reproduction in flowering plants

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 1

REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

Reproduction is the process of formation of new individuals of a species from the pre-existing ones. Plants

show two types of reproduction.

(I) Asexual (II) Sexual.

(I) Asexual Reproduction :

Asexual reproduction is the mode of formation of new individuals by a parent, without the meiotic formation

of gametes and their fusion. It is also called apomixis. It gives rise to genetically similar plants. A population

of genetically similar plants which are obtained from the same individual is called clone. Each member of

clone is termed as ramet. Asexual reproduction involves three types.

(A) Agamospermy (B) Vegetative propagation

(C) Spore formation

(A) Agamospermy :

It is apomixis within the seed (formation of embryo through asexual means without the formation and fusion

of gametes and meiosis).

Types of agamospermy :

(i) Non-recurrent agamospermy or apomixis :

Embryo develops parthenogenetically from haploid egg. Ex: Banana.

(ii) Recurrent agamospermy or apomixis :

In this method, a diploid embryo sac is formed which has a diploid egg or oosphere. The diploid egg grows

parthenogenetically into diploid embryo Ex: Apple, pear, Allium.

Diploid embryo sac can develop directly from either the diploid megaspore mother cell (diplospory) or

diploid nucellar cell (apospory).

, (iii) Adventive embryony :

Embryo arises from diploid sporophytic cells such as nucellus or integuments (other than egg) Ex: Citrus,

Opuntia.

(B) Vegetative propagation :

In vegetative reproduction new plants or individuals are produced from vegetative parts of plants. It is common

in flowering plants. In lower plants it occurs through binary fission, budding, fragmentation, gammae, resting

buds, soredia (in lichens), etc. In higher plants, vegetative part (Root, stem, leaf) of the body can take part in

vegetative propagation. In higher plants vegetative propagation is classified in to two types.

(i) Natural Vegetative Propagation :

1. Roots :

Ordinary roots of Dalbergia sissoo (Indian red wood), Populus, Guava, Murraya sps,Albizia lebbek,

etc. bear adventitious buds on roots which grow to form new plants. Root tubers with adventititous buds

occur in Sweet Potato, Tapioca, Yam, Dahlia and Asparagus. When placed in the soil, the buds present on

the roots grow into leafy shoots called slips. They develop adventitious roots at their base. Slips are separated

and planted to form new plants.


2. Underground Stems :

(i) Suckers :

After growing for some distance the suckers grow out and produce new crowns. when suckers break due to

mechanical disturbance or decay, a number of independent plants are formed Ex :Mint and Chrysanthemum

(ii) Rhizomes :

It is thick underground stem grow horizontally in the soil which store food for perennation. They possess

buds for forming new shoots during favourable period. Ex: Zinger,Turmeric, banana.

(iii) Corms :

It is unbranched, swollen, underground stem grow vertically in the soil. Which bear many buds. Under

favourable conditions the buds sprout to form new plants Ex: Gladiolus, Colocasia, Freesia, Crocus, etc.

(iv) Bulb :

It is an underground condensed shoot. Bud is surrounded by many concentric scale leaves inner ones are

fleshy & edible & outer ones are dry. Ex: Garlic, Narcissus, Onion, etc.

(v) Tubers :

Stem tuber are found in Potato and Artichoke. They have buds (Axillary buds or eyes) in the region of

nodes for vegetative multiplication.

3. Creeping Stems :

Creeping stems like runners(e.g. Grass), Stolons (e.g. Strawberry,Vallisneria) and offsets (e.g.

Eichhornia) develop from the base of an old shoot or crown and after growing horizontally for some distance

give rise to new crowns. They may break and form independent plants.

4. Aerial shoots :

A stem segment of Opuntia and other cacti develops into a new plant after falling on the soil. A similar

segment of Sugarcane with at least one node is used in agriculture to produce new plant.

5. Leaves :

Leaves of a number of plants develop or possess adventitious buds for vegetative propagation Ex: leaf tips of

Walking Fern(Adiantum caudatum),marginal notches in Bryophyllum.In Bryophyllum

daigremontianum, the marginal buds sprout while the leaf is attached to plant.In some other plants,the

buds grow over a moist soil or filter paper Ex: Begonia,Streptocarpus,Saintpaulia.

6. Bulbils :

They are fleshy buds which develop into new plants after falling on the soil Ex: Agave, Oxalis, Pineapple

(Ananas comosus), Dioscorea, Lily, Chlorophytum etc., Some of them are modified floral buds,

Ex: Agave.

7. Turions :

They are fleshy buds that develop in aquatic plants for perennation and propagation Ex: Potamogeton,

Utricularia.


(ii) Artificial Methods of Vegetative Propagation :

They are techniques developed by human beings to propagate varieties. The most common seasons for

undertaking the artificial vegetative propagation are rainy season and spring.

1. Cuttings :

They are small pieces of stem, root or leaves which when placed in the soil can sprout to form new plants.

(a) Root cutting are employed in the propagation of Blackberry and Raspberry.

(b) Stem cutting are more common 20 - 30 cm piece of one year old stem is placed in the soil in its natural

position. The lower end develops adventitious roots while the buds present on the cutting sprout to form

new shoots. These days the lower ends of cuttings are dipped in root promoting chemicals (Ex: IAA, IBA,

NAA) prior to their sowing. Stem cutting are commonly used in Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee, Grape, Carnation,

Bougainvillea, Citrus, Duranta, Rose, Clerodendron etc.

(c) Leaf cutting are used in Senseviera.

2. Layering :

Soil Layering-It is of several types.

The common type is simple layering. A soft basal branch is defoliated partially. In the defoliated region an

injury is given in the form of oblique cut (tongueing), V-shaped cut (notching) or removal of a ring of bark

(ringing).The injured and defoliated part is pegged down in the ground or pot, covered with soil and watered.

The pegged down branch is called layer. After some time it develops roots in the region of injury and becomes

independent. It is cut off from the parent plant and removed to a new area for planting Ex: Grapevine,

Jasmine, Strawberry, Currant, Gooseberry, Cherry. In Cherry adventitious roots develop even in the

absence of injury.

In tip layering, the tip of the current season Shoot is bent into the soil by digging a sloping hole. Soon the

bent part develops roots. The tip also comes out as vertical shoot. The rooted shoot is separated.

Ex: Blackberry, Raspberry.

In mound layering the basal branch is bent down in the soil at several places to form a number of new

plants from a single branch Ex:Clematis, Jasmine, Grapes, Strawberry.

Trench Layering consists of pegging a branch or young plant (Ex: Walnut) in horizontal position in a

trench. The horizontal shoot begins to develop vertical shoots.

3. Air Layering :

Gootee - It is practised in Litchi, Pome-granate etc., Which do not possess branches near the ground. A

ring of bark is removed from the base of an aerial branch for a distance of 2 - 5 cm. It is covered with moist

grafting clay (2 parts clay, 1 part cowdung, some fine cut hay, moss or cotton) with small amount of

root promoting hormone. The area is then warpped in polythene paper to prevent desiccation. The injured

area develops roots after 1- 3 months.The branch is cut below it and planted.

4. Grafting :

It is the technique of joining parts of two plants so as to form a composite plant. Grafting was known to

ancient gardeners. It is carried out between two related plants having vascular cambium.

One plant has a strong root system (e.g., Desi Mango) while the other plant possess better flower or fruit

yield (e.g., Dussehri Mango). The former is called stock or stump while the latter is known as scion or

graft. The shoot of the stock is cut 20-30 cm above the ground. Leaves and buds are removed from the

stumps or stock.


There are four types of grafting. In tongue (slice or whip) and wedge grafting the stock and scion

have almost the same diameter. In crown and side grafting the stock has a diameter much larger than that

of scion. In tongue (whip of slice) grafting the stock and scion are given oblique or sloping cuts followed by an

appropriate notch so that the scion closely fits over that of the stock. In wedge grafting A V- shaped notch is

made in the stock while the scion is cut as wedge (pointed V-shaped) then two are tied firmly. In crown

grafting many wedge (Pointed V-shaped) scions can be grafted on a single stock.

The scions are fixed over the stock. The union is covered with grafting wax so as to avoid infection.The area

is then bandaged properly with tape, rubber or nails. Ex: Mango, Apple, Pine Nut (P.gerardiana or Pinus

wallichiana), Rubber, Guava, Citrus, Pear, Plum, Peach, etc.

5. Bud Grafting :

It is similar to the above but the scion consists of a single bud with a small piece of bark having intect

cambium. The bark to the stock is given an incision deep enough to reach the cambium. The sides of the

incised bark are lifted and the bud graft is inserted in the slit with the bud being left exposed. The joint is

sealed and bandaged Ex: Rose,Apple, Peach. Within 3 - 5 weeks, the bud graft develops an organic union

with stock and beings to develop. As soon as the grafted bud sprouts, the stock is cut above the graft.

Leaves and buds of the stock are also removed below the graft.

II. Sexual reproduction :

It is a type of reproduction including formation and fusion of gametes.

R. Camerarius described sexual reproduction for fist time in plants. He was first scientist to produce hybrid.

The study of life cycle of angiosperm has been performed in Shepherd purse or Capsella bursapestoris

plant. Flower is reproductive part of plant that is also considered as modified shoot.

Flower has usually four whorls. out of them calyx and corolla are non-essential whorls of flower whereas

Androecium and gynoecium are called Essential whorls of flower.


Stamen or microsporophyll :

Stamen is structural and functional part of Androecium. The fertile portion of stamen is called anther. Each

anther is usually made of two lobes connected by a connective. A typical anther consists of four

microsporangia (Tetrasporangiate) and such anther is called dithecous or bilobed Ex: most plants. In

members of Malvaceae, anthers are reniform or kidney shaped and consist of two microsporangia

(Bisporangiate). Such anthers are called as monothecous or monolobed. In Arceuthobium (smallest

parasite) anther consists of only one microsporangia (Monosporangiate).

Development of anther :

A young anther consists of homogenous

mass of meristematic cells surrounded

by epidermis, The pollen sacs develop

hypodermally at the four corners of the

anther from a strip of archesporial cells

(archesporium). Then archesporium

tissue divide periclinally to form primay

parietal cells (PPC) on outer side and

primary sporogenous tissue (PST) on

inner side. Then PPC (outer side) further

divides anticlinally and periclinally to form

3-5 layers of anther wall including tapetum.

while inner PST form pollen mother cells or

microspore mother cells (2n).

Structure of anther :

It involves anther wall and sporogenous tissues.

1. Anther wall : It consists of following parts

A. Epidermis :

It is first formed layer of anther wall. It is protective in function. outer most parietal single layer of thin walled

cells. The cells of epidermis may become binucleate in Zeuxine.

In Arceuthobium, they develop a fibrous thickening. Such a layer is designated as exothecium. In

Morus, the epidermis degenerates at maturity.

B. Endothecium :

It lies in side epidermis. The endothecial cells develop a fibrous thickening containing �� cellulose. It

appears in the form of radial bands arising from the inner tangential wall. Its stomium cells have hygroscopic

nature and help in the dehiscence of the anther. However, no fibrous thickening has been observed in

members of Hydrocharitaceae and in cIeistogamous flowers. Usually Endothecium is 1-cell thick but in

Chelone it is 2-cells thick.

C. Middle layers :

It is the third wall layer of the anther. The number of middle layers generally ranges from 1-4 but rarely there

are several middle layers. They are absent in the members of Lemnaceae and Najadaceae. The middle

layers degenerate at maturity of the anther. They are nutritive in function. Store food material is starch.

D. Tapetum :

It is the inner most wall layer of the anther surrounds sporogenous tissue.Its cells are large multinucleate &

polyploid. The tapetum developmentally has dual nature. The tapetum is of two types.


(i) Amoeboid or invasive or periplasmodial tapetum :

It is short lived. Radial walls of its cells are ruptured and protoplasm is spread between developing microspore

mother cells where it joins to form plasmodium or periplosmodial Ex: Lily, Typha, Alisma.

(ii) Secretory or glandular or parietal tapetum :

Here the tapetal cells remains in situ all through the development of microspores and finally they degenerate.

The tapetum prepares pro-ubisch bodies. They pass into the space between cell wall and plasma membrane.

Here they get surrounded by sporopollenin (Fatty substance) Now they are called as ubisch bodies or

orbicules. Due to destruction of tapetal cell wall, the ubisch bodies come to lie in the anther loculus. They are

involved in the formation of a part of exine.

The tapetal cells show increase in DNA contents by mitosis, restitution nucleus formation, endomitosis or

polyteny. The tapetum is concerned with transportation of nutrient, contribution of sporopollenin, transport

of pollenkitt substances and storage of reserve food which is used by the developing pollen grains.

2. Sporogenous tissues :

Primary sporogenous cells form microspore mother cells (2n) inside the microsporangium. The development

of microsporangium is eusporangiate.


Microsporogenesis :

The formation and differentiation of microspores (pollen grains) is called microsporogenesis.

In the cavity of microsporangium the microspore mother cells divide meiotically to produce pollen tetrads.

The tetrads are of 5 types i.e. tetrahedral Ex: Dicot (like Ex: Capsella), isobilateral (Ex: monocot)

T-shaped (Ex: Butomopsis), decussate (Ex: Magnolia) and linear (Ex: Halophila).

F

A B C D

EA B C D

Cytokinesis may occur after each meiotic division (successive type) thus isobiateral tetrad of microspores

is formed Ex.monocots or it occurs after both meiotic (I and II) division (simultaneous type) thus tetrahedral

tetrad of microspores is formed Ex: dicots. Successive, type of cytokinesis is advanced type.

Now the microspores are separated from tetrad. But in Elodea, Drosera, Typha Juncus cryptostegia the

microspores do not separate from each other, thus compound pollen grains are formed.

In family Asclepiadaceae (e.g. Calotropis) and Orchidaceae (e.g. Coelogynae) all the microspores in

a sporangium adhere together in a single mass known as pollinium (massulae ). In Calotropis, the

pollinia of adjacent anthers of different stamens are attached by thread like caudicles to a sticky disc

called corpusculum. The whole structure is called translator appratus.

Structure of microspore or pollen grain :

Pollen grains are generally spherical measuring about 25-50 micrometers in diameter.

The cell wall of microspore consists of two layers, outer is exine and inner is intine.

The outer exine is made up of sporopollenin. Sporopollenin is resistant to physical and biological


decomposition. It is a fatty substance. So pollenwall is preserved for long periods in fossil deposits.

sporopollenin is one of the most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperatures

and strong acids and alkali. No enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far known.

(AIPMT Pre. 2012)

Exine is two layered - Ektexine (sexine) and endexine (Nexine). Ektexine is, distinguished into tectum,

baculum layer and Basal foot layer.

Sculpturing or design on the surface of pollen grain is developed by tectum & baculum layer.

Tectum has specific pattern of thickening which can be used for identifying the pollen grains to their

respective genus and family.

Exine is contributed by microspore cytoplasm. The Pollenkitt is a sticky layer composed of lipid and

carotenoids found on outside of mature pollen grains of many insect pollinated species. Pollenkitt material is

contributed by the tapetal cells. Pollenkitt acts as an insect attractant and protects the pollen against the

damaging effects of UV radiations. Intine is smooth it is made up of cellulose and pectin.

The three weak points are present upon the exine where exine is weak or absent. called germpores pollen

can be monocolpate (having one germ pore), bicolpate (two germ pore) and tricolpate (three germ

pore) In monocots, germ pores are absent and there is one germinal furrow.

The study of pollen grain is called palynology. Prof. P.K.K Nair is called father of indian palynology

Sometimes more than four pollen grains are produced from one microspore mother cell. It is called polyspory

Ex: Cuscuta reflexa.

Points of Remember:

(1) Pollen grains of many species (Castor, Prosopis, Chenopodium, Amaranthus, Sorghum–Hayfever)

cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people often leading to chronic respiratory

disorders– asthma, bronchitis, etc. It may be mentioned that Parthenium or carrot grass that came

into India as a contaminant with imported wheat, has become ubiquitous in occurrence and causes

pollen allergy.

(2) Pollen grains are rich in nutrients. It has become a fashion in recent years to use pollen tablets

as food supplements. In western countries, a large number of pollen products in the form of

tablets and syrups are available in the market. Pollen consumption has been claimed to increase

the performance of athletes and race horses.

(3) In some cereals such as rice and wheat, pollen grains lose viability within 30 minutes of their

release, and in some members of Rosaceae, Leguminoseae and Solanaceae, they maintain viability

for months. You may have heard of storing semen/ sperms of many animals including humans for

artificial insemination. It is possible to store pollen grains of a large number of species for years in


liquid nitrogen (-196ºC). Such stored pollen can be used as pollen banks, similar to seed banks, in

crop breeding programmes.

Development of male gametophyte :

(i) Prepollination development :

Development of male gametophyte from pollen grain is called microgametogenesis, pollen grain develops

in anther so it is called precautious or insitu germination.

Cell of microspore divides mitotically to form large tube cell and small generative cell.

In most of the angiosperms pollination takes place in two celled stage (rarely three celled Ex : Cyperus).

Male gametophyte is partially developed pollen grain. It is haploid (n) structure

(ii) Post pollination development :

After falling of pollen grain on stigma, pollengrain absorbs water and nutrients of the stigamatic secretion

through its germ pores. The exine bursts and the tube cell comes out in the form of pollen tube and pollen

is surrounded by intine.

The pollen grains are either monosiphonous (with one pollen tube) most common or polysiphonous

(with more than one pollen tubes) Ex : Members of Cucurbitaceae and Malvaceae.

The pollen tube was first observed by G.B.Amici (1824) in Portulaca oleracea.


Growth of pollen tube is apical and regulated by carbohydrates, boron and calcium and stimulated by

gibberellins and auxins. Best temperature for growth of pollen tube is 20º-30°C.

The generative nucleus divides mitotically to form two male gametes.

The male gametes are non-motile and amoeboid. They are slightly unequal in size.

The function of pollen tube is to carry sperm. In the pollen tube, tube nucleus enters first which is vestigeal

and soon disintegrate.The tube nucleus guides the passage of the pollen tube.

Carpel or megasporophyll :

Carpel is a modified leaf.

Carpel is composed of ovary, style and stigma. Ovary contains ovules or megasporangia.

Structure of ovule or Megasporangium :

Ovule is an outgrowth of placenta. Each ovule is connected to its placenta by a stalk called funicle.

The point of association of the funicle with the main body of the ovule is called hilum.

Some times a longitudinal ridge formed by lengthwise fusion of funiculus with the body of ovule. It is called

Raphe.

Main body of a ovule is called nucellus which consists of a mass of parenchymatous tissue.

On the basis of development of nucellus, ovules are of two types-

(i) Tenuinucellate. The nucellus is poorly developed Ex : Gamopetalae.

(ii) Crassinucellate. The nucellus is well developed Ex : Polypetalae and monocots.

The nucellus is surrounded by one or two ring like coverings called integuments except at the apex where

a small passage is formed known as micropyle. The integuments originate from chalaza.

On the basis of number of integuments, ovules are of following types-

(i) Bitegmic : Ovules with two integuments Ex: members of Polypetalae (Papilionaceae) and monocots.

(ii) Unitegmic : Ovules are with one integument Ex: members of gamopetalae (Compositae) and

gymnosperms.


(iii) Ategmic : Ovules are without integument Ex: Santalum, Loranthus (parasites), olax and Liriosoma.

Third integument in the form of aril develops from base of ovule or funicle in many plants Ex : Asphodelus,

Trianthema, litchi, Inga dulci. In litchi and Inga dulci aril is fleshy and edible.

Types of Ovules :

(1) Orthotropous : The micropyle, chalaza and funicle are in straight line, This is most primitive type of

ovule

Ex: Polygonum, betel, Piper, cycas.

(2) Anatropous : The body of the ovule turns at 180º angle. Thus it is inverted ovule. Micropyle lies close to

hilum or at side of hilum Ex: 82% of angiosperm families.

(3) Campylotropous : Ovule is curved more or less at right angle to funicle. Micropylar end is bent down

slightly Ex: Mustard, Capsella, Caparis, Caryophyllum.

(4) Hemianatropous : Body of ovule is at right angle to the funicle Ex : Ranunculus.

(5) Amphitropous : Ovule as well as embryo sac each curved like horse shoe Ex : Lemna, Poppy,

Alisma.

(6) Circinotropous : The ovule turns at more than 360º angle, So funicle becomes coiled around the ovule

Ex: Opuntia (Cactaceae).

Point of Remember

(1) Endothelium : In some plants, Nucellus becomes degenerated now inner layer of integument becomes

radially elongated, polyploid, full of starch and fats that provides nutrition to the developing Embryo sac,

It is called Endothelium, It lies between Integument & Embryosac, Ex: Asteraceae (In which it has 10-

12 layers).

(2) Caruncle : It is an outgrowth on one end of the ovule and It acts as water absorbing pad. Thus it helps

in the seed germination. Ex: Ricinus communis (castorbean).


Megasporogenesis :

It is leptosporangiate type.

Any of the cell of nucellus, towards the micropylar end is differentiated from other cells. This cell is

archesporium.

In angiosperms archesporium is single celled and hypodermal in origin (below epidermis). In crassinucellate

ovule, it divides to produce Pr. parietal cell & pr. sporogenous cell. Pr. sporogenaous cell divides meiotically

to form magaspore tetrad. But in tenuinucellate ovule, this cell directly function as megaspore mother cell

(MMC). It divides meiotically to produce linear megaspore tetrad. In majority of Angiosperms, the chalazal

megaspore is functional and other three micropylar megaspores become degenerated.

Embryo sac (Female gametophyte or megagametophyte) :

P. Maheshwari classified it in following types.

(1) Monosporic embryo sac : Only one megaspore nucleus forms embryo sac Ex : Polygonum, Oenothera.

(2) Bisporic embryo sac : Two megaspores nuclei take part in development of embryo sac Ex : Allium,

Endymion.

(3) Tetrasporic embryo sac : All four megaspores nuclei take part in the development of embryo sac

Ex : Adoxa, Plumbago, Drusa, Fritillaria, Peperomea.

Development of monosporic embryo sac :

Development of Embryosac from one megaspore nucleus is known as megagametogenesis.

The normal type of embryo sac development studied in Polygonum by Strasburger. This embryosac

develops from one megaspore. It develops from chalazal megaspore(4th from micropyle). Nucleus

of functional megaspore divides by three mitotic divisions to form 8 nuclei. This embryo sac is 7 celled and

8 nucleated.

Structure of monosporic embryo sac :

(i) Three cells at chalazal end form antipodals (n) or vegetative cells of female gametophyte.

(ii) Three cells at micropylar end form egg apparatus. One is egg cell (n) and two are synergids (n) or

cooperative cells. Each synergid has filiform apparatus that secretes some chemical substance for

attracting pollen tube towards micropyle.

(iii) Two nuclei (one from each pole) in the centre are called polar nuclei (n) Which are fused to form

diploid secondary nucleus just before fertilization.


Pollination :

The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a flower to the stigma of the same or different flower of the same

species is called pollination. Pollination is of two types.

(A) Self pollination (B) Cross pollination or Allogamy

(A) Self pollination : It is of two types

(I) Autogamy (II) Geitonogamy

(I) Autogamy :

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same species is called self

pollination or autogamy.

Contrivances for autogamy :

(i) Bisexuality or hermaphrodite : When male and female both reproductive part present within flower.

(ii) Homogamy : Male and female reproductive parts in bisexual flowers mature at the same time

Flowers are open (chasmogamous). Ex : Convolvulus, Gardenia, Catharanthus, Mirabilis, sunflower

(Fail-safe device).

(iii) Cleistogamy : Sometimes bisexual flowers remain closed and never open, such flowers are knownas

cleistogamous Ex : Pisum, Lathyrus. Commelina benghalensis, Groundnut, viola, oxalis. Commelina

benghalensis bears two types of flowers.

(a) Chasmogamous - These are open aerial flowers.

(b) Cleistogamous - These are subterranean closed flowers.

Such flowers are called chasmocleistogamous flowers. This phenomenona is called amphicarpy.


(II) Geitonogamy : Pollination occurs between the two flowers of the same plant (genetically self pollination

and ecologically cross pollination).

Merits :

(i) Flowers do not possess showy petals, presence of scent and nectar to attract pollinators.

(ii) The purity of the generation is maintained.

(iii) Pollen grains are not wasted.

Demerits :

(i) New and healthier varieties are not formed,

(ii) It results in weaker progeny, producing weaker seeds and plants.

(B) Cross pollination or Allogamy :

It includes the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the flower of another plant of same or

different species, it is called as cross pollination or allogamy or Xenogamy-Pollination occurs between two

flowers of different plants (genetically & ecologically cross pollination).

Contrivances for cross pollination :

(i) Unisexuality or Dicliny :

If flower is unisexual then allogamy is obligatory it is of two types .

(a) Monoecious : When male and female flowers are produced on same plant Ex : Maize, castorbean

(b) Dioecious : When male and female flowers are produced on different plant Ex : Papaya, Date palm,

Asparagus.

(ii) Dichogamy or Hetrogamy :

Anther and stigma of bisexual fowers mature at different time. It is of two types

(a) Protandry : Anthers mature before stigma Ex : Sunflower, Cotton, Clerodendron, Salvia.

(b) Protogyny : Stigma matures before anther Ex : Aristolochia, Magnolia, Gloriosa.

(iii) Herkogamy :

It is the presence of natural and physical barriers between androecium and gynoecium which help in avoiding

self pollination Ex: Calotropis, orchids. In Calotropis stigma of gynoecium is fused with pollinium (anthers)

and forms Gynostegium disc.


(iv) Heterostyly :

Flowers are dimorphic. This facilitates cross pollination. Difference in length of filament and style then

heterostyly takes place. Ex : Primula (Primrose), Jasmine.

(v) Self sterility or incompatibility :

Due to physiological or genetical reasons, the pollen fails to germinate on its own stigma Ex : Tea, Malva,

Petunia, Solanum, Nicotiana.

A single species with flowers of different forms Ex : Primula.

Point of Remember:

If both male and female flowers are present on the same plant such as castor and maize (monoecious),

it prevents autogamy but not geitonogamy. In several species such as papaya, male and female

flowers are present on different plants, that is each plant is either male or female (dioecy). This

condition prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy

Agencies for cross pollination :

They are classsified into two categories

(i) Abiotic (ii) Biotic

(i) Abiotic : It includes wind, water, gravity.

(a) Anemophily :

Pollination by wind. It is a nondirectional. Pollen grains of animophilous plants are small, light, dry and

smooth. The female flowers have large feathery or brush like stigmas to catch the pollen grains.

Anemophilous flowers are small and inconspicuous with long and versatile stamens, Ex: Sugarcane,

maize, bamboo, Pinus, Papaya, grasses,Typha, datepalm,coconut, mulberry, Chenopodium etc.

(b) Hydrophily :

Pollination by water. It is of two types.

(1) Epihydrophily :


Pollination takes places outside the water Ex: Vallisneria. It is a Dioecious rooted submerged aquatic plant

in which male flowers are present in spadix inflorescence. Female flowers have very long coiled pedicels

which uncoil when they become mature. Female flowers float at the surface of water. Male flowers also float

at the surface of water. As soon as the male flowers touch the female flowers, anther lobes burst. Stigma

receives the pollen grains and pedicels of female flowers coil again.

(2) Hypohydrophily :

Pollination takes place inside the water Ex : Zostera and Ceratophyllum.

All aquatic plants are not hydrophilous. Some are anemophilous Ex : Potamogeton, Myriophyllum or

entomophilous Ex : Alisma, lotus.

(ii) Biotic :

Pollination by living beings. When pollination takes place through animals it is called Zoophily.

(1) Entomophily :

Pollination by insects. 80% pollination occurs by insects (chief pollinators).

Flowers pollinated by bees are brightly coloured, have a scent and produce nectar. Entomophilous flowers

produce a small amount of pollen which has a spinous and sticky exine due to presence of pollenkitt.

The stigmas of such flowers are long, rough and sticky.

Moth pollinated plants are white flowered and fragrant.

Ex: (1) Salvia - Lever mechanism or turn pipe mechanism,

Ex: (2) Calotropis - Translator mechanism,

Ex: (3) Yucca - Pronuba yuccasella

Ex: (4) Centuria - Piston mechanism

Ex: (5) Aristolochia - Pitfall mechanism

Ex: (6) Ficus sps - Blastophaga (Gall wasp)- Trapdoor mechanism.

Ex: (7) In Ophrys by colpa aurea - Female flower of orchid - ophrys resembles in colour, shapee

odour from female wasp colpa aurea, Male wasp pollinate the flower mistaking them as female. It

is called pseudocopulation.

When flowers themselves are not conspicuous, other parts may become coloured and showy to attractthe

insects bracts in Bougainvillea, leaves in Euphorbia pulcherrima, one sepal in Mussaenda, etc.

Edible pollen are found in clematis, Rose, magnolia.

(2) Ornithophily :

Pollination by birds is called ornithophily or Bird pollination. Flowers are tubular or cup shaped or urn shaped.

Petals of flowers are dark & bright coloured (specially Yellow colour) with edible nectar. Ex : (a)

Erythrina (By crow & squirrel) (b) Bignonia (By humming bird) (c) Strelitzia (By sunbird)

other ex : are - Bombax ceiba (silk cotton), Callistemon, Grevillea, Agave, Butea.

(3) Chiropterophily :

Pollination is performed by bat. Flowers are dull in colour with strong odour, abundant nectar

Ex: Anthocephalous, Kigelia pinnata (Saussage tree), Adansonia (Boabab tree).


(4) Malacophily :

Pollination by snail is called malacophily Ex : Lemna, Diptera, Chrysanthemum.

(5) Ophiophily :

Pollination by snake is called ophiophily Ex: Sandal, Michelia.

Merits :

(i) Seeds are more viable.

(ii) Progenies are healthier.

(iii) Adaptability is better.

(iv) New varieties can be produced.

Demerits :

(i) The process is not definite because plants depend on

agencies.

(ii) Large amount of pollen grains are wasted.

Fertilization :

Fusion of male & female gametes to form diploid Zygote

is called Fertillzation. Fertilization was discovered by

strasburger in Monotrapa. Normally one pollen tube

originates from pollen grain. It is called monosiphonous

condition. In the members of family Cucurbitaceae and

Malvaceae more than one (10–14) pollen tubes originate

from a pollen grain. It is called polysiphonous condition.

Entry of pollen tube in to ovule :

(i) Porogamy : It is the most common type In which pollen tube enters in ovule through micropyle.

(ii) Chalazogamy (or basigamy) : Pollen tube enters in ovule through chalaza end Ex : Casuarina,

Walnut (Juglans regea).

(iii) Mesogamy : Pollen tube enters in the ovule either through integuments Ex : Cucurbita & Populus or

through funicle Ex : Pistacia.

(iv) Acrogamy : In some plants embryo sac comes out from the micropyle of ovule for receiving pollen tube

Ex : Utricularia.

Mesogamy, chalazogamy & Acrogamy are collectively called Aparogamy.


Entry of pollen tube in embryo sac :

In most of the plants, pollen tube enters in the embryo sac through one degenerated synergid.

Double fertilization :

It was discovered by S.G. Nawaschin (1898) in Lilium & Fritillaria plants & supported by Guignard.

Pollen tube dicharges its two male gametes in embryo sac. One male gamete (n) is fused with egg cell (n)

to form diploid zygote (2n). It is called True fertilization or syngamy.

Second male gamete (n) is fused with diploid secondary nucleus (2n) to form Triploid primary endosperm

nucleus (3n). It is called triple fusion or vegetative fertilization.

Thus fertilization occurs two time so that it is called double fertilization. It is unique feature of angiospermic

plants that is absent in other groups of plants.

Five nuclei take part in double fertilization.

Significance of Double fertilization :

1. Viable seeds are formed due to it .

2. Embryo can not develop without endosperm that is formed by fertilization.

3. Ovary is converted in fruit after it.

4. It maintains the diploid number of Chromosomes in offsprings.

Endosperm :

It is post fertilization nutritive tissue formed by triple fusion in Angiosperms. It provides nutrition to developing

embryo and seedlings.

Types of endosperm :

On the basis of development, Endosperm is of three types.

(i) Nuclear endosperm : Primary endosperm nucleus divides without wall formation (free nuclear division).

It is most common type of endosperm Ex: cotton, maize, wheat, sunflower, Capsella, Coconut

(Milk). Haustoria are common in this endosperm.

(ii) Cellular endosperm : Primary endosperm nucleus divides and is accompanied by wall formation, thus

cellular structure is formed Ex:Petunia, Utricularia, Peperomia.

(iii) Helobial endosperm : It is intermediate between nuclear and cellular type Ex: Members of order

helobiales (Monocot).

Wellcome to AIIMS

(1) Double endosperm : The seeds with double endosperm is found in coconut (Cocos nucifera)

(i) liquid endosperm (ii) Cellular endosperm.

(2) Stony endosperm : It is present in betel nut (Areca nut) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).

(3) Ruminate endosperm : Mature endosperm with irregularity and unevenness in its surface is called

Ruminate endosperm. Ex: Annona squamosa.


(4) Mosaic endosperm : Tissues of endosperm do not possess similarites. Ex: Maize (Zea mays).

(5) Xenia : The effect of pollen grain on colour of endosperm is called xenia. Ex : Maize.

(6) Metaxenia : The effect of pollen on somatic tissue lying outside the endosperm is called metaxenia.

Ex: Datepalm (phoenix).

(7) Coconut milk : The liquid endosperm of coconut is used in tissue culture The coconut milk from young

fruits is rich in auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins. The endosperm of maize in younger stages (corn milk)

has been also used for the same purpose. It is-rich in zeatin.

(8) Obturator : It is ballon like outgrowth which arise from funiculus or placenta it is responsible to direct

the growth of pollen tube towards micropyle of ovule in ovary. It also nourishes pollen tube. It provides

mechanical & Chemical guidance to pollen tube.

Embryo :

Zygote (2n) gives rise to embryo after a period of rest. Rest period varies from plant to plant. The shortest

rest period is in members of Compositae and Gramineae (4 to 10 hrs) and longest period is in Colchicum

autumnale (4 to 5 months).

The study of development of embryo is called embryogeny.

Development of embryo in Dicotyledons :

The normal type of dicot embryo development has been studied

in shepherd purse- Capsella bursapestoris family Cruciferae.

This is called as crucifer or onagrad type of embryo

deveIopment.

The development of embryo is endoscopic i.e., apex is

downward or towards inside.

Zygote divides by a unequal transverse division into a basal cell

and terminal cell. Basal cell further divides by a number of

transverse divisions and a filamentous 6 to 10 celled suspensor

is formed. The Top cell of the suspensor (towards micropyle) is

large and called haustorium or vesicular cell and last cell of

suspensor (towards chalaza) is called hypophysis that forms

radicle. Terminal cell divides by longitudinal division and globular

embryo is formed. In mature embryo, two lateral cotyledons,one

terminal plumule and one posterior radicle is present.


Development of embryo in monocotyledons :

Such Embryo development has been studied in Luzula forsteri and Sagittaria sagittifolia.

Zygote divided transversely to form two celled stage one is terminal and second is basal cell. Basal cell

becomes enlarged to form the suspensor and it does not take part in the develpment of embryo. While

terminal cell develops in to embryo. The former divides by transverse wall to form two cells. The terminal cell

of three celled proembryo develops into single cotyledon which is also known as scutellum. While middle

cell forms embryo axis through a series of divisions. Suspensor is single celled and vesicular. In grasses the

second cotyledon is reduced “ and called epiblast.

Seed :

The fertilized ovule forms seed. The study of seed is called spermology.

On the basis of absence or presence of endosperm, the seeds are of two types.

(1) Non endospermic or exalbuminous seeds :

Endosperm is completely consumed during development of the embryo, thus the seeds are called

nonendospermic or exalbuminous Ex : Dicots(gram, pea, groundnut). The seed coat is formed by integu-

ments. The outer seed coat forms testa and inner seed coat forms tegmen. The food is stored in the

cotyledons.

(2) Endospermic or albuminous seeds :

In monocots and castor bean, Sunflower (dicots) embryo does not consume all endosperm. So it

persists in the mature seed. Such seeds are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. In these seeds food

is stored in endosperm.

Perispermic seeds. Mostly nucellus is consumed after fertilization due to absorption of food by the

endosperm and embryo. The remains of nucellus in the seed is called perisperm. Such seeds are called

perispermic seeds Ex: Piper nigrum (Black pepper).

In monocot seeds, the membranous covering around radicle is called coleorrhiza and around plumule is

called coleoptile, Absent in dicot seeds.

Seed germination is of two types

(i) Epigeal germination : When cotyledons come out on soil due to elongation of hypocotyl, Ex: Castor,

cotton, etc.

(ii) Hypogeal germination : When epicotyl elongates and cotyledons are left in the soil, Ex: Pea, gram,

groundnut, mango, etc.

Vivipary : Sometimes seeds germinate within the fruit while attached to the plant. Such type of germination

is called vivipary Ex: Rhizophora, mucronata and Heritiera.

In most plants, by the time the fruit develops from the ovary, other floral parts degenerate and fall off. However,

in a few species such as apple, strawberry, cashew, etc., the thalamus also contributes to fruit

formation. Such fruits are called false fruits. Most fruits however develop only from the ovary and

are called true fruits. there are a few species in which fruits develop without fertilisation. Such

fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits. Banana is one such example. Parthenocarpy can be induced

through the application of growth hormones and such fruits are seedless.


The oldest is that of a lupine, Lupinus arcticus excavated from Arctic Tundra. The seed germinated

and flowered after an estimated record of 10,000 years of dormancy. A recent record of 2000 years

old viable seed is of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera discovered during the archeological exca-

vation at King Herod’s palace near the Dead Sea.

Polyembryony :

Development of more than one embryo in the seed had been termed as polyembryony.

It was first observed by Leeuwenhoek, 1719 in Citrus seeds. It is of following types.

(a) Simple Polyembryony : Presence of more than one embryo sac and hence oosphere Ex: Brassica.

(b) Mixed Polyembryony : More than one pollen tube entering an ovule and fertilizing synergid or an

antipodal cell Ex: Ulmus.

(c) Cleavage Polyembryony : Cleavage or splitting of one embryo into two or more embryos Ex: Orchids,

Nymphaea, Nicotiana.

(d) Adventitive Polyembryony : Diploid nucellar or integument cells proliferate to form embryos

Ex: Citrus, Opuntia, Mangifera.

In Balanophora, an adventitive embryo can develop from endosperm.

Polyembryony is called true if extra embryos develop from the same embryo sac and false if they are formed

from two different embryosac it is rare in angiosperms.


Read & digest

1. Largest flower is Refflesia (1m) which is total root parasite.

2. Smallest flower is of Wolfia arrhiza.

3. National Flower of India - Lotus.

4. Anthology : Study of flowers.

5. Anthesis : Opening of floral bud

6. Father of Angiosperm embryology in India is P.Maheshwari.

7. Apogamy : It is the formation of sporophyte directly from a gametophyte without fertilization . Haploid

sporophytes do not survive.

8. Apospory : It is the formation of gametophyte directly from sporophyte without meiosis Apospory produces

diploid gametophytes.

9. Parthenogenesis : Development of new individual by any gamete without fertilization is called

parthenogenesis. It is diploid Ex: Apple, Rubus or haploid Ex: lower plants.

10. Longest pollen tube probably occurs in Zea mays (upto 450 mm).

11. Smallest pollen grain is of Myosotis (2.5-3.5 �m) and largest of Mirabilis. (250 �m).

12. The study of pollengrain is called palynology.

13. Erdtman is called father of palynology.

14. Longest pollen are found in Zostera (2500 �m long).

15. In cyperus, out of four pollen in a tetrad, three degenerate and one remain alive thus one meiosis

produces one pollen in cyperus.

16. The study of pollen grains of honey is called as Melittopalynology.

17. Pollen grains of some plants like Chenopodium album, Caynodon dactylon, Amaranthus spinousus,

Sourghum vulgare, Ricinus communis etc. cause allergies. The common allergies are hay fever,

Bronchitis, Depression etc.

18. Nemac Phenomenon : Nemac (1898) observed eight nucleated embryo sac type in the pollen grain of

Hycinthus orientalis.

19. The function of pollen tube is to carry sperm. It is called siphonogamy.

20. G. B.Amici : Firstly observed pollen tube in Portualca.

21. Pomology : The science and practice of fruit culture.

22. Epizoochory : Forced zoochory where animals carry the fruits and seeds over their body due to their

attachment to feet, legs, fur, feathers, etc.

23. Caruncle : An out growth of integument near micropyle or hilum of seed Ex : Castor.

24. Slips : Small pieces or plantlets which can be removed and used for propagation.

25. Hypostase : Group of lignified cells below embryo sac in nucellus is called hypostase. Van Tiegham

coined this term. Hypostase prevents shrinking of embryo sac into the base and also maintains water

balance Ex : Liliaceae and Zingiberaceae.

26. Production of hybrid seeds is costly and hence the cost of hybrid seeds become too expensive

for the farmers. If these hybrids are made into apomicts, there is no segregation of characters in

the hybrid progeny. Then the farmers can keep on using the hybrid seeds to raise new crop year

after year and he does not have to buy hybrid seeds every year. Because of the importance of

apomixis in hybrid seed industry.


Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]

1. What is chalazogamy. Give its an example.

2. Who secrete sporopollenin. Wirte the function of sporopollenin.

3. Define Geitonogamy.

4. What is apomixis?

5. How many gametes take part in double fertilization in angiospermic plant

Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]

6. Describe air layering

7. Differentiates Homogamy and Dichogamy

8. Explain the role of tapetum as Antherwall.

OR

Explain types of grafting

9. Draw the labelled diagram of L.S. of anatropous ovule.

Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions : [03 Mark Each]

10. Differntiates

(a) Perisperm and Pericarp

(b) Coleorhiza and coleoptile

(c) Herkogamy and cleistogamy

(d) Porogamy and mesogamy

11. Explain the development structure of embryo sac with suitable diagram.

12. Explain double fertilization and give its significance.

13. Explain the different types of endosperm

14. Write the three adaptations which favour cross pollination in flowers.

15. Explain the pollination in the following plants

(i) Vallisneria (ii) Yucca (iii) Salvia

16. Describe the development of embryosac of angiospermic plant and draw labelled diagram of structure of

embryo sac.

Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [05 Mark Each]

17. Describe the mature anther with suitable diagram.

18. Describe the development of Dicot embryo in angiospermic plant with diagram

19. Explain the following terms.

(i) Polyembryony (ii) Scutellum (iii) Ornithophily & chiropterophily (iv) Parthenocarpy

(v) Parthenogenesis

20. If the male plant is Hexaploid and female plant is tetraploid. What will be the ploidy level in embryo and

endosperm respectively after fertilization


OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. Which of the following regenerates with the help of layering

(1) Cactus (2) Rose (3) Mango (4) Jasmine

2. Stem cutting are commonly used for propagation of

(1) Banana (2) Rose (3) Mango (4) Cotton

3. Stem cutting is employed in the propagation of-

(1) Banana (2) Mango (3) Sugarcane (4) Cotton

4. Scion is the term used in relation to-

(1) Embryology (2) Grafting (3) Agamospermy (4) Emasculation

5. The most common method of Vegetative propagation described by ancient gardeners is-

(1) Layering (2) Gootee (3) Grafting (4) Ground layering

6. Clone is a group of individuals got through-

(1) Self pollination (2) Cross pollination

(3) Vegetative propagation (4) Hybridisation

7. Grafting is not possible in monocots as they-

(1) Lack cambium (2) Are herbaceous

(3) Have scattered vascular bundles (4) Have parallel venation

8. A piece of Potato tuber will form a new plant if it has-

(1) Branches (2) stored food (3) Roots (4) Scales / eyes

9. Girdling cannot be performed in Sugarcane because its-

(1) Vascular bundles are scattered (2) Phloem is internal to xylem

(3) Sugarcane plants are delicate (4) Inability to bear injury

10. Bulbils occur is-

(1) Cycas (2) Agave (3) Dioscorea (4) All the above

11. Mango and Guava are propagated through-

(1) Tissue culture (2) Grafting (3) stem' cuttings (4) Layering

12. In a grafted plant, stock has 48 chromosomes while scion has 24 chromosomes. The chromosome number

for root cells and eggs are-

(1) 48 and 24 (2) 24 and 24 (3) 24 and 12 (4) 48 and 12

13. In vegetative propagation by tubers, which of following remains constant through generations-

(1) Morphology (2) Vigour only

(3) Vigour and morphology only (4) Morphology, vigour and disease resistance

14. Pomegranate shows.

(1) Air layering (2) Budding (3) Ground layering (4) None


SEXUAL REPRODUCTION : INTRODUCTION

15. Ubish bodies found in tapetal cells help in formation of

(1) Pollenkit and pollinia (2) Exine (3) Sporopollenin (4) Intine and pollenkit

16. Anthesis is

(1) opening of flower bud (2) pollen mother cell under going meiosis

(3) Dehiscence of Anther (4) Stigma becomes receptive

17. The site of meiotic division in higher plants is

(1) Vegetative buds (2) Root tip cells (3) Stomatal cells (4) Spore mother cells

18. Embryology is -

(1) Development of embryo only (2) Mode of gametophyte formation

(3) Sporogenesis and fertilization (4) Sporogenesis, fertilization and embryogenesis

19. Chief function of the flower-

(1) Help in pollination (2) Made the beauty of plant

(3) Help in the reproduction (4) Secrete the enzyme

20. The main plant body of Capsella is -

(1) Gametophyte (2) Sporophyte (3) Both (4) None of the above

21. "Flower is a modified shoot" according to-

(1) Theophrastus (2) Pliny (3) Goethe (4) Dioscorides

22. The floral leaves in flower are generally arranged in-

(1) Three whorls (2) one whorl (3) Two whorls (4) Four whorls

23. Functions of sepals in a flower are -

(1) Photosynthesis (2) Protection (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Sporogenesis

24. When calyx and corolla are undifferentiated then this structure is known as-

(1) Parianth (2) Calyptra (3) Both (4) None

25. The plants which flower only once in their life-

(1) Monocarpic (2) Polycarpic (3) Amphicarpic (4) None

26. Largest pollen grain is found in-

(1) Halophila (2) Myosotis (3) Mirabilis (4) Lodoicea

27. Capsella bursa-pestoris is an angiosperm because it possess-

(1) Seed (2) Pollen grain (3) Vascular tissues (4) Fruit

Male Reproductive Part

28. The total nuclei in mature male gametophyte of an angiosperm are

(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5

29. Compound pollengrains are found in

(1) Calotropis (2) Cyperus (3) Typha (4) None

30. Which layer of anther has fibrous thickening.

(1) Tapetum (2) Middle layer (3) Epidermis (4) Endothecium

31. Pollinium can be seen in

(1) Calotropis (2) Coelogynae (3) Asclepias (4) All the above

32. Which of the following one protect the pollen grain from damaging effects of U.V. Radiations.

(1) Tapetum (2) Endothecium (3) Sporopollenin (4) Pollen kitt


33. The nourishment of developing pollen grains is performed by

(1) Endothecium (2) Microspore Mother cell

(3) Tapetum (4) Pollen tube

34. Sculpturing on the surface of pollen grain is due to the activity of

(1) Foot layer and tactum (2) Baculate layer and tactum

(3) Tactum and sporopollenin (4) Footlayer and Baculate layer.

35. Hay fever (Allergy) is caused due to pollen grains of

(1) Amaranthus (2) Sorghum (3) Ambrosia (4) All the above.

36. On culturing the young anther of a plant a botanist got a few diploid plants along with haploid plants which of

the following might have given the diploid plants :

(1) Exine of pollen grain (2) Vegetative cell of pollen grain

(3) Cells of anther wall (4) Generative cell of pollen grain.

37. Chromosome number in pollen grain is 6. What shall be it’s number in leaf tip cells.

(1) 6 (2) 12 (3) 24 (4) 3

38. Which of the following statement is true.

(1) Pollen tube shows thigmotropic movement before entry in embryo sac.

(2) Perispermic seed is found in castor.

(3) Sporopollein is proteinaceous substance.

(4) Development of Anther is leptosporangiate type.

39. Mature male gametophyte of Angiosperm is

(1) 13 celled (2) 4 celled (3) 5 celled (4) 3 celled

40. Polysiphonous pollen tube is a feature of

(1) Cruciferae (2) Asteraceae (3) Cucurbitaceae (4) Liliaceae

41. Male gametes are formed by

(1) Tube nucleus (2) Generative cell (3) Tapetum (4) None

42. There is an abundant occurrence of fossilised pollen grains since it is resistant due to-

(1) Lignocellulose (2) Sporopollenin (3) Pectocellulose (4) Pectolignin

43. The two major wall layers of pollen grains (Le., exine and intine) are collectively termed as

(1) Sporoderm (2) Sexine (3) Nexine (4) Tectum

44. Male gametophyte of angiosperms is shed at-

(1) Four celled pollen grain (2) Two celled pollen grain

(3) Microspore mother cell (4) Anther

45. How many pollen mother cells will form 1000 pollen grains-

(1) 200 (2) 250 (3) 300 (4) 100

46. Monothecous anthers present in-

(1) Malvaceae (2) Leguminosae (3) Solanaceae (4) Compositae

47. Dimorphic tapetum is present in-

(1) Typha (2) Portulaca (3) Alectra thomsonii (4) Poa

48. All types of pollen tetrads are found in plants of family-

(1) Malvaceae (2) Ranunculaceae (3) Aristolochiaceae (4) Poaceae

49. In a pollen grain, larger nucleus is-

(1) Generative nucleus (2) Vegetative nucleus

(3) Polar nucleus (4) None of these


50. Sculpturing of exine of pollen is of great importance in

(1) Mitotic study (2) Physiological study

(3) Taxonomic study (4) None of these

51. ‘Pollen kitt’ is chiefly made of-

(1) Chlorophylls (2) Lipids (3) Carotenoids (4) Both ‘2’ and ‘3’

52. If sporangia are developed from a single initial cell, the development of sporangia is designated as

(1) Eusporangiate (2) Leptosporangiate (3) Monosporangiate (4) Monocarpic

53. Endothecium, middle layer and tapetum in anther are derived from-

(1) Primary sporogenous layer (2) Primary parietal layer

(3) Both (4) None of the above

54. ‘Callase’ enzyme which dissolve callose of tetrad of microspores to separate 4 microspores is prodvided by -

(1) Pollen grains (2) Middle layer (3) Tapetum (4) Endothecium

55. All the cells of anther are diploid except

(1) Endothecial cells (3) Microspore mother cells

(2) Epidermal cells (4) Pollen grains

56. In angiosperms a mature male gametophyte is formed by-

(1) Only meiotic division (2) One meiotic and two mitotic division

(3) Two mitotic and two meiotic divisions (4) Two mitotic and one meiotic divisions

57. Anther of Arceuthobium plant is

(1) Tetra sporangiate (2) Bisporangiate (3) Monosporangiate (4) Above (1) and (2) both

58. Linear pollen tetrad is found in

(1) Butomopsis (2) Polygonum (3) Magnolia (4) Halophila

59. Which structure secretes sporopollenin

(1) Pollen kitt (2) Exine (3) Ubisch bodies (4) Endothecium

60. Sporopollenin provides resistance to the pollen grain it is chemically

(1) Protein (2) Fatty substance (3) Hetropolysaccharide (4) Homopolysaccharide

61.

In the above diagrams identify i, ii, iii & iv and select the suitable options.

(1) i - Vacuole; ii - symmetrical spindle, iii - Vegetative cell; iv - generative cell

(2) i - Cytoplasm; ii - Asymmetrical spindle, iii - Generative cell; iv - Vegetative cell

(3) i - Nuclei; ii - Symmetrical spindle, iii - Tube cell; iv - Vegetative cell

(4) i - Vacuole; ii -Asymmetrical spindle, iii - Vegetative cell; iv - generative cell


62. Choose incorrect statement.

(1) In western countries, a large number of pollen products in the form of tablets & syrups are available in

market.

(2) Some cereals such as rice and wheat, pollen grains lost viability within one year of their release.

(3) It is possible to store pollen grains of a large number of species for year in liquid nitrogen (–196°C).

(4) Store pollen grains can be used in crop breeding programme.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART

63. Which of the following is diploid

(1) Egg (2) Synergids (3) Antipodal cells (4) Secondary nucleus

64. Perisperm is

(1) Outer part of endosperm (2) Destroyed synergid

(3) Destroyed secondary nucleus (4) remain of nucellus

65. The point where funicle joint with ovule is known as

(1) Chalaza (2) Hilum (3) Microphyle (4) Integument

66. The resupinate ovule is

(1) Anatropous (2) Orthrotropous (3) Amphitropous (4) Circinotropous

67. An orthrotropous ovule is one, in which micropyle and chalaza are

(1) At right angles to funicle (2) Parallel to the funicle

(3) In straight line of funicle (4) Parallel along with ovule

68. The normal or polygonum type of embryo sac is

(1) Monosporic eight nucleate (2) Tetrasporic six nucleate

(3) Monosporic four nucleate (4) Bisporic eight nucleate

69. The function of endothelium is

(1) It protects ovule from toxic substances (2) It helps in fertilization

(3) It provides nutrition to embryosac (4) It takes part in deshiscence of Anther

70. Curvature of ovule is more and embryo sac becomes horse shoe shaped in

(1) Hemitropous ovule (2) Compylotropous ovule

(3) Anatropous ovule (4) Amphitropous ovule

71. The effect of pollen grain on the outside of endosperm is called.

(1) Xenia (2) Metaxenia (3) Nemac phenmenon (4) None

72. If the male plant is tetraploid and female plant is diploid. What will be the ploidy level of endosperm after

fertilization.

(1) 3n (2) 4n (3) 5n (4) 6n

73. Placental or funicular outgrowth present at the micropylar end that directs the passage of pollen tube in to

the ovule is.

(1) Aril (2) Caruncle (3) Obturator (4) Raphe

74. How many megaspore mother cells are required for formation of an egg

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

75. A root cell of an angiospermic plant has 2n = 24 chromosomes. What will no of chromosomes in nucellus cell

(1) 12 (2) 36 (3) 24 (4) 18


76. Ovule turns at more than 360º angle is due to excessive growth of funicle in

(1) Campylotropous ovule (2) Anatropous ovule

(3) Orthotropous ovule (4) Circinotropous ovule

77. Body of ovule is straight but at right angle to the funicle. It is called

(1) Anatropous ovule (2) Amphitropous ovule

(3) Campylotropous ovule (4) hemitropous ovule

78. Number of chromosomes in root cells is 14. What will be the number in synergids.

(1) 14 (2) 21 (3) 7 (4) 28

79. Female gametophyte (Embryo sac) of Angiosperm is

(1) 8 celled, 7 nucleated




80. In which of the following plant, the number of ovules in an ovary may be more than one in

(1) Wheat (2) Paddy (3) Papaya (4) Mango

81. Formation of megaspores from megaspore mother cell is called-

(1) Megagametogenesis (3) Microgametogenesis

(3) Megasporogenesis (4) Microsporogenesis

82. Point out the odd one-

(1) Archegonium (2) Oogonium (3) Ovule (4) Antheridium

83. Polar nuclei are located in-

(1) Pollen tube (2) Embryo sac (3) Ovule (4) Thalamus

84. The part of carpel which serves as a receptive structure for the pollen is called-

(1) Style (2) Stigma (3) Ovules (4) Endosperm

85. The ovule of capsella is-

(1) Bitegmic (2) Unitegmic (3) Ategmic (4) Polytegmic

86. Tenuinucellate ovule is present in members of group-

(1) Polypetalae (2) Monocots (3) Gamopetalae (4) Monochlamydae

87. In the embryo sac of oenothera no. of antipodal cells are-

(1) Three (2) One (3) Two (4) None

88. Caruncle is derived from-

(1) Peduncle (2) Cotyledon (3) Integument (4) none of these

89. Group of lingnified cells above the vascular supply of funiculus, which acts as barrier for the growing

embryo sac into the base is called-

(1) Nucellar beak (2) Epistase (3) Hypostase (4) Perisperm

90. Filiform apparatus is the feature of-

(1) Egg (2) Synergids (3) Antipodal (4) None of these

91. The 2 polar-nuclei of embryo sac are derived from-

(1) Both from mycropylar end

(2) Both from chalazal end

(3) One each from micropylar and chalazal end

(4) None of the above


92. The given figure shows a typical anatropous ovule. What do A, B, C & D represents.

(1) A �Hilum, B �Funicle, C �Nucellus, D �Micropyle

(2) A �Hilum, B �Outer integument, C �Nucellus, D �Micropyle

(3) A �Hilum, B �Outer integument, C �Embryosac, D �Micropyle

(4) None of these

93. Which structure develops into seed-

(1) Ovary (2) Ovule (3) Egg (4) Zygote

94. Ovule of angiosperm can be called as-

(1) megasporangium (2) Megagametangium

(3) Integumented megasporangium (4) Microgametangium

95. In Angiosperms, the functional megaspore of a linear tetrad is the -

(1) First nearest to the micropyle (2) Second from the micropyle

(3) Third from the micropyle (4) Fourth from the micropyle

96. The megasporangium of the angiosperms on maturation gives rise to-

(1) Fruit (2) Seed (3) Embryo (4) Cotyledon

97. Bisporic type of embryo sac is found in-

(1) Polygonum (2) Oenothera (3) Adoxa (4) Allium

98. The given figure shows a mature embryo sac. What do A, B, C & D represents.

(1) A �Embryosac, B �Synergids, C �Central cell, D �Micropylar end

(2) A �Central cell, B �Synergids, C�Central cell, D�Micropylar end

(3) A �Central cell, B �Polar nuclei, C �Central cell, D �Filiform apparatus

(4) A �Central cell, B �Synergids, C�Polar nuclei, D �Filiform apparatus


POLLINATION

99. What is studied under Palynology

(1) Morphology of pollen grain (2) Germination of pollen grain

(3) Development of pollen grain (4) Storage and arrangement of pollen grain

100. Match the column

Column I Columm II

(a) Chiropterophily (i) Bombax ceiba.

(b) Cleistogamy (ii) Calotropis procera

(c) Herkogamy (iii) Kigelia pinnata

(d) Ornithophily (iv) Triticum aestivum

(e) Anemophily (v) Commelina benghalensis

(1) (a) (V), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iv) (2) (a) (iii), (b) (v), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iv)

(3) (a) (ii), (b) (v), (c) (iv), (d) (i), (e) (iii) (4) (a) (iii), (b) (v), (c) (ii), (d) (iv), (e) (i)

101. Flowers never open in

(1) Chasmogamy (2) Herkogamy (3) Cleistogamy (4) None of these

102. Number of prothalial cells in male gametophyte of Angiospermic plant is

(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 1

103. If pollination takes place between the two flowers of same plant, It is known as

(1) Xenogamy (2) Cleistogamy (3) Geitanogamy (4) Herkogamy

104. Pollination by lever mechanism is found in

(1) Ficus (2) Calotropis (3) Salvia (4) Yucca

105. Presence of Natural or physical barriers between Gynoecium and Androecium to avoid self pollination is

called

(1) Self incompatibility (2) Herkogamy (3) Anemophily (4) Cleistogamy

106. Hypohydrophily occurs in

(1) Vallisneria (2) Elodea (3) Ceratophyllum (4) Hydrilla

107. When pollen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of another flower of different plant, the pollination is-

(1) Xenogamy (2) Geitonogamy (3) Homogamy (4) Cleistogamy

108. Translator mechanism occurs in

(1) Ocimum (2) Calotropis (3) Yucca (4) Datura

109. Fig is pollinated by-

(1) Water (2) Wind (3) Insects (4) Self

110. Cliestogamous flowers are present in-

(1) Salvia (2) Commelina (3) Viola (4) 2 & 3 both

111. Pollination by bats is called-

(1) Ornithophily (2) Anemophily (3) Malacophily (4) Chiropterophily

112. Dichogamy favouring cross pollination is type of floral mechanism where -

(1) Anthers and stigma are placed at different levels

(2) Stamens and stigma mature at different times

(3) Structure of anther and stigma” act as barrier

(4) Pollen is unable to germinate on its own stigma

113. Stigma is always rough and sticky in-

(1) Entomophilous flowers (2) Anemophilous flowers

(3) Hydrophilous flowers (4) All types of flowers


114. Fragrant flowers with well developed nectaries are an adaptation for-

(1) Zoophily (2) Anemophily (3) Entomophily (4) Hydrophily

115. Myrmacophily is pollination by-

(1) Ants (2) Moths (3) Birds (4) Bats

116. Pollination by snails and slugs is-

(1) Ornithophily (2) Chiropterophily (3) Entomophily (4) Malacophily

117. Some flowers possess pleasant odour and attractive colours for-

(1) Entomophily (2) Hydrophily (3) Anemophily (4) All of above

118. Contrivance for self pollination is -

(1) Cleistogamy (2) Bisexuality (3) Homogamy (4) All the above

119. Choose the correct statement from the following:

(1) Cleistogamous flowers always exhibit autogamy

(2) Chasmogamous flowers always exhibit geitonogamy

(3) Cleistogamous flowers exhibit both auotogamy and geitonogamy

(4) Chasmogamous flowers never exhibit autogamy

120. From among the situations given below, choose the one that prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy.

(1) Monoecious plant bearing unisexual flowers

(2) Dioecious plant bearing only male or female flowers

(3) Monoecious plant with bisexual flowers

(4) Dioecious plant with bisexual flowers

121. In bisexual flowers when the gynocium matures earliar than the androecium, it is called

(1) Protandry (2) Protogyny (3) Dichogamy (4) Autogamy

FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYOGENESIS

122. Double fertilization was discovered by

(1) Strasburger (2) Nawaschin (3) P. Maheshwari (4) Hofmeister

123. In angiosperms triple fusion is required for the formation of

(1) Embryo (2) Endosperm (3) Seed coat (4) Fruit wall

124. How many cells are present in the female gametophyte of capsella before fertilization

(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) Many

125. How many Nucleus participate in double fertilization of capsella

(1) 2 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 4

126. Who discovered syngamy in angiosperms

(1) Strasburger (2) Coulter and Chamberlen

(3) Nawaschin (4) None of these

127. Pollen tube discharges male gametes in

(1) Central cell (2) Digenerated Synergid

(3) Egg cell (4) Antipodel cell

128. A plant has 24 chromosomes in microspore mother cell. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm will be

(1) 36 (2) 24 (3) 12 (4) 48

129. Development of fruit with out fertilization is

(1) Parthenocarpy (2) Parthenogenesis (3) Sporogamy (4) Autogamy


130. Zygote of Capsella bursapastoris divides through

(1) Longitudinal division (2) Equal transverse division

(3) Unequal transverse division (4) Oblique division

131. The type of embryo development in capsella is

(1) Crucifer (2) Solanoid (3) Asteriod (4) Mixed or irregular

132. Pollen tube is formed by

(1) Intine (2) Generative cell (3) Tube cell (4) None

133. Entry of pollen tube in the ovule through integument is called

(1) Chalazogamy (2) Basigamy (3) Mesogamy (4) Porogamy

134. How many meiosis are required for the formation of 100 grains of wheat.

(1) 100 (2) 200 (3) 150 (4) 125

135. Double fertilization was discovered by nawaschin in

(1) Polygonum, magnolia (2) Lilium, Polygonum

(3) Fritillaria, Lilium (4) Fritillaria, Pepromea

136. In pinus, Leaf cell has 2n = 12 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm cell will be

(1) 18 (2) 24 (3) 12 (4) 6

137. Helobial endosperm is feature of

(1) Cotton (2) Polygonum (3) Datura (4) Asphodelus

138. Endosperm is absent in

(1) Podostemonaceae (2) Orchidaceae (3) Trapaceae (4) All the above

139. Mature endosperm with irregularity and unvenness in its surface is called Ruminate endosperm. It is found

in

(1) Betalnut (2) Maize (3) Coconut (4) Date palm

140. Casuarina shows

(1) Porogamy (2) Mesogamy (3) Chalazogamy (4) Acarogamy

141. Which statement is true

(1) The formation of fruit without fertilization is called parthenocarpy

(2) The membranous coating of radicle in monocot seed is called coleorhiza

(3) The development of new individual plant without meiosis and gametic fusion is called Apomixis

(4) All the above.

142. Siphonogamy is feature of

(1) Bryophytes (2) pteridophyte

(3) Gymnosperm and Angiosperm (4) Algae

143. The phenomenon of pollen tube entering the ovule laterally through integuments is called

(1) Mesogamy (2) Porogamy (3) Chalazogamy (4) None of these

144. Pollen tube enters in embryo sac through

(1) egg cell (2) synergid (3) Antipodel cell (4) Degenerated synergid

145. The effcet of pollen grain on colour of endosperm is called

(1) Position effect (2) Warburg effect (3) Metaxenia (4) Xenia

146. The cells of endosperm have 24 chromosomes. What will be number of chromosomes in the gametes

(1) 8 (2) 16 (3) 72 (4) 24


147. Which of the following secrete chemical substances for attracting pollen tube twoards micropyle of ovule

(1) Obturator (2) Synergid (3) Filiform apparatus (4) Antipodel cells

148. Syngamy is

(1) Fusion of two cells (2) Fusion of two nuclei

(3) Fusion of two gametes (4) Fusion of two gametic nuclei

149. Which one of the following is essential for fertilization-

(1) Corolla (2) Mature ovule (3) Calyx (4) Fruit

150. The fusion product of polars and male gamete is-

(1) Secondary nucleus (2) Triple fusion

(3) Primary endosperm nucleus (4) Zygote

151. After fertilization the seed coat of seeds develop from-

(1) Ovule (2) Integuments (3) Embryosac (4) Funicle

152. How many meiotic divisions are essential for formation of 100 seeds in cyperaceae family-

(1) 100 (2) 125 (3) 150 (4) 200

153. In angiosperms normally after fertilization

(1) The zygote divides earlier than the primary endosperm nucleus

(2) The primary endosperm nucleus divides earlier than the zygote

(3) Both the zygote and primary endosperm nucleus divide simultaneously

(4) Both the zygote and primary endosperm nucleus undergo a resting period

154. Commonly in a mature fertilized ovule n, 2n, and 3n condition is respectively found in

(1) Antipodals, synergids and integuments (2) Egg, nucellus and endosperm

(3) Antipodals, zygote and endosperm (4) Endosperm, nucellus and egg

155. If a leaves of one plant has 50 chromosomes. What would be the number of chromosomes in the endosperm-

(1) 25 (2) 50 (3) 75 (4) None of these

156. If the number of haploid chromosomes in Gymnosperm is 12, then what will be the number of chromo

somes in root and endosperm -

(1) 12, 12 (2) 12, 24 (3) 24, 12 (4) 24, 36

157. In the embryo of a typical dicot and a grass, true homologous structures are:

(1) Coleorhiza and coleoptile (2) Coleoptile and scutellum

(3) Cotyledons and scutellum (4) Hypocotyl and radicle

158. In the flower, if the megaspores forms without meiosis and if one of the megaspores develops into an

embryosac,its nuclei would be :

(1) Haploid (2) Diploid

(3) A few haploid and a few diploid (4) With varying ploidy.

159. Which one of the following pairs of plant structure has haploid number of chromosomes.

(1) Nucellus and antipodal cells (2) Egg nucleus & secondary nucleus

(3) Megaspore mother cell & antipodal cell (4) Egg cell & antipodal cell

160. The nuclei of the sperm & egg fuses as a result of

(1) Base pair relation of DNA & RNA

(2) Formation of hydrogen bonds

(3) Mutual attraction caused by different in electrical charge.

(4) Attraction of protoplasts of egg & sperm.


SEED AND POLYEMBRYONY

161. Number of reduction divisions required to produce 100 seeds

(1) 100 (2) 125 (3) 200 (4) 250

162. In albuminous seeds the food is stored in

(1) Cotyledons (2) Endosperm (3) Plumule (4) Testa

163. Polyembryony was discovered in Citrus by

(1) strasburger (2) Leeuwenhock (3) P.maheshwari (4) Nawaschin


Column-I Column- II

(a) Prepotency (i) shield shaped cotyledon of monocots.

(b) Scutellum (ii) Pinus

(c) Translator mechanism (iii) opening of floral bud

(d) Cleavage polyembryony (iv) Calotropis

(e) Anthesis (v) Apple

(1) (a) ii, (b) i, (c) iv, (d) v, (e) iii

(2) (a) v, (b) i, (c) iv, (d) iii, (e) ii

(3) (a) iii, (b) v, (c) iv, (d) ii, (e) i

(4) (a) v, (b) i, (c) iv, (d) ii, (e) iii

165. Which of the following are fleshy fruits.

(1) guava, orange (2) Mango, Mustard (3) Ground nut, orange (4) All of the them

166. If Diploid embryo is directly formed by megaspore mother cell it is called.

(1) Non recurrent agamospermy (2) adventive embryony

(3) Diplospory (4) Parthenogenesis.

167. How many meiosis are required to produce 50 seeds of tobacco.

(1) 62 (2) 62.5 (3) 63 (4) 50

168. A true seed is

(1) Fertilized ovule (2) Fertilized ovule with embryo

(3) Unfertilized ovule (4) Fertilized ovary

169. In which of the following plants thalamus also contribute to fruit formation.

(1) Straw berry (2) Banana (3) Apple (4) (1) & (3) both

170. Choose correct statements

(a) Seed typically consists of seed coat(s), cotyledon(s) & and embryo axis.

(b) Cotyledons of embryo are simple strucures, generally thick and swollen due to storage of food reserve.

(c) Albuminous seeds have no residual endosperm e.g. pea, groundnut.

(d) Micropyle facilitates entry of O2 & water into the seed during germination.

(1) a, b (2) b, c (3) a, b, c (4) a, b, d

171. Choose correct statement

(a) Recent record of 2000 year old viable seed is of the date palm, phoenix dactylifera discovered during

the archelogical excavation of king herod’s palace near dead sea.

(b) Apomixis–special mechanism to produce seed with fertilization.

(c) Flower is modified leaf

(d) Seed have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats and help the species to colonise in

other area.

(1) a & b (2) a, b, c (3) only a (4) a & d


172. The position of embryonal axis between plumule and cotyledons is called

(1) Hypocotyl (2) Epicotyl (3) Coleorhiza (4) Coleoptile

173.

In the above diagram, Identify the correct Labelling & select the correct option

(1) a - Embryo axis, b - Endosperm, c - Coleorhiza, d - scutellum, e - coleoptile

(2) a - Radicle, b - Aleuron layer, c - Coleorhiza, d - Endosperm, e - Plumula

(3) a - Radicle, b - Endosperm, c - Coleorhiza, d - scutellum, e - Plumule

(4) a - Embryo axis, b - Aleuron layer, c - Root-cap, d - Endosperm, e - Coleoptile


Column-I Column-II

(a) Helobial endosperm (i) Cucurbita

(b) Hypophysis (ii) Areca

(c) Ruminate endosperm (iii) removal of anther from floral bud

(d) Emasculation (iv) Radicle

(e) Mesogamy (v) Asphodelus

(1) a - ii ; b - v ; c - i ; d - iii ; e - iv (2) a - v ; b - iv ; c - ii ; d - iii ; e - i

(3) a - i ; b - v ; c - iv ; d - ii ; e - iii (4) a - v ; b - iv ; c - ii ; d - i ; e - iii

175.

Identify the parts labelled A,B,C,D,E from the list (i- vii) and select the correct options.

Components

(i) Scutellum (ii) Shoot apex (iii) Coleoptile (iv) Radicle

(v) Epiblast (vi) Coleorhiza (vii) Root cap.

A B C D E

(1) iii v i vi vii

(2) iii vi vii ii iv

(3) ii vii vi i v

(4) iii vi vii i iv


176. The micropyle in a seed helps in the entry of-

(1) Water (2) Pollen tube (3) Male gamete (4) None

177. The tegmen of the seed develops from-

(1) Perisperm (2) Funicle (3) Inner integument (4) Outer integument

178. A dicotyledonous plant bears flowers but never produces fruits and seeds. The most probable cause for the

above situation is :

(1) Plant is dioecious and bears only pistillate flowers

(2) Plant is dioecious and bears both pistillate and staminate flowers

(3) Plant is monoecious

(4) Plant is dioecious and bears only staminate flowers.

179. The given figure shows false fruits of apple. What do A, B, C & D represents.

(1) A �Endosperm, B �Thalamus, C �Seed, D �Mesocarp

(2) A �Thalamus, B �Seed, C �Endocarp , D �Achene

(3) A �Thalamus, B �Seed, C �Endocarp, D �Mesocarp

(4) None of these

180. Match column I with column II

Column I Column II

(A) Albuminous seed (i) Pea, ground nut

(B) Non albuminous seed (ii) Wheat, barley

(C) Apomixis (iii) Banana

(D) Parthenocarpic fruit (iv) Asteraceae & grasses

(1) A �(i), B �(iv), C �(iii), D � (ii)

(2) A �(ii), B �(i), C �(iv), D �(iii)

(3) A �(ii), B �(iv), C �(i), D �(iii)

(4) A �(ii), B �(iv), C �(iii), D �(i)

181. Choose wrong pair


OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

oLrqfu"B iz'u ¼OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½

1. Which of the following characteristics of a flower would attract humming birds for pollination but not bees

(NSEB -2010)

(i) Fragrant flowers (ii) Great amount of nectar

(iii) Long tubular flowers (iv) Deep-seated nectary

(v) Petals forming a lip for resting (vi) Yellow petals

(1) (i), (ii) and (v) only (2) (i), (iii) and (iv) only (3) (ii), (iv) and (vi) only (4) (i) and (ii) only

2. Filiform apparatus found during development in angiosperms is a thickening on the (NSEB -2010)

(1) antipodals (2) polar nuclei (3) egg (4) synergids

3. Which of the following is the correct combination of merits of an inflorescence? (NSEB -2011)

i. Flowers can be unisexual

ii. Increased efficiency of polllination

iii. ensuring self pollination and fertility

iv. Attract pollinators easily

(1) i,ii and iv (2) ii,iii and iv (3) ii and iii (4) ii and iv

4. Arrange the embryo-sac development stages of angiosperms in correct order: (INBO- 2012)

(1) v � i � iv � ii � iii � vii � vi � viii (2) viii � v � ii � iv � iii � vii � vi � i

(3) i � ii � iv � v � viii � iii � vii � vi (4) viii � i � v � ii � iv � iii � vi � vii


AIIMS CORNER

1. The cotyledon in monocot plant is one and (AIIMS - 1999)

(1) Lateral (2) Terminal (3) Basal (4) Vertical

2. The root cell of wheat plant has 42 chromosomes. What would be the number of chromosomes in the

synergid cells (AIIMS - 1999)

(1) 7 (2) 14 (3) 21 (4) 28

3. Pollen grain are able to tolerate extremes of temperature and desiccation because their exine consists of

(AIIMS - 2003)

(1) Cutin (2) Suberin (3) Sporopollenin (4) Callose

4. Pollen tube usually enters the embryo sac through (AIIMS - 2004)

(1) one of the synergids (2) Directly penetrates the egg

(3) Between one synergid and central cell (4) By knocking of antipodal cells

5. Double fertilization involves (AllMS - 2005)

(1) Fertilization of egg by two male gametes

(2) Fertilization of two eggs in the same embryo sac by two sperms brought by one pollen tube

(3) Fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by the same pollen tube

(4) Fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by two different pollen tubes.

6. A scion is grafted on a stock.Quality of fruits produced will depend upon genotypes of (AIIMS - 2006)

(1) Scion (2) Stock (3) 1 & 2 both (4) None of these

7. Match the following ovular structure with post fertilization structure and select the correct alternative.

(a) Ovule 1. Endosperm (AIIMS - 2007)

(b) Funiculus 2. Aril

(c) Nucellus 3. Seed

(d) Polar nuclei 4. Perisperm

(1) a–3, b–2, c–4 , d–1 (2) a–3, b–2, c–1, d–4

(3) a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 (4) a–2, b–3, c–1, d–4

8. The plant part which consists of two generations one within the other, is (AIIMS - 2008)

(1) Embryo (2) Germinated pollen grain

(3) Unfertilized ovule (4) Seed

9. Which one of the following pairs of plant structures has haploid number of chromosomes? (AIIMS 2008)

(1) nucellus and antipodal cells.

(3) egg nucleus and secondary nucleus.

(2) megaspore mother cell and antipodal cells.

(4) egg cell and antipodal cells.


10. The given figure shows L.S of the seed of maize. What do A, B, C and D represent? (AIIMS 2010)

(1) A : endosperm, B : scutellum, C: plumule, D : coleoptile

(2) A : scutellum, B : pericarp, C : radicle, D : coleoptile

(3) A: endosperm, B : scutellum, C : radicle, D : coleorrhiza

(4) A : scutellum, B : peri carp, C : plumule, D : coleorrhiza

11. The normal type of embryo sac is 8-nucleated and (AIIMS 2011)

(1) 8-celled (2) 7-celled (3) 6-celled (4) 5-celled

12. Embryo sac is (AIIMS 2011)

(1) megaspore (2) microgametophyte (3) female gametophyte (4) megasporangium

13. Feathery stigma belongs to

(1) wheat (2) pea (3) Datura (4) Caesalpinia

14. A fertilized egg of a plant has 40 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes present in the microspore

mother cell is

(1) 20 (2) 40 (3) 60 (4) 80

15. Chasmogamy refers to the condition where (AIIMS 2012)

(1) Flowers remains closed (2) Flowers are absent

(3) Flowers are open (4) Flower are gamopetalous

In each of the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by a corresponding

statement of Reason (R) just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as

(1) If both Assertion and Resaon are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion

(2) If both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion

(3) If assertion is true but Reason is false

(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

16. Assertion : Mostly in a tetrad, all microspores are free

Reason : Compound pollen grain and pollinium are formed by grouping of microspores

(1) (2) (3) (4)

17. Assertion : Pollen wall is made up of two walls the intine and the exine

Reason : Both has depositions of sporopollenin.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

18. Assertion : Most common type of ovule is anatropous

Reason : Anatropous ovule is horse -shoe shaped

(1) (2) (3) (4)


19. Assertion : Commelina benghalensis has both self and cross pollinated flowers.

Reason : One is chasmogamous type and the other is cleistogamous

(1) (2) (3) (4)

20. Assertion : Nuclear endosperm is formed by subsequent nuclear division without wall formation.

Reason : Coconut is an example of such endosperm, where the endosperm remains nuclear throughout

the development of the fruit.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

21. Assertion : Homogamy is not essential for self pollination.

Reason : Underdeveloped pollen grains can also complete pollination.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

22. Assertion : In angiosperm the ovule developed into a seed after fertilization.

Reason : Fertilization is not essential for the development of fruit.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

23. Assertion : A pollen grain of angiosperm is considered as the male gametophyte

Reason : All the nuclei of the pollen grain produce male gametes

(1) (2) (3) (4)

24. Assertion : Flowers are structures of sexual reproduction

Reason : Various embryological processes of plants occur in the flower

25. Assertion : Pollen grain is known as first cell of female gametophyte

Reason : Pollen grains are formed by microgametogenesis

(1) (2) (3) (4)

26. Assertion : Protandry and protogyny ensures cross fertilization. (AIIMS 2009)

Reason : Cross fertilization introduces variation in progeny.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

27. Assertion : Pollen mother cells (PMCs) are the first male gametophytic cells.

Reason : Each PMC gives rise to two pollens (AIIMS 2009)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

28. Assertion : Commelina shows cieistogamy. (AIIMS 2010)

Reason : This reduces chances of inbreeding.

(1) (2) (3) (4)


PART- 1

1. Which is the characteristics for Ornithophily (AIPMT - 1999)

(1) Scented flowers

(2) Bright red coloured flowers and inflorescence

(3) White coloured funnel shaped large corolla

(4) Yellow flower with nectaries at the base of the corolla tube

2. Double fertilization involves (AIPMT- 2000]

(1) Fusion of secondary nucleus with both male gametes.

(2) Fusion of secondary nucleus with one male gamete.

(3) Fusion of one nucleus withone male gamete.

(4) Any of the above

3. Anemophily occurs in (AIPMT - 2001)

(1) Salvia (2) Bottle brush (3) Date palm (4) Vallisneria

4. What is the direction of micropyle in anatropous ovule (AIPMT - 2002)

(1) Upward (2) Downward (3) Right (4) left

5. Which type of association is found in between entomophilous flower and pollinating agent (AIPMT - 2002)

(1) Mutualism (2) Commesnsalism (3) Co-operation (4) Co-evolution

6. In flowering plants Archesporium gives rise to (AIPMT - 2003)

(1) Wall of sporangium (2) Both wall and sporgenous cells

(3) Wall and tapetum (4) Tapetum and sporogenous cells

7. A diploid female plant is crossed with tetraploid male. The ploidy of endosperm will be (AIPMT - 2003)

(1) Tetraploidy (2) Pentaploidy (3) Triploidy (4) Diploidy

8. Secondary nucleus present in the middle of embryo sac is (AIPMT - 2003)

(1) Tetraploid (2) Triploid (3) Diploid (4) Haploid

9. In oogamy, fertilization occurs between (AIPMT - 2004)

(1) Small non-motile female gamete and large motile male gamete

(2) Large non-motile female gamete and small motile male gamete

(3) A large non-motile female gamete and a small non-motile male gamete

(4) A large motile female gamete and a small non-motile male gamete

10. In which one part both the plants can be vegetatively propagated by leaf segments (AIPMT - 2005)

(1) Agave and Kalanchoe (2) Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe

(3) Asparagus and Bryophyllum (4) Chrysanthemum and Agave

11. In a type of apomixis known as adventitive embryony, embryos develop directly from (AIPMT - 2005)

(1) Nucellus or integument (2) Zygote

(3) Synergids of antipodals of embryo sac (4) Accessory embryo sace in the ovule.

12. Arangement of nuclei in normal dicot embryo sac is (AIPMT - 2006)

(1) 3 + 3 +2 (2) 2 + 4 + 2 (3) 3 + 2 + 3 (4) 3 + 3 + 3


13. What would be number of chromosomes in the cells of aleurone layer in plant species have 8 chromo-

somes in its synergids (AIPMT - 2006)

(1) 8 (2) 16 (3) 24 (4) 32.

14. Parthenocarpic fruits are produced by (AIPMT - 2006)

(1) Treating plants with phenyl Mercuric acetate

(2) Treating plants with low concentrations of gibberellic acid and auxin

(3) Removing androecium of flowers before release of pollen grains

(4) Raising plants from vernalised seeds.

15. Which one is surrounded by callose wall (AIPMT - 2007)

(1) Male gamete (2) Pollen grain

(3) Egg (4) Microspore mother cell.

16. Endosperm is consumed by developing embryo in the seed of (AIPMT - 2008)

(1) Coconut (2) Pea (3) Maize (4) Castor

17. Unisexulity of flowers prevents (AIPMT - 2008)

(1) Getionogamy but not xenogamy (2) Autogamy and geitonogamy

(3) Autogamy but not geitonogamy (4) Bot getionogamy and xenogamy

18. Which one of the following is resistant to enzyme action (AIPMT - 2008)

(1) Pollen exine (2) Leaf cuticle (3) Cork (4) Wood fibre

19. An example of a seed with endosperm, perisperm, and caruncle is: (AIPMT - 2009)

(1) castor (2) cotton (3) coffee (4) lily

20. Apomictic embryos in citrus arise from (AIPMT - 2010)

(1) Maternal sporophytic tissue in ovule (2) Antipodal cells

(3) Diploid egg (4) Synergids

21. Wind pollinated flowers are (AIPMT - 2010)

(1) Small, producing large number of dry pollen grains

(2) large producing abundant nectar and pollen

(3) Small, producing nectar and dry pollen

(4) Small, brightly coloured, producing large number of pollen grains

22. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is called

(AIPMT - 2010)

(1) Geitonogamy (2) Karyogamy (3) Autogamy (4) Xenogamy

23. ‘ Filiform apparattus is a characteristic feature of: (AIPMT - 2011)

(1) Suspensor (2) Egg (3) Synergid (4) Zygote

24. Nucellar polyembryony is reported in species (AIPMT - 2011)

(1) Citrus (2) Gossypium (3) Triticum (4) Brassica

25. In which one of the following pollination is autogamous (AIPMT - 2011)

(1) Geitonogamy (2) Xenogamy (3) Chasmogamy (4) Cleistogamy

26. Wind pollination is common in : (AIPMT - 2011)

(1) Legumes (2) Lilies (3) Grasses (4) Orchids

27. Both, autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented in - (AIPMT pre. - 2012)

(1) Papaya (2) Cucumber (3) Castor (4) Maize


28. An organic substance that can withstand environmental extremes and cannot be degraded by any enzyme

is : (AIPMT pre. - 2012)

(1) Cuticle (2) Sporopollenin (3) Lignin (4) Cellulose

29. The gynoecium consists of many free pistils in flowers of (AIPMT pre. - 2012)

(1) Aloe (2) Tomato (3) Papaver (4) Michelia

30. Even in absence of pollinating agents seed setting is assured in (AIPMT pre. - 2012)

(1) Commellina (2) Zostera (3) Salvia (4) Fig

31. Which one of the following statements is wrong ? (AIPMT main - 2012)

(1) When pollen is shed at two-celled stage, double fertilization does not take place.

(2) Vegetative cell is larger than generative cell.

(3) Pollen grains in some plants remain viable for months.

(4) Intine is made up of cellulose and - pectin.

32. Plants with ovaries having only one or a few ovules, are generally pollinated by : (AIPMT main - 2012)

(1) Bees (2) Butterflies (3) Birds (4) Wind

33. What is the function of germ pore ? (AIPMT main - 2012)

(1) Emergence of radicle (2) Absorption of water for seed germination

(3) Initiation of pollen tube (4) Release of male gametes

34.. Anemophilous flowers have (AFMC - 1999)

(1) Sessile stigma (2) Small smooth stigma

(3) Coloured flower (4) Large feathery stigma

35. In monocot grafting is almost impossible because they lack (AFMC - 1999)

(1) Cambium (2) Ground tissue (3) Vascular bundle (4) Parenchymatous cells

36. The sausage tree (kigelia pinnate) is pollinated by (BHU - 2000)

(1) Bat (2) Bird (3) Wind (4) Water

37. Embryosac of Capsella is (RPMT - 2000)

(1) Diploid (2) Haploid (3) Both 1 & 2 (4) Polyploid

38. Tapetum is a part of (MPPMT - 2000)

(1) Male gametophyte (2) Female gametophyte

(3) Ovary wall (4) Anther wall

39. The arrangement of megaspores in a tetrad in an angiosperm is (CPMT - 2000)

(1) Decussate (2) Tetrahedral (3) Linear (4) Isobilateral

40. Egg apparatus consists of (AFMC - 2001)

(1) Egg (2) Egg & Polar nuclei (3) Egg & Synergids (4) Egg & Antipodal cells

41. What is the liquid part of green coconut (RPMT - 2001)

(1) Endosperm (2) Female gametophyte (3) Nucellus (4) Embryo

42. In Casuarina fertilization occurs by (BHU - 2002)

(1) Chalazogamy (2) Mesogamy (3) Porogamy (4) Apogamy

43. Pollen grains are (RPMT - 2002)

(1) Male gamete (2) Male gametopohyte

(3) Non-functional megaspore (4) Nucelus


44. Seed coat is formed by (RPMT - 2002)

(1) Integument (2) Nucellus (3) fruit wall (4) None

45. Wind pollinated flowers are (Manipal - 2003)

(1) Small, scented and colourless (2) Small, nonscented and colourless

(3) Big, scented and coloured (4) Big, nonscented and colourless

46. Plant propagated by leaves is (DPMT - 2003)

(1) Kalanchoe (2) Agave (3) Potato (4) Gladiolus.

47. Virus free culture is got from (HPMT - 2003)

(1) Primary root (2) Pith of stem (3) apical cells (4) Lamina cells.

48. Radicle end of embryo is towards (Wardha - 2003)

(1) Hilum (2) Chalaza (3) Funicle (4) Micropyle

49. In a moncot, endosperm cells have 24 chromosomes. What shall be the chromosome number in embryo

(B.V. - 2003)

(1) 24 (2) 16 (3) 12 (4) 8

50. Ovule integument gets transformed into (C.M.C. - 2003)

(1) Seed (2) Seed coat (3) Fruit wall (4) Cotyledons

51. Pollination between flowers of the same plant is (AMU - 2003)

(1) Autogamy (2) Chasmogamy (3) Geitonogamy (4) Cleistogamy

52. In 82% of angiosperm families, ovule is (AMU - 2003)

(1) Anatropous (2) Orthotropous (3) Amphitropous (4) Circinotropous

53. Tapetal cells of stamens are (AMU - 2003)

(1) Diploid uninucleate (2) Tetraploid binucleate

(3) Hexaploid tetranucleate (4) Polyploid multinucleate

54. Vegetative fertilization, which involves formation of endosperm, is fusion of (JKCMEE - 2003)

(1) One male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus

(2) Two vegetative cells

(3) Two male gametes

(4) Female gamete with secondary nucleus.

55. Largest cell of the ovule is (JKCMEE - 2003)

(1) megaspore mother cell (2) Antipodal cell

(3) Central cell (4) Size of cells variable

56. Entry of pollen tube through chalazal end is (Orissa - 2003)

(1) Syngamy (2) Porogamy (3) Mesogamy (4) Basigamy

57. Device for self pollination is (JKCMEE - 2004)

(1) Heterostyly (2) Dicliny (3) Unisexuality (4) None of the above

58. Rarely in angiosperms, the pollen tube develops further in embryo sac. The abnormality is called

(CPMT - 2004)

(1) Metaxenia (2) Nemec phenomenon

(3) Xenia (4) Mesogamy

59. In flowering plants, meiosis takes place during (J.K.C.M.E.R. - 2004)

(1) Pollen grain formation (2) Seed formation

(3) Gamete formation (4) Seed germination


60. The process by which haploid embryo is formed from haploid egg without fertilization is called

(Kerala - 2004)

(1) Apospory (2) Apogamy

(3) Agamospermy (4) Vegetative reproduction

61. Development of seedless fruit in an unfertlized flower is called

(J.K.C.M.E.E. - 2005, Har. P.M.T. - 2005, H.P.P. M.T. - 2007)

(1) Parthenocarpy (2) Sporophytic budding (3) Polyembryony (4) Micropropagation

62. Which of the following statements is true with reference to cross pollination (Karnataka - 2005)

(1) It most often results in higher yield of plants

(2) It occurs only in unisexual flowers

(3) It can fail to occur due to distance

(4) It requires production of large number of pollen grains

63. Pollen grains are produced in (H. PMT - 2005)

(1) Ovary (2) Pollen sac (3) Filament (4) Stigma

64. For self pollination, a flower should be (H. PMT - 2005)

(1) Asexual (2) Monosexual (3) Unisexual (4) Bisexual

65. part which is grafted on the stump of another plant is called (H. PMT - 2005)

(1) Graft (2) Bulbil (3) Scion (4) Stock

66. In Cucumber, pollen tube enters embryo sac through (Manipur - 2005)

(1) Integuments (2) Mcropyle (3) Endosperm (4) Chalaza

67. Cleistogamous flowers are (Karnataka - 2006)

(1) Wind pollinated (2) Insect pollinated (3) Bird pollinated (4) Self pollinated

68. Grafting is not successful in monocots but is successful in dicots because they have (Karnataka - 2006)

(1) Vascular bundles arranged in a ring (2) Cambium for secondary growth

(3) Vessels with elements arranged end to end (4) Cork cambium

69. Match the columns (Kerala - 2006)

I II

a. Zoophily 1. Pollination by birds

b. Ornithophily 2. Pollination by insects

c. Entomophily 3. Pollination by bats

d. Chiropterophily 4. Pollination by animals.

(1) (a) — (3), (b) — (2), (c) — (1), (d) — (4)

(2) (a) — (1), (b) — (2), (c) — (3), (d) — (4)

(3) (a) — (4), (b) — (1), (c) — (2), (d) — (3)

(4) (a) — (4), (b) — (2), (c) — (1), (d) — (3)

70. Angiospermic plant with 24 chromosomes in microspore mother cells will have chromosomes in its endosperm

(B.V. - 2006)

(1) 12 (2) 24 (3) 36 (4) 48

71. In angiosperms, endosperm is formed by (A.M.U.P.M.D.C. - 2006)

(1) Division of fused polar nuclei

(2) Free nuclear division of magespore

(3) Division of fused synergids and male gamete

(4) Division of fused polar nuclei and male gamete


72. Ruminate endosperm occurs in (BHU - 2006)

(1) Cruciferae (2) Euphorbiaceae (3) Asteraceae (4) Annonaceae.

73. What would be number of chromosomes in aleurone layer if megaspore mother cell contains 10 chromosomes

(Orissa - 2006)

(1) 10 (2) 20 (3) 15 (4) None of hte above

74. Fusion of a male gamete with egg in embryo sac is (HPPMT - 2007)

(1) Autogamy (2) Syngamy (3) Double fertlisation (4) Triple fusion

75. Duirng development of male gametophyte from pollen mother cell, there occurs (Gujarat - 2007)

(1) Two meiotic divisions and one mitotic division

(2) Two mitotic divisions

(3) One meiotic and two mitotic division

(4) One meiotic cell dvision and one mitotic cell division

76. Mele gametes are formed by [M.H. 2007, MPPMT 2007,AIPMT 2007]

(1) Pollen cell (2) Generative cell

(3) Pollen tube cell (4) Pollen mother cell

77. Embryo sac develops from megaspore mother cell through (M.H. - 2007)

(1) 1 meiosis and 2 mitosis

(2) 1 meiosis and 3 mitosis

(3) 1 meiosis and two mitosis

(4) 1 meiosis and 2 mitosis.

78. Versatile anthers are connected with (M.H. - 2007)

(1) Entomophily (2) Malacophily (3) Ornithophily (4) Anemophily

79. Eight nucleate embryosacs are (AFMC - 2007)

(1) Always monosporic

(2) Always bisporic

(3) Always tetrasporic

(4) Sometimes monosporic, sometimes, bisporic and sometimes tetrasporic.

80. Double fertilization leading to initiation of endosperm in angiosperms requires (AFMC - 2007)

(1) Fusion of one polar nucleus and second male gamete only

(2) Fusion of two polar nuclei and second male gamete only

(3) Fusion of 4 or more polar nuclei and second male gamete only

(4) All the above type of fusions in different types of angiosperms.

81. Anemophilous type of pollination is found in (AFMC - 2007)

(1) Coconut (2) Salvia (3) Bottle brush (4) Vallisneria

82. Entry of pollen tube through micropyle is (MHT. CET - 2008)

(1) Chalazogamy (2) mesogamy (3) Porogamy (4) Pseudogamy

83. Plants with poor root system are propagated through (MHT. CET - 2008)

(1) Layering (2) Leaf cutting (3) Stem cutting (4) Grafting

84. Nutritive layer of anther wall is (MHT. CET - 2008]

(1) Epidermis (2) Endothecium (3) tapetum (4) Archesporium

85. Suspensor of embryo is formed by (MHT. CET - 2008]

(1) Basal cell (2) Apical cell (3) Terminal cell (4) Hypophysis


86. Pollen grain of an angiosperm represents (MHT. CET - 2008)

(1) Microsporophyll (2) Megasporophyll (3) Female gametophyte (4) Male gametophyte

87. In the monocotyledonous seeds the endosperm is seperated from the embryo by a distinct layer known as

(K.PMT - 2008)

(1) Testa (2) Tegmen

(3) Aleurone layer (4) Scutellum

88. Choose the mismatched option (KPMT - 2008)

(1) Wind-cannabis-anemophily (2) Water-Zostera-hydrophily

(3) Insects–Salvia-entomophily (4) Birds-Adonsonia-ornithophily

89. A gymnospermic leaf carries 16 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm is

(BHU - 2008)

(1) 8 (2) 12 (3) 16 (4) 24

90. The seed which have separate endosperm (BHU - 2008)

(1) maize (2) Onion (3) Rice (4) Bean

91. Micropyle occurs in (BHU - 2008)

(1) Seeds (2) Ovule (3) Ovary (4) Stigma

92. 'Ruminate endosperm' is found in (BCECE pre.- 2010)

(1) Cruciferae (2) Asteraceae (3) Euphorbiaceae (4) Annonaceae

93. For production of haploids, we culture (BCECE pre.- 2010)

(1) Shoot tip (2) anther (3) root tip (4) None of these

94. What does the filiform apparatus do at the entrance into ovule (BHU Pre.- 2010)

(1) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into a synergid

(2) It prevents entry of more than one pollen tube into the embryo sac

(3) It brings about opening of the pollen tube

(4) It guides pollen tube from a synergid to egg

95. A plant cell has potential to develop into a full plant. This is called (BHU Pre.- 2010)

(1) totipotency (2) gene cloning (3) tissue culture (4) regeneration

96. Xenia refers to effect of pollen on (BCECE Mains.- 2010)

(1) stem (2) taste of fruit (3) vascular tissue (4) endosperm

97. 200 seeds are produced from how many fruits of maize (BCECE pre.- 2011)

(1) 200 (2) 100 (3) 50 (4) 5

98. An orthotropous ovule has micropyle and chalaza (BHU Pre.- 2011)

(1) parallel to funicle (2) parellel alongwith ovule

(3) at right angle to funicle (4) in straight line with funicle

99. An angiosperm leaf has 120 chromosomes, its endosperm will have (BCECE Mains.- 2011)

(1) 120 (2) 240 (3) 180 (4) 360

100. Perisperm is (BCECE Mains.- 2011)

(1) outer part to embryo sac (2) degenerate synergid

(3) degenerate secondary nucleus (4) remains of nucellus


PART- 2

2008

1. Strawberry is sweet and eaten raw just like any other fruit. Why do botanists call it a false fruit?

(1 Marks)

2. (a) Draw a schematic labelled diagram of a fertilised embryo sac of an Angiosperm.

(b) Describe the stages in embryo development in a dicot plant. (5 Marks)

2009

3. Enumerate any six adaptive floral characteristics of a wind pollinated plant. (3 Marks)

4. (5 Marks)

(a) With the help of a labelled diagram depict the organization of a typical embryo just after double

fertilization.

(b) How are seeds advantageous to angiosperms?

2010

5. If you squeeze a seed of orange you might observe many embryos of different sizes. How is it possible?

Explain. (2 Marks)

6. (i) Write the characteristic features of anther, pollen and stigma of wind pollinated flowers.

(ii) How do flowers reward their insect pollinators ? Explain. (3 Marks)

7. Describe in sequence the events that lead to the development of a 3-celled pollen grain from microspore

mother cell in angiosperms. (5 Marks)

2011

8. Normally one embryo develops in one seed but when an orange seed is squeezed many embryos of

different shapes and sizes are seen. Mention how it has happened. (1 Marks)

9. Differentiate between albuminous and non-albuminous seeds, giving one example of each. (2 Marks)

10. Draw a diagram of a male gametophyte of an angiosperm. Label any four parts. (3 Marks)

11. Why is sporopollenin considered the most resistant organic material ? (3 Marks)

2012

12. Why is banana considered a good example of parthenocarpy ? (1 Marks)

13. State one advantage and one disadvantage of cleistogamy. (2 Marks)

14. Explain the function of each of the following : (3 Marks)

(a) Coleorhiza (b) Caruncle (c) Germpores

15. (5 Marks)

(a) Why is fertilisation in an angiosperm referred to as double fertilisation ? Mention the ploidy of the

cells involved.

(b) Draw a neat labelled sketch of L.S. of an endospermic monocot seed.


BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE : HINT & SOLUTIONS

1. Pollen tube enters in ovule through chalaza end Ex : Casuarina, Walnut (Juglans regea).

2. Ubisch body secrete sporopollenin.Sporopollenin is resistant to physical and biological decomposition. It is

a fatty substance. So pollenwall is preserved for long periods in fossil deposits. sporopollenin is one of the

most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali.

3. Pollination occurs between the two flowers of the same plant (genetically self pollination and ecologically

cross pollination).

4. Asexual reproduction is the mode of formation of new individuals by a parent, without the meiotic forma-

tion of gametes and their fusion. It is also called apomixis.

5. Five gametes (nuclei) take part in double fertilization in angiospermic plant.

6. Gootee(air layering) - It is practised in Litchi, Pome-granate etc., Which do not possess branches near the

ground. A ring of bark is removed from the base of an aerial branch for a distance of 2 - 5 cm. It is covered

with moist grafting clay (2 parts clay, 1 part cowdung, some fine cut hay, moss or cotton) with small amount

of root promoting hormone. The area is then wrapped in polythene paper to prevent desiccation. The

injured area develops roots after 1- 3 months.The branch is cut below it and planted.

7. In homogamy male and female reproductive parts in bisexual flowers mature at the same time but in Anther

and stigma of bisexual flowers mature at different time. Ex. of homogamy - Convolvulus, Gardenia,

Catharanthus, Mirabilis. Ex. of Dichogamy-Sunflower, Cotton, Aristolochia, Magnolia.

8. The tapetum is concerned with transportation of nutrient, contribution of sporopollenin, transport of pollenkitt

substances and storage of reserve food which is used by the developing pollen grains.

OR

See page no. 3, 4

9. See Page No. 10

10. (a)

(b)


(c)

Herkogamy : It is the presence of natural and physical barriers between androecium and gynoecium

which help in avoiding self pollination Ex: Calotropis, orchids.

Cleistogamy : Sometimes bisexual flowers remain closed and never open, such flowers are known as

cleistogamous Ex : Pisum, Lathyrus.

(d) Porogamy : It is the most common type In which pollen tube enters in ovule through micropyle.

Mesogamy : Pollen tube enters in the ovule either through integuments Ex : Cucurbita & Populus or

through funicle Ex : Pistacia.

11. See Pg. No. 13

12. See pg. no. 18

13. See pg. no. 18

14. (i) Unisexuality or Dicliny

(ii) Dichogamy or Hetrogamy

(iii) Herkogamy

15. See pg. no. 15-16

16. See pg. no. 12-13

17. See pg. no. 6

18. See pg. no. 19

19. (i) Polyembryony - see pg. no. 21

(ii) Scutellum - The terminal cell of three celled proembryo develops into single cotyledon which is also

known as scutellum.

(iii) Ornithophily - Pollination by birds is called ornithophily or Bird pollination. Flowers are tubular or cup

shaped or urn shaped.

Chiropterophily - Pollination is performed by bat. Flowers are dull in colour with strong odour, abundant

nectar

(iv) Parthenocarpy - It is an economically important process in which seedless fruit is formed without

fertilization, for example - banana.

(v) Parthenogenesis - Development of new individual by any gamete without fertilization is called partheno-

genesis. It is diploid Ex: Apple, Rubus or haploid Ex: lower plants.

20. 1st male gamete (3n) + egg (2n) = zygote (5n) - 1st cell of embryo

2nd male gamete (3n) + secondary nucleus (4n) = endosperm (7n)


EXERCISE - 1

1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (3) 7. (1)

8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (4) 11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (4) 14. (1)

15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (3) 20. (2) 21. (3)

22. (4) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (1) 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (2)

29. (3) 30. (4) 31. (4) 32. (4) 33. (3) 34. (2) 35. (4)

36. (3) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (4) 40. (3) 41. (2) 42. (2)

43. (1) 44. (2) 45. (2) 46. (1) 47. (3) 48. (3) 49. (2)

50. (3) 51. (4) 52. (2) 53. (2) 54. (3) 55. (4) 56. (2)

57. (3) 58. (4) 59. (3) 60. (2) 61. (4) 62. (2) 63. (4)

64. (4) 65. (2) 66. (1) 67. (3) 68. (1) 69. (3) 70. (4)

71. (2) 72. (2) 73. (3) 74. (1) 75. (3) 76. (4) 77. (4)

78. (3) 79. (2) 80. (3) 81. (3) 82. (4) 83. (2) 84. (2)

85. (1) 86. (3) 87. (4) 88. (3) 89. (3) 90. (2) 91. (3)

92. (1) 93. (2) 94. (3) 95. (4) 96. (2) 97. (4) 98. (4)

99. (1) 100. (2) 101. (3) 102. (1) 103. (3) 104. (3) 105. (2)

106. (4) 107. (1) 108. (2) 109. (3) 110. (4) 111. (4) 112. (2)

113. (4) 114. (3) 115. (1) 116. (4) 117. (1) 118. (4) 119. (1)

120. (2) 121. (2) 122. (2) 123. (2) 124. (3) 125. (2) 126. (1)

127. (2) 128. (1) 129. (1) 130. (3) 131. (1) 132. (3) 133. (3)

134. (4) 135. (3) 136. (4) 137. (4) 138. (4) 139. (1) 140. (3)

141. (4) 142. (3) 143. (1) 144. (4) 145. (4) 146. (1) 147. (3)

148. (3) 149. (2) 150. (3) 151. (2) 152. (4) 153. (2) 154. (3)

155. (3) 156. (3) 157. (3) 158. (2) 159. (4) 160. (4) 161. (2)

162. (2) 163. (2) 164. (4) 165. (1) 166. (3) 167. (3) 168. (2)

169. (4) 170. (4) 171. (4) 172. (2) 173. (3) 174. (2) 175. (4)

176. (1) 177. (3) 178. (4) 179. (3) 180. (2) 181. (4)

EXERCISE - 2

1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (4)

EXERCISE - 3

1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (1)

8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (2)

15. (3) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (3) 21. (4)

22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (3) 26. (2) 27. (4) 28. (3)


EXERCISE - 4

PART- 1

1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (2) 7. (1)

8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (2) 11. (1) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (2)

15. (4) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (1)

22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (4) 26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (2)

29. (4) 30. (1) 31. (1) 32. (4) 33. (3) 34. (4) 35. (1)

36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (4) 39. (2) 40. (3) 41. (1) 42. (1)

43. (2) 44. (1) 45. (2) 46. (1) 47. (3) 48. (4) 49. (2)

50. (2) 51. (3) 52. (1) 53. (4) 54. (1) 55. (3) 56. (4)

57. (4) 58. (2) 59. (1) 60. (3) 61. (1) 62. (4) 63. (2)

64. (4) 65. (3) 66. (1) 67. (4) 68. (4) 69. (3) 70. (3)

71. (4) 72. (4) 73. (3) 74. (2) 75. (3) 76. (2) 77. (2)

78. (4) 79. (4) 80. (2) 81. (1) 82. (3) 83. (4) 84. (3)

85. (1) 86. (4) 87. (4) 88. (1) 89. (1) 90. (1) 91. (2)

92. (4) 93. (2) 94. (1) 95. (1) 96. (4) 97. (1) 98. (4)

99. (3) 100. (4)

PART- 2

1. Strawberry is sweet and eaten raw just like any other fruit it is called false fruit because in its

development accessory floral parts take part other than ovary.

2. (a) See pg. no. 17

(b) See pg. no. 17

3. Adaptive floral characteristics of a wind pollinated plant -

(i) The flowers are small and inconspicuous

(ii) The pollen grains are light and non-sticky so that they can be easily transported by wind.

(iii) They have well-exposed stamens so that pollens get easily dispersed.

(iv) The pollen grains are dry and unwettable to prevent pollens from gaining moisture from air.

(v) They often have feathery stigma to catch the pollens grains.

(vi) The pistil usually has single ovule in each ovary.

4. (a) See pg. no. 19-20

(b)

(i) Seeds posses better adaptive strategies for dispersal to form a new colony.

(ii) The reserve food of seed support the growth of seedling till they become nutritionally independent.

(iii) The hard seed coats (testa + tegmen) provide protection against injury.

(iv) They provide genetic recombination and variation as they are the product of sexual reproduction.

(v) Seeds are stored to be consumed throughout the year, to overcome drought and natural calamities.

5. If we squeeze a seed of orange, we observe many embryos of different size it occurs because an

orange contain seeds with more than one embryo so that it shows polyembryony.

6. (i) characteristic features of wind pollinated flowers.

Anther - Stamens are well exposed for easy dispersal of pollen grain in wind.

Pollen - Pollen grains are non sticky, light in weight, dry and winged.

Stigma - The stigma is sticky large and feathery to trep pollen grains floating in air.


(ii) Insect pollinators are rewarded in flowering, in following ways -

(a) The flowers offer floral reward like nectar and pollen grain.

(b) In some species floral reward provides safe place to lay eggs.

7. See pg. no. 9

8. If we squeeze a seed of orange, we observe many embryos of different size it occurs because an

orange contain seeds with more than one embryo so that it shows polyembryony.

9. See pg. no. 20

10. See pg. no. 8-9

11. See pg. no. 8

12. Banana is a good example of parthenocarpy because it develops only from the ovary without the

fertilisation, so called parthenocarpic and seedless.

13. Advantage -

(i) The purity of the generation is maintained.

(ii) Pollen grains are not wasted.

Disadvantage -

(i) New and healthier varieties are not formed,

(ii) It results in weaker progeny, producing weaker seeds and plants.

14. (a) See pg. no. 20

(b) See pg. no. 11

(c) Germpores - The exine has aperture where sporopollenin is absent called germpore.

15. (a) Fertilisation is called double fertilisation in angiosperm because first gamete fertilise a egg cell and

form diploid zygote & second male gamete fuses with diploid secondary nucleus & form triploid en-

dosperm.

(b) See pg. no. 21

Documents

reproduction in flowering plants