PROGRESS REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

IN9900425 I

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PROGRESS REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DIVISION1995-1997Compiled by

P. V. N. Nair and K. S. V. NambiEnvironmental Assessment Division

1998

3 0 - 1 6

f\ B ARC/1998/P/003

SOi GOVERNMENT OF INDIA*; ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

i<CD

PROGRESS REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DIVISION:

1995-1997

Compiled by

P.V.N. Nair and K.S.V. NambiEnvironmental Assessment Division

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTREMUMBAI, INDIA

1998

BARC/1998/P/003

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BARC External

Progress Report

BARC/1998/P/003

Progress Report of Environmental Assessment Division 1995-1997

128 p.

P.V.N. Nair; K.S.V. Nambi (comps.)

Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha AtomicResearch Centre, Mumbai

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 085

Environmental Assessment Division, BARC, Mumbai

Department of Atomic Energy

Government

-l- Contd...(ii)

30 Date of submission: July 1998

31 Publication/Issue date : August 1998

40 Publisher/Distributor : Head, Library and Information Division,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai

42 Form of distribution : Hard Copy

50 Language of text: English

51 Language of summary : English

52 No. of references :

53 Gives data on :

60 Abstract: The research and development (R and D) activities of Environmental AssessmentDivision during the period 1995 - 1997 are reported in the form of individual summariesarranged under the headings: 1) Studies on Radioactivity Measurements 2) InternalDosimetry Studies 3) Epidemiological Studies 4) Aerosol Studies 5) Pollution MonitoringSystems 6) Studies on trace Constituents in the Environment 7) Modelling Studies 8)Radiological Safety Assessment and 9) Dating studies. At the end of the report, list ofpublications including papers published in journals, papers in symposium proceedings,papers in Bulletins/ Newsletters and reports and summaries of Ph.D. Theses completedduring the period are given.

70 Keywords/Descriptors : ENVIRONMENT; PERSONNEL; BARC; BIOLOGICALRADIATION EFFECTS; CONTAMINATION; DOSIMETRY; ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FALLOUT; FISSION PRODUCTS; MATHEMETICALMODELS; NEOPLASMS; POLLUTION; PROGRESS REPORT; RADIATIONDETECTORS; RADIATION MONITORING; RADIATION MONITORS; RADIOACTIVEAEROSOLS; RADIOACTIVITY; RADON; RESEARCH PROGRAMS; SOILS; TRACEAMOUNTS; ISOTOPE DATING; SAFETY

71 Clans No.: INIS Subject Category : C55OO; C5200

99 Supplementary elements :

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PREFACE

Three progress reports published since 1979 had covered the periods1979 - 1984 (BARC -1257), 1985 - 1990 (BARC/1991/005) and 1991 -1994 (BARC/ 1994 / P/005) and this is the fourth in the series.

During 1995 - 1997, activities of the Division were mainly on radiation/ radioactivity in the environment including internal dosimetry,environmental modelling, conventional environmental pollution andaerosol research. It has a strength of 60 persons (scientific + technical),Aerosol & Monitoring Systems Section (11), Environmental Modeling andAnalysis Section (23), Environmental Radiation Monitoring Section (14)and Internal Dosimetry Section (15) . Nearly half of the staff of theDivision were engaged in work related to radiation / radioactivity in theenvironment, during the period being reported upon. The Divisioncertifies more than 1000 samples of food and other consumer productsfor radioactivity per annum. There is also constant demand for analysis ofblood samples for heavy metals from various hospitals and for testing ofaerosol generators/ air cleaning equipments from the industry. From allthese analytical services, BARC earns about Rs.15 lakhs per year.

During the period, the Division has organized the following importantsymposia:

1. Fourth National Symposium on Environment at Anna University,Chennai during February 1995.

2. Fifth National Symposium on Environment at Calcutta during February- March 1996.

3. Sixth National Symposium on Environment at TN AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore during January 1997.

The National Symposia had attracted excellent participation fromacademic and professional community, yielded good technical output andhad helped in increasing public awareness on radiation andenvironmental protection.

The Division also organized in 1996 a one day Workshop on Leadpollution and Analysis for the benefit of Lead industries at the request ofthe Central Pollution Control Board and India Lead Zinc Association.

j . ) u (K. S. V. Nambi)Date: £ *» / * \}( Head, Environmental Assessment Division, BARC

CONTENTS

SECTION

1. Studies on Radioactivity Measurements

2. Internal Dosimetry Studie

3. Epidemiological Studies

4. Aerosol Studies

5. Pollution Mnitoring Systems

6. Studies on trace Constituents in the Environment

7. Modelling Studies

8. Radiological Safety Assessment

9. Dating Studies

10. List of publications

a. Papers in Journals

b. Papers in Symposium Proceedings

c. Papers in Bulletins / Newsletters

d. Reports

11. Ph. D. Theses completed

Paoe No.

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1. STUDIES ON RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

1. TITLE Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Construction Materials andEvaluation of Indoor Gamma Radiation Exposure.

2.TOPIC CODE : 1 -1

3. ABSTRACT

Naturally occurring radionuclides in building construction materials are one of the sources of radiation to the population. Variousmaterials such as cement, stones, bricks, sand, tiles etc. used for constructing a new building were assessed for 40K, 232Thand 238U radioactivity by gamma ray spectrometric technique and the external exposure inside the building was predicted byusing the computer code QAD-CGGP. The external dose rate was also measured by a scintillation gamma dose monitor afterthe construction of the building. A sensitivity analysis assuming extreme conditions of radioactivity concentrations as arenormally observed in the Indian context, indicates the possibility of indoor gamma radiation fields varying by two orders ofmagnitude.

The regulatory guidelines for exposure control from natural radioactivity in future buildings are also proposed for keeping thepopulation exposure as low as reasonably achievable. It is evaluated that radioactivity limits of 370 Bq/kg of radium equivalentand 85 Bq/kg of 226Ra when applied concurrently, might limit the indoor exposure to reasonably accepted low levels of healthrisks.

4. KEYWORDS: Natural radioactivity, Building materials, Indoor population exposure, Exposure control methodologies.

5. INVESTIGATORS

V.K Shukla, S. Sadasivan, V.K Sundaramand KS.V. Nambi.

6. SPONSORING/ COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIQN(S) / INSTITUTE(S)

Environmental Assessment Division. BARC.

7. PROGRAMME DURATION

Started on : 1990 . Proposed to be/ concluded by : 1996.

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1. "Assessment of Gamma Radiation Exposure Inside a Newly Constructed Building and a Proposed Regulatory Guidelines forExposure Control from Natural Radioactivity in Future Buildings' V.K Shukla, S. Sadasivan, V.K. Sundaram and KS V. Nambi,Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 59, pp 127-133, 1995.

1. TITLE Countrywide Network for Radioactivity and Radiation DoseMonitoring

2.TOPIC CODE : 1 - 2

3. ABSTRACTUnder the eighth plan, a project to establish a countrywide network of monitoring stations for continuous monitoring of radiationdose and radioactivity in the air was taken up. A step moving Titter system for the measurement of participate gross beta activitywas locally developed and tested. Environmental gamma dose measurement are being earned out continuously using GM tubes/ ionisation chambers. The above two systems are integrated to give a single microprocessor controlled unit known asintegrated system. The above system gives the printout of the gross beta activity as well as the gamma dose rates atpredetermined intervals. This system is installed at nine locations so far. Seven other stations are operating with a dosemonitoring systems and a suction pump for air particulate sampling. In all, twenty five monitoring stations are planned forcountry wide net work. This net work is linked to the global network called Global Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network(GERMON).

4. KEYWORDSRadioactivity, Monitoring Network

5. INVESTIGATORSS. Gopalakrishnan. C.KG. Nair, M Patel, P.V.N. Nairand KS.V. Nambi.

6. SPONSORING/ COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION(S) / INSTITUTE(S)

Environmental Assessment Division, BARC.


Started on : 1989 Proposed to be concluded by : Project Continues_


1. TITLE Radioactivity Monitoring Of Some Consumer Products. 2.TOP1C CODE : 1 - 3

3. ABSTRACTSome of the consumer products such as gas mantles, phosphogypsum (for producing decorative items, false ceiling, buildingmaterials etc.) and flmenite ores (for producing pigments in paint industry) contain significant quantities of natural radionuclidestike 232Th and 226Ra as well as their radioactive daughter products. These items are very commonly used by the population.Radioactivity measurements on these products were carried out to ascertain that the levels of radioactivity do not exceed thelimits set up by the regulatory authorities.

4. KEYWORDSNatural radioactivity, Consumer items, llmenite, Gas mantle, Phosphogypsum.

5. INVESTIGATORSV.K. Shukla, M.V. Ramana Murthy, R.R. Kamath, G. Sadagopan and KS.V. Nambi.


Environmental Assessment Division, BARC. / Radiation Protection Services Division, BARC


Started on : _ From: 1981 Proposed to be concluded by . Project Continues

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1. "Natural Radioactivity in Phosphogypsum and Radiological Impact Assessment for its Utilisation in Building Construction

Materials' V.K Shukla, M.V. Ramana Murthy and R.R. Kamath, Proc. 5th National Symp. on Environment, pp. 180-182, 1996.

2. 'Estimation of Thorium in Gas Mantles to Ascertain Regulatory Complaiance.' Geetha Sadagopan, KS.V. Nambi, G.Venkataraman, V.K Shukla and R. Parthasarthy, Proc. 5th National Symp. on Environment, pp. 176-179, 1996.

3. 'Natural Radioactivity Measurements in llmenite Samples' M.V.R. Murthy and V.K Shukla, 23rd IARP Conf., 1997.

4. "Estimation of Thorium in Gas Mantles to Ascertain Regulatory Complaiance.' Geetha Sadagopan, KS.V. Nambi, G.Venkataraman, V K.Shukla and S. Kayasth, Rad. Protec. Dosimetry, 71, pp. 53-56, 1997

1. TITLE Integrated Germon System 2.TOPIC C O D E : 1 - 4

3. ABSTRACTThis system was developed for the Indian network of Global Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring Network

(GERMON). ft consists of paniculate activity monitor and environmental gamma dose monitor integrated into one system. Theparticulate activity monitor is based on stepper motor controlled moving fitter air sampling and GM counter based beta activitymonitoring. Air is sampled four eight hours through filter paper using 2001pm pump Two GM counters are used for analysingthe air sample. One GM counter analysis the sample immediately after air sampling is stoped and another GM counter foranallysing the same sample after 48 hours. Thus the first GM counter gives short lived activity and the second GM counter giveslong lived activity. Radon/Thoron activity is monitored using the data from the first GM counter. The system gives print out everyeight hours • .,

The environmental gamma dose monitor of the Integrated system may be programmed to use upto 3 differentdetectors for gamma monitoring. Hourly pprint out of dose rate is produced on the buiittin printer of the Integrated System.

The GERMON Programme, under VII plan, has covered ten stations. Fifteen more stations are ,being planned forcompletion during the next two years. The following stations are already set up, which are functioning satisfactoriyi) BARC Hospital Complex, ii) Tarapur ESL, iii) Kalpaakkam ESL, iv) Kota ESL, v) Mangatore University, vi) Jodhpur DL, vii)Narora ESMLJi) Nagpur AMD, ix) Tezpur (Assam)DRL,x) Technology Demonstration Station at BARC, Mod.Labs.

4. KEYWORDSGERMON, radioactivity, environment, gamma. Radon. Thoron. stepper motor

6. INVESTIGATORSC.K.G. Nair, M.D. Patel, K.S.V. Nambi



Started on: 1994 Proposed to be concluded by : 1995_


1. TITLE Data Communication For Germon Network 2.TOPIC CODE : I - 5

3. ABSTRACT

The Indian network of global Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring Network (GERMON) isexpected to consist oftwentyfive stations spread all over the country, of which ten are already installed. Each station is equiped with automatedsystems for monitoring particulate and gamma activity. The printout obtained from the system at each station is presentlydespatched to the central station in Mumbai. Development work is progressing to link all the stations to the Mumbai stationusing Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN) for on line transmission of data. As the systems at remote stations are notPC-based, commercially available communication programs can not be used for this purpose. Hence firmware program arebeing developed for the microprocessor of the remote system so that data communication is also part of the main systemprogram. The central station in Mumbai will be equipped with a pentium PC. Central station communication program wasalready developed using Turbo C under PC-286, matching with proposed protocol. However, this program will be modified usingVisual BASIC for better graphical user interface under Windows-95 of pentium PC

Communication from remot station will make use of existing telephone connection in the neighbourhood by sharing theconnection. Data/Voice switch will be used to divert the telephone call to either telephone instrument or data modem ofGERMON system, after automatically identifying the nature of the call. However, it is proposed to initiate data transfer only atmidnight so that no extra billingwill arise on account of sharing the telephone with GERMON. Data transfer call is initiated bythe central station in a polling sequence starting with the first station in the poll list.

4. KEYWORDSGERMON, Network, radioactivity. Data communication.

5. INVESTIGATORSCK.G. Nair, M.D. Patel



Started on : _July 1997 Proposed to be concluded by : Dec." 98

8. RECENT PUBUCATIONS / PATENTS

1. TITLE Ko Method Of Quantification In Neutron ActivationAnalysis For Environmental Samples.

2. TOPIC CODE : 1 - 6

3. ABSTRACTThe Ko factor method in neutron activation analysis adopts all the principles of comparator method and can be usedfor the rapid determination of elemental concentrations during routine monitoring of environmental samples. Themethod necessitates the use of sam in-pile conditions, such as irradiation time, irradiation position and the type ofneutron spectrum, for which the factors have been generated. The Ko factors were estimated for various elements ofenvironmental importance for three irradiation positions of Apsara Reactor at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.Standard reference materials of soil and coal were used for all the elements except for Hg for which HgCI2 was used.The concentration of the elements determined using these factors in a flyash standard reference material revealedgood agreement within 10% of the certified values The efficacy of the method compared well with that of specificelement comparator method as revealed by the elemental concentrations obtained by both the techniques.

4. KEYWORDSabsolute, comparator, Ko factor, NAA

5. INVESTIGATORS'B.S.Negi, V Meenakshy, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, S.KJha, R.N.Acharya*. P.P.Burte*, AG.C.Nair*, U.S.Kumar*,A.V.R.Reddy*, S B.Manohar*

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTED)Environmental Assessment Division, * Radiochemistry DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : September, 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: February, 19968. RECENT PUBUCATIONS / PATENTS1) AcharyaR.N., Jha.SK, Burte.P.P., NairAG.C. Kumar.U.S., Reddy.A.V.R., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., andManohar.S.B., Analysis of sediment samples by reactor neutron activation analysis using Ko method, Proc. 5th

National Symp. On Environment March 1996, pp. 209, 213.2) Negi 8 S , Meenakshy. V., and Krishnamoorthy.T.M., Ko method of quantification in neutron activation analysis asapplied to environmental samples, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 47, 1997, pp. 303-313.

1. TITLE Global Distribution Of Tritium. 2. TOPIC CODE : 1 - 7

3. ABSTRACTSurface sea water samples were collected enroute Antarctica (Dec. 1990-March 1991) at an interval of 5° latitudebetween equator and 40° S latitude, at an interval of 2° latitude between 40° S and 60° S and 1° latitude intervalbetween 60° S and 70° S. Fresh water samples were also collected from different lakes in the vicinity of Indianstation Maitree in Antarctica. Spatial distribution pattern of tritium in the surface waters of Indian Ocean reveals aminimum at the equator, a primary peak of about 15 TU between 30° S and 40° S and secondary peaks of about 10TU between 50° S and 67° S latitudes. This pattern follows the hydrographic characteristics of the region. The tritiumlevels in all the fresh water samples ranged between 5 and 8 TU. A three compartmental model for the globaldistribution of tritium is developed to study the impact of atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices in relation totritium distribution in the atmosphere, land surface waters and ocean surface waters. Contributions from all thethermonuclear tests have been assessed and the tritium concentrations in different compartments are computed.The computed concentration values compare well with experimentally obtained concentration values.

4. KEYWORDStritium, surface water, ocean, Antarctica, compartment model

5. INVESTIGATORSS H.Sadarangani+, S.S.Gogate+, T M.Krishnamoorthy, D.V.Gopinath

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)+ Radiation Safety Systems Division, Environmental Assessment DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : September, 1991 Proposed to be concluded by : February, 19958. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Sadarangani.S.H., Gogate.S S., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., and Gopinath.D.V., A three compartmental model for globaldistribution of tritium, Proc. 5th National Symp. On Environment, 1996, pp. 223-226.2) Sadarangani.S.H., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., and Gopinath.D.V., Tritium concentrations in surface waters of IndianOcean and in lakes around Indian station Maitree in Antarctica, Indian J. Of Marine Sciences, Vol. 24, 1995, pp. 192-195.

10

1. TITLE Radon / Thoron Calibration Facility For SSNTDDosimetry


3. ABSTRACT

A facility has been set up at EAD, BARC to calibrate radon/thoron monitors based on SSNTD passive detectorsused in the radon thoron survey programmes. The facility consists of a stainless steel chamber of 0.5 m volume,an aerosol generator, particle counter, sampling facilities and alpha counting units. In-vivo system for thecontinuous radon measurement is also incorporated in the system. Etching units for processing the SSNTDs andspark counters for counting the tracks are also included in the facility. Several sets of calibration experiments usingradon source were carried out for standardising the dosimeters before they are deployed in field measurements. Thefacility is being used for training the participants involved in radon Coordinated Research Programme.

4. KEYWORDSRadon, thoron, dosimetry, SSNTD, calibration facility.

5. INVESTIGATORSA. N. Shaikh, T. V. Ramachandran, KP. Eappen, Y. S. Mayya and K. S. V. Nambi

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085

7, PROGRAMME DURATION

Started on: 1995 Proposed to be concluded bv: 19998. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1. Ramachandran, T. V. et al (1996): Experiences with radon calibration facility for SSNTD, Proceeding of 3rdInternational Conference on Rare Gas Geochemistry., Amritsar Dec 10-15.

2. Srivastava. D. S, et al. (1995) Calibration factor for LR 115 type II track detector for environmental radonmeasurements., Nuclear Geophysics., 9, 487 - 495.

II

1. TITLE Country-Wide Indoor Radon / Thoron Survey 2. TOPIC CODE : 1 - 9

3. ABSTRACT

It is surmised that 50 % of the total natural background dose received by the population is due to the inhalation ofradon/thoron and its progeny. For budgeting this dose, either for future epidemiological purposes or for riskestimates, it is necessary to evolve a country-wide dose distribution map. But it is this component of the dose whichis inadequately measured in our country. In view of this, a coordinated survey programme in India involving differentuniversities and other research institutions has been initiated to monitor radon/thoron and their progeny levels in theresidential areas A well defined protocol has also been formulated. Currently, 7 universities and one other researchinstitution are involved in this project. For the standardisation of the dosimetric system used, 5 nodal centers havealso being set up for carrying out calibration experiments at different parts of the country. At each location 100houses are being selected for the survey for a full year on a the basis of quarterly measurements, covering all thefour seasons. Measurements are made with indegenously developed twin cup, dosimeter systems incorporatingSSNTDs Initial calibrations of these dosimeters have been made and periodic checking will be carried out at therespective nodal centres. In addition, a survey programme of monitoring the radon thoron levels in the residentialareas around DAE units for eight quarters has been carried out.

4. KEYWORDSRadon, Thoron, indoor, countrywide survey, Inhalation dose, SSNTD.

5. INVESTIGATORST. V. Ramachandran, KP. Eappen, A. N. Shaikh, Y. S. Mayya and K S. V. Nambi

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085Defense Research and Development Organisation, Jodhpur7 UniversitiesAtomic Mineral Division, NagpurHealth Physics/ESL units in DAE Installations


Started on : 1997 Proposed to be concluded by: 19998. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

12

1. TITLE Development Of Indigenous SSNTDS And ItsApplications To Alpha Activity Estimation In Waste Solutions

2.TOPICCODE:1-10

3. ABSTRACT

A simple method has been developed for making thin uniform cellulose nitrate films for use as alpha track detectorsusing spinning disc. Cellulose nitrate which is the sensitive part of the film is first treated to cross link the freehydroxyl groups to enhance its response to ionising particles of high LET. This homogeneous solution is dropped onto the centre of the substrate and the spinning disc is spun at 3000 rpm for 3-5 minutes. The solvent evaporatesleaving a dry coating of the CN films on the substrate which can be directly used as SSNTD. These have been testedand compared with available Kodak LR-115 filim for detection of neutrons and alphs particles.

These films have been used for estimating plutonium alpha activity from alpha active waste stream of plutoniumplant. These SSNTDs were immersed in the alphs activity bearing solutions after covering them with thinpolycarbonate films in irder to avoid direct contact with the liquid. Calibration factors were established throughexperiments performed with known concentrations of Pu bearing solutions. Field experiments with waste streamcontaining Pu showed results comparable with those obtained with scintillation cell methods. This technique pavesway for on-line monitoring of alpha activity in the waste stream of Fuel Reprocessing Plant.

4. KEYWORDSBARC CN films, spinning disc, alpha activity, waste stream.

5. INVESTIGATORSM. Rathinam, TV. Ramachandran, B. Raghunath, U. Jambunathan, MR. Iyer and K.S.V. Nambi

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Fuel Reprocessing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085.University Department of Chemical Technology, BombayAtomic Energy Regulatory Board, Bombay


Starte'd on : 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: ongoing


1. Raghunath, B. Samant, S.D. Ramachandran, TV. and others (1995) Preparation of cellulose nitrate films usinga spinning disc for SSNTD applications, Radiation Measurements, Vol. 24.

2. Rathinam, M. et al. (1995) Estimation of alpha activities in waste stream solution using BARC developedSSNTDs, Proc. 9th Nat. Symp. on SSNTD, Bombay, pp 152-153.

13

1. TITLE Performance Evaluation Of Phoswich DetectorsFor Internal Monitoring Of Actinides

2. TOPIC CODE: 1-11

3. ABSTRACTPerformances of two 20 cm dia phoswich detectors - BICRON make (Model 8xH12 Csl (Tl) Q/(3) 3B SSL-X) and

Quartz and Silice make (model 203 YBEA 12.7 W 51) procured over the past few years, have been evaluated forassessment of low energy photon (LEP) emitters (actinides) in-vivo. The detectors housed inside a graded lined 20cm thick steel chamber were operated with pulse shape discrimination (PSD) technique. The PSD electronics basedon ORTEC pulse-shape analyser (either model 458 or 552) was optimised separately for each detector. Theperformances of both the phoswiches when compared with the one in use since 1975, on the basis of figure of merit,were found to be poorer by factors of about 4 and 10 respectively. Unsatisfactory detectors were, therefore, returnedto the respective manufacturers. The test results along with a criterion which serves not only to compare thedetection sensitivities of various detectors but also aids in the selection of a suitable detector for the internalmonitoring of actinides, are reported in this paper. The main reason for the poor figure of merit of the Quartz & Silicephoswich was ascertained as the Nat U contamination in its 1 mm thick Be radiation entrance window. The Bewindow was replaced with that of an MIB material by the manufacturer upon our recommendation. The phoswichwith MIB window was found to exhibit a satisfactory and acceptable figure of merit for internal monitoring of actinides.Therefore, it was installed in the steel room and has thus, replaced the aged phoswich detector. Installation of newphoswich ensures the continuity of internal monitoring programme for occupational workers handling actinides.

4. KEYWORDSPhoswich, Low Energy Photon Emitters, PSD, Actinides

6. INVESTIGATORS,T.KHaridasan , R.C.Sharma, T.Surendran, C.B.Ghatikar and J.M.Vidhani



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTST KHaridasan , R C.Sharma, T.Surendran, C B.Ghatikar and J.M.Vidhani, Performance Evaluation OfPhoswich Detectors For Internal Monitoring Of Actinides, Presented at 23rd IARP Conference, onRecent Advances in Radiation Measurements and Radiation Protection, Amritsar, Feb. 19-21, 1997

14

1.TITLE An Electrostatic Chamber For Measurement OfThoron in Breath

2.TOPICCODE:1-12

3. ABSTRACTA new apparatus based on electrostatic method for the measurement of thoron in breath has been developed.

The exhaled breath air is passed through the apparatus consisting of an electrostatic chamber (35 I). Freshlyformed decay product atoms of Thoron and Radon in the exhaled breath sample are positively charged ions attheir initial life time by virtue of the alpha emission of their parent gases. Therefore.Thoron concentration isestimated by measuring alpha activity of its daughter products deposited on the electrode maintained at a negativepotential. Details of the electrostatic chamber, its performance optimisation,calibration and use have been reported ina paper published elsewhere The collection efficiency of the chamber was measured for different concentrations ofthoron drawn from a standardised thoron regulated chamber The overall efficiency achievable with the present set-up is 0.86 which is appreciably higher than that reported for the similar apparatus used elsewhere. It is possible tomeasure as low as 45 mBq of emanating 224 Ra at mouth with 5% error with the developed apparatus.

4. KEYWORDSElectrostatic Chamber, Thoron in Breath

8. INVESTIGATORS,D.J.Mehta and R.C.Sharma

6. SPONSORING /COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Continuing

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1. D J Mehta and R.C Sharma, Bulletin of Radiation Protection, Vol 17, No.1, pp.63-66, 1994

15

1. TITLE Bloklnetlcs Of Uranium 2. TOPIC CODE: 1 -13

3. ABSTRACTThe uranium concentrations in diet, body fluids and tissues for subjects living in normal background areas were

determined. The data were employed to obtain some Important bioklnetlc para-meters of uranium. The gut bsorptionfactor (f1) and excretion ratio were evaluated using these data, as 0 016 and 41% respectively.

Uranium organ burdens were determined and compared with the derived organ burdens for kidney, skeleton,muscle and soft tissues by the application of ICRP metabolic model to its intake data for adult Indian population.Higher systemic burden was observed for kidney and muscles including soft tissues, indicating longer retention half-lives for uranium retained in kidney and muscle

4. KEYWORDSUranium, Organ burden, Blokinetics

5. INVESTIGATORS,V RPullat, H.S.Dang, R.C.Sharma



Started on : * Proposed to be concluded by Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1 H S Dang, V R Pullat and R C Sharma, Distribution of U in Human Organs of Urban Indian Population Groupand its Relationship with Clearance Half LivesHealth Physics, Vol. 68 pp 328-331, 19^5

2. V.R Pullat, H.S Dang and R.C Sharma, Some Important Human Biokinetic Parameters of Uranium, Bull RadiatProt Vol 18, No 1 &2, pp-245-248, 1995

16

1. TITLE Intercomparison Of Shadow-Shield Whole BodyRadioactivity Monitors In Operation At Various Nuclear Facilities InIndia

2.TOPICCODE:1-14

3. ABSTRACTShadow-Shield Whole Body Radioactivity Monitors (SSWBRMs), installed at the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities in

India, are being used for monitoring of occupational workers for their internal radioactivecontamination Intercomparison of these SSWBRMs was carried out to evaluate and compare the uncertaintiesinvolved in estimating a known quantity of a radionuclide in the human body. Eleven laboratories participated in thisprogramme A water filled PVC reference phantom and accurately standardised sets of sources of 133Ba, ^ C sand 60Co were used in these studies. Each laboratory was asked to estimate the strength of each of theseradioinuclides using the monitoring procedure followed by it. The observed estimates were found to vary over a widerange, being -6% to -44% for ^°Co and 17% to - 57% for 137Cs. Statistical considerations could only accountfor uncertainties of about + 15%. Subsequently, the monitors were recalibrated for the above mentioned threeradionuclides using the reference phantom and sets of standard sources Upon use of the new calibration factorsand counting procedure followed during recalibration, all observed estimates were found to be well within therange of statistical uncertainties.

Some monitor parameters of the participating SSWBRMs were observed to vary significantly. The detectorresolution varied from 7 5 to 12.7% for 662 keV, relative detector efficiency from 28 to 15 %, scan length from 136 to180 cm and counting time from 9.5 to 35 min. The effects of these variations in monitor parameters on the accuracyof estimation of in-vivo radioactivity has also been investigated. It is planned to conduct the next phase ofintercomparison by circulating a few internally contaminated human subjects.

4. KEYWORDSIntercomparison , Shadow Shield Whole Body Radioactivity Monitors

5. INVESTIGATORS,D.S.Katoch, D.J.Mehtaand R.C Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

Bulletin of Radiation Protection, Vol. 18, No 1 & 2, pp. 233 -240, 1995

17

1. TITLE Assessment Of Interference Due To Ar-41 ReleasesFrom Cirus And Dhruva Reactors In Whole Body RadioactivityMeasurements

2.TOPICCODE:1-15

3. ABSTRACTAr-41 is released from the stacks of the CIRUS and DHRUVA reactors when In operation. Many times, particularly

during rainy season it diffuses towards Mod.Labs, and causes considerable interference in the whole bodyradioactivity measurements. In order to incorporate appropriate corrections in the monitoring data, studies werecarried out to quantify its contributions in relevant energy channels used for various radionuclides in terms of its 1.29MeV gamma ray full energy peak intensity. Data was collected over a period of months and at different times of theday. A correlation between the additional counts observed in various energy regions of interest and 1.29 MeV fullenergy peak intensity was established. These correlation factors observed in the case of shadow shield bed andshielded chair whole body monitors were found to be considerably different In case of many of the energy channels.The factors were found to be higher for low energy regions and lower for high energy regions in the case of shadowshield bed monitor in comparison with shielded chair monitor. This effect is attributed to a higher multiple scatteringprobability for the photons in the vicinity of the system in the case of shadow shield whole body monitor. Thecontribution of 1 29 MeV photons in Cs-137, 1-131, Co-58, Co-60, Sb-125, Zn-65, Mn-54, Cr-51, Ce-141, Hg-203,Sn-113, Sr- 85, Ru106 - Rh106, Zr95 - Nb95, K-40 energy regions Is found to be about 45, 95, 50, 120, 85, 35, 50,120, 165, 140, 72, 54, 78, 55, 75 % in the case of shielded chair monitor and 47, 115, 44, 106, 125, 37, 47, 148, 184,179, 100, 72, 83, 54, 71 % in the case of shadow shield bed monitor respectively. A correlation between the Ar-41concentration discharged from the CIRUS/Dhruva reactors and the observed 1.29 MeV gamma ray photopeak in thebackground spectra of whole body monitors has been established.

4. KEYWORDSWhole body counting, Ar-41 interference

S. INVESTIGATORS,S.P.Garg, I.S.Singh and R.C.Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTSS.P.Garg, I S.Singh, R.C Sharma and K.S V.Nambi, Assessment of Interference due to Ar-41 Releases fromOperating Reactors at Site in Whole Body Radioactivity Measurements, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (In Press)

18

1. TITLE Calibration Factors For Actinide Lung CountingSystems Using A Reference Asian Phantom

2. TOPIC CODE: 1 -17

3. ABSTRACTAs a part of the Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP) on the international intercomparison of actinide lung

counting systems, the Reference Asian Phantom and its accessories viz. sets of blank and radioactive lungs loadedwith uniformly distributed 238 Pu, 241 Am, Nat. and 3% Enriched U and 232 Th along with the correspondingreference point sources of these radionuclides and six chest overlayers for varying the chest wall thickness and itscomposition, were received for carrying out the measurements in accordance with the CRP protocol. At BARC, twotypes of calibration measurements were made: a) on the standard point sources in a chosen standard geometry foreach detector used for measurements on the phantom and b) on the Reference Asian Phantom which includedmeasurements with blank and radioactivity loaded lung sets with basic phantom as well as with each of the six chestoverlayers. For these measurements, a variety of detection systems was employed in a number of countinggeometries over the anterior chest of the phantom. Each detection system was first optimised with respect to itsperformance by evolving proper settings of its electronic instruments. The detection systems used were: a) threetypes of phoswich detectors operating with their optimised PSD electronics I) a 20 cm dia old phoswich ii) a 20 cmdia new phoswich and iii) a square phoswich of 103 cm 2 area; two types of Nal(TI) scintillation detectors, (sizes: 20cm dia x 10 cm thick & 12.7 cm dia x 1.27 cm thick) and lastly a single Hyper Pure (HP)Ge detector (51 mm dia and20 mm sensitive depth LO-AX). In order to facilitate comparison of our results with those of other participants, theraw data collected with all the above mentioned detection systems have been entered in the EXCEL spread sheetsprovided by IAEA as per the intercomparison protocol. Analyses of the collected data so as to calculate thecalibration factors for the mentioned actinides in lungs for the counting geometries chosen and their correlations withthe chest wall thickness and its composition are in progress.

4. KEYWORDSReference Asian Phantom, Lung Counting, Actinides.

6. INVESTIGATORS,R C.Sharma, T.Surendran, T.KHaridasan and C.B.Ghatikar



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by:._ In progress8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

20

1. TITLE An Alpha-Spectrometer For Measurements Of Low-Level Activities Of Actinides

2. TOPIC CODE : 1 -16

3. ABSTRACTAn alpha spectrometer coupled to a personal computer has been commissioned for estimation of low-levels of

alpha activity of actinides in the biological and environmental samples. The system incorporates a partiallydepleted silicon surface barrier detector (Area:300mm2, Depletion thickness: 100um) housed in a stainless steelvacuum chamber(21cm high and 15.24cm diameter) and a microprocessor based 4K-MCA(HPD). An on-linepersonal computer is used for acquisition and processing of the sample data. A constant vacuum of 3 Torr ismaintained inthe chamber for more than 15 days. This enables the recording of reliable alpha spectra of very low -level alpha active samples. The system has been optimised primarily for routine analysis of bio-assay andenvironmental samples. Alpha activities of two electroplated environmental samples(Sediment and Water) wereestimated by recording their spectra for different counting periods (24,48,72 hrs) as well as for different detector-source distances (0.5cm, 1.0cm and 2.0cm). The results were found to be reproducible and no significant

spectral changes in the recorded spectra were observed. A spectral resolution of 90 keV for 5.487 MeV (241Am)alpha energy and the counting efficiency of 15.6% are obtained for an electrodeposited sample placed at 1 cmdistance geometry. For 239+240pu regjor(>the system background counting rate is 0.12 cph. It is possible tomeasure as low as 0.26 mBq of 239+240pu j n a s a m p | e yvith the present set-up.

Pulse shape discrimination(PSD) circuitry built around a rise-time to height converter unit has been integratedwith the alpha-spuctrometer. The preliminary observations have shown some advantage of using tjie PSD systemfor reduction of background counting rate in the energy region of interest.

4. KEYWORDSAlpha -spectrorr eter, Low-Levels, Actinides

6. INVESTIGATORS,D.J.Mehta, V.M.Matkarand R.C.Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

19

1. TITLE An Upgraded Shadow Shield Whole BodyRadioactivity Monitor For Kaiga Atomic Power Project

2.TOPICCODE:1-18

3. ABSTRACTA shadow shield whole body radioactivity monitor has been assembled and tested prior to its Installation in the

Environmental Radiological Laboratory at Kaiga Atomic Power Project. The monitor is assembled using 1/2" thickmild steel plates(208 in number), in accordance with the shadow shield principle, to provide an effective shieldthickness of 20 cm to minimise the contributions of background radiations. The system incorporates a 10.2 cm Dia. x7.6 cm thick Nal(TI) scintillation detector(resolution 7.8% for 662 kev gamma) housed in a 160 Kg steel clad leadproviding 8 cm of lead shield around the detector except its face. An on-line personal computer with 8 K MuttiChannel Analyser plug-in card has been used for acquisition and storing the monitoring data. The system wascalibrated for uniform distributions of three radionuclides, namely 1-131, Cs-137 and Co-60 using a water filled PVCphantom. The calibration factors and the background for the photopeak regions of these three radionuclides are2.31, 1.33 & 1.98 cpm/nCi and 215, 47 & 50 cpm respectively. The calibration factors are comparable to those inuse with the other similar whole body counters operating elsewhere in the country. The background counting ratesare comparable to the values observed for a similar monitor operating at BARC.

A computer software package is under development which when incorporated with the whole body monitor,will manage the monitor operation, acquisition of counting data and its analysis. Design modifications have beenincorporated in the monitor to facilitate compatibility for the software managed operation. The monitor shield hasbeen raised by 40 cm for convenience of managing the subject. The detector can be positioned close to the subjectfor organ counting or raised up by 30 cm for assessing higher radioactivity levels. Rack and pinion drive andproperly aligned track has been employed for smooth bed movement. The motor unit is housed below the shield. Anupgradation programme for all monitors installed earlier has been undertaken on similar lines.A shadow shield whole body radioactivity monitor has been assembled and tested prior to its installation in theEnvironmental Radiological Laboratory at Kaiga Atomic Power Project. The monitor is assembled using 1/2" thickmild steel plates(208 in number), in accordance with the shadow shield principle, to provide an effective shieldthickness of 20 cm to minimise the contributions of background radiations. The system incorporates a 10.2 cm Dia. x7.6 cm thick Nal(TI) scintillation detector(resolution 7.8% for 662 kev gamma) housed in a 160 Kg steel clad leadproviding 8 cm of lead shield around the detector except its face. An on-line personal computer with 8 K MultiChannel Analyser plug-in card has been used for acquisition and storing the monitoring data. The system wascalibrated for uniform distributions of three radionuclides, namely 1-131, Cs-137 and Co-60 using a water filled PVCphantom. The calibration factors and the background for the photopeak regions of these three radionuclides are2.31, 1.33 & 1.98 cpm/nCi and 215, 47 & 50 cpm respectively. The calibration factors are comparable to those inuse with the other similar whole body counters operating elsewhere in the country. The background counting ratesare comparable to the values observed for a similar monitor operating at BARC.

A computer software package is under development which when incorporated with the whole body monitor,will manage the monitor operation, acquisition of counting data and its analysis. Design modifications have beenincorporated in the monitor to facilitate compatibility for the software managed operation. The monitor shield hasbeen raised by 40 cm for convenience of managing the subject. The detector can be positioned close to the subjectfor organ counting or raised up by 30 cm for assessing higher radioactivity levels. Rack and pinion drive andproperly aligned track has been employed for smooth bed movement. Themotor unit is housed below the shield. An upgradation programme for all monitors installed earlier has beenundertaken on similar lines.

4. KEYWORDSWhole Body Counter, Shadow Shield , Atomic Power, Kaiga Project

5. INVESTIGATORS,D.S.Katoch, D.J.Mehta, J.M.Vidhani, C.B.Ghatikarand R.C.Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: In Progress8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

21

2. INTERNAL DOSIMETRY STUDIES

22

1. TITLE Environmental Levels Of Pu-239+240 And Sr-90For Internal Radiation Assessment.


3. ABSTRACTLong term monitoring of Sr-90 and Pu-239+240 radioactivity in environment is carried out to assess the incrementalrise in the concentration levels of these isotopes above baseline levels, to identify its sources and to evaluate theintake of these radionuclides for internal exposure assessment. Samples of drinking water, diet and milk on quarterlybasis are analyzed for both the isotopes for ingestion dose evaluation. Monitoring of rain water is done to assessindirectly the inhalation dose from air particulate activity. Studies on movement and spread of fission product andactivation product activity in the house hold dust at Trombay is also carried out. Analytical services for the analysis ofSr-90 and other activities for certification purpose for import and export of commodities and for assessing theindustrial effluent discharges is also carried out.

4. KEYWORDSSr-90, Pu-239+240, intake, exposure, certification.

5. INVESTIGATORSS.J.S. Anand, R.N. Khandekar, T.M. Krishnamoorthy



Started on : 1992 Proposed to be concluded by: Ongoing research

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) S.J.S. Anand, R.N. Khandekar and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Environmental Levels of Pu-239+240 and Sr-90 forInternal Radiation Assessment, Proceedings of International Conference on Internal Dosimetry : Occupationalworkers and Public (IC-IRDOP 95), held at BARC, Bombay during February 21-24, 1995.

23

1 TITLE Assessment Of Inhalation Dose From Radioactivity Release 2. TOPIC CODE : 2 - 2From Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant (TPP) and Its Impact related ToChemical Pollutants - Indian Scenario. __________3. ABSTRACTCoal used in thermal power plants (TPP) invariably contains trace amounts of primordial raidonuclides of uraniumand thorium series, which are retained in ash and on an average 2 percent of the ash is discharged from the stack.Probable contribution of the airborne radionuclides to inhalation dose to individuals residing near the vicinity of theplant therefore needs assessment. The concept of Environmental Quality Index (EQI), which can serve as anindicator of the impact of the environmental releases has been employed here, for a typical 500 MW(e) coal-firedTPP. The impact in terms of the EQI due to the conventional pollutants and the radioactivity release from the TPP ispresented and discussed in this paper

4. KEYWORDScoal, thermal power plants, flyash, radioactivity, lihalation risks, chemical pollutants

5. INVESTIGATORSPushparaja, Ramachandran TV, Mahadevan T.N, BapatV.N, Mishra U.C

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATlON(S) / INSfltUTE(S)Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085

jStartedon: 01/03/1989 Proposed to be concludedI by ^Completed87 RECENT PUBQCATiONSAND P A T I N T S IN SAME?IE1) Pushparaja, Ramachandran TV., Mahadevan T.N., Bapat V.N., and Mishra U.C., Assessment of Inhalation DoseFrom Radioactivity Release From Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant (TPP) And Its Impace Related To ChemicalPollutants - Indian Scenario, Proc. Of International Conference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry of OccupationalWorkers and Public, BARC, 21-24 Feb, 1995, Bulletin of Radiation Protection, Vol 18, 286-290, 1995.

24

1. TITLE Inhalation Dose Estimates In Monazite Areas: FieldSurvey And Theoretical Methodology


3. ABSTRACT

In cder to assess the carcinogenic effects of low level chronic radiation exposures to public, a BRNS sponsoredepidemiological study has been initiated in the High Background Radiation Areas (HBRA) of Kerala, by RegionalCancer Centre (RCC)), Tlnruvananthapuram. Significant inhalation doses are expected to arise from radon/thoronand their progeny. Their concentrations in indoor air are being measured by the twin chamber dosimeter designedand standardised in this laboratory using solid state nuclear track detectors (LR-115 films). Each dosimetricmeasurement is carried out for a period of three months. Four measurements are carried out in each housespreading over the four seasons of a calendar year; thereby the diurnal variations are being taken care ot in theannual dose computation. So far, measurements were carried out in about 500 dwellings in different locations inthe high radiation background areas, where large deposits of monazite are present. The doses are extracted fromthe recently developed methodology. Preliminary analysis of the results indicates (i) high indoor thoron and itsprogeny levels and (ii) inhalation doses comparable to and higher than exposure doses.

A methodology has been developed for estimating the gas concentrations, ventilation rates, potential alpha energyconcentrations(PAECs) and inhalation dose rates due to a mixed field of radon, thoron and their progeny present inthe indoor air using a twin cup solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) dosemeter. The dosemeter employedconsists of a twin cup system with SSNTDs placed on the two sides of the central partition inside the cup and a bareSSNTD placed outside it. The gas concentrations in the vicinity of the dosimeters are evaluated directly thoroughthe SSNTDs exposed in the cup with filter and membrane modes. Bare track density rates are relataed to the gasand the progeny concentrations via an auxiliary parameter, namely, ventilation rate. The ventilation rate is extractedas a real positive root of the governing equation and from this, the PAEC is estimated. Unlike radon, thoron cannotbe assumed to be uniformly distributed in the room due to its short half-life. The methodology estimates a roomaverage concentration of thoron by way of one dimensional profile for the spatjal distribution. From the gasconcentrations and the PAECs thus obtained, dose rate is calculated using the standard UNSCEAR formula. Themethodology is being employed foi dose estimation in the HBRA as well as country wide radon survey programme.

4. KEYWORDSRadon, Thoron, Inhalation dose, dosirnetry, HBRA, LR -115.

S. INVESTIGATORSK.P Eappen, T. V. Ramachandran, Y. S. Mayya and K. S. V. Nambi

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085.Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College P.O., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.


Started on : 1993 Proposed to be concluded by: 19988. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1. Mayya, Y.S. , K.P. Eappen and K.S.V. Nambi: Methdology for mixed field inhalation dosimetry in monazite areasusing twir> cup dosemeters with three track detectors; accepted for publication in Radiation ProtectionDosimetry.

25

1. TITLE Monitoring Intakes Of Actinides By External Counting 2. TOPIC CODE: 2 - 4

3. ABSTRACTA variety of detection systems (Phoswich, hyperpure Ge, Cd Te, twin Na I(TI)) are being operated at Trombay for

monitoring intakes of actinides by the occupational workers of fuel fabrication and reprocessing plants. Theirassociated electronic instrumentations are given and performance characteristics are presented. The advantagesoffered by different detection systems along with sophisticated data analysis techniques in dealing with actual casesof actinide intakes are demonstrated. Their rational utilisation for conducting various internal monitoring programmesviz. routine, special/operational, confirmatory and follow-up for occupational workers are elucidated. Methodologiesadopted for computation of committed dose equivalent (CDE) and committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) arebriefly outlined. Lastly, the need for new ICRP guidance on the design and interpretation of internal monitoringprogrammes for actinides which would take into account the super or near super class Y retention in lungs has beenhighlighted.

4. KEYWORDSIntakes, Actinides, Super class Y, ICRP

5. INVESTIGATORS,T.Surendran, TKHaridasan and R.C.Sharma

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE^)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on: Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTST.Surendran, T.KKaridasan and R.C.Sharma, Monitoring Intakes Of Actinides By External Counting,Presented at the IAEA Advisory Group Meeting (AGM) on 'Assessment of Internal Radiation Exposure forOccupational Protection' held at Vienna during May 20-24,1996.

26

1. TITLE False Indications Of An Actinide Lung BurdenArising From A Contaminated Finger Wound


3. ABSTRACTA routine lung monitoring of a worker from a fuel reprocessing plant was performed at a laboratory located

near the plant.The result indicated an apparent 2 4 1Am lung contamination suggesting likely inhalation intake ofplutonium aerosols. Subsequently, the subject was referred to the in-vivo counting laboratory at Trombay wherefurther investigative follow-up measurements were made.This paper presents the very interesting results of themeasurements which showed that false indications of an actinide lung burden could arise from a contaminantpresent elsewhere in the chest region

Initial measurements on the subject at Trombay confirmed the finding of an apparent 2 4 1 ^ m |ung burden. Inaddition, 241 /\m contamination in a healed wound localised at the top of the middle finger of the subject's left handwas discovered. Most of the contamination (~ 90%) from the wound site was later removed. Measurements with aminiature Cd Te detector ensured the success of the excision procedure Subsequent measurements made withphoswich (200 mm dia) over left.middle and right chest to see if the response pattern was indicative of any activity inthe respiratory lymphnodes,revealed an abnormality of distribution of ^4 1Am in the chest.Results of anterior chestmapping carried out with the aid of a HPGe (51 mm dia) detector supported phoswich observations and

proved that lungs contained no detectable 2 4 1 Am activity.This ruled out an inhalation intake.The maximum responseat the left arm pit location confirmed the presence of contaminant in the axillary lymphnodes. Further, HPGe

measurements located the ^^fim activity in the lateral group These measurements conclusively establishedthe intake through injection route (wound) alone.Our findings suggest that while conducting various lungmonitoring programmes for occupational workers handling actinides due consideration/attention needs to begiven to the minor cuts / wounds in order to rule out substantial overestimation of internal radiation doses. .

4. KEYWORDSActinide, Finger Wound, Lung Burden , Internal Dose

5. INVESTIGATORS,R.C.Sharma, T.KHaridasan and T.Surendran



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1. R.C.Sharma, T.KHaridasan and T.Surendran, False Indications Of An Actinide Lung Burden Arising

From A Contaminated Finger Wound , Presented at the IAEA Consultants Meeting on "Intercomparison ofIn-Vivo Counting Systems Using a Reference Asian Phatom", 11-15 Dec. 1995, Livemnore, USA2. R.C.Sharma, T.KHaridasan and T.Surendran, Bulletin Radiation Protection., Vol.18, Nos.1&2, pp.222-228, Jan-

June, 1995 3. Health Phys. 73(5):820-825 (1997).

27

1. TITLE Studies On The Pulmonary Clearance Fraction For AGroup Of Workers With Chronic Exposure To Y Class Uranium

2. TOPJC CODE : 2 - 6

3. ABSTRACTThe thorax burden and daily urinary excretion of U(Y-class) were simultaneously estimated using the techniques of

whole body counting and neutron activation analysis respectively, for a group of 23 occupational workers .in a Uoxide plant. The results of the estimation showed a statistically significant (P< 0.05) linear correlation between thethorax burdens and the corresponding daily urinary excretions. The values of the mean thorax burden and the meandaily U excretion were employed to arrive at the pulmonary clearance fraction for the U deposited in the pulmonaryregion. The value of this fraction (which is the ratio of uranium excreted daily in urine to that present in the thorax)

was found to be 1.1 x 10"4 d"1. The lower pulmonary clearance fraction indicates that Y class uranium deposited inlungs cleared with much longer half-life in comparison to that proposed by iCRP.

4. KEYWORDSClass Y Uranium, Clearance, Pulmonary

5. INVESTIGATORS,H.S.Dang, V.R.Pullat, T.Surendran, T.KHaridasan, D.D.Jaiswaland R.C.Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTSH.S.Dang, V.R.Pullat, T.Surendran, T.KHaridasan, D.D.Jaiswal and R.C.Sharma , Radiation Protection Dosimetry,

Vol. 54, No. 1, pp 69-71, 1994.

28

1. TITLE Thorium Levels In The Blood Serum OfOccupational Subjects: A New Approach To BioassayMonitoring Of Actinides


3. ABSTRACTA new method for the assessment of internal dose due to thorium deposited in the body of occupational workers

was developed and standardised. It is based on Th concentration in blood serum which is determined using thesensitive technique of neutron activiation analysis (NAA) followed by radiochemical separation. This method is

capable of achieving a minimum detection level of 0.1 uBq (0.025 ng) of 2 3 2Th in a blood serum sample.The method was employed to determine the concentrations of Th in the blood serum samples obtained from

four groups of subjects: 1) normal population who were not exposed occupationally to Th, (2) subjects who performedadministrative duties in the Th plant, but at no time directly handled Th, 3) subjects working in the Th plant for anaverage period of 8Y (5-10Y) and 4) subjects working in the Th plant for an average period of 22Y (15-30Y). Thegeometric mean concentrations of Th in the four groups were found to be 7.9, 27.3, 208.4 and 199.8 ng L "^respectively.

In view of the inadequacy of whole body counting technique to assess Th body burden of subjectsbelonging to these four groups, due to its poor detection limrt (12 Bq of 228 Th activity in chest and 52 Bq in thewhole body), the Th concentrations in the blood serum of a group of nine subjects were determined, for whom thewhole body activity data has been obtained, using Thoron in breath measurement. A statistically significant (p< 0.01)linear correlation was observed between the two parameters. The study clearly showed that Th concentrations in theblood serum could be effectively used to assess the Th body burdens for occupational subjects. It, thus, forms analternate method to the conventional bioassay procedure of daily urinary excretion of Th for the internal dosimetry ofradiation workers.

4. KEYWORDS •Thorium, Internal Dose, Blood Serum, Neutron Activation Analysis

5. INVESTIGATORS,D.D.Jaiswal, H.S.Dang and R.C.Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTSD.D.Jaiswal, H.S.Dang and R.C.Sharma , Bulletin of Radiation Protection, Vol.18, Nos 1 &2, pp 249-251, 1995.

29

1. TITLE Internal Monitoring Of Occupational Workers AtBARC For Gamma Emitting Radionuclides


3. ABSTRACTInternal contamination monitoring of personnel forms an important part of the radiological protection program at

BARC. The occupational workers from various plants/laboratories are regularly monitored at the whole body countinglaboratory at Mod.Labs., using shadow shield bed and shielded chair whole body monitors. These light'weight shieldmonitors incorporate (10 cm dia x 7.5 cm thick) Nal(TI) detectors. Entire gamma ray spectrum above about 150 keVis recorded on a 4K MCA and monitoring data is used for evaluating the Annual Intakes and Committed EffectiveDoses (CDE) in accordance with ICRP guidelines. A statistical analysis of the monitoring data of the period 1990-93 was carried out in order to study the distribution of the annual intakes and CEDs and to investigate thecompliance with new dose limits which became effective in 1990. The data of annual intakes and CEDs received bythe workers were found to follow a single mode log normal distribution for 1-131 and Cs-137 and a bimodal lognormal distribution for Co-60 . The GM of CEDs for this combined data of four years is found to be 21.4, 86, 290 and760 uSv with SGD as 1.87, 2.7, 2.2 and 1.5 in the case of Cs-137, 1-131 and Co-60 (both routine andoperational)respectively. The maximum doses received are 120,858 and 3306 uSv respectively. Only two subjectsreceived annual dose above2mSv, one was in 1990 and the other in 1993. These observations are considered tobe a reflection on the safe working conditions in the various facilities of BARC.

4. KEYWORDSWhole body counting, Shadow Shield, Shielded chair

6. INVESTIGATORS,S.P.Garg, I.S.Singh and R.C.Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: On Going Programme8. PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1. S.P.Garg, I S.Singh and R.C.Sharma, Bulletion of Radiation Protection, Vol. 18, No.1 &2, pp 100-105, 19952. S.P.Garg, I.S.Singh and R.C.Sharma , Bulletion of Radiation Protection, Vol.18, No.3, pp 34-47, 1995

30

1. TITLE Assessment Of Internal Contamination Due ToInhalation Of Sb-125


3. ABSTRACTSeven persons who were suspected to be involved in an inhalation exposure to Sb - 125 were monitored for their

internal radioactive contamination of lungs as well as total body. Subjects were given a thorough shower bath and allefforts were made to ensure that there was no external contamination. Special attention was given to hair cleaning.Monitoring was carried out in both shielded chair as well as shadow shield bed whole body monitors. Measurementswere made by detecting 430, 460, 600 and 640 keV gammas which Sb-125 emits in 30, 10, 22 and 11 % ofdisintegrations respectively. Two distinct gamma ray peaks were observed in the Nal(TI) spectrum, the first due to430 and 460 keV and the second due to 600 and 640 keV photons. Initial information about the exposure incidentindicated that the inhaled material was Sb-125 oxide and the aerosol could be of a very fine size and of the order of0.2 -0.3 urn AMAD. Preliminary analysis of the data has indicated that biological elimination time from the lungs is ofthe order of 500 - 600 days in all the seven cases. This data suggests the need for reclassification of Sb oxide fromits present W class to Y class. Sb-125 is one of the radionuclides listed by ICRP for their potential importance inoccupational exposure. The maximum amount of individual intake estimated was about 30 KBq. Investigation levelfor Sb-125 (W class) in special monitoring is 600 KBq (1/10 th of AL I ) . Thus the committed effective doses receivedwould be well within the limits. However, if the doses are calculated taking into consideration the observed lungretention half life of 500 days in place of the 50 days used by ICRP and due allowance is given for the estimatedaerosol size, the ALI value gets reduced by a factor of 20 and intake becomes comparable to Investigation level.

4. KEYWORDSWhole body counting, Sb-125 inhalation

5. INVESTIGATORS,S.P.Garg, K.R.Sreedevi, I.S.Singh, and R.C.Sharma

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS I INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : Proposed to be concluded by : Corripleted8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1. S.P.Garg, I.S.Singh, KV.Kamath, R.C.SHuman Based on Seven Inhalation Cases, Health Phys. ( submitted).1. S.P.Garg, I.S.Singh, KV.Kamath, R.C.Sharma and K.S.V.Nambi, Pulmonary Retention Studies of 125Sb in

31

1. TITLE Internal Dosimetry By Whole Body CountingTechniques

2.TOPICCODE:2-10

3. ABSTRACTOver decades, whole body counting and bioassay - the two principal methods of internal dosimetry have been

most widely used to assess.limit arid control the intakes of radioactive materials and the consequent internal closesby the workers of nuclear industry.This paper discusses the whole body counting techniques.Beginning with theprinciples, general design considerations.the requirements and requisites of whole body counters are discussed indetail. By far.the most formidable problems exist in the whole body /organ counting of low-energy photon emitters,namely the actinides (U,Pu/Am).The types,designs and characteristics of various whole body counters installed andoperating in India are given.Current phitosophy of various body monitoring programmes for occupational workers ofnuclear industry conducted with these counters is described together with the methodology of internal dosecalculations. Some notable observations from our monitoring programmes have also been included. These are :a Chernobyl case, a case of 131I uptake, assessment of internal dose due to inhalation of thoron daughters andmeasurement data on the workers from the front and back ends of the nuclear fuel cycle. Lastly,the problemsinherent in the inteipretation of monitoring data and likely future directions of development in the assessments ofinternal doses by direct methods are outlined.

4. KEYWORDSInternal dosimetry, Whole body counting, Nuclear fuel cycle

5. INVESTIGATORS,R.C.Sharma, T.Surendran and T.KHaridasan



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1. R.C.Sharma, T.Surendran and T.KHaridasan, Bulletin of Radiation Protection Vol. 18, No.3, pp 34-47, 19952. R.C.Sharma, T.Surendran and T.KHaridasan , BARC Report No. BARC/1995/E/008, pp J1-J20,1995

32

1. TITLE Experiences In Monitoring Acinide Intakes ByExternal Counting

2. TOPIC CODE: 2-11

3. ABSTRACTThis paper describes the requisites of direct methods of internal dosimetry of actinides and their rational utilisation

for conducting various internal monitoring programmes for occupational workers at Trombay, together with somenotable operational experiences. The observations described have included an unusually long retention half-time ofabout 2900 days ( 8y) for ceramic grade natural uranium oxide in lungs suggesting a near super class Y behaviour;a lung clearance half-life of about 1444 days ( 4 y) for 241AmO2 indicating its class Y behaviour, a case showingsuper class Y retention of Pu oxide in lungs and consequently build-up instead of decline of 241Am due to ingrowthfrom 241 Pu; yet another case in which an erroneous indication of 241Am/Pu lung contamination was finally traced toa deposition of activity in the lateral axillary lymph nodes. Implications of these findings with regard to the suitablebiokinetic models for actinides have been discussed. Lastly, the need for new ICRP guidance on the design andinterpretation of internal monitoring programmes for actinides which would take into account the super or near superclass Y retention in lungs has been high-lighted.

4. KEYWORDSInternal dosimetry, Long-term follow-up, Super Class Y Retention, Biokinetic models, Actinides

5. INVESTIGATORS,T.Surendran, T.KHaridasan, R.C.Sharma and S.Krishnamony

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400.085


Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 59, No.1, pp. 15-24, 19952. Bulletin of Radiation Protection, Vol. 18, No.1 & 2, pp. 252-257, Jan-June, 1995

33

1. TITLE Observed Anomalies In Pulmonary Clearance RatesFor Aerosols Of Plutonium-Americium


3. ABSTRACTDepending on pulmonary clearance rate, aerosols have been classified into three classes by ICRP viz.D.W and Y.

According to ICRP, aerosols of plutonium belong to either W class (Pu nitrate) or Y class ( Pu oxide) and that ofamericium to W class. For a uniform distribution of pure plutonium-239 in lungs, the detection limit may typically bein the range 400 - 2000 Bq. Some industrial sources of plutonium contain americium-241 for which the detectionlimit is about 10 Bq. Hence, shortly after an acute intake through inhalation, measurement of Am-241 in the lungsmay permit evaluation of intake of plutonium-americium at or below ALL Therefore, lung monitoring to estimate 60keV gamma rays of Am-241, was carried out, using a phoswich detector, for those workers who were suspected tohave acute intake. Lung monitoring, at intervals, was continued for those workers who had detectable levels of Am-241 soon after the acute intake. In some cases lung monitoring extended over a period of few years has shownanomalous results with respect to pulmonary clearance rates viz. i) Pu-Am nitrate aerosols behaving as class Yaerosols ii) under almost identical conditions at the time of intake, different individuals giving widely differentpulmonary clearance rates.These observations are presented in the paper.

4. KEYWORDSPulmonary clearance, Pu-Am aerosols

5. INVESTIGATORS,KA.Pendharkar, A.M.Deopurkar, R.C.Sharma, S.Krishnamony

6, SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTED)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

Bulletin of Radiation Protection, Vol-18, No.1 & 2, pp 171-173 January - June 1995

34

1. TITLE An Unattended Shielded Chair Whole Body MonitorFor Quick In-Vivo Monitoring

2.TOPICCODE:2-13

3. ABSTRACTA Shielded Chair (SC) Whole Body Monitor with sides, back and bottom having 126 mm thick mild steel shield

weighing about 3.5 tonnes, has been in use at BARC for the past two decades. A Nal(TI) detector (101 mm dia x 76mm thick) with 50 mm Pb shield, is mounted on a 6 mm thick mild steel plate, hinged to the front face on a sideshield. In the closed position, used during counting, the detector views the subject's body upto the knees. In the openposition it allows the subject in or out The chair geometry offers high sensitivity and therefore, body burdens of HEP

emitters (except 2 2 6Ra and 232Th) at or near the drived recording levels can be readily measured in counting timesof about 5 min. The SC is, thus, suitable to fulfill the need for fast screening of in-vivo radioactivity in a large numberof occupational workers.

The SC has a simple monitoring procedure. However, the number of workers screened in a day does depend onthe.availability of the monitor operator. To facilitate screening of workers at any time around the clock, work hasbeen undertaken to convert it into an unattended walk-in type of counter by a) Motorising the opening/closingoperation of the door supporting the detector. This task is at present nearing completion and b) Developing softwarefor the computer based system controlling the complete monitoring procedure in the following sequence. Thesubject, ready for counting, enters his code into a numerical keyboard fixed to the monitor. The motorised dooropens, the subject sits in the chair and triggers the sensors fixed on the seat and back to start the counting for apreset time. At the end of counting the door opens and the subject continues to receive the message that counting isover until he intercepts the light beam while moving out. Then, the door closes and the system starts backgroundcounting until the next subject enters his code. The subject counts, corrected for background, are compared with thestored counts corresponding to the derived recording level for each HEP emitter encountered. The Health Physicistcan access the data at any convenient time, and recommend further actions for those exceeding the recordinglevels.

4. KEYWORDSShielded Chair, Quick Monitoring System,Unattended Monitor

5. INVESTIGATORS,C.B.Ghatikar, D.S.Katoch and R.C.Sharma

S. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: 19998. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

35

1. TITLE Experimental Determination Of Total LinearAttenuation Coefficients Of Three Tissue Equivalent Materials ForLow Energy Photons

2.TOPICCODE:2-14

3. ABSTRACTThe information on the linear attenuation coefficients of tissue equivalent materials at low photon energies in the

range of 13-50 keV is crucial for the calibration of actinide lung monitors and the experimental data in literature isboth scanty and sketchy. Most often, their estimates are obtained from the theoretically calculated partial attenuationcoefficients (photoelectric and Compton) of different elements entering into the composition of a certain type oftissue. Therefore, we undertook the experimental determination of total linear attenuation coefficients (Uj) of threetissue equivalent materials differing in their fat contents, for photons having energies in the stated range. Thematerials chosen were the ones whose overlayers are commonly used to vary the chest wall thickness and itscomposition of a realistic thorax phantom during the course of calibration of lung monitors. This paper reports theexperimental set-up employed and the results obtained.

Specifically, U j values were obtained for three materials a) Muscle equivalent (M); b) 50% Muscle + 50%Adipose (MF) and c) 13% Muscle + 87% Adipose (F). The photon source used was a standard variable energy X-raysource (VEX) supplied by Radiochemical Centre, Amersham. The source provides a highly collimated photon beam(3.5 mm). The photon energy is selectable in the 13.4 to 50.6 keV energy range by choosing the target material (Rb,

Mo, Ag, Ba, Tb) being irradiated with an 2 4 1Am source to excite their characteristic X-rays. The low energy photonsfrom the source were measured with a 2 cc planar HPGe detector. Pulse height spectra from the detector were, re-corded on a HPD - 4K MCA with and without the absorber of known thickness for each of the targets of the variableenergy source. The linear attenuation coefficients (Uj) were obtained from the observed total absorption peak areas

of the unattenuated and attenuated photon beams. A narrow beam geometry was used in these measurements.Theobserved experimental values of Uy of three materials namely, M,MF and F, in the photon energy range 13-50 keVare listed in a Table and their variations as a function of energy are given in the graphical form in the paper. In theenergy range, 13-23 keV, wherein the energies of the L X-rays emitted by actinides (U.Pu.Am, Cm) fall, the values ofU j are describable as a power function of photon energy. Following are the least squares fitted equations:

i) For M-material: UT(E) = 7.61 x 102 x E"2-2954

ii) For MF material: U-tfE) = 6.35 x 102 x E"2-3018

iii) For M-material: UT(E) = 3.61 x 102 x E"2 1 8 7 5

Here Uy(E) is the total linear attenuation coefficient in cm'1 and E is the photon energy in keV. These

equations could be used as ready reckoners in order to get U -values at any photon energy The associateduncertainties with the estimates obtained from these equations are assessed as less than 10%.

4. KEYWORDSAttenuation, Low Energy, Photons, Tissues

5. INVESTIGATORS,R.C.Sharma, T.Surendran and T.KHaridasan



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTSR.C.Sharma, T.Surendran and T.KHaridasan , Experimental Determination Of Total Linear Attenuation

Coefficients Of Three Tissue Equivalent Materials For Low Energy Photons, Presented at the IAEAConsultants Meeting on 'Intercomparison of In-Vivo Counting Systems using a Reference Asian Phantom',Livermove, USA, 11-15 Dec. 1995.

36

3.EPIDEMI0L0GICAL STUDIES

37

f.TfTLE Pooled Analysis Of Cancer Mortality Risks AmongDae Employees In India


3. ABSTRACT

An attempt has been made to perform a pooled analysis of the available data on cancer mortality in the combinedemployee populations of five units of .DAE, namely, those in Mumbai, Tarapur, Kalpakkam, Hyderabad and Alwayewith study periods ranging between 13-21 years. Data are available on only on those still serving, i.e, subjects in theage group of 20-59 years and not on the retired employees. A total of 81 cancer deaths have been recorded in thecombined database of 316619 PY of which 28 (34.6% of the total) deaths belonged to the monitored radiationworkers category having a database of 112363 PY (35 5% of the total). Background age-specific cancer death ratesfor the cities of Mumbai, Nagpur and Pune have been used as a tentative national baseline. With this the estimatedStandardised Mortality Ratio works out to be 111 (95% Cl: 80-138). The SMR for the radiation workers alone is 108(95%CI 72-156) as compared to the SMR of 113 (95% Cl: 84-149) for non-radiation workers. The relative risk ofradiation workers as opposed to non-radiation workers is 0 96 (95% Cl: 0.64-1 39). Analysis of individual types ofcancers also leads to similar results. It is clearly seen that radiation workers are not at any extra risk of cancer ascompared to non-radiation workers. Nor does a comparison with the available but, restricted baseline data ongeneral populations indicate any statistically significant risk of cancers in DAE populations

4. KEYWORDSStandardised Mortality Ratio, cancer, DAE, pooled, relative risk

5. INVESTIGATORSY S. Mayya and K.S.V. Nambi


7. PROGRAMME DURATION ~ ~

Started on : 1987 Proposed to be concluded by : ongoing8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1 Mayya, Y.S. and Nambi, K S.V. (1997), Pooled analysis of acncer mortality cases among the employees in fiveunits of the Department of Atomic Energy in India, Indian J. Of Cancer, 34, 99-106.

4. AEROSOL STUDIES

39

1. TITLE Composition And Distribution Of Fine ParticulateAerosols In The Mumbai City Area.


3. ABSTRACTThe concentrations of 19 elements, namely As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, K, La, Na, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Si, Sm, Ti andZn, were determined in fine (< 2 jam) and coarse (2-10 um) fractions of aerosols collected at two locations, Chemburand Sorivli in Mumbai, using energy dispersive X ray fluorescence and instrumental neutron activation analysis.Their distributions are related to source terms. The errors in measurement of most of the elements were about ±15%, except Al and Si for which the error was ± 25 %. In an interiaboratory intercomparison run for the estimation ofelemental concentrations on filter dust, results were found to be within 2cr of the mean derived from the values of allthe laboratories except for Sc, Pb and La. The cumulative frequency distribution of aerosol loads collected at bothsites is indicative of a lognormal distribution in both the size fractions, suggesting the existence of more than onesource. The geometric mean values of dust loads for fine and coarse fractions were computed from the best fir lineand they are 75 ng/m3 and 146 ng/m3 respectively, for Chembur and 22 ng/m3 and 44 ug/m3, respectively, forBorivili samples. Aerosol loads at Chembur showed about three times higher mass than that of Borivli. Enrichmentfactors (EFs) for different anthropogenic elements, calculated with respect to Si in standard crustal rock were of thesame order for coarse fractions collected at both the sites except for Sb and Zn. The EF values for Sb and Zn incoarse fractions were higher by a factor of 1.5 and 3.5 respectively, for Chembur. On the other hand, EF values forAs, Cr, Hg and S in fine fractions were found to be lower at Chembur compared with Borivli and Sb and Zn exhibitedhigher EF values than that for the coarse fraction. The correlation coefficients and factor analysis in both sizefractions at these locations suggest four sources of pollutants, namely wind driven soil dust, sea salt, refuse andwood/coal burning. At Chembur, contributions from the wear and tear of vehicle tires (Cr and Zn), through lessprominent, were also observed. Characterization of SPM has been carried out for an unpolluted site at Gurushikhar,Mount Abu, Rajasthan (where a gamma ray telescope is being installed). Correlation among various elementsshowed that the atmospheric dust is made up mainly of two components, wind blown ground dust and particulatesarising out of wood and coal burning. Elemental profiles in air particulates during the burning of domestic fuels likecow dung, charcoal, wood and hard coal were determined. These site specific profiles are useful in the sourceidentification estimates using Chemical Mass Balance techniques

4. KEYWORDStrace elements, aerosol, neutron activation analysis, enrichment factor, factor analysis

5. INVESTIGATORSB.S.Negi, V Meenakshy, S.Sadasivan, T.M.Krishnamooithy, KS.V.Nambi


"7. PROGRAMME DURATION

Started on : Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8, RECENT PUBLICATIONS I PATENTS1) Negi.B.S., Meenakshy.V., Sadasivan.S., Krishnamoorthy.T.M.. and Nambi.KS.V., Composition and distribution offine particulate aerosols in the Mumbai city area, Proc. International Syrnp. On 'Harmonization of Health RelatedEnvironmental Measurements Using Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques, Hyderabad, 4-7 November, 1996, IAEA-SM-344/51, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1997, pp. 499-508.2. B.S. Negi, S. Sadasivan, B.M. Pande and K.S.V Nambi (1996). Characterization of atmospheric dust atGurushikhar, Mt. Abu, Rajasthan Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 40, 253-259.3 B.S. Negi, S. Sadasivan and K.S.V. Nambi (1995). Element source emission profiles from domestic fuel burning.Paper pr-esented at NSE-4, Madras, Feb 7-10.4. V. Meenakshy, B.S. Negi and S. Sadasivan (1996). PM-10 aerosols at Chembur, Bombay - their elementalconcentrations and sources, Proc. Fifth National Symposium on Environment pp. 227-230.

40

1. TITLE Design And Application Of A Size Selective ImpactorInlet For High Volume Sampler.

2. TOPIC CODE: 4 - 2

3. ABSTRACTThe Central Pollution Control Board has revised the National Ambient Air Quality Standards including the criteria forrespirable particulate matter less than 10um (PM 10) apart from the existing requirement of Suspended ParticulateMatter (SPM). A PM 10 size selective impactor and cyclone inlet for existing high volume sampler (meant for 3PMcollection) is designed, fabricated and tested. The inlets were tested at Gandhinagar traffic junction in Mumbai. Thesize analysis of particulate collected by high volume sampler and by the PM 10 cut off inlets were carried out bytransferring the particulate into aqueous solution and then analyzing it by Centrifugal Analyzing System. Theseparation efficiency is 96% for impactor inlet and 91% for cyclonic inlet for particles smaller than 10um.

4. KEYWORDSimpactor, Cyclone, PM 10, respirable particulate matter, separation efficiency, instrument fabrication.

S. INVESTIGATORS,A. Vinod Kumar, K.V.V.N. Satyanafayana, R.S. Patil

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay


Started on : 1990 Proposed to be concluded by: Completed

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) K.V.V.N. Satyanarayana, A. Vinod Kumar and R.S. Patil: "Design and application of a size selective impactor inletfor high volume sampler" Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 77, pp. 27-29, Feb, 1997.

41

1. TITLE Aerosol Modulation Of Transfer Of Solar Radiation InThe Atmosphere


3. ABSTRACTThe dependence of radiative flux (both the direct and diffuse components) reaching the earth's atmosphere onaerosol size distribution is studied. The first part of the study deals with the modification of Twomey's iterativealgorithm using the smoothing method to avoid unrealistic oscillatory solutions and its application to testdistributions of aerosol mass collected by Andersen and Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) impactors. Thenumber distributions are obtained assuming a constant aerosol density. Mie scattering theory is used to obtainaerosol scattering and extinction coefficient using refractive indices characterized in terms of carbonaceousparticles whose relative fraction varied with size Total optical depth was computed taking into account Rayleighscattering and absorption by ozone and water vapour. For obtaining radiation flux through the atmosphere the useof delta-Eddington approximation method is used. Using the actinic fluxes obtained from the model, the wavelengthabsorption cross section and the quantum efficiencies for NO2 the photolytic reaction rates was obtained fordifferent sites for different hours of the day. Influence of different types of aerosols normally encountered in theatmosphereviz: desert, soil derived, industrial, marine etc. on the changes in near surface air temperature causedby interaction between incoming solar radiation and underlying surface has been studied. In presence of weaklyabsorbing tropospheric aerosol layer with uniform spatial distribution of aerosols and surface properties, the surfacewarming or cooling (positive or negative temperature change in the near surface atmospheric layers) is dictated bya surface dependent critical ratio of the aerosol absorption to backscatter coefficient. This critical ratio has beencompared with the ratio for the prevailing aerosol layer and the influence is qualitatively assessed for variousaerosol surface combinations. Data on the critical ratio for different aerosol types have been compiled fromliterature for some specific surface types like ocean, forest, vegetative desert and urban surfaces. In the absence ofany other feedback mechanism, surface warming will result in most of the combinations of surface-aerosol types.However for combinations involving moist surfaces and weekly absorbing aerosols, reversing trend is indicated dueto higher Bowen ratio associated with moist surfaces.

4. KEYWORDSaerosol size distribution, delta-Eddington approximation

5. INVESTIGATORSV.Sitaraman, Faby Sunny. B.K.Sapra .Mahadevan T.N, Y.S.Mayya


7. PROGRAMME DURATIONStarted on : March 1994 Proposed to be concluded by: In progress

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Faby Sunny and Sitaraman V., (1997), 'Inversion of cascade impactor data for obtaining continuous mass sizedistribution using modified Twomey algorithm', IASTA Bulletin, Vol. 10, pp. 18-28.2) Sitaraman V, Faby Sunny Sapra B.K, Mayya Y.S. and Nambi K.S.V., (1997)' Aerosol modulation of transfer ofsolar radiation in the atmosphere', IASTA Bulletin, Vol. 10, pp. 73-84.3) Faby Sunny, Mahadevan T.N, Daoo V.J and Sitaraman V., (1996), 'Application of aerosol characteristics toevaluate solar radiation flux and photolysis rate for NO2 in the atmosphere of Mumbai city', IASTA Bulletin, Vol. 9,pp. 20-214)Daoo V.J., (1995), 'Surface warming/cooling due to tropospheric aerosols for different aerosol-surfacecombinations', IASTA Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 4, 4.3-4.7.

42

1. TITLE Solar Radiation Measurements During The PartialSolar Eclipse On 24th October '95 At Bombay. '


3. ABSTRACTMeasurements of Global Solar Radiation, Normal Incidence Solar Radiation and Ultra Violet Radiation during partialsolar eclipse on 24th October 1995 were made for pre-eclipse, eclipse and post-eclipse day to study the influence onsolar radiation components. There was an obvious reduction in global splar radiation in proportion to the percentageof obscurity of the solar disk. On other hand, art increase was observed in the diffuse component of the GSR.Proportion of UV component was not changed. Fall in temperature by 2° and rise in relative humidity by 6% at thepeak of the eclipse compared to the normal day were observed. SODAR back scattering data indicated asuppressed level of atmospheric turbulence which is attributed to the cooling effect.

4. KEYWORDSsolar eclipse, solar radiation

5. INVESTIGATORSN. S. Panchal, Faby Sunny, R.B. Oza, V.J. Daoo



Started on: September 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) N. S. Panchal, Faby Sunny, R.B. Oza and V. J. Daoo; (1997)"Solar radiation measurement during the partial solareclipse on 24th October 1995 at Bombay" , MAPAN- Journal of Meteorology Society of India, Vol. 12, No. 2-4, 1997,pp. 166-169.

43

1. TITLE Atmospheric Aerosol Characterisation 2. TOPIC CODE : 4 - 5

3. ABSTRACT

In addition to the chemical nature, the physical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols such as the size distribution,shape and radioactivity content are important parameters for not only determining the related health effects but alsofor understanding long-term radiative forcing effects. For size-separated particle concentration measurements, theinstruments currently in use are the Quartz Crystal Microbalar.ee Cascade Impactors, Andersen impactors,condensation nucleus counter and optical particle counter. An important study being carried out is to study the roleof ground level aerosols in governing the radiative flux distribution in the lower troposphere in different spectralregions. This forms an important input parameter for understanding the photochemical production of fine particles.Inversion methods based on Twomey's algorithm have been used to obtain aerosol mass-size distribution frommeasured cascade impactor data. The number distribution calculated from this smoothened mass-size distributionare being used to compute the atmospheric optical depths, aerosol scattering and extinction coefficients. These willgive information on the radiation flux reaching the earth's surface.

Measurements of atmospheric bio-aeroso)s were also carried out in the ambient air of BARC and in some workingareas with the help of Dynastat air sampler by growing the colonies on suitable nutrient. Bacterial concentrationswere found to vary from 9000 /m3 in ambient air to 1.6 X 105 /m3 close to the cooling towers.

Measurements of condensation nuclei (CN) and atmospheric ions were made in indoor locations using a CN counterand atmospheric ion analyser. The effect of ion levels on the size destribution of aerosols has been studied.

4. KEYWORDSatmospheric, aerosol, size distribution, impactor, solar radiation, air ions.

5. INVESTIGATORSB.K. Sapra, Faby Sunny, V.D. Sawant, V. Sitaraman, P.V.Joshi, K.Jamuna ,Y.S. Mayya, P.V.N. Nair and KS.V.Nambi

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : 1995 Proposed to be concluded byj ongoing8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1. Sapra, B.K. and Mishra, L/C. (1996) : Identification and characterisation of aerosols, Proc. Indo-GermanWorkshop on Respiratory Toxicology, NIOH, Ahmedabad, pp 1-16.

2. Sitaraman, V. et al. (1997): Aerosol modulation of transfer of solar radiation in the atmosphere, IASTA Bulletin,10(1), pp 73-84.

3. Joshi, P.V. and Jamuna, K (1997): Bacterial faction in the atmospheric aerosols of BARC, IASTA Bulletien.10(2), PP 29-36.

4. Sawant V.D., Joshi P.V. & Nair P.V.N.(1997), Measurements of indoor air ions and condensation nuclei,Rad.Prot.& Environ. 20, 134-137.

44

1. TITLE Studies On Aerosol Generation And Behaviour InVessels


3. ABSTRACT

An aerosol test facility is being installed in collaboration with three other divisions of BARC in order to simulate thetemporal behaviour and deposition of aerosols released into the containment under accident conditions. Thesestudies are important as they not only help in the prediction of the source term but also give information on theoperating mechanisms of paniculate depositions. Containment studies require intermittent or continuous samplingfrom the simulation vessel to ascertain the mass and number distributions at various times. In order to study theeffect of these sampling flows on the deposition patterns, laboratory scale experiments were performed in a testvolume of 324 I. These experiments were also used for checking the validity of uniform mixing and homogeneousturbulence upon which most deposition theories are based. Results indicated possibilities of altered boundary layerthicknesses near the enclosure surfaces induced by internal flows due to sampling streams. Analytical andexperimental studies were also carried out to study the effect of water scrubbing on the removal of aerosol particles.Thoron progeny and silica particles were the test particles bubbled through water to study the decontaminationfactor as a function of particle size.

A plasma torch has been designed and fabricated with the help of L&PT Division to be used as aerosol generator forgenerating metallic, ceramic and other structural material aerosols for the above test facility. For preliminary studiesAl and Fe were used as test materials and the aerosols generated were sampled with the Andersen impactor andlow pressure cascade impactor. An aerosol concentration as high as 6 g/m3 could be achieved with the torchoperating at a power of 12.5 KW. Experiments for characterisation of this generator and optimising the operatingparameters are being carried out.

4. KEYWORDSaerosol test facility, vessels, deposition, decontamination factor, plasma torch aerosol generator

5. INVESTIGATORSY.S. Mayya, P.V. Joshi, B.K Sapra, V.D. Sawantand KS.V.Nambi from EAD; K.P. Sreekumar,P.V.Anantpdamanabhan and N.Venkatramani from L&PTD and Venu Vinod, S.K. Haware, S.G. Markandeya andA.K. Ghosh from RSD.

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Laser and Plasma Technology Division and Reactor Safety Division, BhabhaAtomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : 1994 Proposed to be concluded by : ongoing


1. Mayya, Y.S. et al (1995), Effect of sampling streams on vessels on aerosol decay and deposition in vessels,IASTA Bulletin, 8(4), S3.7.

2. Venu Vinod, A. et al (1995), Experimental studies on pool scrubbing of aerosols, IASTA Bulletin, 8(4), S5.3.3. Sreekumar, K.P. et al. (1996), Plasma torch based aerosol generator, BARC/1996/E/007.4. Venkatramani, N. et al. (1997), Plasma generators for high intensity aerosols, IASTA bulletien, 10(1), pp 31-44

45

1. TITLE Study on Nucleation Rates of Heavy Water and Light Water 2.TOPICCODE : 4 - 7

3. ABSTRACT

Heavy water (D2O) is widely used as a moderator and as a primary coolant in nuclear reactors, especially in pressurized heavywater reactors. During routine operations as well as in an accident, some amount of D2O is expected to leak out of the reactorand enter the atmospheric environment either as vapor or as aerosols. Subsequent behavior of the substance would depend,among other things, on the rates of formation and growth of aerosols by homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, involvingDjO as well as HjO present in the atmosphere This study presents comparative nucleation rates of the two species attemperatures ranging from 10 to 100° C calculated using revised Classical Nucleation Theory. Results are presented anddiscussed in the light of current developments.

4. KEYWORDS

Heavy Water Nucleation, Nucleation Rate

6. INVESTIGATORSP.V.N.Nalr



Started on : 1996 Proposed to be concluded by : Deecember 1998


1. P. V. N. Nair, Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, in Aerosols : Generation and Role in Medicine, Industry andEnvironment, Eds: K. S. V. Nambl and B, K Sapra, Allied Publishers, 1998.

46

1. TITLE Charged Particle Deposition In Electric Fields:Application To Radon Daughters


3. ABSTRACT

Several devices for particle collection and measurement are based on the electrostatic properties of the speciescollected. Hence, understanding the charge neutralisation mechanisms and the rates is important. The neutralisationconstant which characterises the rate at which the mean charge on aerosol particles relaxes to its steady-state valueis an important parameter for the design of charge neutralisers. Computations were made to estimate theneutralisation coefficient as a function of particle size using the ion-particle combination coefficients provided bycurrent theories. Results point to the fact that for a given ion concentration, the neutralisation times are higher fornano particles as compared to larger.ones.

Charge neutralisation affects particle deposition in electric fields. A theoretical model has been proposed to explainthe radon daughter deposition enhancements on surfaces subject to power frequency a.c. fields. The effect ofoscillatory contacts with the surface, finite charge lifetime, turbulent diffusion and unattached fraction is investigatedwithin the framework of the convective-diffusion equation, through the approximation of a dividing surface. Results ofthe enhancement factors obtained are in conjunction with those experimentally reported by some recent studies. Asan off-shoot of this study, a device has been designed to study the charged particle behaviour in a.c. and d.c. fieldsunder stagnant conditions, eliminating the complexities arising due to turbulence usually present in the openenvironment. This device is successfully able to provide estimates of the mobility and charge lifetimes of radonprogeny. Further studies to characterise this device in various environments are being pursued.

4. KEYWORDSdeposition , a.c. field, neutralisation rate, enhancement factor, turbulence, mobility, charge lifetime, radon progeny.

5. INVESTIGATORSB.K. Sapra, Y.S. Mayya and K.S.V.Nambi

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay-400 085.


Started on: 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: 19988. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1. Mayya, Y.S. and Sapra, B.K (1996), Variation of the aerosol charge neutralisation coefficient in the entireparticle size range, J. Aerosol Science, 27(8), pp. 1169-1178.

2. Mayya, Y.S. and Sapra, B.K. (1997), Radon daughter deposition on surfaces carrying alternating electric fields,Int. J. Radiation Biology, 71(1), pp. 69-74.

47

1. TITLE Role Of Thermally Induced Break-Up In Fine ParticleCoagulation Theory


3. ABSTRACT

The concept of irreversibilty in aeroso) coagulation has been dealt with in the classical Smoluchowski theory, theoryo? fractal aggreagates and in the recent modified versions put forth by Friedlander and his co-workers. All these

i theories are based on the assumption that while the particles might stick with probabilities less tha"n unity, oncestuck, they form an inseparable pair, undergoing at the most internal rearrangements. By way of explicitcomputations, this assumption has been questioned and a model which includes coagulation with thermally inducedbreak-up has been put forward. It has been shown that, apart from the particle radius, the ratio of the Hamakerconstant to the thermal energy is an important parameter which characterises the spontaneous thermal dissociationrates and the critical particle concentrations for the onset of irreversible coagulation. An important inference deducedfrom these calculations is that totally irreversible macroscopic growth might not necessarily begin with the formation

\ of the critical nuclei alone; instead, it appears that a critical concentration of these stable nuclei/ particles will berequired for the onset of coagulation and further irreversible growth.

4. KEYWORDSaerosol coagulation, irreversibilty, thermally induced break-up, Hamaker constant, particle radius

6. INVESTIGATORSY.S. Mayyaand B.KSapraS. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : 1997 Proposed to be concluded byj 19988. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1. Mayya, Y.S. and Sapra, B.K. , Developments in the concept of irreversibility in aerosol coagulation. To appear inthe book : Aerosols: Generation and Role in Medicine, Industry and Environment (Ed. KS.V. Nambi and B.K.Sapra), Allied Publishers.

48

1. TITLE Development Of Condensation Nucleus Counter 2.TOPICCODE:4-10

3. ABSTRACT

As a part of the Indo-German Bilateral Collaboration Programme on aerosols, development of a flow typecondensation nucleus (CN) counter was initiated. Its design is based on the vapourisation and condensationprocess. Air carrying particles to be detected is passed through the nearly saturated vapours of butanol and thenthey are passed through a cooling chamber where the saturated vapour gets condensed on CN which grow to thesize detectable by an optical system. The grown CNs pass through a cavity which has a laser diode light source atone end. The light scattered by the CN on transit is detected by a photodiode whose output is in the form of electricalpulses which are counted electronically to determine the number of particles. The mechanical assembly of thisinstrument is complete. Work is in progress towards perfecting the optical and the electronic parts of the detectingsystem.

4. KEYWORDSparticles, Saturation, Condensation, Laser diode, Photo diode.

5. INVESTIGATORSP.V.Joshi, S.D.Bedekar.V.D.Sawant from EAD and Ravetkar from RSSD.

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hannover, Germany.7. PROGRAMME DURATION

Started on : 1995 Proposed to be concluded by : Ongoing8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

49

1.TITLE Solar Eclipse (1995) Related Studies On AtmosphericCharacteristics

2. TOPIC CODE: 4-11

3. ABSTRACT

With a view to examine the effect of a short-term reduction in the solar intensity on the characteristics of theartmospheric environment, a study was undertaken during the solar eclipse of Oct.24, 1995. Meteorologicalparameters, solar radiation variations, major pollutant levels and aerosol characteristics were measured at theterrace of Modular Laboratories at BARC, Trombay. The observations are summarised as follows:

There was an obvious reduction in global solar radiation (GSR) in proportion to the percentage of obscurity of thesolar disk. While an increase was observed in the diffuse component of GSR, the proportion of the UV componentdid not change. There was a fall of about 2°C in temperature and a rise of 6% in relative humidity during the peak ofthe eclipse. SODAR back-scattering data indicated a suppressed level of turbulence which is attributable to thecooling effect.

At the peak of the eclipse, the ozone level reached its minimum for the day and Nox its maximum. However, the lowconcentration of ozone cannot be attributed to the ecliptic phenomenon since such lower concentrations have beenobserved on other hazy days also.

The most pronounced phenomenon was the observation of a 2-4 fold increase in the aerosol mass and numberconcentrations during the eclipse. The increase occurred after a lapse of about 80 minutes from the beginning of theeclipse. These increases can be explained in terms of the combined effect of condensational growth due toincreased relative humidity and a build-up of particle concentrations arising out of a suppressed level of atmosphericturbulence.

4. KEYWORDSeclipse, atmosphere, solar radiation, aerosols, humidity, ozone5. INVESTIGATORSmembers of EAD.6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085.7. PROGRAMME DURATION

Started on: 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: completed


1. Nambi, K.S.V. et al (1996): Studies on the atmospheric characteristics at Trombay relating to the October 1995solar eclipse, BARC/1996/E/006.

2. Sapra, B.K. et al (1997): Aerosol measurements at Trombay relating to the 1995 solar eclipse, Current Science,72(5), pp 321-325

50

5. POLLUTION MNITORING SYSTEMS

51

1. TITLE Development Of Analytical Techniques For TraceMetals.


3. ABSTRACTAnalytical techniques for determination of Cr, As, Hg, Se and Tl at trace and ultra trace levels have beenstandardized using Hydride generator AAS and Electrothermal AAS (graphite furnace). The determination of Cr inserum samples was carried out using GF-AAS. Hydride generation AAS has been used for the determination of As,Hg in a number of environmental and biological matrices. The developed methods have been applied to determinethe different trace metals in various matrices including blood samples. A method for the estimation of Tl in bloodsamples is developed using differential pulse anodic stripping vottammetry (DPASV).

4. KEYWORDSCr, As, Hg, Se, Tl, ultra trace levels, graphite furnace, AAS, DPASV. HG-AAS.

5. INVESTIGATORSR.M. Tripathi, A.Vinod Kumar, R. Raghunath ,V.N. Sastry, R.N. Khandekar, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, U.C. Mishra

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS I INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : 1992 Proposed to be concluded by : Ongoing research8. RECENT PUBDCTmOnSTPATENTS1) R.M. Tripathi, R. Raghunath, R.N. Khandekar & T.M. Krishnamoorthy. Estimation of Cr in environmental andbiological samples by automated ET-AAS. Proc. of Fifth NSE, 114-117,1996.2) A. Vinod Kumar, R.M. Tripathi and V.N. Sastry :"Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer-Electrothermal", Leadanalysis workshop, Mumbai, December 23, 1996.3) U.C. Mishra and R.M. Tripathi. Toxic trace metals and their measurement techniques National seminar onmodern trends in environmental analytical chemistry, pp. 27, Nov. 3-5, 1997, Raipur.

52

1. TITLE Determination Of Beryllium In Urine By Graphite Furnace AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometry.


3. ABSTRACTA method for the determination of beryllium in urine samples by GFAAS has been developed. The background correctionproblem due to the sample matrix was overcome by solvent extraction step. Urine samples were digested with themixture of concentrated nitric acid, sulfuric acids. Beryllium in solution was complexed with acetylacetone , extracted inchloroform at pH 8.5 , and back extracted in 2 % nitric acid for final analysis by AAS. The range concentration of Beobserved in urine samples covering both occupational and control subjects was 0.03 - 0.31 ng Be/ml.

4. KEYWORDSberyllium estimation, urine samples, method interferences, solvent Extraction, GFAAS method

5. INVESTIGATORS'Thorat D.D, ®Bhat P.N, Mahadevan T.N, eNarayan S, eSubramanian G

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION(S) /INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, "Beryllium Machining Facility, ^Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha AtomicResearch Centre. MumbaMOO 085


Started on : 01/03/1989 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS IN SAME FIELD ISSUED BY SAME INVESTIGATOR(S)1) Thorat D.D., Bhat P.N., Mahadevan T.N., Narayan S., and Subramanian G., Determination of Beryllium in urine byGraphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Analytical Letters, 28, 1947-1958, 1995.

53

1. TITLE Estimation Of Anions And Cations In Rainwater Samples AtTrombay (Bombay) Using Ion Chromatography.

2.TOPIC CODE : 5 - 3

3. ABSTRACTA sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of major anions like PO4, F, Cl, NO2, Br, NO3, SO4, etc. And majorcations like Na, NH4, K, Ca, Mg, etc., in rainwater using an Ion Chromatograph is described in this paper. The anions areanalysed on Shim pack IC-A3 column and the cations on Shim pack IC-C2 column with appropriate mobile phases. Verygood resolution is obtained on the columns for both the cations and anions and ppm to sub ppm levels of the ions couldbe determined accurately. The range of ionic concentrations of 18 rainwater samples collected during 1994 and 1995 are<0.32-3.7, < 0.04-5.7, 1.4-51.7, <0.06-0.42, <0.03-0.4, <0.08-24.7, 0.3-40.7, 1.9-55.5, <0.011-5.6, 0.16-34.2, 0.4-30.5,and 0.4-4.3 mgL"1 for PO4, F, Cl, NO2, Br, NO3, SO4, Na, NH4, K, Ca, and Mg respectively. The role of observed excesscation concentrations on the acidity of rainwater is discussed.

4. KEYWORDSrainwater, anions, cations, ion chromatograph

5. INVESTIGATORSAshawa S. C, Pandit G. G, Rao A. M. M, Sastry V. N, Krishnamoorthy T. M

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION(S) /INSTITUTE^)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Mumbai-400 085


Started on: 01/03/1989 Proposed to be concluded by : On Going8. RECENT PUBUCATIONS AND PATENTS IN SAME FIELD ISSUED BY SAME INVESTIGATOR(S)1) Ashawa S. C, Pandit G. G., Rao A. M. M., Sastry V. N. and Krishnamoorthy T. M., Estimation of Anions and Cationsin Rainwater Samples at Trombay, Bombay using Ion Chromatography, Proc. Of the Fifth NSE, Saha Institute of NuclearPhysics, Calcutta, Feb. 28- Mar. 1, 1996, 231-236

54

1. TITLE Application Of Adsorption Technique To Drift LossEstimates In Cooling Towers.


3. ABSTRACT

Adsorption technique has been applied for the the estimation of drift losses to the cooling towers of CentralAirconditioning Plant (CAP), BARC. CAP uses two types of drift eliminators for minimising the drift losses. Usingmolecular sieves as adsorbent , the efficiency of two eliminators was estimated to be 80.12 and 99.25%. Theadditional water saving due to the more efficient eliminator is estimated to be 59280 liters per day.

4. KEYWORDSadsorption, molecular sieves , drift losses, cooling tower

5. INVESTIGATORSP.V.Joshi, S.D Bedekar and P.V.N. Nairfrom EAD, SB. War, S.B. Vyas and R.P Saini from TSD

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division and Technical Services Division,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay-400 085


Started on : 1995 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1. Joshi, P.V., Bedekar.S.D., Nair, P.V.N , War, SB., Vyas.S.B., and Saini, R.P. (1996), Application of adsorptiontechnique in the estimation of drift losses through the cooling towers, Ind.J. Engg.&Material Sci.,3,101-104.

55

1. TITLE Development And Applications Of PollutionMonitoring Instruments


3. ABSTRACT

Microprocessor based continuous monitoring systems based on chemiluminescence have been developed forambient/source monitoring of pollutants such as Nox, NH3, H?S and O3.

Continuous monitor for measurement of H2S is based on chemiluminescence reaction of H?S with O3. Light emittedfrom excited SO2 molecules gives the measure of H2S concentration The minimum detectable limit for this monitor is20 ppb This was used to monitor the H2S concentration around heavy water plant, Kota Diurnal spectrum of hourlymean and maximum H2S levels has been divided into two periods of the day. Hourly mean data have beenanalysed with lognormal distribution and hourly maximum data with extreme value distribution. The modal value ofhourly maxima for summer period, which works cut to be 387 ppb, is much below the TLV of H2S for occupationalexposure.

Ozone monitor, also based on the chemiluminescent reaction of ozone with ethylene, has been indegenouslydeveloped. Its minimum detectable limit is 2 ppb. It has been successfully used for measuring the ozone levelsgenerated by commercial ozone generators.

Carbon monoxide monitor, based on the catalytic conversion of CO to CO2 has been developed for continuousmeasurement of CO in ambient air (above 1 ppm). The increase in temperature due to this exothermic reaction,which is a measure of the CO level, is measured by a sensitive temperature sensor. An Air Qualitv Data Processorconnected to the monitor records the concentration levels. This monitor has been used to measure the levels of COinside a subway near Sanpada railway station, Navi Mumbai. Results show the influence of the vehicular traffic fromthe adjacent National Highway.

SO2 and NOx monitors developed in BARC have been field tested in Thane-Belapur industrial area as a part of aninteragency project. Permeation vials for calibrating NO2 monitor have been prepared indegenously by using highvacuum system. These NO2 permeation vials were also supplied to Chemistry Division for carrying out experimentsto study whether u-carotene can protect membrane lipids from NO2.

4. KEYWORDSpollution monitors, CO, H2S, , ozone, NOx, SO2, chemiluminescence

5. INVESTIGATORSP.B. Kulkarni, T.N. Mahadevan, P.V.Joshi, S.D.Bedekarand K.S.V. Nambi.

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Dept. of Science and TechnologyM/s. CIDCO Ltd., CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai.


Started on: 1996 Proposed to be concluded by : completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1. Kulkarni, P.B., Joshi, P.V. and Bedekar, S.D., (1997), The diurnal variation of H2S levels inside a heavy waterplant-Results from field testing of an indigeneously made H2S monitor, Ind.J.Chem.Tech, 4, 34-38.

2. Kulkarni, P.B., Joshi, P.V. and Bedekar, S.D. (1997), Carbonmonoxide levels inside a subway near SanpadaRailway Station, Navi Mumbai, Proc. 6th Nat.Symp.Environ., Coimbatore, 170-173.

3. Kulkarni, P.B. and Nambi,' K.S.V. (1996) Chemiluminescence application in air pollution monitoring, Proc.National Symp. on luminescence and its applications, pp 67-74.

4. Mahadevan, T.N. and Kulkarni, P.B. (1997) Measurement techniques and sensors for monitoring air environs inoccupational and ambient environment, DAE Business Meet/Workshop, Calcutta.

Kulkarni, P.B., Mahadevan, T.N. and Nambi, K.S.V. (1997) Indian development of ambient air monitoring instrumentsat BARC and their performance evaluation, int. Conf. on Recent trends in sensor development for environmentalmonitors, IIT, Kharagpur.

56

6. STUDIES ON TRACE CONSTITUENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

57

1. TITLE Assessment Of Lead Pollution In Industrial 2- T O P I C C O D E : 6 -Environment.

3. ABSTRACT :

Lead is a toxic element and its presence in the environment is harmful for human health. Several environmentalsurveys mainly on the request of state pollution control board were conducted to assess the lead pollution in air,water, soil, vegetation and biological fluids like blood and urine. These include short term surveys during theoperation or non operation of a particular polluting industry like HAMCO (Hindustan Alloy Manufacturing Company),Talasari, KAMCO (Kothari Alloys Manufacturing Company), Palghar, Standard Battery, Vakola and Kurla ScrapYard and long term studies like Indian Lead Company, Thane. Very high lead concentrations were observed in all theenvironmental matrices during the operation of a particular industry. A decrease in the concentration was observedwith distance from the industry indicating the atmospheric dispersion effect. This work had been useful to thepollution control boards for effectively controlling the polluting industries to regulate their releases to theenvironment.

4. KEYWORDSLead pollution, metal industries, environmental survey, blood.

5. INVESTIGATORS,R.N. Khandekar, R.M. Tripathi, AVinod Kumar, Radha Raghunath, A.P. Sathe, T.M. Krishnamoorthy and KS.V.Nambi



Started on: 1989 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) A.P. Sathe, R.M. Tripathi, A. Vinod Kumar, R.N. Khandekar and K.S.V. Nambi: "Atmospheric pollution due to alead smelter at Thane". Proc. of Fourth National Symp. on Environment. Anna University, Madras, pp. 121-124, Feb.7-10, 1995.2) R.N. Khandekar, R.M. Tripathi, A Vinod Kumar, A.P Sathe, R Raghunath, T.M Krishnamoorthy and KS.V.Nambi: "Assessment of environmental lead pollution around an alloy manufacturing company, near Bombay". MPCBReport, March, 1995.3) A.P. Sathe, R.M. Tripathi, A.Vinod Kumar, R.N. Khandekar and KS.V. Nambi (1995) : Environmentalcontamination due to a lead smelter. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 15, 845-849.

58

1. TITLE Exposure Of Trace Metal For Mumbai Population. 2. TOPIC CODE : 6 - 2

3. ABSTRACTConcentrations of heavy metals in air, water and food samples are translated into intake rates through inhalation andingestion pathways. The total intake of various metals like Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, As and Cr has been established forMumbai residents. Though the major contributions for the daily intake is the ingestion route, eventual uptake in thebody stream is contributed through inhalation for Pb (41%) and Cd (16%) and ingestion for Cu (98.8%) and Zn(99.6%). The total intake of these elements through duplicate diet study is 9500 ug/day for Zn, 1770 ug/day for Cu,27 ug/day for Pb and 2.5 ug/day for Cd, respectively. The total Intake of As and Cr through air and duplicate diet isapproximately 10 ug/day and 54 ug/day. The turnover time of arsenic in blood is estimated to be about 33 daysbased on an observed mean concentration of 1ug/dl in blood. The daily intake of these metals by Mumbai residentsis well below the recommended dietary values except for Cr which is near the lower bound of the recommendedvalue.

Children form the major risk group as they are more sensitive. Exposure studies of children residing in various partsof Mumbai and Thane were carried out. This indicated retention times of 20.3, 9.1, 2.3 and 2.3 days for Pb, Cd, Cuand Zn, respectively in child blood. These intake studies are carried out for a large population of 600 children.Dietary intakes are estimated by duplicate diet and market basket methods. A good correlation of air lead and blood

lead is observed with an increase of 3.56 ug blood lead per dl with each ug per m^ increase in air lead concentration.Ayurvedic medicines, Pica habits, occupational exposure and industrial emissions were found to be the mainsources of heavy metal poisoning.

4 KEYWORDSPb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Trace metals, ingestion, inhalation.

5. INVESTIGATORSR.M. Tripathi, R. Raghunath, A. Vinod Kumar, A P. Sathe, R.N. Khandekar, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, K.S.V. Nambi



Started on : 1995 Proposed to be concluded by : Ongoing research8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) R.M. Tripathi, Radha Raghunath and T.M. Krishnamcorthy. Arsenic intake by adult population in Mumbai, India.The Science of Total Environment. 208. 89-95, 1997.2) R M. Tripathi, Radha Raghunath and T.M. Krishnamoorthy. Dietary intake of Heavy Metals in Mumbai City, India.The Science of Total Environment. 208, 149-159, 1997.3) R.M. Tripathi, Radha Raghunath, A. Vinod Kumar and T.M. Krishnamoorthy. Intake of Cr for adult population inMumbai. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, (in press), 19974) R. Raghunath, R.M. Tripathi, R.N. Khandekar and K.S.V. Nambi. Exposure assessment of lead with specialreference to children. International Conf. on Occupational and Environmental medicine, Bombay Hospital, Jan. 20-22, 1995.5) K S V Nambi, Radha Raghunath, R.M Tripathi and R N. Khandekar. Scenario of Pb Pollution and Children' inMumbai: Current Air Quality Standard Vindicated. Energy Environment and Monitoring, 13, 53-60, 1997.6) R.N. Khandekar, R. Raghunath, R.M. Tripathi and K.S.V. Nambi. Human Exposure Assessment due to toxicheavy metals with special reference to children in Bombay. Accepted for presentation at 10th International Conf onHeavy Metals in Environment' Sept. 18-20, 1995, Hamburg, Germany:7) Radha Raghunath, R.M. Tripathi, R N. Khandekar and K.S.V. Nambi Retention times of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn inChildren's Blood. The Science of Total Environment. 207, 133-139, 1997.8) R. Raghunath, R.M. Tripathi, A. Vinod Kumar, A.P. Sathe, R.N. Khandekar and K.S.V. Nambi (1997). Assessmentof Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn exposures of 6-10y old children in Mumbai. Environmental Research (in press).

59

1. TITLE Mercury In Environment. 2. TOPIC CODE : 6 - 3

3. ABSTRACTMercury is one among the global environmental pollutants of continuing concern. It is seen that the anthropogenicemissions are leading to a general increase of mercury on local, regional and global scales Long range atmospherictransport of mercury, its transformation to more toxic methylmercury compounds and their bioaccumulation in theaquatic food chain have motivated intense research on mercury. Total mercury has been estimated in shrimps andfishes using Radioanalytical Neutron Activation analysis (RNAA) . A method for the estimation of dimethyl mercuryusing GC-MS-MW has been developed. The transformation of dimethyl mercury in spiked soil samples have beenstudied using GC-MS Microwave desorption system after collection on carbo traps. The interference of othermercury species like diethyl mercury and methyl mercury chloride on the determination of DMM was also studied.Analytical technique using Cold Vapour Atomic Fluoroscence Spectrophotometer (CVAFS) was optimized for theestimation of total mercury in natural gas and residential atmosphere

4. KEYWORDSmercury, gas phase, dimethyl mercury, RNAA, GC-MS-MW, HPLC-AFS, CV AFS

5. INVESTIGATORSR.M Tripathi, S.J.S Anand, R.N. Khandekar, T M. Krishnamoorthy, R.Ebinghaus, M Hempel, H.H. Kock,D.Walschlager, Steve Lindberg.

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085GKSS, Research Institute, Germany

TJPROGRAMME DURATION -

Started on : 1996 Proposed to be concluded by : Ongoing research8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) R.M Tripathi, M. Hempel, H H Kock and R Ebinghaus Investigations on the decay of Dimethyl Mercury in spikedsoil using a Microwave Desorption GC-MS System Frezinius Journal Analytical Chemistry 1997, (in press).2).Ralf Ebinghaus, R.M. Tripathi, Dirk Walschlager and Steve Lindberg Natural and Anthropogenic Mercury Sourcesand their impact on the Air-Surface Exchange of Mercury on regional and Global Scales. In : Ebinghaus, R., TurnerR.R., Lacerda, D.r Vasiliev, O., Salomons, W. (eds): Mercury contaminated sites - Characterization, RiskAssessment and Remediation Springer Environmental Science, Springer Verlag Heidelberg (in press), 19973) R.M. Tripathi, Maximillian Hempel and R Ebinghaus, Determination of Total Mercury in Natural gas by ColdVapour Atomic Fluorescence after gold amalgamation at low concentrations. Environmental Chemistry andtechnology, 1997 (in press).4) S J.S. Anand, R.N. Khandekar and T.M Krishnamoorthy, Estimation of Mercury in Environmental Samples usingRadioanalytical Neutron Activation Analysis (RNAA), Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Environmentheld at Anna University, Madras during February 7-10, 1995.

60

1. TITLE Methyl Mercury In Marine Ecosystem. 2. TOPIC CODE: 6 - 4

3. ABSTRACTElemental and ionic mercury can be converted into highly toxic organomercury compounds. The concentrations ofmercury in marine fishes are reported to range between 4 and 1000 ng/g of which methyl mercury could form asignificant fraction, as high as 95%. This form of mercury is a potential health hazard to human. Reversed phasehigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultra violet (UV) detection is optimized for separation andquantification of methyl mercury in cbastal sediment and fish samples. The daily intake of methyl mercury by theMumbai population through marine food is estimated as 0.5 ug/day forming 62% of the total mercury intake throughthis route.

4. KEYWORDSmethyl mercury, fish, marine food, reversed phase HPLC, UV detector, intake

5. INVESTIGATORS,G.G. Pandit, R.M. Tripathi, S.K. Jha, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, K.S.V. Nambi



Started on: 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: Ongoing Research

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) G.G. Pandit, R.M. Tripathi, S.K Jha, N. Tripathi, T.M. Krishnamoorthy & KS.V. Nambi. Standardization of Methylmercury estimation in fish and sediment samples by HPLC-UV detection, Proc. of Fifth NSE, 118-121, 1996.2) G.G. Pandit, R.M. Tripathi, S.K Jha, T.M. Krishnamoorthy & K.S.V. Nambi. Estimation of total & methyl mercury inEnvironmental samples. 4th Int. Conf. on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, at Hamburg, Germany, Aug. 4-8,1996.3) G.G. Pandit, S.K Jha, R.M. Tripathi and T.M. Krishnamoorthy. Intake of Methyl Mercury by population of Mumbai,India. The Science of Total Environment, 205, 267-270, 19974) G.G. Pandit, R.M. Tripathi, S.K Jha and T.M. Krishnamoorthy. Determination of Total and MethylMercury inMarine ecosystem near Bombay. In : Ebinghaus, R., Turner R.R., Lacerda, D., Vasiliev, O., Salomons, W. (eds.):Mercury Contaminated Sites - Characterization, Risk Assessment and Remediation. Springer EnvironmentalScience, Springer Verlag Heidelberg ( in press), 1997.

61

1. TITLE Atmospheric Levels Of Heavy Metals At Deonar (Bombay) During1989-1993.

2.TOPICCODE-.6-5

3. ABSTRACTAtmospheric particulate samples (numbering 350) of 24-hourly duration was collected at Deonar during 1989-1993. TotalSuspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) was measured in these samples and heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn weredetermined by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry which has high sensitivity and inherent accuracy. MonthlyAverage levels of TSPM, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn are minimum during Monsoon period and Tspm and Cu levels are 2-3 timeshigher in summer and winter compared to monsoon period whereas, the increase in Cd, Pb and Zn levels are around 18-22 times, 10-25 times and 5-10 times respectively for the same period (in monsoon period the TSPM levels are foundsimilar 1989-1991 but increased during 1992-1993). However, the yearly geometric mean of TSPM levels have shownconsistently increasing trends from 61 ug m"3 in 1989 to 198 ug m in 1993. The geometric mean level of Cd, Pb, Cuand Zn have shown the increasing trends except for the high values for Cd and Pb in 1991. The probable contributingsources for these trends are presented.

4. KEYWORDSheavy metals, suspended particulate matter, anthropogenic, wash-out, rain-out

5. INVESTIGATORSAshawa S.C.

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION(S) /INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : 01/03/1989 Proposed to be concluded by : completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS IN SAME FIELD ISSUED BY SAME INVESTIGATOR(S)1) Ashawa S.C., Atmospheric Levels of Heavy Metals at Deonar (Bombay) During 1989-1993, Proc. Of the Fourth NSE,Anna University, Madras, Feb. 7-10, 1995, 162-165.

62

1. TITLE Water Quality Assessment Of Sewage Water Outfalls WithinBARC-Trombay Establishment Site - A Preliminary Report.


3. ABSTRACTThe results of wastewater quality monitored from fourteen randomly selected discharge points are presented for twentyparameters including six heavy metals. Analysis of fecal coliform counts as Most Probable Number (MPN) is also carriedout. The efforts are to meet the requirements from Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation.based on approval from MPCB.The results indicate that the water quality status is well within the limits stipulated by CPCB.

4. KEYWORDSeffluent water quality, chemical parameters, heavy metals

5. INVESTIGATORSAshawa S.C, Saradhi IV, Mahadevan T.N, "KaleS.P, Krishnamoorthy T.M.

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION(S) /INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division/Nuclear Agriculture Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on: 01/03/1989 Proposed to be concluded by : On going8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS IN SAME FIELD ISSUED BY SAME INVESTIGATOR(S)1) Ashawa S.C., Saradhi I.V., Mahadevan T.N., Kale S.P., and Krishnamoorthy T.M., Water Quality Assessment OfSewage Water Outfalls Within BARC-Trombay Establishment Site - A preliminary Report.2) Vinod Kumar A, Mahadevan T.N., Pandit G.G., Sharma S. And Nambi K.S.V., Effluent Wastewater Quality Of TheModular Laboratories, BARC/1993/R/017,'1998.3) Internal Technical Report.

63

1. Title Toxic Metal Determination In Fluorescent Lamp Phosphor WithReference To Possible Ground Water Pollution At Used Lamp Damping Site.


3. ABSTRACTFused fluorescent lamps are currently being disposed off at landfill sites reserved for domestic solid wastes normally in abroken conditions. The phosphor coating of these lamps contain appreciable levels of toxic heavy metals like Hg, Sb, As,Cd, Zn and Mn etc. The concentration levels of metals in Indian tubes have been measured and the probable impacts onthe soil and ground water are evaluated. Remedial measures for disposal of the lamps are suggested.

4. KEYWORDSfluorescent tubes, phosphor coating, heavy metals, fused bulbs, disposal, landfill sites, leachability of metals, impacts onsoil and ground water

5. INVESTIGATORS'Srisaila S, Mahadevan T.N, Sharma P.K., Prabhakar Ch

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS) /INSTITUTE^)Environmental Assessment Division, Chemical Engineering Division, Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha AtomicResearch Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : 01/03/1989 Proposed to be concluded by : On Going

8. RECENT PUBUCATIONS AND PATENTS IN SAME FIELD ISSUED BY SAME INVESTIGATOR(S)1) Srisaila S., Mahadevan T.N., Sharma P.K, and Prabhakar Ch., Toxic Metal Determination in Fluorescent LampPhosphor with Reference to Possible Ground Water Pollution at Used Lamp Dumping Sites, Proc. Of Symposium onAdvances in Chemical Engineering-97, BARC, Mumbai, October 1997, 315-318.

64

1. TITLE Studies On Non Methane Hydrocarbons InAtmospheric Air.


3. ABSTRACTNon methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in atmospheric air are contributed by autoexhaust and industrial emissions andstudy of these compounds assumes importance as they are precursors to tropospheric ozone. Concentration of non -methane hydrocarbons in atmospheric air are measured in areas close to five industrial locations in the city ofBombay during 1993-1994. Seventeen hydrocarbons viz; ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, l-butane,n-butane, l-pentane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, p-xylene, o-xylene, and n-decaneare are identified in 260 urban samples using a cryogenic preconcentration system and a GC with Fl detector.Data on the concentrations of. the hydrocarbons are analyzed for indication of source contributions. The ratio oftoluene to benzene concentrations is expected to be about two when the principal source is autoexhaust. Themeasured ratio of toluene to benzene in industrial locations varied from 0.7 to 1.3 indicating an industrialcomponent in addition to autoexhaust. With the introduction of catalytic converters in new vehicles, the NMHCcontribution from autoexhasut may be less and further measurements are planned to find possible changes in sourcecontributions for atmospheric levels.

4. KEYWORDSnon methane hydrocarbons, atmospheric concentrations, sources

5. INVESTIGATORSA. M. Mohan Rao, G.G. Pandit, S. Sharma, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, K.S.V. Nambi.



Started on : ^an 1993 Proposed to be concluded by ; In Progress.8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Pandit, G.G., Mohan Rao, AM., Sharma, S., Kudalkar, N., Krishnamoorthy, T.M. and Nambi, K.S.V."Concentrations of non methane hydrocarbons in the industrial locations of Trans Thane Creek are of Bombay".Proceedings of Fourth National Symposium on Environment held Anna University, Madras during Feb.7-10, 1995pages 111-116.2) Mohan Rao, A.M., Pandit, G.G., Sain, P., Sharma, S., Krishnamoorthy, T.M. & Nambi, K.S.V.: Non methanehydrocarbons in the Industrial Locations of Bombay. Atmospheric Environment 31, 7,1077-85, 1997.3) Mohan Rao, A.M., Pandit, G.G., and Sharma, S. : Studies on Benzene and Toluene in Atmospheric air inIndustrial locations of Bombay to evaluate possible sources. Proceedings of the Sixth National Symposium onEnvironment conducted by BRNS at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during Jan. 7-9, 143-45,1997.

65

1. TITLE Studies On Polycydjc Aromatic Hydrocarbons InOutdoor And Indoor Air.


3. ABSTRACTPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are combustion generated hydrocarbons present in air due to autoexhaustand industrial emissions. Atmospheric particulate matter collected on glass fiber filter papers is extracted withbenzene and dried to obtain benzene soluble organics. The dried material is re dissolved in cyclohexane and thensbxlet extracted with nitromethane to isolate PAHs. The nitromethane fraction is dried and rediscolved in methylenechloride GC analysis. Concentrations of fluroranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo(a)pyrene varied between 0.9 to71.3 ng/mA3. The lowest and highest concentrations were observed for fluoranthene and chrysene respectively.Indoor pollution due to hydrocarbons is caused by use of wood and kerosene stoves in poorly ventilated kitchens.Studies on indoor pollution revealed high levels of PAH in indoor air when kerosene stove is used for cooking. Ki^hPressure Liquid Chromatographic method has been standardized for the measurement of the PAH in air particulatesamples. Further work is in progress to determine the ratios of PAH compounds in indoor and outdoor atmosphericsamples.

4. KEYWORDSpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, indoor air pollution, measurement, high pressure liquid chromatography

5. INVESTIGATORSG.G. Pandit, A. M.Mohan Rao, S.Sharma., T.M. Krishnamoorthy, K.S.V. Nambi.i



Started on: May 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: In progress8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Pandit G.G., Sharma S., Mohan Rao AM. and Krishnamoorthy T.M. : Chromatographic methods or theestimation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Particulates. Proceedings of the fifth NationalSympos Environment conducted by the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physicsat Calcutta during Feb.28 - Mar.1,133-136,1996.

66

1. TITLE Studies On Distribution, Fate And Effect Of PesticidesOn Biota In The Tropical Environment.

2.TOPICCODE:6-10

3. ABSTRACTChlorpyrifos is one of the widely used organophosphorus insecticide in tropical countries. Experiments are conductedwith 14C labelled chlorpyrifos to study the distribution of this compound in model marine ecosystem. Less than 50 % ofthe applied activity remained in water in 24 hours. Major portion of the applied chlorpyrifos (about 4.2 % residue per g )accumulated into the clams with sediment containing a maximum of 5 to 6 % of applied compound. No degradation ofchlorpyrifos was observed in water or sediment samples. However metabolic products are formed in clams. Studieshave been carried out on estimation of organochlorine residues in the Indian marine environment. The sedimentsamples have been collected from different places on the East and West coast of India and are extracted in a soxhletextraction apparatus with hexane followed by clean up procedure. Further analysis of Organochlorine residues bygaschromatography with electron capture detector is in progress.

4. KEYWORDSdistribution, organochlorine pesticides, gaschromatography, tropical marine environment.

S. JNVESTIGATORSG.G.Pandit, S.K Jha, A.M. Mohan Rao, T. M. Krishnamoorthy, KS.V. Nambi, S.P. Kale*, N.B.K. Murthy* and KRaghu*

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE^)Environmental Assessment Division * Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Division, Bhabha Atomic ResearchCentre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on L-MgyJI994 Proposed to be concluded by : Dec. 19998. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Pandit G.G., Mohan Rao A.M., Kale S.P., Murthy N.B.K. and Raghu K. Studies on 14C Labelled Chlorpyrifos inModel Marine Ecosystem. Proceedings of the Sixth National Symposium on Environment held at TN AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore during Jan. 7-9, 1997, pp 193-199.

67

7. MODELLING STUDIES

68

1. TITLE Safety Assessment Models For High LevelRadioactive Waste Repositories.


3. ABSTRACTMathematical models have been developed to study the migration of radionuclides through fractures from a high-level radioactive waste repository located in deep geological granite formations. Different types of fractures such asplanar and circular are used in the study. The models utilizes two coupled equations; one for the fracture and theother for the host rock. The processes considered include advection, surface sorption, diffusive loss to the host rockand radioactive decay for transport in the fracture and diffusion, adsorption and radioactive decay for transport in thehost rock. The source term to the model is provided as a two-component leach flux from the vitrified waste formstored in the repository. The inlet concentration is derived using material balance for the amount of radioactivity thathas entered into the fracture and host rock. Sensitivity analysis is also carried out for parameters like diffusivity inthe host matrix, fracture radius or width and dispersivity in the fracture water. Results indicate steep gradients in theradionuclide concentrations within the first 50 m along the fracture axis. It is observed that about 99% of theradioactivity is retained by the host rock. The radionuclide concentration in the fracture water increases as thefracture radius increases until a critical fracture radius is reached. Thereafter the concentration decreases due to theincrease in the volumetric flux of water. The magnitude of the critical fracture radius mainly depends on the fracturewater velocity. Presently, the analytical model is translated into numerical form and the outputs of both the modelscompare well. The study is in progress to develop the gridded domain and apply for varying parametric values.

4. KEYWORDSradionuclide, model, high level waste, deep geological repository, fracture, host matrix, safety analysis

5. INVESTIGATORSR.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / JNSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay-400 085


Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Nair.R.N., and Krishnamoorthy.T.M., A simple model for the preliminary safety analysis of a high level radioactivewaste repository, Proc. National Symp. On 'Management of Radioactive and Toxic Wastes', BRNS, Dept. Of AtomicEnergy, March 20-21,1995, pp. 157-159.2) Nair.R.N., and Krishnamoorthy-.T.M., Migration of radionuclides from a deep geological repository: Analyticalmodel with radial diffusion in host matrix, Nuclear Geophysics, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1995, pp. 219-228.3) Nair.R.N., and Krishnamoorthy.T.M., A simple model for the preliminary safety analysis of a high level radioactivewaste repository, Annals of Nuclear Energy, Vol. 24, No. 12, 1997, pp. 995-1003.

69

1. TITLE Validation Of Coastal Sea Transport Models UsingRadio-Tracer Technique.


3. ABSTRACTMathematical models have been developed to simulate the spatial and temporal distribution of radio-tracerconcentration in coastal sea waters at Colaba and Malad, Mumbai arising out of short term release of radio-tracer(Br-82) injection near the coast. The concentrations during the release and post release periods have beenevaluated. The processes considered in the models include advection, dispersion, reflection at coastal boundaryand radioactive decay. The models assumes constant dispersivity and constant velocity in the longitudinal andlateral directions, uniform vertical mixing and straight shore line. The effect of tidal flow is incorporated by usingaverages of the measured values of tidal velocity components during a tidal cycle. The predicted tracerconcentrations and the measured concentrations show fair agreement in magnitude and time of occurrence forexperimentally derived tidal velocity components and dispersivities.

4. KEYWORDScoastal sea, model, radio-tracer, dispersion, tide, sewage

S. INVESTIGATORSR.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, V.N.Yefgaonkar* U.Saravana Kumar*, U.P.Kulkarni* G.N.Mendhekar* S.V.Navada*,V.Joshi+, S.S.Dhage+, Rakesh Kumar+

6. SPONSORING /COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division,* Isotope Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085+ NEERI, Mumbai-400 018


Started on : Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Yelgaonkar.V.N., Saravana Kumar.U., Kulkarni.U.P., Mendhekar.G.N., Navada.S.V., Nair.R.N.,Krishnamoorthy.T.M., Joshi.V., Dhage.S.S., and Rakesh Kumar, Radiotracer study of the dispersion of sewage offBombay coast, Proc. 2nd National Symp. On Environment, Jodhpur, January 1993, pp. 163-166.2) Saravana Kumar.U., Yelgaonkar.V.N., Kulkarni.U.P., Mendhekar.G.N., Nair.R.N., and Krishnamoorthy.T.M., Studyof the dispersion of simulated sewage in marine environment by radiotracer technique: A case study, InternationalSymp. On 'Harmonization of Health Related Environmental Measurements using Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques,IAEA-SM-344, Hyderabad, 4-7 November, 1996, pp.

70

1. TITLE Application Of Urban Air Shed Model (UAM-CBIV). 2. TOPIC CODE : 7 - 3

3. ABSTRACTThe Urban Airshed Model (UAM-CBIV) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)is one of the widely used air quality model which incorporates physico-chemical interactions between the interactivespecies in the atmosphere using a simplified Carbon Bond Mechanism (CBM). This model has made operational inUNIX environment after proper modifications. The model is applied for predicting the impact on air quality irt MumbaiMetropolitan Region due to mobile source emissions. Link based emission inventory has been prepared for Nox,SO2, CO, VOC, TSPM and PM-10 using data on vehicular density and emission factors appropriate to the region.Meteorological data from five stations are used as input to the model. The temporal and spatial concentrationprofiles of 25 significant pollutant species are evaluated over a period of 24 hours. It is proposed to apply this modelto simulate the point source emissions as well as area source emissions in Mumbai region.

4. KEYWORDSuam, atmosphere, dispersion, pollutant, emission

5. INVESTIGATORST.N.Mahadevan, R.N.Nair, V.Sitaraman, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, KS.V.Nambi



Started on : September, 1995 Proposed to be concluded by : December, 19998. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Mahadevan.T.N., Nair.R.N., Sitaraman.V., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., and Nambi.KS.V., Application of the UrbanAirshed Model (UAM-CBIV) for. air quality prediction in Mumbai Metropolitan Region: Preliminary results, Proc. OfIGBP-97 National Symp. On 'Changes in Global Climate due to Natural and Human Activities', RRL, Bhubhaneswar,January 15-17, 1997, pp. 235-238.

7J

1. TITLE Atmospheric Mercury Chemistry Modelling. 2. TOPIC CODE : 7 - 4

3. ABSTRACTA comprehensive mercury model system using the Eulerian reference frame of the Acid Deposition and OxidantModel (ADOM) has been developed in collaboration with German scientists under the Indo-German programme, tostudy the regional transport of atmospheric mercury species A stand alone version of the ADOM cloud mixing,scavenging, chemistry and wet deposition model component referred to as the Tropospheric Chemistry Module(TCM) is used to investigate the sensitivity of various chemical and meteorological parameters, assumed to beimportant for mercury deposition phenomena. A comparison of TCM results with observed concentrations of totalmercury concentrations in precipitation indicate that the TCM has capabilities to examine the relative importance andsensitivity of numerous mercury processes in the troposphere and to reproduce thet observed concentrationsreasonably well.

The present study discusses the surface-atmosphere exchange process that governs the vertical dispersion ofvapour phase mercury (Hg°). The surface layer model is coupled to a one dimensional boundary layer model to studythe diurnal evaluation of (Hg°) fluxes from the surface. Deposition velocity is obtained using resistance model forbare soil, full plant canopy and surface partially covered by canopy. Soil emission fluxes of (Hg°) are evaluated fromsoil temperature variation obtained from boundary layer model. Comparison of net fluxes (difference of emission anddeposition fluxes of Hg°) with limited observational data showed fair agreement Model simulated vertical profile ofHg° is discussed for both unstable and stable atmospheric conditions

4. KEYWORDSMercury species, Eulerian, atmospheric mercury, wet deposition

5. INVESTIGATORS,A. Vinod Kumar, R.B. Oza, V. Sitaraman, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, G.Petersen, J. Munthe, K.PIieijel and R Bloxam.

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085GKSS Research Centre, Germany; Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SwedenOntario Ministry of Environment and Energy, Canada


Started on 1995 Proposed to be concluded by : Ongoing

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) G. Petersen, J Munthe, R.B Bloxam and A. Vinod Kumar: "A comprehensive Eulerian modelling framework forairborne mercury species : Development and application of a tropospheric chemistry module". Fourth internationalconference on "Mercury as a global pollutant", August 4-8, 1996, Congress Centre Hamburg, Germany2) A. Vinod Kumar: "Summary of a four nation collaborative study on atmospheric chemistry module" Workshop on"Perspectives in Atmospheric Chemistry", PRL, Ahmedabad, Dec. 26-27, 1996.3) R.B. Oza, A Vinod Kumar, V Sitaraman, T. M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V Nambi: "Hg° air surface exchange",Sixth national symposium on Environment, Coimbatore, Jan 7-9, 1997

72

1. TITLE Application Of One Dimensional Planetary BoundaryLayer Model For The Estimation Of Vertical Distribution Of RadonAnd Its Daughters.


3. ABSTRACTA one dimensional numerical Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) model is developed and applied to the verticaldistribution of radon and its daughter products in the atmosphere. The meteorological ' model containsparametrisation for the vertical diffusion coefficient based on turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation (E-e model). Anincreased vertical resolution and the realistic concentration of radon and its daughter products based on the timedependent PBL model over the steady state model is obtained and compared with the field observations. The ratio ofradon concentration at higher levels to that at surface has been studied to see the effects of atmospheric stability.The significant concentration change in the vertical profile due to decoupling of the upper portion of the boundarylayer from the shallow lower stable layer is explained by the PBL model. The disequilibrium ration of 214BI/214Pbbroadly agree with the observed field values. The sharp decrease in the ratio during transition from unstable to stableatmospheric condition is also reproduced by the model.

4. KEYWORDSone dimensional, planetary boundary layer, numerical model, vertical profile, radon and its daughter products.

5. INVESTIGATORS,V. Sitaraman, A. Vinod Kumar, R.B. Oza, T.M. Krishnamoorthy



Started on : 1994 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) V. Sitaraman, A. Vinod Kumar, R.B. Oza and T.M. Krishnamcorthy: "Application of one dimensional PlanetaryBoundary layer Model for the study of vertical distribution of radon and daughter products". International seminar on"Mathematical modelling of atmospheric and oceanic processes", 18-21, Dec. 1995, Department of mathematics,Berhampur University, Berhampur, India.

73

1 TiTLE Sulphur Dioxide Releases From IRE-Thorium Plant: AModel Approach.

2. TOPIC CODE :7-6

3. ABSTRACTGaussian plume model (GPM) has been used to estimate the maximum possible ambient air sulphur dioxide con-centration at the training school building due to the operation of IRE plant (boiler unit), located at south site of BARCpremises, under different stability conditions. It was found that the maximum 24 hr averaged, concentration whichcan exist in the adverse atmospheric condition is about 34 ug/m3. This is much lower than the prescribed CPCBstandards of 120 ug/m3.

4. KEYWORDSGaussian plume model, suplhur dioxide, IRE, boiler plant, stability.

5. INVESTIGATORS,Vinod Kumar A, Mahadevan T.N.



Started on : 1992 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS 7 PATENTS1) A. Vinod Kumar and T.N. Mahadevan: "Sulphur dioxide releases from IRE-Thorium plant: A model approach". IREReport, Jan., 1995.

74

1. TITLE Parameterisation Of Radiative And Heat Fluxes UsingRoutine Weather Data.


3. ABSTRACTEstimates of radiative and heat fluxes from solar elevation angle and routine weather data on cloud cover and screenlevel air temperature using a formulation procedure generally adopted in surface layer parameterisation schemeswere made. Some of the estimates were compared with the concurrent field observations at Trombay. Whereverpossible, site specific empirical coefficients were derived and used . Using the observed insolation, the net radiationand soil heat flux are respectively estimated within 18% and 14% of their observed values. Estimated insolation wasfound to be within 35% of the observed values and when used to derive the fluxes, the uncertainty increases to 25%and 27% respectively.

4. KEYWORDSturbulence and diffusion, radiative and heat fluxes, surface layer

5. INVESTIGATORSV.J. Daoo, Faby Sunny, V. Sitaraman

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division,-Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : January 1994 Proposed to be concluded by : Complete

8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Daoo V.J., Faby Sunny and Sitaraman V., (1995), Estimation of day time radiative and soil heat fluxes atTrombay, Bombay (19oN; 72.8oE) using routine weather data', IL NUOVO CIMENTO, Vol. 18C, No. 4, 351-358 TheEnvironment', held at BARC, Bombay during March 14-16, 1995.2) Daoo V.J., Faby Sunny and Sitaraman V., (1994), 'Atmospheric Stability Classification and application toevaluation of dispersion parameters', A paper presented at the workshop on 'Air Pollution Dispersion Modelling -Indian Context' at TIET, Patiala, during Oct. 27-29, 1994.

75

1. TITLE Evaluation Of Air Temperature Rise Due To PowerPlant Operation.


3. ABSTRACTAir temperature rise resulting from the waste heat released to atmosphere from an operating power plant viadifferent modes like hot flue gas discharge through stack or through cooling tower plumes etc. has been formulated.For a typical 500 Mwe power plant, the maximum temperature rise via cooling tower mode or hot flue gas dischargemode works out to be of the order of 0.012°C and the rise is confined mainly within 1.8 km radial distance from thesource. This rise is insignificant when compared with the temperature rise ascribable to various industrial and urbanactivities in a typical urban complex.

4. KEYWORDSpower plant, waste heat

5. INVESTIGATORSV.J. Daoo, V.N. Bapat, T.M. Krishnamoorthy



Started on : January 1993 Proposed to be concluded by : Complete8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Daoo V.J., Bapat V.N. and Krishnamoorthy T.M., (1995), 'Evaluation of air temperature rise due to a typical powerplant operation', A paper presented at INS sixth annual conference on 'Electricity Generation and The Environment',held at BARC, Bombay during March 14-16, 1995.

76

1. TITLE Trombay Sodar Data Collection, Analysis AndApplication Studies,


3. ABSTRACTA SODAR was procured, installed and commissioned at Trombay in May 1994, under the VIII five year plan project.In the initial two years since its commissioning, parametric studies were conducted to evaluate performance ofSODAR in relation to different operating options of the system. During this period only, familiarization with variousaspects like the system operation and maintenance, data collection and processing requirements etc. was achieved.The SODAR data collected were used for various parametric studies like (1) Identifying turbulence layers and theirmovement during partial solar eclipse at Trombay on 25.10.1995 (2) Computation of plume gamma dose employingParticle Trajectory model, etc. The SODAR data is being used in developing and validating advanced meteorologicaland dispersion models. It has been useful in identifying season-wise wind and turbulence patterns and their diurnaland altitudinal variations at Trombay.

4. KEYWORDSSODAR, wind and turbulence, plume gamma dose, meteorological and dispersion model

5. INVESTIGATORSK.S.V. Nambi, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, V.N. Bapat, V. Sitaraman, V J. Daoo, R.B. Oza



Started on : May, 1994 Proposed to be concluded by :.... In progress8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Nambi K.S.V. et al, (1996),' Studies on the atmospheric characteristics at Trombay relating to the October 1995Solar Eclipse' BARC Report No. BARC/1996/E/008.2) Sitaraman V., Daoo V.J., Oza R.B. and Nambi K.S.V., (1996) ,'SODARs : Probing the atmosphere at IndianNuclear Reactor Sites', Nuclear India, Vol. 30, No. 9-10, pp. 14-16.3) Daoo V.J., (1995),'SODAR in Atmospheric Pollution Studies', INS News, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 4.3-4.7.4) Daoo V.J., (1995), ' Studying Air Quality by Sound', An article published in 'Science & Technology' feature of theDaily 'The Hindu' dated 13.07.1995.5) Daoo V. J. , Oza R. B., Panchal N. S. Sitaraman V., Krishnamoorthy T M. and Nambi, K S. V (1997)" SODARobservations at a typical complex terrain site in Mumbai during monsoon and non-monsoon periods*, InternationalSymposium on Asian Monsoon and Pollution over the Monsoon Environment p. 194, Abstracts INTROMET97, Dec.2-5 1997, IIT Delhi.

77

1. TITLE Stack Height For Fuel Reprocessing Plant AtKalpakkann

2. TOPIC CODE: 7-10

3. ABSTRACTIn the light of new ICRP recommendations and revised radiological criteria, the dose estimates due to releasesthrough the 75 m height stack of the Kalpakkam Fuel Reprocessing Plant (KARP) have been reevaluated for normaloperating conditions and postulated accident situations. The external doses from Kr-85, inhalation and ingestiondoses from 1-131, Pu-239 and Sr-90-have been considered. The total effective dose at the site boundary due to allthe isotopes considered both for routine and postulated accident release conditions is found to be much less thanthe respective apportioned dose limit and the acceptable dose in emergency. Hence the present stack of 75 m heightand 4.5 m exit diameter seems to be more than adequate from the point of view of radiological safety.

4. KEYWORDStack height, dose limit

5. INVESTIGATORSV. Sitaraman, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, K.S.V. Nambi, V.B. Menon



Started on : May 1995 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Sitaraman V., Krishnamoorthy T.M., Nambi KS.V. and Menon V.B., (1996), 'Stack height for fuel reprocessingplant at Kalpakkam', BARC/1996/R/004.

78

1. TITLE EDPUFF, a Gaussian Dispersion Code ForConsequence Analysis.

2.TOPICCODE:7-11

3. ABSTRACTEDPUFF-Equi Distance Puff is a Gaussian dispersion code in FORTRAN language to model atmospheric dispersionof instantaneous or continuous point source release. It is designed to incorporate the effect of changingmeteorological conditions and source release rates on the spatial distribution concentration profiles and itsconsequences. The code calculates the dose to individual receptors as well as average doses for population zonesfrom internal and external routes over the area of interest. Internal dose computation are made for inhalation andingestion pathways while the doses from external route consists of cloud doses and doses from surface depositedactivity. It computes inhalation and ingestion dose (milk route only) for critical group (1 Yr. old child). In case ofpopulation zones it finds out maximum possible doses in a given area along with the average doses discussedabove. The budgeting of activity is carried out for each time step as a check for internal consistency of the code logic.Effect of variation of parameters like puff spacing, puff packing, averaging schemes are discussed and the choice ofthe best values for minimum errors and minimum computer CPU time are identified. This model takes intoconsideration effects of changing meteorological parameters during release and is thus more realistic as comparedto earlier used double Gaussian model. Studies using EDPUFF for estimating GLC reveal that the standing plumemodel will give underestimation of GLC at distances for which az < 0.4 H in case of an elevated release. Groundlevel concentration estimates carried out using Gaussian plume, Edpuff and particle trajectory model reveals thateventhough under homogeneous and stationary condition all three models compare reasonably well at longerdistances, under changing meteorological condition Gaussian plume model underestimates GLC and giveserroneous values for the deposited activity on to the ground.

4. KEYWORDSpuff model, Gaussian, dispersion, dose

5. INVESTIGATORSR.B.Oza, V.N.Bapat, R.N.Nair, R.K.Hukkoo, T.M.Krishnamoorthy

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTED)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : January 1994 Proposed to be concluded by: Complete8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) EDPUFF A GAUSSIAN DISPERSION CODE FOR CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS by R.B.Oza, V.N.Bapat,R.N.Nair, R.KHukkoo and T.M.Krishnamoorthy BARC/1995/E/001.2) Sensitivity Analysis of Gaussian Puff and Plume Model As a Function Of H/CTZ, and Relative Comparison Of GLCEstimation By Puff, Plume and Particle Model, by R.B.Oza, V.N.Bapat and R.KHukkoo, Proceeding of the FifthNational Symposium On Environment (1996).

79

1. TITLE Particle Trajectory Model Of Atmospheric DispersionOn A Parallel Processing System,


3. ABSTRACTA lagrangian trajectory model of atmospheric dispersion using the Langevin equation is implemented on a parallelprocessing system, ANUPAM developed at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, India. In the eight-nodesystem with MIMD architecture, a speed-up of 7.22 was achieved using appropriate load balancing between the hostnode and other nodes. The concentration distribution obtained using the model for two typical cases : (a) high windshear, low wind speed stable conditions, (b) low shear, high wind speed unstable conditions, are illustrated withSODAR data as input.

4. KEYWORDSLagrangian particle model, random walk model, Monte-Carlo model, parallel processing, atmospheric dispersion

5. INVESTIGATORSV. Sitaraman, R.B.Oza



Started on : January, 1995 Proposed to be concluded by :_ Complete8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Particle trajectory model of atmospheric dispersion on a parallel processing system, V Sitaraman, R.B.Oza,Environmental Software, Vol. 11, pp. 229-234, 1996.

80

1. TITLE Recent Developments In Air Quality Models InEnviron-Mental Impact Evaluation.

2.TOPICCODE:7-13

3. ABSTRACTAir quality models are extensively employed in evaluating environmental impact of air pollutants either releaseroutinely, or during an accident as a short term release. They are also used in deciding cost effective emissionreduction and control strategies to mitigate impact of pollutant releases and planning location of mofiitoring stations.Meso scale dispersion modelling that addresses problems of long range dispersion of pollutants (ranging from 10-100 Km.) under complex and non homogeneous terrain conditions is an active area of research in recent years.Here, the authors present an overview of the current status of research in this area and their application inconditions in which conventional Gaussian Plume models cannot be applied for arriving at the estimates ofenvironmental concentration of air borne pollutants.

4. KEYWORDSenvironmental impact, Gaussian model, particle trajectory modet, mass consistency, Mathew-Adpic, dynamic model.

5. INVESTIGATORSV.Sitaraman, R.B.Oza, N.S.Panchal, T.M.Krishnamoorthy



Started on : September 1996 Proposed to be concluded by :_ Complete8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) V.Sitaraman, R.B.Oza, N.S.Panchal and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, Recent Developments in Air Quality Models inEnvironmental Impact Evaluation, A Technical Compendium, Steel Authority Of India Limited, pp. 84-96, 1996.

81

1. TITLE Simulation Of Onset Time And Duration Of Land &Sea Breeze Systems At A Coastal Site Using Two DimensionalMesoscale Model.

2. TOPIC CODE: 7-14

3. ABSTRACTA two dimensional prognostic mesoscale sea/land breeze model is developed to study the onset time and duration ofsea-land breeze during various months at Kalpakkam site The model uses inelastic and hydrostatic assumptionsand in the simulation with 40 grids in the horizontal (3 km grid interval) and 31 grids in the vertical with increasinggrid size from the surface were employed. Simulation was carried out for diurnal cycle and results pertaining to onsettime and duration of sea-land breeze systems are compared with the observed mean monthly values of wind speedand direction at surface and 100 m level from SODAR data Initial conditions of vertical profile of wind speed,direction, dry bulb temperature and specific humidity characteristics of each of the months were obtained fromClimatological Normals prepared by IMD. Sea surface temperature were used from satellite data in literature andsynoptic wind flow IMD data base. Site roughness and soil characteristics pertinent to the site were used in themodel.

Parametric studies were also carried out to assess the effect of upper wind on onset of sea breeze for the aboveconditions, model results were obtained for upper wind directed (i) along shore (ii) from sea to land region (iii) fromland to sea region and change in upper wind speed. The magnitude of upper wind was taken to range from 1m/s to10m/s for all those cases. Analysis of climatology at Kalpakkam was carried out to compare the results obtained inthe parametric study. Overall results obtained by the model agree satisfactorily with those observed at the site.

4. KEYWORDSsea-land breeze, meteorological model, SODAR

5. INVESTIGATORSPanchal, N S., Venkatesan, R., Sitaraman, V., Krishnamoorthy, T M



Started on : January 1995 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Panchal N. S., Venkatesan R., Sitaraman V. and Krishnamoorthy T. M. (1997) "Simulation of onset time andduration of land -sea breeze systems at a coastal site using two dimensional mesoscale model" , InternationalSymposium on Asian Monsoon and Pollution over the Monsoon Environment p.131 , Abstract, INTROMET'97.Dec2-5, 1997, IIT Delhi.

82

1. TITLE Comparative Evaluation Of Dispersion Using SeaBreeze Fumigation Model And Gaussian Plume Model At ACoastal Site.

2.TOPICCODE:7-15

3. ABSTRACTDispersion of any airborne effluent at a coastal site is influenced by sea-land breeze circulation and Thermal InternalBoundary layer (TIBL). Values for Concentration of air borne effluents at different down wind distances are estimatedbased on Shoreline dispersion model (SDM) developed by Misra, Sea breeze Fumigation model given in IAEA/SG-S3 guide and Gaussian plume model for a coastal site, Kalpakkam. Inter-comparison was made among thesevalues. During the conditions of TIBL development, elevated release of effluents is going to modify theconcentration pattern as has been brought out in this study. Under such a situation the concentration estimates mustbe carried out using the SDM formulation to arrive at a realistic picture of the concentration distribution.

4. KEYWORDSsea breeze, fumigation, TIBL, coastal dispersion

5. INVESTIGATORSN. S. Panchal, Faby Sunny



Started on : January 1994 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) N. S. Panchal and Faby Sunny (1995) "Comparative Evaluation of Dispersion using Sea breeze Fumigation Modelancj Gaussian Plume Mode! at a Coastal Site", Proceedings of 4th National Symposium on Environment, Madras,February 1995, pp. 282-284.

83

1. TITLE Assessment Of Wind Energy Potential Of TrombaySite.


3. ABSTRACTWind speed data for one calendar year (1995) at Trombay Hill top station (about 300 m above MSL) were analyzedfrom the point of view of assessing the wind energy potential of the site. Seasonal and diurnal trends in the monthlyaveraged hourly and daily totals of wind energy estimated from observed wind speeds at the site were established.Frequency distribution of observed hourly wind speeds occurring at the station especially for the wind Speeds greaterthan or equal to 8 to 11 km/h (cut-in speed of a typical low and medium power wind mill respectively) was examined.Altitudinal monthly differences in the wind energy potential were also examined in relation to similar results atanother lower elevation location, Training school station (about 60m above MSL) in Trombay. The study concludedthat a low and medium power mill can be operated at the site with an average availability factor of about 76% and57% respectively and period from March to August is more suitable for its operation. Further the advantage of ahigher elevation location compared to a low elevation location, is substantial for wind energy production.

4. KEYWORDSwind power, power generation, wind energy, nonconventional energy

5. INVESTIGATORSN. S. Panchal, Faby Sunny, U.R. Pawar, V. J. Daoo



Started on : March 1995 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) N. S. Panchal, Faby Sunny, U. R. Pawar and V. J. Daoo, (1997) "Assessment of Wind Energy Potential ofTrombay Site", BARC/1997/E/014.

84

1. TITLE Respiratory Deposition Characteristics Of Beryllium CompoundsIn Work Environment And Their Lung-Clearance Classification Based On In-Vitro Dissolution Kinetics Studies.

2. TOPIC CODE: 7-17

3. ABSTRACTThe extraction and processing of beryllium metal at certain stages are in a finely-divided form, and may get airbome inthe work environment. The inhalation of beryllium aerosols may lead to acute responses such as pulmonary edema andchemical pnumanities or can result in chronic beryllium disease. For dose effect relationship, therefore, knowledge onthe physicochemical properties of beryllium aerosols from occupational environment is essential. The site of depositionof inhaled beryllium aerosols within the respiratory system and its dissolution pattern in the lung fluid play important rolein inhalation risk assessment studies. In this study measurement of particle size of beryllium aerosols, their shape anddissolution kinetics of beryllium compounds in simulated lung fluid have been appropriately used to understand thedeposition and its clearance. From the data obtained on the dissolution half times, the beryllium compounds wereclassified into D,W and Y class as proposed by ICRP Task Group on Lung Dynamic.

4. KEYWORDSberyllium aerosols, occupational environment, inhalation and deposition, dissolution kinetics, lungfluid, compoundclassification and toxicity

5. INVESTIGATORS'Thorat DO, Mahadevan T.N, eGhosh D.K

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION(S) /INSTITUTE^)Environmental Assessment Division, Beryllium Machining Facility,' eRadiation Safety and Systems Division, BhabhaAtomic Research Centre, Munrtbai-400 085


Started on : 01/03/1989 Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS IN SAME FIELD ISSUED BY SAME INVESTIGATOR(S)1) Thorat D.D., Mahadevan T.N. and Ghosh D.K.., Respiratory Deposition Characteristics Of Beryllium Compounds InWork Environment And Their Lung-Clearance Classification Based On In-VtJro Dissolution Kinetics Studies, IASTABulletin, vol. 9, 27,28, December 1996.

85

1. TITLE Stack Emission Status Of Thorium Nitrate Evaporation Unit; AndA Report On Water Quality Status Of Treated Effluents Of Indian Rare EarthLimited, Bare, Trombay.

2.TOPICCODE.-7-18

3. ABSTRACTThe stack emission status of both nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide from the thorium nitrate evaporation unit of Indian RareEarths, Trombay unit is presented. Model calculations are provided to predict the ground level concentrations in andaround the plant site. Suggestions are made to reduce the acid emissions and monitor ambient air quality for modelvalidation. The treated effluents from the ETP has been analysed for nearly 24 parameters employing grab samplingmethod. The status indicates excedence of chemical oxygen demand and a high concentration of dissolved solids.

4. KEYWORDSemission status, nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide, model evaluation, ground level concentrations, ETP effluents, waterquality status, control strategy5. INVESTIGATORST.N.Mahadevan , S.C. Ashawa , LV.S.aradhi

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION(S) /INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : 01/03/1989 Proposed to be concluded by : On Going8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS IN SAME FIELD ISSUED BY SAME INVESTIGATOR(S)1) Mahadevan T.N., Ashawa S.C., and Saradhi IV., Stack Emission Status of Thorium Nitrate Evaporation Unit •: IndianRare Earth Limited, BARC, Trombay, 1997.2) Mahadevan T.N. , Ashawa S.C, and Saradhi IV. A report on Water quality Status of Treated Effluents, IRE Ltd. ,BARC, Trombay, 1997.

86

1. TITLE A Comparative Study Of ICRP-30 And ICRP-66Lung Models: Uncertainties In Interpretation Methods For Pu-Dosimetry

2. TOPIC CODE: 7-19

3. ABSTRACTA comparative study of ICRP-30 and ICRP-66 Lung Models for the uncertainties associated with the interpretation

of bioassay measurements, for internal dosimetry of Plutonium has been initiated. Uncertainties may arise, amongothers, due to unknown-non uniform exposure patterns. For a given exposure scenario, in a year, urinary excretionrates for the two models were obtained by using Jone's systemic excretion function of Pu, while the ICRP-30 resultswere taken from an earlier developed computer program, those of -ICRP-66, were taken from the published data.The effect of non-uniform exposure pattern within a monitoring period and those arising from the transients over andabove a uniform chronic exposure, on the predicted Pu activity in urine have been investigated. Tentative results ofthe study indicate a much higher (3.5 times the average) contribution to the measured activity in urine from the lastmonth's exposure, by both the lung models. As a result, no exposure periods in the last month of the year, tend tounderestimate the computed intake by as much as 30% by both the models. For transients, close to monitoring timeand smaller no-exposure periods, uncertainties in the computed intakes, as predicted by ICRP-66 lung model aremuch lower than those predicted by ICRP-30 lung model. Further studies are in progress.

4. KEYWORDSLung Models, Plutonium, Dosimetry

5. INVESTIGATORS,S.Bhati, R.C.Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Continuing8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

Bull. Radiation Protection. Vol 17, No. 1 pp 108-110, 1994

87

1. TITLE Development Work On Gas Scintillation ProportionalCounter: A New Type Of Potential Radiation Detector


3. ABSTRACTWe have a development program for a new type of radiation detector known as Gas Scintillation ProportionalCounter (GSPC) which can offer detection areas of few hundred cm2 along with good energy resolutions which infact are comparable to those obtained with semi-conductor detectors at low photon energies. We developed a varietyof cylindrical, pill-box and parallel grid GSPCs with different types of constructional materials and geometries. Astudy with Pulse Shape Discrimination PSD with a 1.7 mm dia Ni rod anode cylindrical, Ar+2.5% N2 GSPC improved

its energy resolution from 33% to 16% at 5.9 keV. Assuming appropriate functional forms of electron excitation andionization coefficients and using derived or assumed values of some other unknown parameters, the relevantintegrals for light gain factors have been evaluated. Subsequently the assumed values of unknown parameters areadjusted in such a way that the calculated values of light gain factors are comparable to the experimental values.Thus a correlation between the light gain factors and other counter parameters is established. The values of theeffective electron excitation coefficients as a function of electric field strength per unit pressure in Ar + 2.5 % N2 have

also been derived from these GSPCs having considerably different electric field gradients. Further studies with theGSPC concentrate on the effect of ionization density on the rise time of the pulses and the total light output. Work onthe evaluation of the response characteristics to Cf-252 is in progress. Studies are also being carried out to utilizeinformation on electron excitation mean free path in Ar + 2.5 % N2 as a function of electric field strength for

optimizing the length of scintillation production region and the field strength in it, in the new designs of GSPCs. It willthen be possible to design scintillation gaps for a given light gain in such a way that its length is minimized giving theminimal PMT solid angle effect on the energy resolution.

4. KEYWORDSGas Scintillation, Light gain, Radiation detection

5. INVESTIGATORS,S.P.Garg, I.S.Singh, and R.C.Sharma



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1. Nucl. Instr. & Meth. in Phys. Research, Vol.A 357, pp 406-417,19952. Bulletin of Radiation Protection Vol.18, No.3, pp 56-61, July-Sept 19953. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physical Research A 336, 1993, pp 200-2054. "Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter: A New Type of Potential Radiation Detector, Proc. National Symp. on

Advanced Instrumentation, Bombay, 27-29 Jan. 1993, pp.B5-1 to B5-9.

88

8. RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT

89

1. TITLE Quarterly Radiation Monitoring Results For ThePeriod 1988-1994 In Tarapur Region Using TLDs AndSummarised Analysis For The Period 1984-1994


3. ABSTRACT

The quarterly environmental radiation monitoring data for nearly 30 locations for the period 1988-1994 inTarapur region are presented along with the calculated doses due to radioactive gaseous releases from TAPSstack. The mean natural background radiation dose in Tarapur environments is 64 + 7 mR /year during this period ascompared with the values of 63 + 6 mR / year for the period 1983- 87 reported earlier. Akarpatti village is the soleexception with a soil radioactive anomaly resulting in a higher natural background dose of 88 + 6 mR / year. Theexcess over the natural background evaluated from TLD results seems to correlate remarkably well with the dosescalculated from the actual stack releases and atmospheric dispersion at least at three locations which are windfavored and are closer to the stack. In other places, there seems to be an underestimation of the dose (by 40-50 %on an average ) by the presently employed dispersion model calculations. The underestimation seems to be in facteven more (by 100 %) if the analysis is restricted to only nine locations where statistically significant correlations areobtained.

4. KEYWORDSRadiation monitoring, Background radiation, stack , Gaseous release , TLDs, Radiation doses, Environmentaleffects, Dose distribution, Comparative evaluations.

5. INVESTIGATORS,AS.Basu, V. N. Bapat.K. S. V. Nambi, E. A. D. BARC, Mumbai,400 085,A. G. Hegde, P. V. Patel, and R. G. Purohit, Health Physics Division .

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)

BARC

7. PROGRAMME DURATION -

Started on : Ongoing Proposed to be concluded by: Ongoing


1. Quarterly Radiation Monitoring Results For The Period 1988-1994 In Tarapur Region Using TLDs andSummarised Analysis For The Period 1984-1994. By A S. Basu, V. N. Bapat, K. S. V. Nambi, A. G. Hegde, P. V.Patel, and R. G. Purohit; BARC Report no. BARC/1995/l / 022.

90

1. TITLE Gamma Background Radiation Monitoring Results(1990 - 95) In The Environs Around IRE OSCOM .Orissa UsingTLDs.


3. ABSTRACT

Quarterly Environmental Radiation Monitoring data using TLDs in about 28 locations in and aroundIRE-OSCOM covering a six year period 1990-95 is presented in the report. While the indoor radiation levels inbeach areas having monazite deposits recorded annual average of 653 + 230 mR/year, that in IRE residential colonygave a value of 240 + 30 mR/year. The radiation levels recorded inside the OSCOM plant are well within the limitsprescribed for occupational radiation exposures.

4. KEYWORDS

TLDs, Radiation Monitoring; High Background Radiation Areas.

5. INVESTIGATORS,

N. K Mehta, V. N. Bapat, S. C. Sana, and K S. V. Nambi.


BARC


Started on : Ongoing Proposed to be concluded by : P


1. Gamma background radiation monitoring Results (1990 - 95 ) in the Environs around IRE Oscom , Orissa, usingTLDs ; N. K Mehta, V. N. Bapat, S. C. Saha, and K S. V. Nambi.; in BARC Report no, BARC/1996/ E/ 029.

91

1. TITLE Results Of Environmental Radiation Survey AroundUranium Mining Complex At Jaduguda Using TLDs During 1984- -1994.


3. ABSTRACT

The mining operation for Uranium ore leads to release of small amounts of low uranium bearing waste. Thepaper summarises the environmental surveillance of background radiation carried out using TLDs. It is observedthat the overall effect of the uranium exploration work on the normal natural background radiation, even at locationscloser to the mine is insignificant. Though a significant increase in background radiation is observed near theprocessing plants, it decreases rapidly with distance. The continued survey in this area will help to keep watch on theseasonal background radiation levels in this area.

4. KEYWORDS

Uranium mining, Radiation background, TLDs, Environmental radiation monitoring.

5. INVESTIGATORS,

M. P. Chougaonkar, N. K Mehta, K S. V. Nambi, EAD, BARC,G. K Srivastava, A H. Khan, HPU, UCIL, Jaduguda

S. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)

BARC.


Started on: Ongoing Proposed to be concluded by; QnOQiPfl


1. Results of Environmental Radiation Survey Around Uranium Mining Complex at Jaduguda Using TLDsDuring i984-'94. M. P. Chougaonkar, N. K. Mehta, G. K. Srivastava, A. H. Khan, and K. S. V. Nambt ;Proc. 5th nat. symp. on Environment, March 1996, ED, V. N. Sastry et al, pp 34 -37.

92

1. TITLE Environmental Radiation Monitoring Results For ThePeriod 1984-1995 In And Around Variable Energy Cyclotron,Calcutta.


3. ABSTRACT

Results of the survey carried out over the period of 12 years during 1984-1995 in and around VECC Calcuttavebeen summarised. It is observed that the general radiation background in areas far removed from the facility (up to25 km) is higher than that existing within the boundaries of VECC (160+ 21 mR / year, against 121 + 20 mR / yearrespectively).This has been attributed to the variation in uranium, Thorium, and Potassium contents of the soil at the respectiveareas.

It is observed that the large data collected for 12 years on the natural background gamma radiation levels inthe Calcutta region and the long record of temporal fluctuations in the natural background clearly show that there isno increasein the radiation background in and around VECC Calcutta.

4. KEYWORDS

Environmental radiations, background radiation, TLDs, VEC.

5. INVESTIGATORS,

A. S. Basu, EAD, BARC,B. K. Khasnbis, and M. Bar, HPU, VECC Calcutta.


BARC


Started on : Ongoing Proposed to be concluded by: Ongoing


Environmental Radiation Monitoring Results for the Period 1984-1995 in and around Variable Energy CyclotronCenter, Calcutta.; A. S. Basu, B. K'Khasanabis and M. Bar; BARC report no, BARC/1997/ E /007.

1. TITLE Environmental Radiation Monitoring In And AroundDAE Units Using Mailed TLDs.


3. ABSTRACT

Surveillance of background radiation in and around the DAE units is done using mailed TLDs. Fourpower reactors, TAPS, RAPS, MAPS, NAPP, Kaiga and KAPP, six fuel processing plants, viz., UCIL Jaduguda,IRE-OSCOM , IRE - Alwaye, NFC - Hydrabad, RMP -Mysore, 8PP - Vashi, and three research laboratories viz,BARC - Mumbai, VECC - Calcutta and DLJ - Jodhpur are r regularly monitored on quarterly basis. Nearly 300 TLDsare routinely prepared , dispatched , deployed at the pre designated locations and analyzed . Quarterly as well asannual exposure rates are estimated and communicated to the respective health physics units at the stations.

Consolidation of the data over the past years for RAPS, BARC, MAPP, and IRE - Alwaye are underprogress.

4. KEYWORDSEnvironmental radiation monitoring , TLDs,

5. INVESTIGATORS,

M. P. Chougaonkar, A. S. Basu, N. K. Mehta ( Retired ), P. S. Shetty, A. R. Kamat and K S. V. Nambi.


BARC

7. PROGRAMME DURATIONStarted on : Ongoing Proposed to be concluded by : Ongoing


94

1. TITLE Environmental Impact Of Flyash Disposal At Coal-Fired Thermal Power Stations.


3. ABSTRACTThe toxic metal contamination of ground water due to leaching from the ash pond at Manuguru Thermal Plant Site isassessed using experimental and ground water modelling techniques. Samples of coal, flyash, bottom ash, ashpond overflow water, river water, ash pond slurry and soil samples collected from Manuguru ash pond and thesurrounding were analyzed for major and trace element contents (Fe, Cr, Zn, Pb, Co and Hg) using EDXRF, INAA,AAS and ASV. The cation exchange capacity of the underlying soil and flyash were determined by standard methodusing calcium as the cation indicator. The redox potential and pH of the samples were measured The sizedistribution of flyash particles were also determined. The spatial and temporal concentration distribution of tracemetals in ground water owing to continuous and constant leaching from the flyash pond was calculated using aconvective-diffusive transport model. It was observed that the centre line concentration of the elements from shortterm release (10 y) were low compared to pond water concentration even when retardation was neglected Thestudy conclusively shows that the leach percent being very small and the soil having good cation exchange capacity,there is negligible probability of contamination of ground water from the ash pond Therefore any impervious liningfor the pond is not recommended.

4. KEYWORDSfly ash, trace elements, ash pond, pollution, redox potential, pH, EDXRF, INAA, AAS, ASV, ground water, modelling,

5. INVESTIGATORSS Sadasivan, V Meenakshy, B S Negi, R N Nair, T M. Krishnamoorthy, K S V Nambi

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085Heavy Water Board, Manuguru


Started on : - Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Sadasivan. S, Meenakshy.V., Negi.B.S., Nair.R.N., Krishnamoorthy.T M., and Nambi.KS V., Composition andLeachability of Trace Elements in Coal Ash and their Migration in Ground Water at Thermal Power Plant Site atManuguru, Report No BARC/1994/E/034, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, 19942) Meenakshy V, Sadasivan.S, Krishnamoorthy.T M., and Nambi.K.S V , Exchange capacity of soil at Manuguruand retention of trace elements leached from flyash pond, Proc. 3rd National Symp. On Environment, 1994, pp. 279-283.3) Sadasivan. S, Meenakshy. V., Negi.B.S., Menon.M.R., Nair.R.N, Krishnamoorthy.T. M., and Nambi.KS.V.,Environmental impact of flyash disposal at coal-fired thermal power stations, Proc. Sixth Annual Conference on'Electricity Generation & The Environment', Indian Nuclear Society, Bombay, Match 14-16, 1995, pp 1-2.

95

1. TITLE Safety Assessment Models On Near Surface DisposalFacilities For Low Level Radioactive Waste.


3. ABSTRACTSafety assessment models have been developed to assess the performance of near surface disposal facilities forlow level radioactive wastes for a number of scenarios related to activity disposal mode, source release mode, typeof burial facility, geohydrology of site and region of modelling. The activity disposal mode comprises of single dumpmode and multiple dump mode and the source release mode includes instantaneous dissolution mode, leach releasemode and diffusive release mode The types of burial facilities considered are earth trench, concrete vault, tile holeand a combination of al! these modules Under the geohydrology of site, single layer model, double layer model andmulti-layer models have been developed with either water infiltration from top of the facility or water infiltration frombottom of the facility. The region of modelling considered either near field, far field or near and far field includingoutcropping surface water bodies. A program code in FORTRAN-77 is developed for the safety performanceassessment of these scenarios. The code is made operational in SINTRAN III, UNIX and MSDOS environments. Adisplay system is also attached to the code in these environments for the post process analysis of the models Theassessment end points such as radioactivity release rates into the ground water, radionuclide concentration inground water, radiation dose to a member of the critical group through drinking water pathway, radionuclideconcentration in outcropping sea water and radiation dose due to ingestion of marine food can be evaluated usingthese models. The waste acceptance criteria in terms of disposal rate limits and activity concentration limits havebeen computed using different scenarios of release and exposure for about 26 radionuclides commonly encounteredin a near surface disposal facility originating from the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle A probability safetyassessment model comprising of source release model, repository failure model, geospheric model and radiologicalmodel is being developed for evaluating the performance of near surface radioactive waste disposal facilities

4. KEYWORDSradionuclide, ground water, shallow land burial, safety performance, radiation dose, source release, wastemanagement

5. INVESTIGATORST.M.Krishnamoorthy, R.N.Nair, K.S.V.Nambi



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: on going8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Nair.R.N., and Krishnarnoorthy.T.M., Near-field and far-field migration of radionuclides from a shallow (and burialfacility, Nuclear Technology, Vol. 114, 1996, pp. 235-245.2) Nair.R.N. and Krishnamoorthy.T.M., SLBM-A FORTRAN Code for Shallow Land Burial of Low Level RadioactiveWaste, Report No. BARC/1997/E/030, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 1997.3) Krishnamoorthy.T.M., Nair.R.N., and Nambi.K.S.V., Evaluation of disposal limits for shallow land burial facilities:Application to the back end of nuclear fuel cycle, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 48, No. 9, 1997, pp. 1203-1209.4) Krishnamoorthy.T.M., Nair.R.N., and lastry.V.N., Environmental impacts of nuclear and other energy sources, In:Facets of Nuclear Science and Technology (Eds. S.KAgrawal and D.D.Sood), Dept. Of Atomic Energy, Mumbai,1996, pp. 193-200.5) Krishnamoorthy.T.M., and Nair.R.N., Nuclear industry experience in hazardous waste management and itsextension of chemical industries, Encology, Vol. 11, No. 12, 1997, pp. 17-24

96

1. TITLE Discharge Limits For Liquid Radioactive Effluents IntoCoastal Sea Based On Marine Exposure Pathways.


3. ABSTRACTThe hydrological and radiological basis for evaluating radiation exposure from marine pathways and the magnitudesof the parameters to be used in deriving radioactive discharge limits to coastal waters is studied. The pathwaysconsidered are inhalation for tritium laden air and ingestion of salt and marine organisms for other radionuclides. Asan illustration of the approach, the annual limits on the discharge rates and concentrations for different radionuclidesin the Labeled Compound Operations (LCO) and Radio Pharmaceutical Operations (RPO) units at BRIT Complex,Vashi, New Bombay are derived based on the consideration of a model on accumulation, uptake and retention inmarine organisms exposed to a constant isotopic abundance in the sea water The dose apportionment used for thecalculation of limiting discharge concentrations and annual release rates, is 10 u Sv.y"1 for each radionuclide. Thecritical radionuclide in the RPO effluents is identified as 32P with a discharge concentration limit of 0.37 Bq.ml"1 andan annual release limit of 0.56 GBq. The same for LCO is VAC with a discharge concentration limit of 3.7x10'2 Bq.ml"1

and an annual release limit of 2.7x10"2 GBq.

Similarly, a standardized method has been developed for evaluating the allowable concentrations in dischargeeffluents into Trombay Bay from nuclear facilities for an assigned dose apportionment. The method considers bothingestion and external exposure pathways arising from the radioactive effluent discharge. Since nuclides covering alarge range of chemical properties are considered, the removal of radionuclides on suspended silt particulate is alsoconsidered in the study. Uncertainty involved in the evaluation of discharge concentration is assessed in terms ofuncertainty in the individual factors and their appropriate combinations.

4. KEYWORDSradionuclide, dose, discharge limit, coastal water, ingestion, external exposure, sediment

5. INVESTIGATORSV.N.Sastry, R.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, K.S.V.Nambi, P.S.Iyer, V.K.Gupta

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay-400 085Operating Plants Safety Division, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Bombay-400 094


Started on : Proposed to be concluded by : Completed8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Sastry.V.N., Nair.R.N., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., and lyer.P.S., Discharge Limits on Liquid Radioactive Effluents fromBRIT, Vashi, Report No. BARC/1994/1/014, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, 1994.2) Sastry.V.N., Nair.R.N., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., Nambi.K.S.V., lyer.P.S., and Gupta. V.K Evaluation of dischargelimits for liquid radioactive effluents into sea based on marine exposure pathways, Proc. 4 National Symposium onEnvironment, Madras, February, 1995, pp. 286-288.3) Krishnamoorthy.T.M., Sastry.V.N., and Namb K.S.V.. A Basis for the Evaluation of Permissible Concentrations ofRadionuclides in the Effluents Discharged into Tiombay Bay, Report No. BARC/1995/1/011, Bhabha AtomicResearch Centre, Bombay, 1995.

97

1. TITLE Radioactivity Standards For Drinking Water. 2. T O P I C C O D E : 8 - 9

3. ABSTRACTThe Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) had issued drinking water specifications for radioactivity in 1991 as 0.1 Bq.Lfor gross a and 1 pCi.L"1 for gross p. The specification for gross p should have been 1 Bq.L"1, however the basis forarriving at these standards were not clearly stated. The radiological basis for fixing the Drinking Water Standards(DWS) has therefore, been reviewed in this study. The values derived now for gross a (0.01 Bq.L1) and gross p(0.34 Bq.L ) are different from the values specified by BIS. In addition, the DWS for some important radionuclidesusing the ingestion dose factors applicable to members of the general public (adult as well as children) are given inthe study.

Subsequently, a review has been made on the DWS derived and revised for both man-made and naturalradionuclides. The reference dose level criteria used for individual man made radionuclides and naturally occurringradionuclides are 0.05 mSv/y and 0.1 mSv/y respectively. The DWS for the individual radionuclides have beenderived along with the standards for gross beta and gross alpha activities. The DWS for gross beta and gross alphahave been recommended as 0.50 Bq/L and 0.15 Bq/L respectively When the gross standards are exceeded,additional restriction should be placed on the radionuclides whose individual standards are less than the grossstandards. The procedures for the estimation of gross beta, gross alpha, Pb-210 and Ra-228 activities were alsodeveloped.

4. KEYWORDSradionuclide, dose, dose limit, ingestion, drinking water standard

5. INVESTIGATORSV.N.Sastry, T.N.Mahadevan, R.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, KS.V Nambi



Started on : Proposed to be concluded by: CompletedRECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1) Sastry.V.N., Mahadevan.T.N., Nair.R.N., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., and Nambi.KS.V., Radioactivity standards fordrinking water, Proc 4th National Symposium on Environment, Madras, February, 1995, pp. 289-293.2) Sastry.V.N., Mahadevan.T.N., Nair.R.N., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., and Nambi.KS.V., Drinking Water Standards forRadioactivity, Report No BARC/1996/1/001, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, 1996.3) Sastry.V.N., Mahadevan T.N., Nair.R.N., Krishnamoorthy.T.M and Nambi.KS.V., Drinking Water Standards forRadioactivity, Encology, Vol. 11, No. 6, 1996, pp. 1-10.

98

1. TITLE Radiological Safety Aspects Of Indian Watches. 2.TOPICCODE:8-10

3. ABSTRACTIn recent years tritium activated radioluminous paint has become the preferred compound in dial painting by wristwatch industries in India. Theses industries consume about 60 TBq of tritium based compounds every year andabout 100 dial painters are occupational^ exposed to tritium. Tritium activity in metallic watches has been found tobe in the range of 5.5-18.8 MBq. The release rates of tritium from different watches showed considerable variation inthe range of 0.2-15 kBq.d"1 under humid conditions and indicate dependence on the gross activity level present in thewatch. The mean tritium life in watches is 5± 2 years based on gross activity estimated and release rate measured.The annual effective dose to the wrist watch wearer works out to be about 2.5 nSv from air concentration throughinhalation and percutaneous absorption through skin and assuming the highest release rate and continuous watchwearing conditions. In the worst possible imagined situation, the maximum possible annual skin dose equivalentrate is estimated to be in the range of 6.7 mSv-67 mSv over a 10 cm2 area. Both the dose estimates are far lessthan the respective limits recommended by ICRP for the public at large. In the case of occupational workers, amathematical model has been developed (i) to estimate urine concentration where there is a steady intake of tritiumover a fixed period of work every year, (ii) to correlate air concentration in the working environment with urine assayvalues of dial painters. The model predicted mean urine concentration values, derived from mean air concentrationmeasurements, have been found to be in reasonable agreement with the measured mean urine assay values in twodifferent institutions over the period 1992-1995. The estimated CED for a painter is found to be typically 1.2 nSv.y"1

per g of the paint handled and the annual occupational exposures are less than 1 mSv which is the ICRPrecommended limit for the public

4. KEYWORDStritium, dial paint, effective dose, equivalent dose

5. INVESTIGATORSG Sadagopan *, S.H.Sadarangani+, T M.Krishnamoorthy, K.S.V.Nambi, G Venkataraman *

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)* Radiation Protection Services Division, + Radiation Safety Systems Division, Environmental Assessment DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085


Started on : January, 1995 Concluded by : May, 19968. RECENT PUBLICATIONS /PATENTS1) Sadagopan. G., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., Nambi.K.S.V., and Venkataraman.G., Tritium exposure estimates of dialpainters from bioassay measurements: Case study and proposal for a simple methodology. Radiation ProtectionDosimetry, Vol. 69, No. 4,1997, pp. 299-304.2) Sadagopan. G., Sadarangani.S.H., Nambi.K S.V., Krishnamoorthy.T.M., and Venkataraman.G., Radiologicalsafety aspects of Indian watches containing tritium, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 72, No. 1, 1997, pp. 49-53.

99

1. TITLE Quantitative Risk Assessment Of Maximum CredibleAccident Scenarios and Disaster Management Plan For UFP andCFFP at NFC, Hyderabad.

2.TOPICCODE:8-11

3. ABSTRACTA quantitative risk assessment study is carried out for different accident scenarios related to release of UO2 from (1)reduction furnace in both the existing Uranium Oxide Plant (UOP) and new Uranium Oxide Fuel Plant (NUOFP), (2)from the sintering furnace in both the existing Ceramic Fuel Fabrication Plant (CFFP) and NUOFP and (3) overflow ofUranyl nitrate from Magnesium Diuranate (MDU) dissolution tank in UOP. The study includes a first approximationanalysis of fault tree for postulated Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) scenarios for both the reduction and sinteringfurnaces. This is followed by consequence analysis for estimating occupational and general public exposures of UO2by inhalation and the resultant radiological doses. For dissolution tank overflow case, the consequence analysis forestimating ingestion doses from ground water intake is also performed. The results of the study indicated that theconsequences of the MCAs considered lead to doses to the general public much below 100 mSv (intervention levels)and hence the need for any off-site emergency action is not envisaged.

4. KEYWORDSrisk, MCA, consequence analysis, emergency

5. INVESTIGATORSV. Sitaraman, V.J Daoo, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, K.S V. Nambi



Started on : May 1996 Proposed to be concluded by ... Complete8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS1) Sitaraman V, Daoo V.J., Krishnamoorthy T.M. and Nambi K.S.V., (1996),'Quantitative Risk Assessment ofMaximum Credible Accident Scenarios and Disaster Management Plan for Uranium Oxide Plant (existing and new)and Ceramic Fuel Fabrication Plant (existing and new) at Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad', A Reportsubmitted to Deputy Chief Executive (Fuels), NFC, Hyderabad.

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9. DATING STUDIES

101

1. TITLE Optical Dating Of Aeolian Sand Dunes In RajasthanUsing Feldspar Extracts From Sand Samples.


3. ABSTRACT

A PC based Infra Red Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL) equipment was developed indigenously. Few basicstudies like IRSL dependence on IR stimulation power, the dose dependence of feldspar IRSL were studied.

The equipment after a thorough testing was used for optical dating of feldspar. Sand samples werecollected at two sequences from an aeolian sand dunes at Amarsar , a village about 100 km NW of Jaipur. Fivesamples from each sequence were collected at different depths between 0.5 - 6 mtrs from horizon, and feldspar wasextracted from them by physico chemical processes including heavy liquid separation. Additive Dose method wasadopted for estimating the naturally accrued dose by the sand sample after its deposition.

The annual environmental dose was estimated by gross alpha counting incorporating pairs circuit. The ageof the sample after deposition was determined by a ratio Estimated Dose DE (Gy) / Annual Dose (Gy / Ka).

The dates obtained were found to be between 10 - 70 ka (B.P.). (B.P. 1997).

It appears that between 30ka - 37 ka (B.P.), the migration of sand was fairly high (0.3 m/ka) indicating highmobility of sand and thus an arid climate during the period. Period between 10 ka - 30 ka on the other hand points

towards sand deposition rate of about 0.05m/ka. This could indicate stable climatic conditions during the period of10-30 ka. This is also seen between the periods 37 - 65 ka where the sand deposition rate is observed to be 0 05m/ka.

4. KEYWORDS

IRSL, Optical Dating, Feldspar, Alpha Counting,

6. INVESTIGATORS,M. P. Chougaonkar, EAD, BARC, Mumbai, 400 085K. S. V. Nambi, EAD, BARC, Mumbai 400 085A. K Singhvi, PRL, Ahmedabad

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE^)

Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai-400 085Department Of Science and Technology (DST7. PROGRAMME DURATION

«Started on : 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: 1998

8.RECENT PUBLICATIONS /PATENTS

1. Optically Stimulated Luminescence of Feldspars Using Infra red Diodes; M. P. Chougaonkar and K S. V.Nambi; in Photostimulated Luminescence and Its Applications, Ed. K Govinda Rajan et al, Allied Publishers LTD, pp.106-114, 1996.

2. Dating of Sand Dunes Using Feldspar Extracts by Using Optically Stimulated Luminescence; M. P.Chougaonkar and K S. V. Nambi; in Luminescence and its Applications, Ed. S. Selvasekarpandian and P. CristoberSelvan, Allied Publishers LTD, pp. 254 - 257, 1996,

102

1. TITLE Tandem Studies Of TSL and IRSL Feldspar ExtractsFrom Thar Desert Sand Dune Samples


3. ABSTRACT

A conventional TSL set up was modified to record IRSL at elevated temperatures also. An aluminium flangeholding nine IR LEDs (TSUS 5402) with peak transmission wavelength 950 nm was interposed between the sampleholder and PMT (EMI 9635 QB).Optical filters HAS (to cut off IR from LEDs ) and a band pass filter with peaktransmission at 365 nm + 10 nm (for recording the luminescence ) were positioned between LED flange and thePMT. In order to perform tandem studies of TSL and IRSL ,the programmed heating was switched on and TSL wasrecorded ; the IR stimulation was intermittently switched on an off to record TSL + IRSL at that instant. Two differentexperiments were carried out, ( i ) , effect of various heating rates, and ( ii ) effect of pre bleaching. The IRSLintensity was observed to be increasing with temperature with an I ^ at about 200 °C The rise in IRSL intensitywas observed to be about 100% compared with the IRSL at ambient temperature. Jrmxi the temperature at whichIRSL was maximum was found to be more or less independent of the heating rates. Pre bleaching effectivelyremoves the IRSL appearing at lower temperature. These observations can have an important bearing in choosingthe optimum conditions for IRSL dating applications.

4. KEYWORDSTandem Studies, TSL, IRSL, IR LEOs,

6. INVESTIGATORS.

M. P. Chougaonkar, EAD, BARC. Mumbai, 400 085K. S. V. Nambi, EAD, BARC, Mumbai 400 085A. K Singhvi, PRL, Ahmedabad

6. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE(S)Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai-400 085Department Of Science and Technology (DST1

7. PROGRAMME DURATIONStarted on : 1995 Proposed to be concluded by: 1998

8. RECENT PUBUCATIONS / PATENTS

1. Tandem Studies of TSL and IRSL on Feldspar Extracts From Thar Desert Sand Dune Samples.; M PChougaonkar, A. K Singhvi and K S. V. Nambi; in Luminescence and its applications Ed. S. Bhushan et a l , AlliedPublishers LTD, pp 315-318,1997.

103

1. TITLE Recent Sediment Accumulation Rate In Creek AndLake Using Pb-210 Technique.


3. ABSTRACTStudies have been made of the rate of sedimentation in the Thane creek area near Bombay. The rate ofsedimentation is found to be in the range of 0.17 to 0.92 cm/y corresponding to a mass sedimentation rate of theorder of 240 to 1380 mg/cm2.y. Pb-210 having half life of 22.3 years is used for the estimaton of recentsedimentation rate in the Thane creek .The measurement of Pb-210 was carried out by radiochemical separationand alpha-counting of its grand daughter Po-210. The concentration profile of Hg and Ni in vertical depth profile ofsediment is also estimated to assess the anthropogenic input of these nuclides due to large scale industrializationtaken at this site during last three decades .Depth wise concentration profiles of Hg and Ni indicate positiveevidence of continued fresh inputs into Airoli sections of the Creek . Dating techniques based on environmental Pb-210 and weapon contributed Cs-137 were applied to determine recent sedimentation rates and pattern in lakeNaini ,U.P. India. The Pb-210 profile in lake show a fairly exponential decrease in concentration with depth ,consistent with the assumption of uniform sedimentation rate over the last hundred years and a secular equilibriumbetween the supported Pb-210 and Ra-228. Cs-137 ,at all the locations, ciosely parallel the weapon fall out record.The companion measurement of Cs-137 indicates that the coring technique satisfactorily recovered the uppermostlevels of the sediment deposit for Pb-210 measurement, he mobility of both the radionuclide within the sediment Isprobably insignificant and their residence times in the lake water are very short.

4. KEYWORDSsedimentation rate, anthropogenic input

6. INVESTIGATORSS.KJha, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, G.G.Pandit, KS.V.Nambi: U. SaravanaKumar*, S.V. Nevada*, S.M. Rao*, BhlshmaKumar+, Nachiappan+

8. SPONSORING / COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS / INSTITUTE^)Environmental Assessment Division, * Isotope division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085+ Rourkee Institute7. PROGRAMME DURATION

Started on : Agril.1995 Proposed to be concluded by: Completed.RECENT PUBLICATIONS / PATENTS

1) Jha S.K, Krishnamoorthy T.M., Pandit G.G. and Narnbi KS.V. Recent sediment accumulation rate in thanecreek using Pb-210 Technique International symposium on isotope Techniques in the study of past and currentEnvironmental changes in the Hydrosphere and atmosphere. IAEA-SM-349 page 158.2) Jha , .Krishnamoorthy T.M., Preliminary investigations on sedimentation Rates and Mercury Distribution incore segments of thane Creek. Proc. of 5th NSE ,page 108 -113,1996.3) Saravana Kumar U., Navada S.V., Rao S.M., Bhishma Kumar, Nachiappan. Krishnamoorthy T.M., .Jha S.Kand Shukla V.K. Determination of Recent sedimentation Rates and pattern in Nainital lake ,U.P India by Pb-210and Cs-137 (In Press).

104

10. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

105

Noil

A. PAPERS IN JOURNALS

1. H.S.Dang, D.D.Jaiswal, R.C.Sharma and S Krishnamony, Studies On The Biological Half-Lives Of Three Important Radionuclides Released In Nuclear Power Reactor OperationsHealth Physics,Vol.69, 3 ,pp.400-402, 1995.

2. H S.Dang.V.R.Pullat and R.C.Sharma, Distribution of Uranium in Human Organs of anUrban Indian Population and its Relationship with Clearance Half-LivesHealth Physics 68, 3pp.328-331,1995.

3. V.J. Daoo , Faby Sunny and V. Sitaraman , Estimation of day time radiative and soil heatfluxes at Trombay, Bombay 19oN; 72.8oE using routine weather data, IL NUOVO CIMENTO,18C4, 351-358. 1995.

4. S.P.Garg, K.B.S.Murthy, R.C.Sharma, Development of a Semi-Empirical Expression forLight Gain Factors in Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters, Nuclear Instruments & Methodsin Physics Research A , Vol.357,pp.406-417, 1995

5. J. P. Gupta, P. V. Joshi, P. V. N. Nair and K. S. V. Nambi, Characterization of medicalaerosols, Indian Journal of Medical Technology, 281-286, 1995.

6. Y.S. Mayya, On the electrostatic energy of charged aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 26, pp 151-152, 1995.

7. Y.S. Mayya and W Hollander, Statistical mechanics of equilibrium charging of metallicparticles with free electrons at elevated temperatures, J. Aerosol Sci., 26, pp 1041-1054,1995.

8. Y.S. Mayya and W. Hollander, Ion densities and particle mean charges for alpha ionisationin an aerosol environment: columnar recombination corrections, Aerosol Sci. and Technol.,23, pp 628-640, 1995.

9. R.N.Nair and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, Migration of radionuclides from a deep geologicalrepository: Analytical model with radial diffusion in host matrix, Nucl. Geophys., 9, 219-228,1995.

10. K. S. V. Nambi, M. P. Chougaonkar and T. V. Ramachandran, TLD Measurements ofBackground Radiation levels in Antarctica, Radiat Prot. Dosim. Vol. 58, no.1, pp 71, 1995.

11 B. Raghunath, S.D Samant, T.V. Ramachandran, and others Preparation of cellulosenitrate films using a spinning disc for SSNTD applications, Radiation Measurements, Vol. 24,1995.

12. S.H.Sadarangani, T.M.Krishnamoorthy and D.V.Gopinath, Tritium concentrations insurface water? of Indian Ocean and in lakes around Indian station Maitree in Antarctica,Indian J. Of Marine Sciences, 24, 192-195, 1995.

13. A.P. Sathe, R.M. Tripathi, A. V. Kumar, R.N. Khandekar and K.S.V Nambi, AtmosphericPollution due to a Lead Smelter, Ind. J. Environ. Prot., 15, 845-849, 1995.

14. R.C.Sharma , Internal Dosimetry Conference in India, Health Physics, Vol.69,No.3, p.4261995 . •

15. V.K. Shukla, S. Sadasivan, V.K. Sundaram and K.S.V. Nambi, Assessment of GammaRadiation Exposure Inside a Newly Constructed Building and a Proposed RegulatoryGuidelines for Exposure Control from Natural Radioactivity in Future Buildings, RadiationProtection Dosimetry, Vol. 59, No.2, pp. 127-133, 1995.

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16. D.S. Srivastava et al, Calibration factor for LR 115 type II track detector for environmentalradon measurements., Nuclear Geophysics., 9, 487 - 495, 1995.

17. T.Surendran, T.K.Harldasan, R.C.Sharma and S.Krishnamony. Experiences at Trombay inMonitoring Actinide Intakes by Occupational Workers by Direct External Counting, RadiationProtection Dosimetry,Vol.59,No 1,pp 15-24,1995.

18. D.D.Thorat , P.N.Bhat, T.N.Mahadevan, S.Narayan and G.Subramanian, Determination ofberyllium in urine by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, AnalyticalLetters, 28, 1947-1958, 1995.

19. R. Venkatesan , V. Sitaraman and M. Manju , Estimation of the atmospheric surface layerparameters and comparison with SODAR observations, Atmospheric Environment , 2922,3325 - 3331,1996.

20. H.S.Dang, D.D.Jaiswal, M.Parameswaran, K.P.Deodhar and S.Krishnamony,. AgeDependent Physical and Anatomicat Indian Data for Application in Internal Dosimetry,Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 63, No.3, pp 217-222,1996.

21. H.S.Dang and S.Krishnamony, Updating of the Reference Indian Man Data, HealthPhysics, Vol 70, No.4, pp. 575-576, 1996.

22. P.V. Joshi, S.D Bedekar, P.V.N. Nair, S.B. War, S.B. Vyas and R.P.Sainl, Application ofadsorption technique in the estimation of drift losses through the cooling towers, Ind.J.Engg.&Material Sci.,3,101-104. 1996,

23. Y.S. Mayya and BK. Sapra, Variation of the aerosol charge neutralisation coefficient inthe entire particle size range, J. Aerosol Science, 27 8 , pp. 1169-1178, 1996.

24. R.N.Nair and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, Near field and far field migration of radionuclides froma shallow land burial facility, Nucl. Techno!., 114, 2, 235, 1996.

25. B.S. Negi, S. Sadasivan, B.M. Pande and K.S.V. Nambi, Characterization of atmosphericdust at Gurushikhar, Mt. Abu, Rajasthan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 40, 253-259, 1996.

26. B. Raghunath, P. D. Sawant, M. P. Chougaonkar, P. V. N. Nair and C. Manohar,Preparation of nanosize Particles, J. Aerosol Sci. Vol. 27, Suppl.1, pp. S155-S156, 1996.

27. V.N.Sastry, T.N.Mahadevan, R.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi, DrinkingWater Standards for Radioactivity, Encology, 116, 1-10, 1996.

28. V.Sitaraman and R.B.Oza, Particle trajectory model of atmospheric dispersion on aparallel processing system', Environmental Software, 11, 229-234, 1996.

29. J.V.Chande, K.Tuckley, Anil Kulkarni and V.J. Daoo. Priliminary Measurements of windparameters using lndigenot'->ly developed Doppler Sodar by SAMEER1, MAPAN-Journal ofMetrology Society of India, 12 2-4 , 66-69, 1997.

30. S.P.Garg, I.S.Singh, R.C.Sharma and K.S.V.Nambi., Assessment of Interference due to1Ar Releases from Operating Reactors at Site in Whole Body Radioactivity Measurements,

Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 1997( In Press)

31. T.M.Krishnamoorthy, R.N.Nair and K.S.V.Nambi, Evaluation of disposal limits for shallowland burial facilities: Application to the back end of nuclear fuel cycle, Applied Radiation andIsotopes, 48 9 , 1203-1209, 1997.

32. T.M.Krishnamoorthy and R.N.Nair, Nuclear industry experience in hazardous wastemanagement and its extension to chemical industry, Encology, 11 12 , 17-24, 1997.

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[ 10.3 ]

33. P.B. Kulkarni, P.V. Joshi and SO. Bedekar, The diurnal variation of H2S levels inside aheavy water plant-Results from field testing of an indigeneously made H2S monitor,Ind.J.Chem.Tech., 4, 34-38, 1997.

34. Y.S. Mayya and K.S.V. Nambi , Pooled analysis of acncer mortality cases among theemployees in five units of the Department of Atomic Energy in India, Indian J. Of Cancer, 34,99-106, 1997.

35. Y.S. Mayya and B.K. Sapra, Radon daughter deposition on surfaces carrying alternatingelectric fields, int. J. Radiation Biology, 71 1 , pp. 69-74, 1997.

36. A.M. Mohan Rao, G.G. Pandit, P.Sain, S. Sharma, T.M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V. Nambl,Non methane hydrocarbons in the Industrial Locations of Bombay, Atmospheric Environment.,31, 7, 1077-1085, 1997.

37. R.N.Nair and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, A simple model for the preliminary safety analysis of ahigh level radioactive waste repository, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 24 12, 995-1003, 1997.

38. K.S.V. Nambi, Radha Raghunath, R.M. Tripathl and R.N. Khandekar, Scenario of PbPollution and Children in Mumbai: Current Air Quality Standard Vindicated, EnergyEnvironment and Monitoring, 13,53-60,1997.

39. B.S.Negi, V.Meenakshy and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, Ko method of quantification in neutronactivation analysis as applied to environmental samples, Environmental Monitoring andAssessment, 47, 303-313, 1997.

40. N. S. Panchal, Faby Sunny, R.B. Oza and V. J. Daoo, Solar radiation measurement duringthe partial solar eclipse on 24th October 1995 at Bombay' , MAPAN- Journal of MeteorologySociety of India, 12 2-4, 166-169, 1997.

41. G.G. Pandit, S.K. Jha, R.M. Tripathi and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Intake of methyl mercuryby the population of Mumbai, India. The Science of Total Environment, 205, 267-270, 1997.

42. G. Petersen, J. Munthe, K. Pliejei, R.B. Bloxam and A. Vinod Kumar, A comprehensiveEulerian modelling framework for airborne mercury species : Development and application ofa Tropospheric Chemistry Module TCM , Atmospheric Environment, 1997( in press).

43. R. Raghunath, R.M. Tripathi, A. Vinod Kumar, A.P. Sathe, R.N. Khandekar and K.S.V.Nambi, Assessment of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn exposures of 6-10 y old children in Mumbai,Environmental Research, 1997 ( in press).

44. Radha Raghunath, R.M. Tripathi, R.N. Khandekar and K.S.V. Nambi, Retention times ofPb, Cd, Cu and Zn in Children's Blood, The Science of Total Environment, 207, 133-139.1997.

45. G. Sadagopan, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, K.S.V.Nambi, and G.Venkataraman, Tritiumexposure estimates of dial painters from bioassay measurements: Case study and proposalfor a simple methodology, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 69, 4, 299-304,1997.

46. G.Sadagopan, S.H.Sadarangani, K.S.V.Nambi, T.M.Krishnamoorthy andG.Venkataraman, Radiological safety aspects of Indian watches containing tritium, RadiationProtection Dosimetry, 72, 1, 49-53,1997.

47. Geetha Sadagopan, K.S.V. Nambi, G. Venkatraman, V.K. Shukla and S. Kayasth,"Estimation of Thoriurrr in Gas Mantles to Ascertain Regulatory Compliance', RadiationProtection Dosimetry, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 53-56, 1997.

48. B.K. Sapra et al, Aerosol measurements at Trombay relating to the 1995 solar eclipse,Current Science, 72, 5 , pp 321-325. 1997.

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49. U. Sarvan Kumar, S.V. Navada, S.M Rao, Bhishma Kumar, Nachiappan, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, S.K. Jha and V.K. Shukla," Determination of Recent Sedimentation Ratesand Pattern in Lake Natni, Uttar Pradesh, India by 210Pb and 137Cs Dating Technique.',Communicated to Journal of Applied Chemistry, 1997.

50. K.V.V.N. Satyanarayana, A. Vinod Kumar and R.S. Patil, Design and application of a sizeselective impactor inlet for high volume sampler, Journal of the Institution of Engineers India, 77, 27-29, 1997.

51. V.D Sawant, P.V. Joshi and P.V.N. Nair, Measurements of indoor air ions andcondensation nuclei, Rad.Prot.A Environ. 20, 134-137, 1997.

52. R.C.Sharma, T.K.Haridasan and T.Surendran.. False Indications of an Actlnide LungBurden Arising from a Contaminated Finger Wound, Health Physics, Vol.73 5 : pp. 820-825, 1997.

53. R.M. Tripathi, M. Hempel, H.H. Kock and R. Ebinghaus, Investigations on the decay ofDimethyl Mercury in spiked soil using a Microwave Desorption GC-MS System. FreziniusJournal Analytical Chemistry , 1997 (in press) .

54. R.M. Tripathi, Radha Raghunath and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Dietary intake of HeavyMetals in Mumbai City, India, The Science of Total Environment, 208, 149-159,1997.

55. R.M. Tripathi, Radha Raghunath, A. Vinod Kumar and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Intake of Crfor adult population in Mumbai. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1997 ( in press).

56. R.M. Trfpathi, Radha Raghunath and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Arsenic Intake of by theadult population in Mumbai, The Science of Total Environment, 208. 89-95, 1997.

109

[10.5]B. PAPERS IN SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

1. S.C.Ashawa, Atmospheric Levels of Heavy Metals at Deonar Bombay During 1989-1993, Proc. Fourth National Symp. On Environment, Anna University, Madras, Feb. 7-10,162-165, 1995.

2. M. P. Chougaonkar, Thermoluminescence and its applications - I, Proceedings of the inservice course in physics, Maharaja's college .Ernakulam, pp. 4.1-4.21, 1995.

3. M. P. Chougaonkar, Thermoluminescence and its applications - II, Proceedings ofthe in service course in physics, Maharaja's college .Ernakulam, pp. 5.1-5.22, 1995.

4. M. P. Chougaonkar and K. S. V. Nambi, Optically Stimulated Luminescence of Feldsparsusing Infra Red Diodes, Photostimulated Luminescence and Its Applications, Ed. K. GovindRajan et al, Allied Publishers Limited, 106 - 114, 1995.

5. H.S.Dang, D.D.Jaiswal, V.R.Pullat and S.Krishnamony Studies on the Ingestion andOrgan Burdens of Some Radiologically Important Trace Elements, Paper presented atIAEA - RCM on Reference Asian Man Phase II, held at Hitachi-Naka, Japan, during Feb.27 to March 3, 1995.

6. H.S.Dang, D.D.Jaiswal and S.Krishnamony, Retention Half-Lives of Three ImportantRadionuclides 3H, 137Cs and 1311 for Typical Indian Population, Proc.of InternationalConference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry : Occupational Workers and Public IC-IRDOP 95 , Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol. 18,Nos.1 & 2, pp.229-232, Jan-June, 1995.

7. V.J. Daoo, V.N. Bapat and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Evaluation of air temperature rise dueto a typical power plant operation', INS sixth annual conference on 'Electricity Generationand The Environment' , BARC, Bombay, March 14-16, 1995

8. S.P.Garg, K.R.Sreedevi and R.C.Sharma. "Internal Monitoring of OccupationalWorkers at BARC for Gamma Emitting Radionuclides, Proc.of International Conference onInternal Radiation Dosimetry : Occupational Workers and Public IC-IRDOP 95 ,Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol.18,Nos.1 & 2,pp 100-105,Jan-June,1996.

9. T.K.Haridasan, T.Surendran, R.C.Sharma and S.Krishnamony, Investigations On ACase of Actinide intake : False Indications of Lung Burden Arising From AContaminated Finger Wound,. Proc.of International Conference on Internal RadiationDosimetry : Occupational Workers and Public IC-IRDOP 95. Bull.Radiat. Prot. Vol.18, Nos.1 & 2, pp.222-228,Jan-June, 1995.

10. T.S.Iyengar, R.K.Kher and R.C.Sharma. Book of Preprints on International Conferenceon Internal Radiation Dosimetry:Occupational Workers and Public IC-IRDOP-95 ,BARC,1995.

11. D.D.Jaiswal, H.S.Dang and R.C.Sharma, Thorium Levels in the Blood Serum ofOccupational Subjects- A New Approach to Bioassay Monitoring of Actinide, Proc.ofInternational Conference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry : Occupational Workers andPublic IC-IRDOP 95 , Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol.18,Nos.1 & 2,pp.249-251,Jan-June,1995.

12. D.S.Katoch, D.J.Mehta and R.C.Sharma.lntercomparison of Shadow Shield WholeBody Radioactivity Monitors in Operation at Various Nuclear Facilities in India, Proc.ofInternational Conference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry : Occupational Workers andPublic IC-IRDOP 95 , Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol.18,Nos.1 & 2,pp.233-240,Jan-June,1995

13. R.N.Khandekar, R.M.Tripathi, Radha Raghunath and K.S.V.Nambi, Studies on heavymetal poisoning cases referred by Bombay hospitals. International Conference onOccupational and Environmental Medicine, Bombay Hospital, Jan., 20-22, 1995,

14. R.N. Khandekar, R. Raghunath, R.M. Tripathi and K.S.V Nambi, Human ExposureAssessment due to toxic heavy metals with special reference to children in Bombay, Paperpresented at 10th International Conf. on Heavy metals in Environment, Hambuurg,Germany, Sept. 18-20, 1995.

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15. V.K.Madan, K.R.Gopalakrlshnan, R.C.Sharma and S.S.Rattan. Preservation ofInformation In Fourier Theory Based Deconvolved Nuclear Spectra, Proc.of InternationalConference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry : Occupational Workers and Public IC-IRDOP 95 , Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol.18,Nos.1 & 2,pp.106-108,Jan-June,1995.

16. U.C. Mishra and V.K. Shukla ,"Krypton-85 in the Atmosphere.', Proc. 3"rd" InternationalConf. on Rare Gas Geochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India, Vol.3, pp.26-33, 1995.

17. R.N.Nair and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, A simple model for the preliminary safety analysis ofa high level radioactive waste repository, National Symp. on 'Management of Radioactiveand Toxic Wastes', BRNS, Dept. of Atomic Energy, Bombay, pp. 157-159, 1995.

18. B.S. Negi, S. Sadaslvan and K.S.V. Nambi , Element source emission profiles fromdomestic fuel burning. Paper presented at NSE-4, Madras, Feb 7-10, 1995.

19. N. S. Panchal and Faby Sunny, Comparative Evaluation of Dispersion using Sea breezeFumigation Model and Gaussian Plume Model at a Coastal Site, Proc. 4th NationalSymposium on Environment, Madras, 282-284, 1995.

20. G.G. Pandit , A.M. Mohan Rao, S.Sharma, N.Kudalkar, T.M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi, Concentrations of non methane hydrocarbons in the industrial locations of TransThane Creek are of Bombay. Proc. Fourth National Symp. on Environment held AnnaUniversity, Madras, Feb.7-10, 111-116, 1995.

21. M.Parameswaran, H.S.Dang and S.Krishnamony, Daily Intake and Tissue Distributionof Some Elements for Adult Indian Population - Application in Reference Indian Man,Proc. of International Conference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry : Occupational Workersand Public IC-IRDOP 95 , Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol.18, Nos.1 & 2, pp.241-244, Jan-June,1995.

22. V.R.Pullat, H.S.Dang and R.C.Sharma, Some important Human Biokinetic Parametersof Uranium, Proc.of International Conference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry :Occupational Workers and Public IC-IRDOP 95 , Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol.18,Nos.1 &2,pp.245-248,Jan-Junel1995.

23. Pushparaja, T.V.Ramachandran, T.N..Mahadevan, V.N.Bapat and U.C.Mishra,Assessment of Inhalation Dose From Radioactivity Release From Coal-Fired ThermalPower Plant TPP And Its Impace Related To Chemical Pollutants - Indian Scenario,Proc. Of International Conference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry of Occupational Workersand Public, BARC, 21-24 Feb, 1995, Bulletin of Radiation Protection, 18, 286-290, 1995.

24. Radha Raghunath, R.M.Tripathi, R.N.Khandekar and K.S.V.Nambi, Exposureassessment of lead with special reference to children. International Conference onOccupational and Environmental Medicine , Bombay Hospital, Jan. 20-22, 1995.

25. M. Rathinam et al., Estimation of alpha activities in waste stream solution using BARCdeveloped SSNTDs, Proc. 9th Nat. Symp. on SSNTD, Bombay, pp 152-153, 1995.

26. S.Sadasivan, V.Meenakshy, B.S.Negi, M.R.Menon, R.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy andK.S.V.Nambi, Environmental impact of flyash disposal at coal-fired thermal powerstations, Sixth Annual Conf. on 'Electricity Generation & The Environment1, IndianNuclear Society, Bombay, March 14-16, pp. 1-2,1995.

27. V.N.Sastry, T.N.Mahadevan, R.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi,Radioactivity standards for drinking water, Proc. 4th National Symp. on Environment,Madras, pp. 289-293, Feb 1995.

28. V.N.Sastry, T.N.Mahadevan, R.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi,Radioactivity standards for drinking water, Proc. 4th National Symp. on Environment,Madras pp. 289-293, Feb 1995.

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29. V.N.Sastry, R.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamootthy, K.S.V.Nambf, P.S.Iyer and V.K.Gupta,Evaluation of discharge limits for liquid radioactive effluents Into sea based on marineexposure pathways, Proc. 4th National Symp. on Environment, Madras, pp. 286-288, Feb1995.

30. A.P. Sathe, R.M. Tripathi, R.N. Khandekar, A. Vinod Kumar and K.S.V. Nambi, Studyof environmental pollution due to lead smelter at Thane, 4th National Symp. OnEnvironment, Madras, Feb. 7-10, 1995.

31. R.C.Sharma and S.Krishnamony Internal Dosimetry Programmes and Biokinetic Studiesfor Uranium and Transuranics at Trombay. Paper presented at the IAEA ConsultantsMeeting on Establishment of Uranium and Transuranium Registries for OccupationalExposures in Nuclear Industry', Vienna, June 26-28, 1995

32. R.C.Sharma, T.K.Haridasan and T.Surendran, False Indications of an Actinide LungBurden Arising From A Contaminated Finger Wound Paper presented at the IAEAConsultants Meeting on Intercomparison of In-Vivo Counting Systems Using aReference Asian Phantom, Livermore, USA, 11-15 Dec.1995.

33. R.C.Sharma, T.Surendran and T.K.Haridasan. Experimental Determination of TotalLinear Attenuation Coefficients of Three Tissue Equivalent Materials for Low EnergyPhotons 13-50 keV Paper presented at the IAEA Consultants Meeting onIntercomparison of In-Vivo Counting Systems Using a Reference Asian Phantom,Livermore,USA, 11-15,Dec.1995.

34. R.C.Sharma. Internal Dosimetry by Whole Body Counting Techniques, Invited talkdelivered at International Conference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry : OccupationalWorkers and Public IC-IRDOP 95, BARC,Bombay, Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol.18,No.3,pp.34-47, 1995

35. V.K. Shukla, Radiological Impact of Use of Phosphate Fertilizers, Proc. Indo-GermanConf. on Impact of Modern Agri. on Environment, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,Hlssar, India, Soc. Sust. Agri. & N.M.R. & Max Muller Bhavan, New Delhi, Vol.3, pp. 43-50, 1995

36. V. Sitaraman, A. Vinod Kumar, R.B. Oza and T.M. Krishnamoorthy , Application of onedimensional Planetary Boundary layer Model for the study of vertical distribution of radonand daughter products , International seminar on Mathematical modelling of atmosphericand oceanic processes , Department of mathematics, Berhampur University, Berhampur,India, 18-21 December, 1995.

37. T.Surendran, T.K.Haridasan and R.C.Sharma. Observations on Unusually LongRetention Half-Times For Class Y Actinides in Human Lungs and Their Implications,Proc.of International Conference on Internal Radiation Dosimetry : OccupationalWorkers and Public IC-IRDOP 95 , Bull.Radiat.Prot.Vol.18,Nos 1 & 2,pp.252-257,Jan-June, 1995.

38. R.N.Acharya, S.K.Jha, P.P.Burte, A.G.C.Nair, U.S.Kumar, A.V.R.Reddy, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, and S.B.Manohar, Analysis of sediment samples by reactor neutronactivation analysis using K0 method, Proc. 5th National Symp. On Environment, 209-213,Feb. 28- Mar. 1, 1996.

39. S.C.Ashawa , G.G.Pandit, A.M.M.Rao , V.N.Sastry and T.M.Krishnamoorthy,Estimation of anions and cations in rainwater samples at Trombay, Bombay using IonChromatography, Proc. Fifth National Symp. On Environment,, Saha Institute of NuclearPhysics, Calcutta, 231-236, Feb. 28- Mar. 1, 1996.

40. M. P. Chougaonkar, K. S. V. Nambi, Dating of sand dunes using feldspar extracts byOSL, Luminescence and its Applications, Ed. S. Selvesekar Pandian et al, AlliedPublishers Limited,254 - 257, 1996.

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41. M.P.Chougaonkar , N.K.Mehat .G.K.Srivastava , A.H.Khan, Results of environmentalradiation survey around uranium mining complex at Jaduguda using TLD's during 1984-1994, Nat. Symp. on Environment, Calcutta, March 1996 ,Ed.: V.N.Sastry et al , pp 34-37,1996.

42. H S.Dang, Ingestion and Organ Contents of Trace Elements of Importance inRadiation Protection with Special Emphasis on Sampling and Quality Control, PaperPresented at the Consultants Meeting on " Protocols for Sampling, Sample Collection,Analysis, Quality Assurance and Data Evaluation for Application in the IAEA-CRPon Reference Asian Man Phase II ' , IAEA, Vienna, 22-24 April, 1996.

43. H.S.Dang, D.D.Jaiswal, V.R.Pullat, M.Parameswaran and S.Krishnamony, TheEstimation of Daily Intake and Organ Contents of Cs, I, Sr, Th and U in Indian Population- Application to the Study pf their Biokinetics, Paper Presented at Research Co-ordinationMeeting of IAEA- CRP on Reference Asian Man Phase II ' , Manila, Phillipines, 1-4 July,1996.

44. R. R. Kamath, MR. Menon, V.K. Shukla, S. Sadasivan and K.S.V. Nambi,"Naturaland Fallout Radioactivity Measurement of Indian Soils by Gamma SpectrometricTechnique.'Proc. 5 th National Symp. on Environment, pp. 56-60, 1996.

45. R.N. Khandekar, R.M. Tripathi, R. Raghunath, T.M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V. Nambi,Elctroanalyticai & AAS techniques for trace metal studies in aquatic environment, Int. Conf.on Environmental Science, Trivandrum, Jan. 8-13, 1996.

46. T.M.Krishnamoorthy, R.N.Nair and V.N.Sastry, Environmental impacts of nuclear andother energy sources, In: Facets of Nuclear Science and Technology Eds. S.K.Agrawaland D.D.Sood DAE, 193, 1996.

47. P.B. Kulkarni and K.S.V. Nambi, Chemiluminescence application in air pollutionmonitoring, Proc. National Symp. on luminescence and its applications, pp 67-74, 1996.

48. V. Meenakshy, B.S. Negi and S. Sadasivan , PM-10 aerosols at Chembur, Bombay -their elemental concentrations and sources, Proc. Fifth National Symp. on Environment,227-230, 1996

49. R.B.Oza, V.N.Bapat and R.K.Hukkoo, Sensitivity Analysis of Gaussian Puff and PlumeModel As a Function Of H/(z), and Relative Comparison Of GLC Estimation By Puff, Plumeand Particle Model , Proceeding of the Fifth National Symposium On Environment, 1996.

50. G.G. Pandit, R.M. Tripathi, S.K Jha, T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Estimation of total andmethyl mercury in Environmental samples, 4th Int. Conf. on "Mercury as a GlobalPollutant,", Hamburg, Germany, Aug. 5-7, 1996.

51. G.G.Pandit, R.M.Tripathi, S.K.Jha and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Determination of totaland methyl mercury in marine ecosystem near Bombay. In : Ebinghaus, R., Turner R.R.,Lacerda, D., Vasiliev, O., Salomons, W. eds. : Mercury Contaminated Sites -Characterization, Risk Assessment and Remediation. Springer Environmental Science,Springer Verlag Heidelberg , 1997( in press).

52 G.G. Pandit, R.M. Tripathi, S.K Jha, N. Tripathi, T.M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi, Standardization of Methyl mercury estimation in fish and sediment samples byHPLC-UV detection, Proc. of Fifth National Symp. On Environment, 118-121, 1996.

53. G.G. Pandit, S.Sharma, A.M. Mohan Rao and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Chromatographicmethods for the estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmosphericparticulates, Proc. Fifth National Symp. on Environment, Calcutta, 133-136, 1996.

54. G. Petersen, J. Munthe, R.B. Bloxam and A. Vinod Kumar, A comprehensive Eulerianmodelling framework for airborne mercury species : Development and application of atropospheric chemistry module , Fourth international conference on Mercury as a globalpollutant, Congress Centre Hamburg, Germany, August 4-8, 1996 .

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54. R. Raghunath, Estimation of Pb in environmental and biological samples, In LeadAnalysis edited by T.M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V. Nambi , 10-23, 1996.

55. TV. Ramachandran et al, Experiences with radon calibration facility for SSNTD,Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Rare Gas Geochemistry, Amritsar Dec10 - 15, 1996.

56. B.K. Sapra and U.C. Mishra, Identification and characterisation of aerosols, Proc.Indo-German Workshop on Respiratory Toxicology, NIOH, Ahmedabad, pp 1-16, 1996.

57. U.Saravana Kumar, V.N.Yelgaonkar, U.P.Kulkarni, G.N.Mendhekar, R.N.Nair andT.M.Krishnamoorthy, Study of the dispersion of simulated sewage in marine environmentby radiotracer technique: a case study, International Symposium on Harmonization ofhealth related environmental measurements using nuclear and isotopic techniques, IAEA-SM-344, Hyderabad, India, 4-7, November, 1996.

58. S.H.Sadarangani, S.S.Gogate, T.M.Krishnamoorthy, and D.V.Gopinath, A threecompartmental model for global distribution of tritium, Proc. 5th National Symp. OnEnvironment, 223-226,1996.

59. Geetha Sadagopan, K.S.V. Nambi, G. Venkatraman, V.K. Shukla and R. Parthasarthy,Estimation of Thorium in Gas Mantles to Ascertain Regulatory Compliance'Proc. VNational Symp. on Environment, pp. 176-179, 1996.

60. R.C.Sharma, T.Surendran, T.K.Haridasan and C.B.Ghatikar Monitoring Intakes ofActinides by External Counting: Status Report and Studies at BARCPaper presentedat IAEA - RCM on "Intercomparison of In-Vivo Counting Systems using a ReferenceAsian Phantom', held at BARC, Mumbai, India, 9-13, Dec. 1996.

61. V.K. Shukla, M.V.R. Murthy and R.R. Kamath. ."Natural Radioactivity inPhosphogypsum and Radiological Impact Assessment for its Utilisation in BuildingConstruction Materials.', Proc. 5th National Symp. on Environment, pp. 180-182, 1996.

62. T.Surendran, T.K.Haridasan and R.C.Sharma, Monitoring Intakes of Actinides byExternal Counting, Paper Presented at the Advisory Group Meeting AGM on "SafetyGuide on Assessment of Internal Radiation Exposure for Occupational Protection', IAEA,Vienna, 20-24 May,1996

63. R.M. Tripathi, R. Raghunath, R.N. Khandekar and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Estimation ofCr in environmental and biological samples by automated Electro Thermal -AAS, ProcFifth National Symp. On Environment, 114-117, 1996.

64. A. Vinod Kumar, Summary of a four nation collaborative study on atmosphericchemistry module, Workshop on Perspectives in Atmospheric Chemistry , PRL,Ahmedabad, Dec. 26-27, 1996.

65. A. Vinod Kumar, R.M. Tripathi and V.N. Sastry, Estimation of Pb by Atomic absorptionspectrometric techniques. In Lead Analysis, edited by T.M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi , 41, 1996.

66. M. P. Chougaonkar, K. S. V. Nambi, Concentration Dependence ofThermoluminescence in CaS:Ce by UV and beta Excitation:. Luminescence and ItsApplications, Ed. S. Bhushan et al, Allied Publishers Limited, 200 - 203, 1997.

67. M. P. Chougaonkar, A K. Singhvi and K. S. V. Nambi, Tandem Measurements of TSLand IRSL on Feldspar Extracts from Thar Desert Sand Dune Samples, Luminescence andIts Applications, Ed.S. Bhushan et al, Allied Publishers Limited, 315 - 320, 1997 .

68. V.J.Daoo., R.B. Oza , N.S.Panchal, V.Sitaraman, T.M.Krishnamoorthy and Nambi, K.S. V, Sodar observations at a typical complex terrain site in Mumbai during monsoon andnon-monsoon periods., International Symposium on Asian Monsoon and Pollution over theMonsoon Environment, INTROMET '97, I!T Delhi, Dec. 2-5, 194, 1997.

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69. Ralf Ebinghaus, R.M. Tripathi, Dirk Watschlager and Steve Lindberg. Natural andAnthropogenic Mercury Sources and their Impact on the Air-Surface Exchange of Mercuryon regional and Global Scales. In : Ebinghaus, R., Turner R.R., Lacerda, D., Vasiliev, C ,Salomons, W. eds. : Mercury contaminated sites - Characterization, Risk Assessmentand Remediation. Springer Environmental Science, Springer Verlag Heidelberg , 1997 (inthe press)

70. P.V. Joshi and K. Jamuna, Bacterial faction in the atmospheric aerosols" of BARC,IASTA Bulletien. 10 2 , PP 29-36, 1997.

71. S.K. Jha, G.G.Pandit and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Recent Sediment accumulation rate inThane Creek using 210Pb technique, In: International Symp. on Isotope Techniques in theStudy of Past and Current Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere,IAEA, Vienna , April 14-18, 1997.

72. R. S. Kher, M. S. K. Khokhar, M. P. Chougabnkar, and S. J.Dhoble.Thermoluminescence Response of Divalent Impurity Doped LiF Single Crystals,Accepted for presentation in the 12th Int. Conf. on Solid State Dosimetry, to be publishedin Radiat. Prot. Dosim. as proceedings of the conference., 1998.

73. P.B. Kulkarni, P.V. Joshi and S.D. Bedekar, Carbonmonoxide levels inside a subwaynear Sanpada Railway Station, Navi Mumbai, Proc. 6th Nat.Symp.Environ., Coimbatore,170-173, 1997.

74. P.B. Kulkarni, T.N. Mahadevan and K.S.V. Nambi, Indian development of ambient airmonitoring instruments at BARC and their performance evaluation, Int. Conf. on Recenttrends in sensor development for environmental monitors, NT, Kharagpur,1997.

75. T.N. Mahadevan and P.B. Kulkarni, Measurement techniques and sensors formonitoring air environs in occupational and ambient environment, DAE BusinessMeet/Workshop, Calcutta, 1997

76. T.N.Mahadevan, R.N.Nair, V.Sitaraman, T.M Krishnamoorthy and KS.V.Nambi,Application of urban airshed model UAM-CB1V for air quality prediction in MumbaiMetropolitan Region: Preliminary Results, In: National Symposium on Changes in GlobalClimate due to Natural and Human Activities organised by IGBP and RRL 15-17January, Bhubaneshwar,1997

77. Y.S. Mayya and B.K. Sapra, Developments in the concept of irreversibility in aerosolcoagulation, in Aerosols: Generation and Role in Medicine, Industry and Environment Ed.K.S.V. Nambi and B.K. Sapra , Allied Publishers, 1998.

78. Y.S. Mayya, K.P. Eappen and K.S.V. Nambi, Parametric methodology for inhalationdosimetry due to a mixed of radon and thoron using passive detectors, Proc. 12th Nat.Symp. on Radiation Physics, Jodhpur, pp 13-17, 1998.

79. A.M. Mohan Rao, G. G. Pandit and S. Sharma, Studies on benzene and toluene inatmospheric air in industrial locations of Bombay to evaluate source contributions, Proc.Sixth National Symp. on Environment, TN Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Jan. 7-9,1997.

80. U.C. Mishra and R.M. Tripathi , Toxic trace metals and their measurement techniques,National seminar on modern trends in environmental analytical chemistry, Raipur, Nov. 3 -5, 27, 1997.

81. M.V.R. Murthy and V.K. Shukla, /Natural Radioactivity Measurements in llmenitesamples.1, presented at 23"rd" IARP Coof on Recent Advances in RadiationMeasurements and Radiation Protection, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar India1997.

82. Nair, P. V.-N. , Nucleatton and Atmospheric Aerosols, In Aerosols: Generation andRole in Medicine, industry and .Environment' ( Proc. IASTA Conference 1997), Eds.: K. S.V. Nambi and B. K. Sapra, Allied Publishers, 1998 ( In Press).

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83. B.S.Negi, V.Meenakshy, S.Sadasivan, T.M.Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi,Composition and distribution of fine particulate aerosols in the Mumbai city area, Proc.International Symp. On 'Harmonization of Health Related Environmental MeasurementsUsing Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques, Hyderabad, 4-7 November, 1996, IAEA-SM-344/51,International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 499-508, 1997.

84. R.B.Oza, A.Vinod Kumar, V.Sitaraman, T.M.Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi, Study ofsurface-atmosphere exchange of vapour phase mercury Hgo using one dimensionalatmospheric boundary layer model', Proc. Sixth National Symp. On Environment, 137-142,1997

85. N.S. Panchal, R.Venkatesan, V.Sitaraman and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, Simulation of onsettime and duration of land-sea breeze systems at a coastal site using two dimensionalmesoscale model, International Symp. on Asian Monsoon and Pollution Over the MonsoonEnvironment, INTROMET'971, IIT Delhi, Dec. 2-5, 131-132, 1997.

86. G.G. Pandit, A.M. Mohan Rao, S.P. Kale, N.B.K. Murthy and K.Raghu., Studies on 14CLabeled Chlorpyrifos in Model Marine Ecosystem, Sixth National Symp. on Environment,TN Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Jan. 7-9, 1997.

87. B.K. Sapra and Y.S. Mayya, Use of static and a.c. field techniques for measuringmobility and charge lifetimes of radon progeny with a simple device, Proc. National Symp.on Environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, pp. 151-154, 1998.

88. V. Sitaraman et al., Aerosol modulation of transfer of solar radiation in theatmosphere, IASTA Bulletin, 10, 1, pp 73-84, 1997.

89. S. Srisaila, T.N.Mahadevan, P.K.Sharma and Prabhakar Ch, Toxic metaldetermination in fluorescent lamp phosphor with reference to possible ground waterpollution at used lamp dumping sites, Proc. Syhnp. on Advances in Chemical Engineering-97, BARC, Mumbai, 315-318, October 1997.

90. N. Venkatramani et al., Plasma generators for high intensity aerosols, IASTA bulletien,10,1, pp 31-44, 1997.

116

[10.12]C. PAPERS IN BULLETINS / NEWSLETTERS

1. V.J. Daoo, SODAR in Atmospheric Pollution Studies, INS News, 8 (4 ), 4.3 -4.7,1995.

2. V.J. Daoo, Studying Air Quality by Sound, Science & Tecnnology , The Hindu, July,1995.

3. S. Gopalakrishnan, Radioactive Fallout in India from Nuclear Tests, Bulletinof Radiation Protection, Vol.18, No. 4, pp. 37-41, 1995.

4. D.S.Katoch, Pushparaja and R.C.Sharma, International Conference on InternalRadiation Dosimetry, Occupational Workers and Public (IC-IRDOP 95) - A RefiosxBull. Rad. Prot. Vol.18, No.3, pp.78-80, 1995.

5. R.N. Khandekar, S.J.S. Anand and V.K. Shukla, Internal Radiation ExposureAssessment after the Nuclear Era and Other Industrial Developments, Bulletin ofRadiation Protection, Vol.18, No. 4, pp. 42-46, 1995.

6. Y.S. Mayya et al., Effect of sampling streams on vessels on aerosol decay anddeposition in vessels, IASTA Bulletin, 8, 4, S3.7, 1995.

7. R.C.Sharma, IAEA Meeting on Establishment of Uranium & TransuraniumRegistries for Occupational Exposures in the Nuclear Industry, Bull. Rad. Prot.Vol.18, No.3, pp.88-89, 1995.

8. V.K. Shukla, CD. Eapen and U.C. Mishra, Inhalation Dose Assessment InsideVarious Storage Godowns of a Phosphate Fertilizer Plant, Bulletin of RadiationProtection, Vol.18, Nos. 1 & 2, pp. 21-221, 1995.

9. A. Venu Vinod et al., Experimental studies on pool scrubbing of aerosols, IASTABulletin, 8 4 , S5.3, 1995,

10. V.J. Daoo, Surface warming/cooling due to tropospheric aerosols for differentaerosol-surface combinations, IASTA Bulletin, 8, 4, 4.3-4.7,1996.

11. S. Gopalakrishnan and V.K. Shukia, Radioactive Fallout Measurements in Indiaafter Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Accident, Bulletin of Radiation Protection, Vol.19,Nos. 1 & 2, pp. 21-25, 1996.

12. V. Sitaraman , V.J. Daoo , R.B. Oza and K.S.V. Nambi, SODARs : Probing theatmosphere at Indian Nuclear Reactor Sites, Nuclear India, 30,9-10, 14-16,1996.

13. D.D.Thorat, T.N.Mahadevan and D.K.P.Ghosh, Particulate air pollution : Amajor health concern, IASTA Bulletin, 9, 1996.

14. Faby Sunny, T.N.Mahadevan, V.J.Daoo and V.Sitaraman, Application of aerosolcharacteristics to evaluate solar radiation flux and photolysis rate for NO2 in theatmosphere of Mumbai city, IASTA Bulletin, 9, 20-21,1997.

15. Faby Sunny and V.Sitaraman, Inversion of cascade impactor data for obtainingcontinuous mass size distribution using modified Twomey algoritham, IASTA Bulletin,10, 18-28,1997.

16. P. V. N. Nair and S. G. Markandeya, Aerosol research - An Indian Perspective,IASTA Bulletin, 10, 2, 1997.

17. V.Sitaraman, Faby Sunny, B.K. Sapra, Y.S.Mayya and K.S.V.Nambi, Aerosolmodulation of transfer of solar radiation in the atmosphere, IASTA Bulletin, 10, 73-84,1997.

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[10. 13 jD. REPORTS

1. AS . Basu, V.N. Bapat , K S.V. Nambi , A.G. Hegde , P.V. Patel and R.G Purohit,Monitoring Results for the period 1988-1994 in Tarapur region using TLDs andsummarised Analysis for the period 1984-1994, BARC Report no: BARC/1995/1/022,1995.

2. R.N. Khandekar, R.M. Tripathi, A. Vinod Kumar, A.P. Sathe, Radha Raghunath,T.M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V. Nambi. Assessment of Environmental lead pollutionaround an alloy manufacturing company, near Bombay. Report submitted to MPCB,Bombay March , 1995.

3. T.M Krishnamoorthy, V.N. Sastry, and K.S.V. Nambi, A Basis for the Evaluation ofPermissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in the Effluents Discharged into TrombayBay, Report No. BARC/1995/1/011, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, 1995.

4 R.B. Oza, V.N. Bapat, R.N. Nair, R.K.Hukkoo and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, EDPUFF-Agaussian dispersion code for consequence analysis, BARC/1995/E/001, 1995.

5. R.C.Sharma.. Whole Body Counting, Lecture for Trainees of a Refresher Coursein "Gamma Ray Spectrometry',Bombay,June 27 to July 1,1994 and in BARCReport No.BARC/1995/E/008 pp. J1-J20 .1995.

6. R C.Sharma, Establishment of Uranium and Transuranium Registries forOccupational Exposures in Nuclear Industry, Technical report on Participation inthe Consultants Meeting held at IAEA,Vienna, June 26-28,1995.

7. A. Vinod Kumar and T.N. Mahadevan, Sulphur dioxide releases from IRE-Thoriumplant: A model approach, IRE Report, Jan., 1995.

8 N.K Mehta ,V.N.Bapat ,S C Saha .and K.S.V.Nambi, Gamma Background RadiationMonitoring result 1990-1995 in the Environs around IRE OSCOM , ORISSA UsingTLD's in BARC Report no: BARC/1996/E/029, 1996

9. K.S V. Nambi et al, Studies on the atmospheric characteristics at Trombay relatingto the October 1995 Solar Eclipse, BARC Report No. BARC71996/E/006, 1996.

10. R. Raghunath, Studies on environmental levels of toxic trace metals and theirexposure assessment for children in Greater Bombay. Ph.D. Thesis, BombayUniversity, 1996.

11 A.Raju, K.K.Narayanan, D.S.Katoch and R.C.Sharma. Report on R & DActivities of Health Physics Division 1994-95, Report BARC/1996/P/021, 1996.

12 V.N.Sastry, T.N.Mahadevan, R.N.Nair, T.M.Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V.Nambi,Drinking water standards for radioactivity, BARC/1996/1/001, 1996.

13. R.C.Sharma, Technical report on Participation at the IAEA Consultants Meeting onIntercomparison of In - Vivo Counting Systems Using a Reference AsianPhantom, 11-15, Dec. 1995,Livermore,USA. Submitted in Jan. 1996.

14. V. Sitaraman , T.M Krishnamoorthy , K.S.V. Nambi and V B. Menon , Stack heightfor fuel reprocessing plant at Kalpakkam, BARC/1996/R/004, 1996.

15. V.Sitaraman, R.B.Oza, N.S.Panchal and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, RecentDevelopments in Air Quality Models in Environmental Impact Evaluation, A TechnicalCompendium, Steel Authority Of India Limited, 84-96, 1996.

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[ 1 0 . 1 4 I

16. V. Sitaraman, V.J. Daoo , T.M. Krishnamoorthy and K.S.V. Nambi, QuantitativeRisk Assessment of Maximum Credible Accident Scenarios and Disaster ManagementPlan for Uranium Oxide Plant existing and new and Ceramic Fuel Fabrication Plantexisting and new at Nuclear Fuel Complex NFC , Hyderabad', A Report submitted toDeputy Chief Executive Fuels, NFC, Hyderabad, 1996.

17. K P. Sreekumar et al., Plasma torch based aerosol generator, BARC /1996/ E/ 007,1996.

18. S.C.Ashawa, I.V.Saradhi, T.N.Mahadevan, S.P.Kale and T.M.Krishnamoorthy,Water Quality Assessment Of Sewage Water Outfalls Within BARC-TrombayEstablishment Site - A preliminary Report, Internal Technical Report, 1997.

19. A.S.Basu .B.K.Khasanbis and M.Bar, Environmental radiation monitoring resultsfor period 1984-1995 in and around variable energy cyclotron , Calcutta , BARC reportno :BARC/1997/E/007, 1997.

20. T.N.Mahadevan , S.C.Ashawa and I.V.Saradhi, Stack Emission Status of ThoriumNitrate Evaporation Unit and Water Quality Status of Treated Effluents of Indian RareEarth Limited, BARC, Internal Technical Report, 1997.

21. R.N.Nair and T.M.Krishnamoorthy, SLBM-A FORTRAN Code for Shallow LandBuriai of Low Level Radioactive Waste, Report No. BARC/1997/E/030, Bhabha AtomicResearch Centre, Mumbai, 1997.

22. N.S. Panchal, Faby Sunny, U.R.Pawar and V J.Daoo, Assessment of Wind EnergyPotential of Trombay Site, BARC/1997/E/014, 1997.

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11. Ph. D. THESES COMPLETED

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r jh-1]

Dr.T.K.Haridasan : Optimisation And Calibration Of In Vivo Counting Systems

For Assessment Of Actinides In Body Organs.

Ph.D. (Physics)

University of Wiumbai {1998 )

Guide : Dr. K.S.V. Nambi

SUMMARY:

The direct assessment of internal contamination in the human body organs due to actinides posesextremely difficult problems and dictates the need for highly sensitive detection equipment. The calibrationof the chosen detection system constitutes yet another important facet of such measurements. The mainobjectives of the work described in this thesis have been the development, optimisation, calibration

and applications of suitable detector systems for direct assessment of actinides in human body organs.Some noteworthy conclusions drawn from the work reported in the thesis are as follows:1) Long term data ( > 20 years) on the operation of a phoswich detector has been presented forthe first time which revealed that the hypothesis proposed by others that the phoswich background ratesin the low energy regions tend to increase with the age of detector operation, is incorrect.

2) A suitability criterion based on the figure of merit of the detector has been devised to select asuitable phoswich detector for the measurement of actinides in-vivo and its utility in practice has beendemonstrated.3) Using an internationally accepted calibration standard namely, LLNL realistic torso phantom, datahave been generated on the precise calibration factors for assessment of 73aPu distributed uniformly inthe lungs and their correlations with the chest wall thickness of three different compositions forthree phoswich counting geometries, have been established, Semi - empirical method was applied to fit asum of exponentials to each data set pert&'ping to a particular composition of chest wall. The resultantequations were used for devising a method to obtain a valid calibration factor for any subject of known CWTand composition. The correctness of this approach was also tested.4) Precise calibration factors and their correlations with chest wall thickness of given compositionfor assessment of 241Am in lungs and respiratory lymphnodes were also established for two phoswichcounting geometries..5) By studying a human case of actinide intake, the utility of the developed equipment namely avariety of detection systems ( phoswich, HPGe, CdTe) and methods has been demonstrated. In particular,it has been shown that contaminated wounds on hands could give rise to depositions of actinideselsewhere in the chest region, which if entirely attributed to lung contents, would erroneously lead tosubstantial overestimation of internal radiation doses.6) The use of sophisticated data analysis techniques ( e.g. SAMPO code for spectral analysis )to derive estimates of certain important quantities ( effective depth of the actinide in tissue / organ, Pu:Amratio etc.) which are required for the calculation of internal radiation doses due to actinide depositions in thebody organs, has been demonstrated for the first time.

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rjh-2]

Dr. Y. S. Mayya : Studies On The Diffusional And Electrical Transport Of

The Daughter Aerosols Of Radon And Thoron In Moving Gases

Ph.D. (Physics)

University of Mumbai (1994)

Guide: Dr.D.C.Sahni

SUMMARY:

This thesis presents a detailed theoretical study of the transport characteristics of the daughterproducts of radon and thoron gases in channel flow devices It is aimed at providing a quantitative basis forthe working of several aerosol instruments such as diffusion samplers, diffusion batteries, mobilityspectrometers and double-filter systems, quite often employed for estimating the various parameters suchas diffusion coefficients, electrical mobilities and air concentrations, associated with radon, thoron and theirprogeny. Theoretical formulae intended for computational use have been derived for use in extracting theseparameters from the measured data.

Specific aspects of the study are the following, (i) Development of the Green's function for the convective-diffusion operator and its boundary layer forms with and without axial diffusion. From this, the solutions forthe transmission fluxes for various systems under different sampling and source configurations have beenpresented, (ii) Computation of the transport probabilities of ^ 4 P b recoil atoms, emitted into stagnant andflowing streams, due to the alpha decay of 218p0 deposited on surfaces. Applications to the measurementof recoil ranges and resuspension fractions due to recoil have been discussed. (iii)Theory of large doublefilter systems used for the meaurement of low levels of radon and thoron concentrations. Using this theory,the calibration factors for the systems have been evolved. Experimental validation of these factors havebeen carried out. Based on these, measurements of thoron emanating from the breath of a large number ofthorium plant workers have been made, (iv) Microscopic theory of particle transport in moving fluids basedon the Kinetic Fokker-Planck equation. This is a covering theory which provides a basis for the diffusionexpiation describing mass transfer in channel flows and the corresponding absorption boundary condition. Itis shown that concentration profiles near the boundary layer deviate from the diffusive solutions for smallparticles

In sum, the study provides a unified formulation of particle transport problems associated with aerosolsampling instruments and presents analytical solutions. These have been put to practical use in the designof large double filter systems and in arriving at a non-empirical calibration factor. This system is being used,both in India and abroad, for the assessment of thorium burdens in the lungs of thorium plant workers.

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[Th-3]

Dr. Radha Raghunath : Studies On Environmental Levels Of Toxic TraceMetals And Their Exposure Assessment ForChiSdren Sn Greater Bombay.

Ph.D. (Physics)


Guide : Dr. K.S.V. Nambi

SUMMARY:

Population exposure to toxic trace metals is of great concern due to their non-biodegradablenature, persistence and ability to cause profound biochemical changes even at trace levels. Children formthe major risk group as they are more sensitive. Metals reach human body through inhalation and ingestion.Levels of metals in blood is considered as an index of the biologically active metal in the body and It alsoreflects the environmental exposure of a population. Hence, concentration of metals in blood is a significantfactor for child health. Population studies that relate metal concentration in blood to environmental exposuremay yield useful input for any health care programme anchored on pollution control measures. In India thereis a scarcity of data on exposure assessment of toxic trace metals for children. Therefore the exposureassessment of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn for children ranging from infants to 10 year old, residing in various parts ofBombay and Thane were carried out.Some of the important findings of the study are :1. Lead, cadmium, copper and zinc level in Bombay air is generally less than the maximumpermissible concentration; however at places like Kuria the lead concentrations in air exceed the prescribedlimit.2. Pb, Cd, Cu & Zn in Bombay drinking water is 1.2, 0.01, 5.5 and 14.8 ug/l. These are below theprescribed maximum permissible levels.3. Heavy metals from water contributes less than 1% to total ingestion of Cd, Cu & Zn and 10% forlead.4. Daily intake of 2.4 to 9.4 ug lead through baby food is observed for children less than 1 year. Thisresults in an uptake of 1.4 to 5.6 ug Pb/day. Uptake of zinc by infants ranges from 2287.3 ug to 6054 ugwhich is within the recommended value for infants5. Daily intake of Pb, Cd, Cu & Zn by 2-3, 3-4 and 4-5 year old children calculated on the basis of"market basket' method are very close to the value obtained by "duplicate diet' method.6. 16.5, 2.1, 1145.6 and 6731 ug are the daily intake of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn by 6-10 year old Bombaychildren through ingestion. Lead and cadmium intakes are less than the tolerance limits. Copper and zincare very close to the recommended values.7. The blood lead contents of children are below 15 ug/dl. However, in children residing close to leadindustry much higher than the permissible concentration is observed in blood.8. Cadmium content in blood is almost equal to or less than 0.1 yg/dl which is usually taken as thenormal reference level.9. No significant variation of children's blood Cu and Zn with place of residence is observed.10. A good correlation (r = 0.88) of lead in air and children's blood is observed.11. Biological half life of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in children's blood is calculated and is found to be 20.4,9.1, 2.3 and 2.3 days, respectively.12. Ambient air quality standard for lead is calculated assuming a permissible blood lead level of 15ug/dl and found to be 1.8 ug Pb per m3 of air. This is very close to the value of 1.5 pg/m3 advised byUSEPA and adopted in India.

123

prh-4)

Dr. Geetha Sadagopan : Radiological Safety Aspects In The Manufacture And Use

Of Consumer Products Containing Radioactive Material.

Ph. D. (Physics )


Guide: Dr.K.S.V.Nambi.

SUMMARY:The Thesis covers radiological monitoring of workplaces manufacturing consumer products

containing radioactivity, estimation of radioactivity in the products manufactured in India, occupationalexposure estimates and public exposures due to use of the consumer products.

For estimation of thorium content in incandescent gas mantles, Gamma spectrometry was foundsuitable. It is non-destructive and carefully takes into account of disequilibrium in the Th - chain, an aspectoften missed by earlier workers. This method has been validated by Gravimetry and Neutron ActivationAnalysis. The results indicate that a thumb rule can be conveniently adopted for the mantles manufacturedin India.

From the measurements made by lighting 33 mantles for different periods important informationregarding release of radioactivity has been obtained. This is a rare study done.

A model is proposed to estimate tritium intake by dial painters by considering cyclic exposureconditions. The existing methods overestimate due to the inherent assumption of continuous intake. Theproposed model is capable of predicting the tritium intake rate from a single 24 hours urine sample. In theabsence of such a data, if air monitoring data at workplace is readily available intake can be estimatedusing this model.

The thesis presents appropriate methodologies for estimating tritium contents in watches and itsrelease rates for actual wearing condition.

Estimates of low concentration of Uranium in enamel frits, tritium and thorium content in fiuoresce itlamp starters and promethium activity in magnetic compass dials have also been done. Measurements, ofsurface dose rate on Gaseous Tritium Light Sources (GTLS) and tritium leakage rate have been made.

it is gratifying to note that in all the uses studied, the radiation exposures either to the occupationalworkers or to the members of the public are found to be far less than the limits specified by the RegulatoryAuthorities. Thus the benefits occurring to society from the use of the various products containing tracelevels of radioactivity far outweighs any negligible radiation exposure risk associated with their use.

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Published by : Dr. M. R. Balakrishnan, Head Library & Information Services DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 085, INDIA.

Documents

PROGRESS REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT