication,
strategy
logic ideology democracy
Theory of Carl
Schmitt
Re-politicisationLeader Democracy
Political
Constitutionalism
III. The Elimination of Politics
Schmittian concept
Leader democracy
Leader exercises the
state sovereignty
III. The Elimination of Politics
Schmittian concept
Leader democracy
Leader exercises the
state sovereignty
Monopolizing the representation
Eliminating the political responsibility
III. The Elimination of Politics
Populist
Elitist
“Elitist populism”
Monopolizing the representation
Eliminating the political responsibility
(Enyedi, 2016)
III. The Elimination of Politics
1. Privatization of Politics
Re-politicisation
De-politicisation
III. The Elimination of Politics
2. Broken Political Representation
• Representation = leadership
• The parliament have become incapable for implementing accountability
• Triumph of political (Schmitt, leader democracy) over the law
III. The Elimination of Politics
3. Politics of Irresponsibility
• Responsibility has been changed to political loyalty
• Leadership – responsibility – representatives
III. The Elimination of Politics
4. Politics of Permanent State of Exception
• “A permanent technology of government”(Agamben)
• Governing the effects
(Agamben, 2014)
III. The Elimination of Politics
5. Politics without Moral
Moral politics (Schmitt, Weber)
Politics without moral (Orbán’s
practice)
References
Agamben, Giorgio (2014): From the State of Control to a Praxis of Destituent Power. ROAR Magazine, February 4, 2014
Bellamy, Richard (2007): Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defenceof the Constitutionality of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press
Canovan, Margaret (1999): Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy. Political Studies, 47 (1), 2–16.
de la Torre, Carlos (2000): Populist seduction in Latin America. Athens: Ohio University Press
Enyedi Zsolt (2016): Paternalist populism and illiberal elitism in Central Europe. Journal of Political Ideologies, Volume 21, Issue 1, 2016. 9–25.
Körösényi András (2005): Political Representation in Leader Democracy. Government and Opposition, Summer 2005, Volume 40, Issue 3. 358–378.
Laclau, Ernesto (2005): On populist reason. London: Verso
References
Mény, Yves–Surel, Yves (eds.) (2002): Democracies and the Populist Challenge. New York: Palgrave
Mouffe, Chantal (2005): On the Political. London: Routledge
Mudde, Cas (2004): The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39. 541–563.
Pappas, Takis S. (2014): Populist Democracies: Post-Authoritarian Greece and Post-Communist Hungary. Government and Opposition, 49. 1–23.
Schmitt, Carl (2005): Political Theology. Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press
Schmitt, Carl (2007): The Concept of the Political. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
antalattila.hu
