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Integrating Human-Centred Design - Progress at the IMO level
WARNING: SEAFARERS ARE NOT GADGETS
Dr Benjamin Brooks, Senior Research FellowAustralian Maritime College
University of Tasmania, Australia.
e-navigation definede-navigation is "the harmonized collection, integration, exchange, presentation and analysis of marine information on board and ashore by electronic means to enhance berth to berth navigation and related services for safety and security at sea and protection of the marine environment".
e-nav 8 years and counting…
Stages of e-nav implementation
Solutions to e-navigation problems
Formal Safety Analysis and Risk Control Options
Strategic Implementation of Tasks with deliverables
Prioritized Solutions
Risk Control Options
SIP Tasks NCSR 1/9
Lots of work, but still much of disagreement
Human Centred DesignHuman Centred Design (HCD): An approach to system design and development that aims to make interactive systems more usable by focussing on the use of the system; applying human factors, ergonomics and usability knowledge and techniques.
Socio-Technical Systems Approach: A systematic approach to the design of systems that recognises the interaction between people, technology (i.e. equipment and systems) and their physical and organisational environments.
Wants are not Needs
“If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses.”
Henry Ford
Design also involves inspiration and imagination
The objective is to ensure that HCD requirements and criteria have been met in a systematic and effective manner. These guidelines are intended to be used by all stakeholders involved in the development of e-navigation systems, with the primary users being those that develop, test, assess and evaluate e-navigation systems.
Part 3 – Scope & Objectives
This HCD guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance for HCD. Rather it is intended to provide a general understanding of how to perform HCD for the effective design of e-navigation systems, drawing extensively on the International Standards ISO 9241 series, relevant system design research and other related documents.
Part 3 – Scope & Objectives
The HCD process can be applied to the design of both simple and complex systems regardless of whether a new system is being developed or an existing system is being modified. It is not necessary that each design activity follow a rigid sequence of development steps, but rather the specific HCD activities at each stage in the life-cycle, and the associated time, effort, and expense required, can vary with each design activity.
Part 3 – Scope & Objectives
The requirements within these guidelines are goal-based and are not intended to specify or discourage the use of any particular design solution or UTEA method and technique relevant to the development, design and manufacture of e-navigation systems. As such, detailed and prescriptive design requirements which specify design solutions are not included.
Part 3 – Scope & Objectives
Part 4 – Applicable Guidelines
Software Quality Assurance
Quality, Usability and Safety
Hum an Centred DesignUsability Testing, Evaluation & Assessm ent
Syste
m and/or Product
Lifecycle Pro
cess
Syste
m and/or Product
Lifecycle Pro
cess
Outcomes for e-nav at NCSR1• Retention of the concept of S-mode in the SIP
• SIP sent to MSC unmodified but unapproved. • Planned outputs to be proposed by Member States to MSC
• Set up a Correspondence Group to consolidate the three draft guidelines into a single IMO Circular.
• Submit a report to HTW2 regarding the implications for human element.
• Correspondence group to submit a final report to NCSR2
How ‘human’ centred can designs be?
Jaron Lanier’s book: ‘You are not a gadget’
“When people are told that a computer is intelligence, they become prone to changing themselves in order to make the computer appear to work better, instead of demanding that the computer be changed to become more useful”.
From human error to resilience to consciousness
Where is the humanity here?
Is it possible to move beyond HCD?
• HCD assesses usability (efficiency, effectiveness, satisfaction and safety).
• But what about the creativity of a design?
• Functional creativity – novel products serving a social purpose.
• What about beauty?
Creative Solution Diagnosis Scale
Cropley (2011) J.Technol. Man. Innov. 6(3)
• You are not a gadget.• Human-Centred Design must keep our humanity central to the e-navigation process.
• IMO is struggling to deal with this concept, it is not clear if ‘they’ will make it or not.
• Current perspectives on HCD need to grow to include the functional creativity of the design.
Risk and Opportunity
Seafarers are definitely NOT gadgets either.
There is a danger that in all our cleverness and ingenuity that we bring to bear on the challenge to improve the safety and efficiency of shipping that we force stupidity on the seafarer and/or the shore-based personnel.
And that wouldn’t be very clever now, would it?
Risk and Opportunity
