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Dunn'sum ov Am cum'un, Gu n or Fwnm ,
Grum m an-3’s Om en.
To anmm uenc'
y,Park Tnmmdl,Governor of the Elite of Florida
A. provided by luv , 1 hm with submitReport uf the m purunent ol Agficultnm fa - the nn1918-1914. The data upon whianthe ngrlcnltnnl, lumtlcnltum l and industrial m a ma are bu ed cover thé
period from July 1, 1918, to June 30, 1914, Inclusive. All
emu-divisiona l! thenport extmd to Deeemha sl, 1914,inch-h a.
W. A. M AE,
Com bine d Agriculture.
Inthe publicationof a report that vfll giu fiebu tM W M itnm tom tm wlM a -dl
vision of the Department uepcntely, the-ting each mM ordlfldonoeparate u ddhfinct trom tha othu . Wethqdonpublh h flmreport ot ench dlvllionundu m b
'
11nordar that the public m y m llm the magnitude
ddimporuneeqtm work ot theDept on rlcul
M n glvebelowanoutlino ot thedufia oflbeanmblltmar al’Agrlculture.~L Divinionon l-lcultum
2. TheDividonof Imnflgntion."
8. Tho PrilonDlvlaion.4. The Pure Food Drug , Stock
5. The Land Division .
‘
0. The Field Note Dlirilion.1 . Shell Fish Colman-ion.
m awm m u em m cm m d m mtnm h a member ot tho lollovingBou -th :
1_
'mwBonrd of Oommlnim ot Bt-ta 1u fltuflm2 Tho Boardoa rdous.
8.
4. The Boardof Dnim gaOomnfld onm
In accordance with the provision; of m 5870,u n otmm u m a mom atm m xmsubmit the followtng dstsfled repm
't d the szpendimerrand. appropriated w w m m m w-mDepeftment on rlcultum formm end mlL
Pom-am , Acm cuumnu . Da m -r.
1918.
J en. l—By Appropriations Int ll:
J en. l—To amount brought down 0J un.
be , 1912
J un. ll—To W. A. McKee, ma d v a n c e d for postage .
l—To Postalbil l for Januaryl—‘l‘o PostAl bill for Fahm ry
M o Postage on a uaryquarterly bulletin
S—mo Postal um for lu rch “
srTo Pa tnl hlJl tor Hsy fin
0To m ount due tobelnnegf
By balanceW t down .
1 913.
July l—By spproprlntlon for Instsix months 1018
July 2r—To Posta l mu (stamps for0
‘July zlAug. 7—To m u t ton-M ops”
Sept. 2—‘N P0-tul htll for August .
Sept. 2 Postage on bulletin
31 Postal bill for October .
81 envelopes. No. 5.
81 envelopes, No.
1—1lo Postnlbm tor Novemb1lnl
To m mit due tobelunce.
O
J un. 1~ By emount bwught dmmJ un.J un.
1913
J en. fl—Tom m mm alm l .
J en. fl—To postnaestumq sn. 15 .
Huh. 2—To posilge onbul letinApr. l—To postal bill forMu ch .
Apr. ail—To postalbill forMsy 28 envelopes.
postalbill for 11m m .
lily 28 April bulletin, postage“
Ant. S—d‘o postnlbill tosaluly
Aug. 8 6,000ON0.
To Amt. due to helsnee.
J en. l—By belence brought down . 4J un.
M 1018 0
Dou bt]!
Jan. s- To w. u. Telegraph Oo.,
m u
a . hill
e
q l—To. Southern Expre
April um1 W. U. Telegraph 00.
April billJune 3 Southern Express 00,
June b—To W. U. Telegraph Go,
May bill
Amount due to balance . .
8
1913.
July 1—'
By unt. bu]. brought (lawnJuly l—By appropriation lAst six
months 1918July 2—To Southern Expu.
June bil lJuly 2—To W U Telegraph
June billAug. 2—To Southern m m Co .,
July billAug. 5- 4» W. U. Telegraph Oo.,
July hill
S—To W. U. Telegrpph 00,
2 Southern Expul 00,September bil l
t—To W. U. Telegraph Oo.,
3—'Do SouthernExprm 00,October bil l
u s e -o s- I
Dec. l—To Southern Express 00,Novanberbill
4—1 0 Wo n
‘
o o u o o
Q
8 0
J on. l“J un. 2 Southern by e
J un. 7—To freight and dnynge on
lib—To h eight und dmyrgeon100 m td. msps
zs—To freight and day-gs onbox
20 freight and (im age on
box stntionsry “
a—To freight and (buy-go on
s—To Southern Exp “ 09,
January hill6
lib—To h eight and du ng; on
Mch. 2—1‘0 86nthsrn lh pru s 0m.
Fobm ry billMelt. 2 W. U. Talon-l obCo”
Apr. l—To W. u. Telegraph (kl,
Mal-cl.
Apr. n—To L E Tnlly, moving-nl‘o
l—mo Southern Expre (it ,April hill
2 W. U. Telegrnph 0u ,
2 freight and druynge on0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 .
I”M irelght onpl per und lab
Juno 2 W. u. N egroph
July S—To W. U. Telegraph Go,
July S—To Souths-m m Oo.,
Aug. a—ro W. u. Telegraph Co,
l—To Southernk pn- oo,o o e o e o o o a o
2 W. U. Telegraph Co ,
ib—‘l‘o freight and draynge onfertilizer stumps
1 Southern Enron Co,
3 W. U. Telegraph Go,
S—To Southern Express 00,
Nov. 8 W. U. Telegraph Co,
b—To W U. Telegraph Co?
Amonnt due to helsnoe .
C C
J un. l—By sppropristion int ulx
months 1918
J un. l—By m ount brought down”
J en. s—To American Bunk Hots
a m mo-tampl—To Ana -loan Bank Not:
00,
stamps
09, 300,000 stul lps
00, 000,000 stnnpsBy enlount dm tobelenoe
1918.
July 1—To encu'nt brought down . .0July l—By appropriation last six
monthsJuly 7— 1» American Bsut Note
Co, 800,000 stnmps 1“
Nov. t—To American Bank Note
0 77250-
To umount dne to balsnoe
1911 .
J an. l—By amount brought down . . 0 M 50
J un. l—By pppuoprintion to! year1911
Cc.,
stumps .
Apr. M ilo h leoner Company, 000,
May l—To Falconer Company, 000June 4 Falconer Compaq, 800
000 stimps
I 'll.
J uq21—To Falconer Company, 800,
10—To Fuloona Cmnpany, 000,
21—To Falconer Company, 200,
Nov. 17 FalconerCompalq, 450;a a a a a a o - o a o c o a
Amount tobalaneewu u
Tan-Lune m mm Coll-m m Enu Com
axon- w Am cum-nu .
1913.
J an. l—By Appropriation first aix
months 1918
Jan . 1—By Balance brought downJuly l—By Appropriation last dx
months 1913
Nov. its—To Traveling expenau WestPalm Beach. Mariana,and J ackhonvlile f a i r s,
b—To Traveling expo ses tnGeimsville and O c a l a
o o o o o - o a o o o -o s o a s
u—c a.
1914.
Jan. 1 —By amount brought down . .
Jan. 1 —By appropriation for yw1914
Jan . ill—To trip to Gainesville t0meeting of Stxtn Live
lA—To expa lsca of trip to various points of South Florida
14—3110 trip to Tampa10—To trip to Palntka, Fam
ers Convention20—To trip to20—To trip to Washington,
Aug. 24 trip to Ru and Washington countis
Sept. 18—To trip to i llinois andOhio, on live stock
Oct. l— To Auto hire, St. Marks,
20—To trip to Agricultural
Nov. lo—To expenses of trip to Natienel Nut (li-ov en Also
elation, Thomaaville
Nov. 10—To trip to County fair,Quincy
Nov. 10—To trip to County fair, Maa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Nov. 10»—To trip to County fair, Live
2—To trip to Panama City,prosecution inoyster can
S—To visit to State RaformSchool, Marianna
mm
0 7092 0
Dull. 10—To trip to Bay County fair .
Amount due to balance .
0140930
Pl um e Buuz rnt, Analcuuruaan
1—By appropriation first aix
m onths, 1913 OAmount deficit broughtdown O
fill—To T. J. Appleyard.oopiea qnartarly bulletin,
w—To m oudm fiomsspagu .
fill—To extra stitching, seconda a a a a a a a a a a a a a
June 20—'l‘o printing and mountingtv o maps insecond section
June 20—To making 2 map cuta, secvoud arcticuw
Amount due to balance . 8040
3135000
l—By amount brought down . .0 0l—By appropriation last six
months, 1018
29—To printing Quarterly Bu]letinfor July, copia ,
and separaws
Oct. 81—130 1! J:Appleyard, prinfing
Quartnrly Bulletin tot-0c
Amt. due to
1914.
I an. l—By Amt. brought dow n “ ,J an. 1—By appropriation for 1914 .
1—To T. J. Appleyard, printing bulletin for April .
Aug. 2—To T. J. Appleyard, printlng J ubQuarterly Bulletin
2 printing supplemanta to July Quarterly
16—4 0 T. J. Applqynrd, printing supplunentnto
30—To printing October bulletin, copies
Oct. 80 paste and cutting paperfor wrapping bulletine. .
Oct. 00—To printing copiessupplement to October Qw
80—To printing copinasupplement in OctoberQuarterly 311110t
Amount due tn
m l.
l—To Postal fur
10—To Remington Typewrite
rCompany10—To freight and drquge on
stamps
Juno 3—To Postnl bill lor Mny”June 3 B. DrewComJune 3 D. R. Cox Furniture
June 8—To J. F. Hill, typewriterribbons
June 4—To Southern TelephoneConstruction C o m p a n y
(long distance)June 24—To freight and
Amount due to balance .
s 0
1913.
July l—By amt. bro ught downJuly 1—By appropriation last six
months 1913July 2—To T. J. Appleyard, State
Printer,July 2 D. R. Cox Furniture 00 .
July 10—To frt. and drayage on twocases old stamps from N.
July 10—To Geo. D. Bm ard a: 00,
letterbend: and fit.July lt—To trt. and drny. on stat’y.
Aug. 2—To frt. anddrayagnon dic
Aug. 2—To T. J. Appleynrd, m t‘y.
‘
12 The m; cm ,can.
—To Columbus Office Sup
ply Company2—To trt. and dra. on stat
’y.
o—TonnxaurmniO—To H. W. B. Dm Co,
2 —To Underwood TypewriterCo. 1 machine No. 3
Co.,1 machine No. 5
31—To T. J. Applm rd, State
Nov. 12 J. P. Hill, statim ry .
Nov.
Amount due to .balance . .
3 0
1914.
Jan. l—By amt. brought
Jan. l—By nmroprlation for your
Jan. G
J an. O—To Keystone Supply Co. .
Jan. (iv—To Underwood Typewrita'
Company,J an. G—To 1 coupon boob(ribbons)Jan. 0
scription
Jan. 14—To The Mathews NorthrupWorks, 100 mounted maps .
S—To Columbu Olllce Supply
O—To Underwood Typewriter
Zl—To American lfllla 0m
Heb. ill—Tonn cu rum m m ,
e e - c o -o
1
Apr. l—To DH R Cox FurnitHrC OO.
Apr. 1—1bD. B. Cux Fu1-niture 00 .,
1
1—To '
c. C. Hayes Co, ink
pads .
Apr. l—To T. J. Appleyard, State
Apr. 1—To J. F. Hill, sta tionery .
Apr. M o Williams Kwilecki,steel cabinet
2—To Columbus Office Supp ly
2—To Standard Supply on;a s . ’ I n o u t a
M o Bemington Typewr‘itu
30—To Alvah Bushnell Co, st:0 tionery .
J une z
June 8—To H. B. Kaufinan, repair
June 3 Yucca -Bethe] Bard
June lib—To Columbus Oilloe Supply“ Q O O C Q C O U I O O Q C Q
18-75
July 1—To Walker, Evanst Oogl 0 1030
July 1 —To T. J . Appleynrd, m p
July 2r
JulyJuly 6 —To J. 0 . Bu t te, Atlas of
tbe World .
July
Sept. l—To Pa tel bill for August
Sep t. 1 -To. H. k W. B. Drev Cou
Sept. 1— To Underwood Typewritu'
l—To Walker. Evans 1.Cop .
z—To bill for postage on Julybulletin
July 6—To Tallahassee B4. Public
Worn,electric tan
l—To Geo. D. Barnard 1 Co.,
l—To Geo. D. Barnard1 009 4
1—To. Columbus Office Sp. Co.
1 —To J. F. Hill, I ledger”
l—To Walker, Evans Cop
Oct. 1—Postnl bill for September .
Oct. - 16—To T. J. Appleyard, printing blanks
Oct. 81—To Postal bill for October .
Nov. 3—To J. F. Hill, ribbons, seal,
Nov. 24—To Hanutacturers’ Record.subscription
Dec. l—To Postal bill for NovemberDec. 2—To Postage on October bul
Dec. til—To H . N. Sweettng, repairlug clock
Dec. I ll—To J. A. Johnson, Clerk Cir
cuit Court, Polk Co.,certi
fied copy Ct. decision .
Amount due to
“J OI N
Article 4, Section 26 of die Constitution, provides that“The Commissioner of Agriculture shall p erform suchdutiesinrelationto Agriculture asmaybe prescr'lbedbylaw, shall have supervision of all matters pertaining tothe public lands underm unitions prescribed by law, andshell keep the Bureau of Immigration. He shall alsohave supervision of the Sta te prison. and shall perform
such other duties as may be prescribed by law.
”
Cancer in Fou r or Pu m a Bur-oar.
This,book contains the report orthe Department of
Agriculture, Industries and Immigration onLv, th e otherthree Divisipns being also contained in separate publications. Tbil is made neeessary by the greetly ina easedamount of work of the Department. I t the work of all
branches of the Department were published in one book,as formerly, its usefulness would be very much impairedas a medium lor distributing through the mails thefu llest and most rdiable information concerning the resources, advantagu and products of our State because
of itsunwieldly sise andwdght. bople-oriny one or
the divisions in separate form canbebad on appllu tion.It is not inappropriate here to make some refere nce to
the volume of work inbrid detnih aa pertvrmedand ae
eomplisbedby tbis division aml incm nectiou with the
subjeetndiscussed in u rious torms in the paga tbat
Nmnber of letter! written on Agricultural subjectsand in re lation to Immigration, approximately .
This does not include duplia te ordra in letta 'l .
The num ber of maps distributed to app licants bymalrfor the two years 1918 and 1014 .
Number of packages containing printed information
sent inrep ly toinquiriu concerning theNumber o uartnerla lletilns und in Immlgr
-a
tion work and mailed to appllmnta on request
Numbc o m tu-iy nnneum m ued to i-egnlusubscriber-s (no subea-iption
Number of expmn paeh ges handiedby thisdivi‘
Number of telegraph menages received and an
Jnst reading over the bare statements and figure abovemade, conveys no concep tion of the vast amount of workrequired to properly direct and perform the duties eu
tailed upon the oillce by the varied character of the do
mands for information.This does not include the work of gathering and com
piling the Agricultural, Industrial and other Statisticsof the State, nor the preparation ot the vast quantity ofmatter for publication invarious forms with which tomeet the ever increasing dana
'
nd for information in amore or is. detailed form.
Asa mattar of fact, theinquirleseoneerning Floridanolonger come from the curious, but from people who areintnrasted andwish to make new homes in oa tate.
N y meanbusinm sndwe have to meet tbuninabnsinen way;no high colored pictures of imagination willntlsfy thrsnandit ia not wanted. The oountry hasbeendeluged with that by the du igning and unscrupulous landagents and promoters beyond the limit of forebearanesand it douldbe supprrasedby law. Facts alone are whatissshedfor, andthat iawhat thisDepar-tmm t oflerstheminreply. It makesno statement that it m oot verify. Itm m m o m m m d m t nm y
‘ nwing of hve stoch andit ismorally cafl ainto cru te
s lastlng qystem of tam managemm t alomg the lincs
With the great and continued improvemaitsinmethodsof planting, manuring and cultivating the h umm us
crepe, largely through the aid of im proved lmplémentn,the yields have been increased to a remarkable degree.
indeed it is not unusual for the grower of such crops aslettuce, celery, cauliflowe , tom atoes, eggplants and othacrops under an intensive system of cultivation, to receivefrom three to five hundreddollaxsper acre, and inmanyinstanca with as high as eight to twelve and evm fifteenhundred dollars per acre. Under old time methods suchyields would have been im ponible;nor are these methodsalone practiced in the production of vegetablecrops, thesame improvements have been and are being rapidly ex~
tended into the cultivation of the standard field ‘
cropa,
such as cotton, corn, oats, velvet beans, cow peas andothers. In this direction great assistance is being giventhe farmers of the State through the Farmer’s Institutework under the direction of Prof. P. H. Rol ls, Director ofthe Experiment Station, and the work of the United
States demonstration agents in the severa l countiesunder the direction of Prof. G. K . McQ uarrie, U. 8. Demonstration Agent for Florida. The va ults of the work of
thece agm cim hnvebeenso succemful, aswell assurprising
,that thousands either wholly or in part have adopted
new andbetter methods of farm practice.This Department has in every way pos ible added what
it could towards the improvement“
of al l branches of farmwork by correspondence and by the publication of specialbulletins on the best methods for the growing of vegetables. fruits, nuts and standard tleld crops,
'
descriptionof soils and their ‘
adsptability to the production ofvarious crops
,and also the various
.
phases of live stockgrowing and feeding. Further on in this re port a num
ber of the articlu above referred to will be found. They
am placedinthinneport for the uae and hm eflt el notonly the tarmen ot our ownState.but for the thou andl '
of people from other Stats who are contemplating o!
residence to Florida and who will aeek the information
they eoutainpreliminary to coming to our State. Tha epeople are entitled to thisinformation and the only preetieal wgy of supplying it in, in printed form, and that in
in this report, and the quarterly bulletin: of thinDepertinent.
Simm ons—Sm u t. 0mm
Seine suggestions which we believe worthy of attentionby the people generally oi’ the State, and thoccengaged inany oue or eu ol the agricultural pnnuitg inthat it iawell for each tarmer to make a lpecielty of lome crop
while at the sam e time practicing diversification of cropproduction to as glu t anextent as possible.
There are many aide cropsadapted to the various sections of the State that pay fancy prices, andwhich uau
aily come at a time of the year or oeaaon when conditions are such as to create a dem and out of the ordinary.
Thisrule holds good also as to standard crops. We suggest as an example in the latter line sugar m ue growingandmanufacturing either into syrup or sugar. Syrup iapreferably for the single term or for a very few. Sugarmanufacturing inbetter for a large number either ontome «to-Operative plan or by 0, company of large capital.
Conservatively apeaking them are at la st twelve million acres of land inFlorida unexcel led any where in theUnited State for the purpose, and it all the wet land:of the State were reclaimed for cultivation she could furninh sugar for the world, end feed mil lions of people helidee. Thentm rugnr caue gm ing inuot liknbto he
overdone, nnlen it should be practiced to the exdualonofother crops;such a couree would mean din-tor.
lt the twelve to ni‘teenmmionauu ot wet laath in
Florida were reelaimed they would add om three hundred milliona of dollan to the value of our reoourm
h im why not more drainage diatricta‘
l Goodbminmpolicy demanda it. Allwet landdiouldbe drainedaud
the hflla and alopa ahouldbo tnm ed into paaturu tor
live rtod .
Lm Since .
The greatest of all farm specialties inlive stock. Whatever branch of farming is carried on, live atock ahonldform aa .large a pert of it aa possible. It is one of thegreatest aid to aueoeentuicrop production, eu well as oneof the lure-t mean of making money. Unfortunately,inour conntry the cattle tick ia a menaee oi’ aeriona pmportions to cattle growing, and before cattle growing one large acale eanbe estnbliahedwith thedegnee of aucoeuthat it should, effective measures must be adopted andcarried out for the complete eradication of the tick. _We
urge the neoen‘lty for this action upon the a ttention of
the Legialetnre as oneneoeu ary to, not only the prelervation of the m ttle industry as it atanda, but what ia ofgreater importance
,its building up and impro vem ent by
the introductiou of new andbettu -breada. Onanother
page wiilbe fonnd a very intnm ting and convincingarfide onthia mbject but let uubeerinmind that pruetieally all of the m ta 'u hemisphelu ie inthe throa ot
war, andia mday drawing toll at a trm doua rate trom
this country.
That there ia anertrum ly limitedwoducfionot eltheranimal or vegetable food producta for the lupport of thepeople of the warring eountria ot Europe aud that the
want of it ia today endangerlng the livenof milliona of
their inhabitanta. That in America aireatbthe depletionof foodsupplieaiabeeomingnotieeahle inthe high price!of breadatuffa, specially wheat per bu hel. All
foodanimaia are ingreater dqnandthaneanbenpplied,
and it h quite pmbehle that thia dnandwfll m tiaae
for poeaibiy tm ywnor evn lonwmveu though the mabouldu d at m whieh ia very improbahln Bat u u i
whanit dou end there wfllbe a ahm tnge of live J heck
ibr agziculturaLpurpoaea. Thianoedwill have tobe met,and the tmiy aouree of aupply wmbe of our owu raiabg.
h ey wiil aot be ohtainahle inother Statn aa for-merly.
‘l‘bey wilihave tobe auppliedby the liva toch growm of
the State.
lt ianot likely that productioneanorwinbe overdone.
The day ia fi diatant whenthe prlea of mu ta wfll
eheapai, the um d h upward, and the chaneea are that
mo t-of all kinda will growdm m dibfor yu n to
To the mpnfm m the live atoeh grvwing lectim ot tho
North andwm who prden abetter dhnate '
and abet
the United Stats oflera equal advantage and induce
thia line ia auggeatedto thoaeinfiueatnd.
Ne h eu h w.
with live atnck growiag h thaneeed ty
cropa of tlie fam p—truck aad truit glw a. M in a
it. But the aoouer, however, m ntioua are inade tomeet it thebetter. The large bodia of wild landa are
fast bdng hought up by the aetflen. The thouaanda of
people who are eoming to our State to mahe homeu wfllneedanddauand pm teetim tor thdr fam gardeu m d
m m m m a m m mThia h thebu t time te meet the im e.
H A.
Goodroada are a puhiic aaaet. Thiaia adinitted.
Badm da ablot upona eountry’a intelligeuee and a
mm tnitnindustriaieondittona. Thia ia alm ad
mittnd.
I f a pubucaau gthm ia thebuilding of good roada a
gOOdpublicpolicy ? Thiaia ot‘tm queationed.
06m m the following facts:
It ia a neeesity to l uceeaaful farming and rural tramAll egree to this. Goodroada oftenmeanto the hrmarthe diflereueebetweeu afl
'lueuee andbankruptcy. I t! nav
laga tn the wear and tmr of v'
ehiclee aa well aa horaefleah, or auto power,will go tur towarda keeping the m d
wayninrepair. Good mada ere a ueee-nry edjuuct hothesuccesmlmaintainanee of the country achoola. Good
road-make regular attendanee upontheae achoola a poa
aibillty. Badroads make it practically impou ible a greatpart of the time.
Good roada mo nom er-y to regular delivery of rura lmaila andincru ae thebeneilta to be derived from pareel
port. Goodroada are really a very p actieal aort of public utiliv, that the people own and control, free tron conpox
-ate influence or manipulation.
Goodroada are prhne redueen of the high eoat of liv
Ing, elpecially hy rurnl peoples. They incneale the farmen’
proiltnmnke eonntry iife more plm uruble and m
eourageada ire forthemoatnaetul avocationa of life.
Thua goodreeda prouiote impruvm ta onevury handby au dng h hda of thflfgiudepaidm ee, happine and
eontm tmm t andmahe eaeh eommunity a power for goodinthe land.
I t ia not neeealary that great am of moncy be lpautbdfiu mmh gwm a a e highwm w wm
m am or euma ere uaedahouldbe expendodeanteflyandintnlligently .
We oderno aum tiom u to tim methode ofbufldingor the ehameter of the lahormbe r-ed;theee an lubjectator the englneer andthem muuitymeuuty or the seehetndetermine aa the eaae may be. But guod roada ia oneof the greatest quelttlone before the people of our eom
muuity or county and the State aa well today. I t ia a
lubject thatwillnot down. Agoodroada lawiuneeded.I t ia hid that
“a man la knownby the eompany he
heapey’ apply the rule here;and the timeianeu-at hand
wheu the people of a communiv, a county or a Statewlllbe judged by the character of ita public highwaya CanFlorida aflm'daueh eompariaona?
Inxmn'mox.
A quopaia' ul the detalledwork of thia Departm-t
clearly the vulume of the work tnnsaeted through thia
Bureau of lmmigrafionchargedwith the duty of w l‘ngfor the bunineaa. True, the Constitufion require the
Commiedom d Agriculmre m M p the Bum u of lm_
migration," but in the absence of adequate help, thin;work' muat be audia pedarmedby the elem-ice] force or
the Depertment on rleulture.
Bun“! orbanana-I on.
Amoperly and efllcim tly equippedBureau ot Iminigratiou would undoubtedbbe of immm ae bm eflt to the
State. Inaddiflou to advertidng the rcaoureea and ad
vantagea af fiie Staha eem ctband without examdom inem aecthu ef fie vnitedM Or elnwherewhenadvilahley it ahanldhave fle auth rity to proteet
m u .
honio m km md tnvu tmnap in-t wfld a t whmwhetba they he tntto fim nd lo-aned l‘ndm d eolomntioneomplnim or mdifldnah . Thare m quioenlnrgonm her ot goodeompnie-who m doingnfdr u d legitm u hndbudnam h the sutg but thm m nqnuM l nm ba ' of tnndnlm t oonoemnwhou lole ob)ect h wfleecem m nm dwomnnwho wmu inthdrwny, ol evory dolh r pouible. Thu e men ahonld he
cought up wiflx and puninhed or drivm trom the statzunlu finey adopt legitimate
'
methods of doing batman.
Unde thc guin of ra l'
m te dealm tbey m ke t budna of deoeiving tnd swindling the tmmspecting anduninformed. Thq btv either for cadl or onloug flmehM ot tho ehu pest hndsthq m nnd;they ph ce nnotition value of m al hundredper om t an them abovetheir cost, and through the gun-est uni-representa tion ofwhat thay m good tor, pdntzod inglowing wm~d plc~
tuna and untruthful deceptive mu lled photographs of
thdr hndg they lm theirm u pecflngflcfim into m k
in; contm tnfor what they a ll farms, on installment
payments—oninvu tigation these forum are oftenfoundm u lm td inm -m wm m dM L Muny inno
‘
m t pm om hau loct thdr dl through thu e -windlm
W u ny m t if a m m u of lmmlm flon h
“ M ont ana“thouldhg tlnt it he givm tho anthOb
lty m lnvu figau m y of tha e hnd develop-na t a l)“
who-a method-ot dotng bu iu - exdte m pddon. The
Stato of mofldnu nnot tflofl to p‘u thil qw tionbyunnofieed, or without correction. The goodnm o of flneStntndemands it. The eompfi enand individuals doinga leglfim u bm tnu l tnthe dm lpmm t m du le ot
‘ thdr
landa danandit alno, andthey h ve a right to tnsht upm
l eorncflonof the cvfl
Am hw u h t g M Q Bm u ihonldbe Mlnltnooopqlibu al tnthe enwm gm t ofl nmnm don,yu mnm tfin tntu pd m eu ornlecum of m ly
tu tu -y. Beddq it la due to hoth ym elf end the eellc
Thla report willbe fonndinelnded aa uauel, aa h r ae
the ofldala of the U. 8. Weather Bunau u e able to
supply it. I t la not ln the ueual emnplete tom beu naeof the diau tm ue dm in J enunry laet which de-u'oyedthebuuding tnwhjch the oIBoe m loeeted. The da tructionot the recorda la tobe very much rep etted. Much of lt,of oonnq cnnnever be replaced. The report la one ot
great value aa well ne inta u t to the people of onr ownState, and pardcularly ueetul to the thoueanda of penonawho are contemplating a change of reaidenoe to Floridaor maklngjnveatmm tninthe State.
Theweether aerviee at ell eeaeoua ot the yeu ta e gmat
protection to the tax-men, vegetable and fruit grower of
the State through its ayitem of atorm and temperature
wm h g u well ae to thoee engasedinm neomm ee.
I t h alao spedelly worthy ot publieationfor the hlatoryit maku mlative to the meteorology of the stnm I t lup
pliu informatianof a character that la m atantly tninaeaalng demand andwhich eannot wellbe obtninedbyordlatrlbutedm thoaewanfingmch intom afianu whmgim pnhliu flonlnour omaal repom Tha i-m u t ter
1914 followa the Agricultural Btatiatieal report for1913-1914.
LIVE STOCK GROWINGANDFEEDING
IN FLORIDA
Byfl . s. ELLIOT, Chief Clerk,
Department ofAgriculture.
Indiacuning thissubject we knowthat much hasbeealsaid and written for and against the pou lbillq of livestock production inFlorida on a profitable bnzis. It iscontended on the one hand that thisState doesnot affordthe native paaturnge necessary to make the industry aaueoeaa, and that the climate is not suited to the bestdevelopment of animal life. Some show or reason is
given for this contention because of th e neglect on thepart of the growers, of catt le in particular, inpermittingtheir stock to take care of them selves from one year toanother without attention, and to inbreed promiscuoualyfor years without hindrance, and these statem ents oom~
prise about the sum of objections mised against livestock production in Florida. They are simply claimbased on past expert-cu or the range m ttle growers,and not on eonsidentiOn of true economic oondltiona,proven by factsas they exist and the experim oe oiintelligent u perlment by private individuals, live atech oom
penies and the State mperim t Station.Among the principal general reasons winFlorida is
adapted to successful live stock growing oi_ all kinds,almost without limit, inits unlimited andunfailing watusupply, which is absolutely essential to sum aful stockraising. as are it: green pastm Another equally important condition is the short period neeeu ery for feed.
ing and sheltering of stock as compared with other usetions of the country. Another of equal, if not orgra terimportance la the adaptability and eamcity oithe soila
oithis State to the production ot nearty alikinda ol
grains and forage cropsat as small , it not line cost thanany other section of the country. In all of this, the
equahle climate of the Sta te hasmuch to do, ot courle,but it is because of these advantagu and conditionsthat Florida should and an compete with any, and cancelmost ot the Statea as a iive stock producing oountry.
Of the entire am of Florida there are approximatelythree million acres in farms and under tam control.
There are approximately thirty million ecru that canbeused to a greater or lean a ient for th e production ofgrasses, forage and grazing purpose for live stock of all
kinds inevery portion orthe State. There isno questionbut that Florida has with in her borders the greatestgrazing region east of the Mississippi river, and consequently an alt boundless capacity for the pro ductionof all the forage crops necessary to maintain all thelive stock that canbe grownupon it.
The number of live stock of all kind in the State is;inround numbers, having a value of about 325,
Instead of this smal l number, there should benot less than head, and head or
them should be cattle;the l tete caneasibmaintain sucha number.
it the vast arm of idle lands in Florida and the South
aswell were put to thia purpose with intelligent direction, there would be no neceqity for the big packers ofthe
'
West to go to Argentina for their meat to supplyAmericaneonsumers. m ere is land enough idle intheSouth, including Florida, to produce al l the beef cattle,hogsand abeep neceasary to supply the danands ol the
people ot the United States and alao about all of tbeexport trade that thiscountry can control. In all of thisFlorida should and canbear a very large and importantpart.
rwama aoru anam m m aoa m
The soils of Florida cubu ca practically all at those
bu t adapted to the variom agrlcultural purposs. inthe several sectionsof the sta te soils varying trom stil
red clay with all of its gradations of the loam soils, isfound in immense areas, and all of thm e with pomiblyone or two exceptions are productive soils, some of themto a high degree naturally, and all can be made so atm aonabie cost by pro per methods of control or man’
agement. On th ese soils are produwd nearly all of the
m ps suited to the temperate wne and of the semi
tropics, for be it m anhered Florida includes ina largedegree the climate of both. In the soils above referredto
,the reciaimahle swamp and other overflowed and wet
lands are included.
l'olAGI PEODUCI'B.
On the soils just discussed canhe produced practicaliyall of the forage crops neceu ary for pasture or for themaking of boy or silage. Included inthis are all of thesorghums, both saccharine and non-saccharine, all of thelegumes, except possibly a small number of clovers, which
can pro bably also be grown with aid of inoculation withbacteria. To give anidea-of the number of these piantsused for grazing, forage and haym king that are adaptedto Florida soils, we append the iollowing list, via :
M I L
Yield per sane!Nah“!or vamm .
inten
SaplingBrown Durral luaesota AmberPlanters Frieud, No. 36
Planter’s Friend , No. 81 .
AmbcSumacShaun
Gooseneck, Pendant
Yel low l ilo
intansot Dry Bay
l flairy Vetd
Rhodes Grass
Natal
Pars Grass
Johnson Gram
1 Should be inoculated.
u ouu uvooscsors
All Cowor FieidPeas.Velvet Beans.Soy BeanaBeggar weed.Kudzu.
norm Val-baf fle" Have.
notl par ton.
19.m
ram o 0' m m
The time hasabout psssedwhaithe growing of eattle
on the range canbe done profitably, because, main ly , ofthe cutting up ot thevast tnctnof prairia andwood landsand turning them into or
'
chards or m ll farms;eonae
quently it becomesnecem ry to ehange the method of
live stock raising. Undoubtedly the change will bebanethe industry and be productive of greater profits.
through the building up inboth sine and qualiq ot the
animal, for with the change will come about the substitutian of better breeds of stock and a general grading upand impwvemm t in the native mm . This applies tosheep and hogs aswel l as cattle.
“
10
sam e m UPGRADI NG.
We suggest tha t from a large number of improvedbreeds of a ttic, that there are a number which have
proven them selves well adapted to Florida conditions.‘lhese sre the Sbort Hom oa rbam, Herelord, Aberdean, Angus, Red Foiled and Devon. There are othersalso of grant merit, but film are wel l known to beadapted to the conditions and climate in Florida, andba ides they represent the very best beef producing animals inAmeriu .
By grading up with ths'
best of native cows andthoroughbred bulls oithe above mentioned breeds, It willrequirebut a short time comparatively to bring about acomplete change.
We have shown that our Florida soils are eapable a!and do produce all of the grasses, forage and hay plantsnecessary to support all of the live stock and more than
The ou t most important question is to determine the best method of feeding this forage to thestock. q t conne eenu mnge to have the gru ingalways with us. scientific experiment and expel-leanhave abundantly danonstrated in the past few ya rn,that the best sswell aa the most eeonomical method oi
M ing live stock, especially cattle, is in the form of
silage, as well as roughage
WW H HONS Al “m edium 0? U " srocx .
Before giving consideration to the subject of silageandimteeding,we oflersiew
'
suggu tionsashoneeassrypoints tobe consideu dinstock rsising;these axe, thst
lin stod pmducfiom u pedally whm beef isthe obiect.
U
Use purebredbullsfor grsding up tbe nstive stoch, andbe snre to select the besi‘ heifersforbreeding purposcal-Iradicate the ticks on the farm; the cost is not great
Un sil cosrss furage, sucbasstraws snd stalksia the
nelds to a-ist la carryiug the herd ot breeding u ttie
through the winter. Whm pastum get diort wesa the
calves, and put than inthe corn and pea fields whileweaning and teach them to eat corn and cotton seedmeal. After raising your a ttic, iluish them on the fansif poasible. Amixtme of cottonseedmeah hullsandpeavine h" is a good ration for fattening calves. Silage is
the best kind of ro ughage for fattening any clan of a ttie Give more care to the feeding of calves than ofgrown cattle. Corn silage is a cheaper and better feed
for fa ttening cattle than cotton seed bulls.Summer feeding on pasture is usually more profitable
than feeding inwinter. The use of corn in smal l amountsin addition to cotton seed meal has proven profitablewhile feeding steers on grass. I nfeeding your grain orother products inthe form of silage to live stock, thusconverting it into meat, you get a higher price for bothand in addition add fertility to the soil through themanure. It converts the farm into a factory, so to speak,and it becomes the creator of a finished or more nest-Lyfinished product, instead of being the producer of menraw matsrial.
Ll" annex n usm o AS AN UPBULLDI I 0" [ UN 00“ 7M “.
There an in amne portious of the su te lsrge aress
whidihave for many years been devoted to short cotton
and worse methods of crop cul tivation, have been robbedd thdr ferdnq tdthe extent of pncflu l ruim that m
be. through the aid of live stock growing, rehabilita tedand restored to their original fertile condition. To thu ssectiona live stock growing and feeding should pmve smanifold ble—lng
12
son ADVANTAGE 0' TB. 51140.
All or nearly al l of the forage crops previouslytinned herein can be made into silage either separately orin combination. The conversion of a crop into silageca bles the maximum amount to be saved and fed andproduces a greater per cent of feed than by any othermethod known. The silage assures a succulent feed for
all the months of the year, regardless of -favorable orunfavorable climatic conditions. When turned into haygreencrops necessarily lose some of the available foodmaterial contained inthem, but with the silo and the pro
can of fermentation to which the silage is subjected. thefood value is increased and much of the tough or woodyparts are made available for the stock.
Corn is the best and principal silage crop, and withour practices ott ers the comparison most advantageousto the silo. If only the ears are gathered from anamthat produces say, thirty bushels, we save but little morethan a ton, or about twenty o ne hundred pounds. If thisacre of corn is cut at the proper time and made intosilage, it wil l «tally furnish ten tons of excellent feed,and will often exceed these figures by several tons. Thestalk sand fodder usually left inthe field to rot or blowaway,will, with the aidof the silo, be made into splendidfeed and eaten with relish by the animals. It will beru dily seen that under the conditions described herein,relative to modern stock raising, that the me at the silointhe making and feeding of silage becomu a necessityfrom aneconomic standpoint and is a vast improvement
Over old and wasteful methods.If a system somewhat on the lines herein suggested is
put in practice by the live stock growers of Florida, theamenity to import beef from the West for Florida mankets will ca se.To continue past (ancient) methods is the height of
folly and wasteful in the extreme Florida should exportthe best qnality ofbeef;she cando ao if ahe will.
inconeidaing thinmbject we eennot do better thngive place to the following article taken from Farmed
BulletinNo. 568, 01 the U . S . Depertmm t of Agricul
MAK ING AND FEEDING OFM
By T. E. Woonwnn,of the Dairy mam .
”l l 70 1m IN DAVOI 0" m en.
Within the int 30 year: silage hill come into generaluse throughout the United States, especial ly in thou
regionl where the dairy industry has reached its greatestdevelopment Silage inuniversally recognized as a goodand cheap feed for term stock, and particularly no forcattle andsheep. There are several reasons for the pope
larlqof silage.1 . More feed can be stored in 1 given space inthe
form of I llege than inthe form of fodder or hay.
2. There isa m ailer loan of food material when a cropis made into silage than when cured as fodder orbay.
3. 00m allege is e more efficient feed than corn fodder.
4. An acre of eorn can be placedin the -ilo et le
eoet thnnthe nme am m he hnekedand ehredded.
5. Crop cnnhe put in the silo during weather thatcould not be utilised in making hay or curing fodder.
ll. More -tech can he kept on a given ere: of lend
when al lege inthe heel of the ration.1 . Thm h la nste lnteeding eilage theninfeeding
fodder. Good allege properly fed inall consumed.8. S llnge invery pelt tnhle0. Silegg fike other m culent feedg hn nbeneficial
el ect upon the digestive cra ne.
14
10. Silage is the cheapest and best form inwhidiasucculent feed canbe provided for winter use.11 . Silage can be used for supplementing pastures
more economically than can soiling crops, hem use it re
quires le lsbor, and silage is more palatable.12. Converting the corn crop into silage clears theland and leaves it ready for another crop.
.Almost any green crop can be suceu stnlly made intosilage if sufficient
'
care istaken to force out the air fromthe material. On account of the dilllculty, however, ofexpelling air from plants with a hollow stem, suchtimothy
,oats, _
and barley, these crops are rarely put in
the silo.
In all parts of the United States where the silo hascome into general use the principal si lage crop is corn.One reason for this is that ordinarily corn will producemore food material to the acre than any other crop whichcan be grown. I t is more easily harvested and put inthesilo thanany of the hay crops, such as clover, cowpeas, ornlfalfn. These crops are much more difficult to handleafter being cut. Furthermore, corn makes an excellentquality of silage. Sorghum makes a sour silage, and thelegumes, such as clover and alfalfa.are liable to not unlespeclsl care is taken to thoroughly pack the silage and
force out the air. The fermentations which take place inleguminous silage are more extensive and insoucequenoethe loss of food materia ls isgreater thanwith corn.
The only objection which has beenraised concerningcorn silage Isthe fact thatit contains insufficient proteinto fully meet the requirements of animals to which it mayhe fed. Rome pereons have advised mixing clover. cow
peas. or alfalfa with the corn when it is being put into
15
the silo ln order hu correct this deddency ot protsln.
8nch sproeedure lssot to he sdvised, however, if it lsstsll po-ible hncure the elover or other em p into hsy, and
it ususily is possihle if hsy capssre used. Sinee surnsdry lorsge should slwayshe fed along with the silsgn,the legumlnous hq would bettu- he used in this wayrsthsr thsnhy eunverting the crop into silage
The bu t variety of corn to plant is that which willmature sndyield the lsrgest nmount of grslnto the acre.
since the grain is the most valuable part of the cornplant. The variety commonly grown inany particularlocality for gralnwill also be the most satisfactory to
grow for silage. As wil l be seen frorn the table below.taken from the First Annual Report of the PennsylvaniaState College, 63per cent of the digestible foodmaterialspresent in the corn plant are found in the ears and 87
per cent inthe stover.
Yield of Dlou uble l oner 00m
Ylsld psr scre.
CULTIVATION AND rm .
Cornfor silsge mey he plantedsnd cultivnted ln the
ssme manner aswhengrownfor graln. Weede shonldbekeptwgdse they wfllbe cut with the cornandmsy hnpair the quflibof the lihge. The yield of earnsllsge
J]
ture to the mature their food valueonly lensnutri
more ma
tum bom'
l'he cornahbuld‘uot be allowed to heooqethoroughly ripe and dry, however, because the sta lk andn e am m da edmm dificmtm dim m w des,the com cannot he packedinto the aflo tightiy m ugh to
prevent “fire fanging”without wing a cu ire amounts of
water. lneaee the cornia troaenbefore it is properlyma tured for cutting, it should he harvu tedat once, beforelt hae had time to dry out to any great exteut. Enough
water should he added to replace that lost by evaporation through standing in the field after frosting.
SURGE ON .
Sorghum is readily made into silage. The only savantageswhieh sorghum hae over eornam that it wfll some
time yield heavier on poor ground and that the operation
of harvesting may extend over a greater period—that b,it stays inthe right stage tor harvesting longw thanem .
Sorghum, however, makee a poorer qualiv of silage, beingmore add, not so palatable, and lens nutritious. Whencom yieldsweil there ia no advahtage ingrowtng mghum.
Olom h a suaou tnl dlage cmp yielding a palmproduct high la uroteta. lt doq aot pad aowell aseoa ,
ao g eat mae ahouldha enrchd h the trm plng o‘thesilage at the time :ol iilling, and the depth ot the ailo
willaot pm ve satiatactoryflfiom ehouldhe choppedhd
tore ailolng ae a matta -of eonvmimee in‘
teadinc'andahoto seem more thorough peeking, although it can he
plaeedln the eilo without chopplng. mop » ahoold hehm estedet th e u me tlme ae tur makln‘ inbh y—that
mahe clover into ailage lt it m he made into hay, ash
the eaae under most eoaditiona. I t la hettar pnctiee to
groweorntor ailage andme the clover lnthe torm ot hay
asa supplement to the ailage.
oowm a, karm a, um aor nam e.
Theae crope canall he suceu tully made into silageby
ahould he cut at the aame time as tor haymaking. However, it is ordinarily prefe rable, as with clove , to make
them into hey rather than silage.Othe good aflage m tafifl e m h fir corm milo maiae.
teosinte, and beet pulp.
m anm no rancrop m " minein) mo .
z1t the owl
The cornis cut for the allo either hy hend or hy
machine. Handcuttingie practiced ontarml where theamount of cornto he harveshedla ao -nall asto make theexpenee ot purcheslng a cornharvester too great to jnstify ltl nse. Hand cutting is aleo reaorted to through
neceasity whenthe cornia downor lodgedin such a manm asth prevent the uee ot the niachhra. Thia method ol
cutting, however, is slow and laborious and there are
prohahty few loeallfia nowwhe e the purchaae of a har
vestarwoddnot he a profitalfle lhvestimnt, Inease theexpense iseohaidced tbo great to he horne hy a singlelndlvidual two or mmweneighhorsnlyrtwell arringe topurchase a par'Q a flHp maclllne
more
by the c- d haadllagthebundla andinfieeding thnuinto the aflaga eutm . Two w three hoauq the lattr
M o dm nafiwill he reqaired to m the har
vester, and they ahouldhe'
ahle to cnt ahout 0 acru a day.
The hhrvestrr ahouldnot getsotar ahead ol the haula ethat the m wiu drjy out m m y conddm hio m t.
Hauling to the Gutter.
This is ordhu rfly done with the eommon (lat he;frames. Anohjectiom tao fluelr u e isthat lt isneoe-aryto lll
‘t the p eaa eora fodd
’
er te a oonsid'
erahle height inluflm whlch h hard worh A low-wheeledwagonis
preferable to a hlgh-wheeledune. A low-downrack quiteeommonly u adtnm pom orme umted
'
sm u m u
easily mule. ne followingm the dimctiohsiormakingthis h ot , taken‘
frornFarmers’ Bulletin 292 :
odiaistnof two dby o inch hed
pl‘
oces, lflorzofeet ih length, bolted together'
at one andto fonna V. ou ot theaetixnbm ia huilt a rack d
feht inwidthI The of thisrfi isahout fl feet
wig. m andM‘
uiu ea m mntn-rmgnmqdo not quite touch the wheela. The apex ol the V ism
pmded halow the rmnt exle of anordlnnry tarm wagonby meana of a loug hingholt. The othe endaare attachedbelow the hind axle hy U-ehapedclevieea The materials
W h fiw bnm somhnm a ny cmehblanLN febt odhoardsl hy m incha ,
2zleet ot lumherl lung hingholt, 2 etim p roda, and holtn
a pom’ble.
filling heeobé anneoe-arlly high .
29
cam e rasM a : ”y .“ .. g.
There m sever'al diltm t mehrsol sflm cutm u ea
themarhet that will give-aatiataction. h e capacity “
the machine to he pnrchaaedie an lmportant considc ao
tionwhjch ahouldnotbe overiookud. I m ps-em a nate
the mistake of getting a cutter which is too small, thus
making the operaflou of fllling the aflo very alow andlntender ing with the continuous unploymm t of the entireforce of men. I t ia hetter to get a machine lame m ough
so that every one will he ahle to keep hnsy all the time.
Another matta to be condda ’ed is. the tact that the
larger cutters are equipped with a self-feeding devicewhile the smaller eizes em not. Buch a devioe sam a
great deal of labor. Other factors .to be taken into account inpurchasing a cutter are the amount 0! work to
he done and the power avellahle. Of course, for the illling of a very amall ailo it woulduot he wise to buy a
large machine. Neither would it he advlaahle to
load the engine or mom lrv ualng a amerwhich is
PW“um wm m m m m h
‘
.mor ahlowc anduponthe rahe of fe
‘
e’
ding. I t'
ispo-ihle toteedslowly and to p t along with lu pom thanwould
be requindwith tull teeding. As a rule, however, a
personabould havu power suflichm t to run the cutter at
tull u pacity, andeven, a little surplus lsadvi-hla'
The
power required for a cutter and blower, if a p aolineengine is used, is about 1 horsepowa for each l-inchlength in the cutting cylinder; that in, a 15-inch cutterwill take a lS-hornapower angina, an IBM cutter will
mqnim n lflhouqower mginq and so on. B a steam
ia employed, the power ahould be at least two
th of that indicated for the gasoline engine.
Length to Out.
M umd lmgth of cutting variee trom one half to l
inch. The latter is conaidered a little too long, aince
the more rapidly cani
the'
cornbe run through the cutter.
Pholdegnewthe hw
'
iu ' or carrler emptieqthe cut cornflra 'e 'anbne or more mm in
the silo to distribute and trump the material . Unless
thu u is eome oue to do thie the cut materlal will hethmwntoo mueh inone place m d the havq etnlh md
gminwfll not he mflfurnly dfltrfbuted‘
throughout the
silo The aibe ahouldhe kept highe thantheqm ter ahdmuchof fiie trahiping doue clon to the wall.Various contrivanea have hen
“
: used for distributing
$3
the-flags. The onenost to he rpeommmded tor thispu .
pose, howerer, isa metal pipe aimilar to the om inwhidthe ent epn h m mam putm e lou eunu e
tiona. The eorntmm the hlower pa-esdownthh pi
into the‘ailo, and heing looeely put together it qn
swungso that the material canhe placedamvwhu eintheailo -With thiscontrivanceno work wlth a forh laneeunryandone mancando the work ot two or three anddoit easier. There in
'
very little looae material (lying aboutlnthe silo and the work lsmuch cleaner. Another adventage isa lu uning of the danm ot heingstruck hyforeignmject which has peseed up the hlower pipe.
Beavy knives ot the cntter have heenknown to pau
through the hlower and into the ailo. AshasheenmmfiM - thh pipe h put together lnsecfiona so fiial asthe lilage rlm m tlie aile the aectiona oanhe readfly de
'
tached as raquired.
Adding Water.
lncase the matrn-ial hashecome too dry helore lt la putinto the silo water ahouldbe edded to
‘
supply the defl
clency ot moisture and'
eo make the ailage pack better.
Unlessit iswell packedthe ailagewill ‘filre—fanf or de
Tonto through.
the growth of mold. Enough waterould be added to restore the moisture content of the
cornto what it wouldheit cut at the pm per stage. The
water may be added by running directly into the ailo bymeansot a hose or hy running thm gh the hlower. It isclahned that hy running lt into theblower thewater ism thomnghly mixedwith the cut corn.
lt m to hegwdpncfice no matte what the eonditim odthe cornmo thnroughly wet downthe naterlalat
the top of thasilowhm through fllling. Thlawill help tom m wp m mdlm m m m t otw edm0nm .
a!
ow wwSeveral yean ago lt wasa commegm ep to m
in order to prevent the top
poae it consista usually inmemly runnin'
ginhntop em ~
stalh trum which the ean havu heunr—wved. By thh
methodsome of the corngrainissaved.eumstaih paek much hetter thanatraw dou andao u
dude the air mm eflectually . The top is thorpughlytramped and the) wet down. Bometima oats are aovu
onthe top hefore wetting. The heat gm ershedhy the fwmm dng ma- will cense the oata to sprout qulchly andtorm a duu e eodwhlchm to shnt od the air aum the
fl age bm u tL Ind ineunmqm oply a 'eqlayer- spoils.
upon the baicicncy of the machinery.haul, and good machinery onoflabor might wellbenred:
l manandS hormsto hindthe goen.
2 m to load the oom .
a menandOhorau to haul.
l ldanto help unlosd.
‘
l
gi
r
aatnfeedfhe euttar.
i 2 mentowork inthe ailo.l maa to tend the englne, lf steem lsused.
m,w W PM KW‘EMM,
t°
m m tagu nzit
ght he am ggdgafiollowa:
m ecca-07 m m
A-witbtho eoct of llllhg the flq n'
o
mm
u nh M u wthe eu t oiM Thi-vfll depo duponthe yhld per m the met ot w h ‘n eaq u d the
“ t ot alling. Beveral yu n ap the eolt m vu 'lou ly
eetlm ted et txvm tl to tLfiO pc m At m thll
h mnch too low. The hefore menfloneddencollectedhvy
i
wen- a non nu-u L m'
rm'
m
Wha m m h m de lnto dh ge eertflnm ta
floqhhu ph emv lllch m ltninthe pmductioh of e m ~
ddenhle tmount of hu t m d the eomeqm t lo- M food
meta -il l. The M t of thh lm m h flon h dm dent
uponthe emonnt ol nk inthe dlo. Tu m ult-then !
m t the hlghc vfll he the tanpentnm of fu-mm u
fionend the greeta the lo- of foodinnegfim t; Ear
memtnfioqvill confinue until all M annh eim -tr
hu heequ edup or hu hm dh plemdhy mrbondlofid.
Inthe heep dloe ot the pm ent fime the pm n h eo
m um m u m nm m m mm u a m w wm m ‘mnm m m m m a mw a m .
insu lt
M h nbem some expertmm te eonducted et the
m m fioa vhleh lhov'
thd tfie lo-u lnthe dloa
m o VALU 0" em u .
ln‘ ththebmp fl'ofi vhlch lt h df naof
with -0m m fu e l-dry
i'h ‘h‘e
It it quits Important in the feeding of
radon include . l0me succulqt ham-u
d m wwom amwmfl h '
il eoft m d pliehle. I t fi iwmusually lunche hu m m produ flou
'whm lhe hnm to e good pu ture. na m e-t u m m
mu m m m m dm m uu nd ymmte enage.
No rough.
“ in
until'
lhe hn acquired'
e taste fut
pedhbthe m helt wm m m fiefl fine ‘ltb
ocued tnthm . M qu flty of hdlg puhnhle h l
m m h m h m nm luww w m m m a w
m m d M q .t feodn t thon h
amendsm i W e dour
M q VM ofiM h M Por IOO
Q3, .(l t“ " 0
m m W mWheat”
M m m w mem w e:
m w mhnfip idm not m a wbe other thintentative and subject to correction letq;on. Whjle flhqhavenot hem prepamdu a m lt otwefi wlthm und
ol anhnah other than.thohe tvr htaf, it h thoa¢htl that
they are appm imnhely eorrect wheh apflied to dheep,
hm and dairy'
eowa. At any’ fabthq m the molt
reliable fight. which we have at m t.
From the tnbbgjm it‘
wfllbe obm edthnh a llttbm e thm twice u vflm hh peund
asdlngg tht t hnnlsflxree fimu u nfieblg andan:eom h mon thahnnfimq u nm h Inohlqrwmdl,
an lnfihe apm wufio ot dlaae h dom hay z,m and amu s. . w
mega hu heu lom dm he perfimh riy wdl adhmm um my,
3;
IB M! it In“(W {fi t a .u : -l .o an.31 11 ‘l u [no 501 4 r i s
m rot Am
(ham m ot the ddry m h ltm u m mwhh m lquminoua hay anch aa dm , cewm u
alfalfa Thcaewill m dto ctm oet the dddO Ch ol the
Andm d dhm qy, alt-Ha hay altne h nfiah etoq , howevcr, only fur cowawhjch are dq.m giving onlya m all a-ount of mllh and for heilnrl and hulla Cow:intunmnh requlro eome more eom tratcd ked thanhay ot aflan elae they eannot eonaume mcnsh bedumeet the dm ande ot the horb. The m lt wlll he thttthewn lm h M -na m mmtnw .
Am t to M
thempadty of the anhnal to tnhe feedl fihe ahoaldhe -M
a much a-she wlll cleaa upmithoua he whenu u
m edalougwith hcr hay andgrain. Bdn or lowcr theamount unfll thc piopc qum x m tflned. Gm
dbepeahng a goodm m whe M j-t ahort ol thelimit odhcr appedte. “ M M "
ahouldhe redueed at onee.mm W
M wfll”oct o pounda perdayflhe lnp ll uuh ahoutw;andthe M am-du d m a amount. m m
.
‘u ”N ’ i
l l': .3'
wa nna-1 3h) : ' a~u ' m nio u.-h m 9
vm m um fir‘
m m m m u m ~
lnm h hdwovurflhq ahoaldhenppuedwtfi mthcy wm d-nup with gralnh p opu flcnheproduced. The m wm ordinamy m o he
m indnwu da p cowpq dt W h eo-J
35
nection'
with ailag'
e. no“
: Eel-wini l pm d oiconeutratee lor cach l ponndl ot mllk pmducedwfll pronW right Pot-Jerm il pound fdt
'
eech h pouhda otuiflh a lu wm eombneam mceflng the reqmm u .
according to the liuality of mllh prodnccd. A gocdrule
h to feedaevcu fima u m dnp ainu tha e labuficrtut
Fora IM poundwwyiddtngm poundl ot um m
“ 8.5 m m :
mom . (Jo-rpm. orm fififififilfifiiififilfiffilGram mlxtm . a
For thc nmc cow ylelding fl pounda ot uipcr eentmilk
Grain mixture
Foc h ooo-poundcow ylddit pounda of fi per centmilk :
Gnlnmm m'e .
For th'
e aamecowyleldlng m pou'
ndiof h pc cgt
Agood gralnntxtu e th he uaedinu ntlou whlch induda dhge nd m c m t d lcgm hq h eour
pocedof
4 4
.
ir Mmm finrééé fi w
may be nhsfituhed for me
fl
lt inthm glvu hunwdh tcly td the wwe hd up dm
poaifionacta lu no hm wtll ronlt m tcdh g thie
38
m nds that the milk flow he mainteined et a high pointall the tima trom parturition to driinsofl. I t becomoneceu ary, therefore, to supply aome feed to take the placeof the gram . The eahie-t wny to do thisishy means of
silage. Silage is cheaper and decidedly more convenientto use than soiling crope.
The amount: to feed will depend upon the condition of
the pusturea, vnryingall the wey trmn10 pound to a tuil
winter feed ot w pounde. It ahonld he mmemhered inthis connection that silage contains a low pa oenteso of
pm tdmw thet the greeter the am ount ot aih ge fed the
greater must be the amount of pm teininthe supplementary fwd. to properlybalance the ration.
SILAGE FOB HORS ES.
By Gl ononM, Rou unh, cm !6f the Animal Husbandry
Silage he: not been generally fed to horou . partly onaccount of a certain am ount of danger which attm da it!
use tor thispurpoee hut sfinmmu perhapa onaccomit
of prejudice. Inmany caaenhorsa have hecnkilledbyeating moldy ailage, and the carelu a perlonwho fed itat once blamedthe hilage iteelt rether thenhisowncareleunm endthe mold which really wusthe cause of the
'
trouble. Hons are peculiarly suaceptihle to the effect:of molds, and under certain conditions certain mold
grow onailnge which are deadly poieons to hoth honaand mulea. Moldsmust have air to grow and thcmfuresilage which ispnched aintight and tcd out rapidly willnot hecmne moldy. I f the feederwntchu the aih p caro
tully u the weather warms up he m soundetect the
preamce ol mold. Whenmold appa rq teeding ho horl.or muienlhould etop immediately.
I t isaleo unu fe to teedhoracstrosm aflage onaccountof the danger of colic. Thisisprlctlcally impe-ihle tc
l—C L
34
avoidinvery coldwaathc , u pedaibinsolid~wall aila .
By taking the day’a teed from the untroeenceaher odthe
ailo andchopxing away the trolenaiiage tmm the edgu
and piling the trosar piecasinthe cm her the ma- will
usually thaw out lntime tor the next teed.
Cornto he made into ailege tor hou ee ahouldnot hecut too groen, ae eour allage will reault and may ceuee
collc whenfed. The cornahouldbe welimuturod andcut whenthe grainia heginning to glaze. The ailo ahould
be filled rapidly and the corn mould he vigoromly trampedandpankedwhile iilllng. At lm t three menahouldbeinelde the silo, moving constantly, two around the edge
and the third acmm and around the center. This isbyfar the moat important point inconnection with feedingsilage to horaea, and the livesof the horaa fed onailage
may depend on the thoroughness with which the tramping isdone. p roperly dune no danger ia llkely to ro
unit;it not properly done air pockets may form and causethe accumulation of a small mass of mold which the feed
ar they overlook but which might be sufficient to kill oneor more horses.
The value of aliage forhoneeie gmatert asa meanstocarry them through the winter m ooncheaply or to eupplement pasture during drought. A. the danger of moldis greater in summer than in winter, allege ahouldnothe fed to horeee inthat eeaeonunlm a large numher ofanimals are getting it and the daily consumption is nolarge anto preclude the formation of mold on the sur .
face.To chcapm the rationbf hmodmara inwintu no feed
hu more value thangoodcornallage. c e graingocsinho the ailo with the stover no additjonal gninia needed foe hrood marea hay heing the only eupplanentnryteedneeeasary. I f thero ie little grainonthe m the
silage mould he m plemented with 1 pound of old
proceaslineeedoilmeal orcottonaeedmeal daily perpounda live weight, sprinkled over the anage.
Horace to he’
winterod en a silags and hay rationahould he started onahout fi poundsot silage daiiy perl,000 poundslive weight, the gram and hay raflonhalng
rationiswpounbsflage and LO ponnda ot hay'
dally pu
1,000 pounds live weight. I t will roquire about a monthtnnach the fufl teedotfilagq hnt ths periodmaybe de
Maresfed in this manner will he in splendid condition
the ioalswlll he fnlly u vigomng with just aa much
sire andbone u fl the mareswere fed the conventionalgrain andhay ration.
Work horoes when idle can be wintered satisfactorilyin this manner, but much silage is not recommended forhorses at heavy work for the same reason that a drivinghorse can not do hiebu t while on watery grass pasture.The writer knows of cases where stal lions receive a
ration of silage, but has had'
no experience in feedingthem inthismanner. There sa- s no reason why silage
ahonldnot he a valuahle teedfor stnllionsduring the idle
Silage should also he metal for young hence, a pocini.
ly draltera hut here agatnthe writer cannot qnote hlsown experience and experimental data are meager.
To summarisa ailage is aale ho feed to horses andmules only when it is made tmm fairly mature elm ,
pm perty stored lnthe silo. Whenit is pm periy storedndh not allowedto moldno feed exceedsit asa chcanwinter ration. lt lsmost vaiuahie tor horaesand mulclwhich aro not at ha vy worh such ashmod mares and
grainonthe eornstaiha, horsu will kcep ingood coadi
tionona ratlonofm poundsof silage andm poundso!hay for est-h pounds of live weight.
38
SI LAGE FOB BEEF CATTLE.
By W. F. Wm ,Animal Ba hamian is Beef Cattle
Investigation.
There is no roughage which is of more importance to
the prodncer ol beet eattle thansilage. The value oi
silage to the beef producer varies considerably and isdependent upon a large number of other factors. I!
rough loddm are scarce or are high prioed, it the ¢rainis hlgh priM or il the gx-ainisso near a good market
thst much oi’ it canhe rmdily sold, silage will have a
greater value thanif the opposite condition exist. I t is
a great saverofgralnregardlea ofwhether lt is to he ted
to- stock ca ttle or fattening cattle. It will lessen the
grain feeding by practical ly the same m ount as iscontalhad inthe silage. The value will also depend some
what upon the kind of cattle to which it is to be fed. I f
there is an abundance of rough fodders which cannot bemarketed, silage will not be so valuable. But in a caseof this kind the silage would prove more valuable if usedfor the calves and pregnant cows and the coarse fodder-s
need for the other stock.
SM O. N I TE ! am m o B I RD.
For wintering the entire breeding herd there is noroughage better than silage. All of the animals williellsh a ration containing it and it will crea te a goodappetite for all other feeds. Cows that are fed all of the
silage they wil l consume along with clover hay will gothrough the winter inline shape and make small gains.If the amount of silage is limited
,a more economical
me thod of wintering than will he to reduce the silage to
e hal! ratlon. letdng thanhave the m of a stnw stadand feeding ahout z pounds of eottonseed meal or oil
meal per day. Some dry coarse fodder or straw should
37
alwaysbe kept hdore anhnah gettiag dlaa as it re
dnces the amonnt ot silage cou nmed and prevents thebowels trom becoming tno loose. The socculent teedwfllcanse the hreeding eowsto give a good lowodmllk eventhough the ealf he borninmidwinter, and a thtltty ealf
wil l resnlt. c e silagsis tree trom mold or rottenspots thm wfllbe no danger in teeding it to hreedmgcows
Silage is a pedalbbenddal for calves which havejust beeuwuned. They tase to thisrationqnicker thanto dry fieedand thu e isnsually little lossinweight uomtheweaning. m mm should be supplemented with
and the esivesshonld hegivena small amount of gralnA mixture ot one halt cosnchop and one-half cottonseedmu l l-excellent.
" LAG! ma m a ca'rru .
Each farmerwill have to plan the rations for hiscattleaccordtng to the amount oithe varlons teedsha hasoe
hand. Stockerscanbewinta edonsilsge sndsome goodhq , fodder, or straw, but this may not always be the
most proiltable. When hay ishigh priced and grainis'
reasrmahly cha p or plenty of silage is available, it maybe m ocononileal to omit the hsy altogetha
’
. A rauanof eornsilage alone has oftenbeenprofitable for thincattle. Stocherswhich havebeenfed liberally all wtnterand made to put ongood gainsusually do not make as
isrge dally galnswhenput ongnss asdo steerswhich
have net heenquite so wel'
l fed. The time the eattle are
to he ilnished lor rnarket snd the degree ot fatnu s‘
to beattainedshonldgnvm to a lsrge extm t the methodto befollowedduriag thewtntsr. Whm beevesare especteduosell high lnthe u rly summer and the steerssre to he
finished for market at thst flmq a hu vy roughap ration
with a amail amount ot grainahouldbe feddnring thewinte months.
m a! m a FAM E“! m um
Silage standsnrat in rank ot all the mughage for
finishing a ttle. M mefly, during the era of cheap corn
and. other concentram little attention wasgiven to theroughage, as it was usual ly considered inert ly a
“fillet"
and of va'
y little economic value in feeding. No especialcare was taken in ulecting any particular kind, nor wasthe quality of it seriously considered.
’
As the prices ofthe concentrated teedstufl‘s advanwd, the feeder lookedabout for methods of cheapening the cost of producingbeef and soon lound this could be accomplished by usingjudgment in selecting his roughage with ru pect to the
grainted. .This has continued until at the present timethe roughage receives as much attention as the concentrated feed, and hasbeenmade to take the piace ot s
large amount of the latter: The feeding of silage came
into general use with the advent of expendve grain andis becoming more popular each year. With the presentprices of feedstuli’sthere ishardly a ration used for feeding cattle which can not be cheapened by the use of thissucculent feed. By combining it with other beds theeliiciency of the eetion is increased to such an extentthat the amount of the daily gainsininvariably greats
producing a pound of gain is
The heaviest daily gtinsaxe usuaily msdeduring thsstage cf the teedh g pa loQ and aflsp m thenhe medto advantage in large quantities with a small amount of
p ainhutn the teeding progxe-u the amount ot sllageahould he le-ened and the graininamsed. Insomeplaces the prlee of hay and stove isso high that the
p eater the woportionof silagsnasd in the ration the
more m iitabie is the teeding.
Conditiona ingenu -al m sueh that any gim rafios
89
wifl not suit a large uumha ol taruerg uor wlll it he
ao profitable for some asit winta-M ao eaeh tarm
ar muat deta mine tor hhns'
df just what eombinationof
feedswill he most profltahle for hlsuse.
m sum u fw m wm cm um u
ofl odet e h ioe m owpea as ther Heya
Are M ed os tM Fa -m.
(1 ) Om'nd‘
lsge .
(3) Corn m
BALANUED RATIONS FOB DAIRY OOWB.
By J on»: M. Sean.
lnthe lista of retionsflm below, home~gmwu feedsare-separate tmm purchased feeds. The amount glvenineach rationis suiiicieut tor m e dsy
's twd for a wwweighing 1000 pounds and giving about thme gallom ot
milk per day. (Dairy cows in Florida usually weigh
trom 600 t0 800 pounds.) For cowa giving a heaviernowot mug it wilibe necem ry to incmase the amounts ot
teedaccordingly No attempt hasbeenmade to esthnatcthe cost ot these rations, or to say whieh will he the
chespest, asthe prlou of feedsvary indiflelm t plaeea
The amou u of u ch teedbdng glm it wfllbe aneasy
mattsr tor the dairymanto calculate the local eost of theM m t ratiemsandinthisway flud out which wfll hethe cheapest fior hin ho use.
low
I t shouldbe underatood thut the ahove ratim sm not
necessarilv to be tedinthe enct quantitiesgivenahove,but should be modified to suit local conditions or theactual conditionsoneach tarm. They are givm to ahowappmximste ly the average m ounts andcharacter of feedthat would be consumed dailyby a -pound steer dulL
ing the feeding period.
I t iswelito faed asnear a halancedrationaspo-ihiewithout material ly incrmaiug its cost. Sometimes theprices of available feedsare such that a tam er is justifiedindeviating from the staadu d. Such m ditions anillustrated by the
‘
me of some of the rations given aha" .
1he aecondrationahdvm tor the 80uth isanm mple, aa
that rationisvery narrow,but ineertainloa liticsit ia
more proiltabie thanone which ishalancedby the nse ot
high-priced carbohydrate taeda
42
Two ratlons are ahowntor the West where kafircornsilage is used. With some farmers it would undoubtedly
be more profitabie to use altalia hay asa suhstituhstor
cottonseed meal, while with others the purchase of the
cottonseed me !would be more economical .
H I SG LLANI OUS com m -nous.
Silage is a quick finishing roughage inthat it produoularge daily gains and produces a glossy coa t and a soft,plia ble skin. Moreova , it canbe used to advantage attimes for carrying cattle for a longer time so as to passover a period of depru aioninthe market, or to carry thecattle along inthrifty condition so they can be finished ata later period.
For many yearsthe belief was'
gm eraithat cattle whichreceived silage as a major portion of the roughage wouldhave to be kept in warm barns and not be exposed to the
cold. While they do need protection from the cold windsandrainsandneed a dry place to lie down, it hasbeenclearly demonstrated that warm barns are not only unnecessary but that flatt ened cattle make both larger and
cheaper gainswhm tedinthqopenahedsthan when confinedinharns. Stocker or thincattle receiving silagewillof courssnesd more protectionthan animalswhich are
being fattened.
Silage can be profitably used to supplement the peatum for steersdurlng a timsot dmught, whal they anbeing finished tor marhst, but it isstiil anopm questionwhether it canalways be madm ama, for feeding tobreeding a ttic during such times.
The theory that silage-fed cattle shrink very heavi ly inshipping to market is erroneous. While the actual
shrinkage during transit is sometimes p asta , the fill
takm at msrket h m afly gooiandit good judgmqltle nsed inprepartng thanior shipping the net shrinkageis no greater than for cattle which have M M Ondry
48
feeds. N u hom pm iousto shipping uicebright haym m mm a u m mm m m m m m
The m e d impreasioa that choiee or prime carca-ascannot be made hy me u e of suoculent ieedis equallyn truq u the silsge-fedcattle usually manmon du ir
able mrea-u than cattle ted a aimilar ratiou, except
that silap was nplacedby ona ol the coarse fioddm
Then h so appredable dinerence in the petm taes ot
marketshle meat that steen will dru out whlch hm
beenh ished ou a silage rationand a dry ratioa. The
meat seesnsequallybright sndthe fat asvell inmrmixedwith the lean.I l aflage makesup the bulk of the roughsge lt svillbe
nece-ary to haul large amounts of bedding into the shedsto heep the animalsdry, as there isno waste insilaga,or alse make a cemeut floor and «war with bedding toabsorbthe urine and {wa nt the animals from slippingand to give them a warm place to lie down. When the
enormous saving inthe quality and amount ot the teediv considered, thisdisadvantage does not seem so hard toom omeby the stockmanv ho has the m pltal to put upthe silo and pave hisfced shedsor teed lota
Fy E L Bm w, M Husboada asia Sheep u d ooot
The nse of tlissucculu t feed fur aheep haa attracted
the attantionot most fam ersouly during the past fevyears. Althoufi a fswsheepmenfedailage many yeanago vith good resulta, most dock-masters havebem alov
isgiving it a triai. Owing to the wofiderful increan inthe use of dlosou fnna and oving to the eheapne- ot
silage u eompned vith other sumnleut teeda snch as
m um m m tlynisiag the quesfim m rd
ing the feading of dlage to shesp. Agraat deal hasbm
M
nid oiitabad eikctsupondxeembut thu e hau arissneither hecause aninierlorquality ot silagewastedor onaccount ot carelessnas tm the part of the teeder innot
‘
A goodquallty of silage isextreanelypalatable andcanbe ied to ail cla-u of sheep vith p od resuits. lt must
very sour, moidy, ur troaenshouldnot be tad.The amount ol silage repurted infieeding trials vario
M i to bpoundsper head per day. The aswunt to
fieeddepmdsuponthe clan otsheep andthe cham tsr oi
the other teedswmprising the ration. Asa gensral rulebom z to Apounds per head per day is cunaidered as
mucbasahouldbe tediLamb feeders have found silage a very satisfactory
M m d the amou t ted rangu bom l to iipoundsper
day. Where lamb-are on full feedot grain, such ascorn,and are recaiving a i‘air allov ancdof hay, they will, asa
rule, only consume trom l to 2 poundsper head per daylnfeeding breeding ewasbelore lambing a dafly al
lowance of tmm Z to a poundsshouldbe cousidered a
maximum quantity. After lambing the amount can beallghtly im reased.
In leading silage or any other succulnt feedsit mustbe borne inmindthat the value of sucbfeeds to a iarge
extent isto act asanappefiser andto keep the digestivesystem in good condition. Under ordinary conditionswhere silage isfedit should not wustitute more than onehalf of the ntim ration
,and it should ba ted with other
teeds that wfll properly balauce the rationtor the ppr
pose inteaded.
m m w m m sm .
The e are aflosaad silos. M diofl im wmm p
silage. Bome ol them cost mm money thanothers
temporary. Othelnsre parmanm . A mas must decide
for hhnaaif whethar he wfll isvu t a unallc amm t ot
money ina tempeu-ary silo that will last tnm tm ho
twenty yeara ur invest a larger amount oimoney ina
children perhaps. However, before building a silo weshou ld make some investigatiOn of the various silos
‘
ou
the markeh la ruing their relative costs and eIIldancy.
Asilo isnot a piace ot tum iture, neither-ia it a piece ot
machinery. But a lilo must have attention, just the
same asit it wea-e a piece ot machinery. The very bestsilo may prove a failure if neglected. Hence, the thingsto determine upon are these: Build a silo. Build a goodone. h iscare of it.
By tsr the gnaaternumber of silosinthe sta te are of
the m dam stawe-type. Thisisa gooddlo. I t wfll heapsilaga withaslittle lo- mm spoiling aa any silo onthemarket, but not better than some other silos. There aremany dlflerent wooden stave silos put out by many dilierent compania . Each company has a strong talking
point for its particular silo. However, it should be re
membered that thebest arenone too good. That ia the
best silo that any company puts out is uone too good.
lf a manhasnot money enough to buy the best grade of
silo oflexed, he can be excused for taking m inferior one.But it is never economy-tobuy achu p silo of an inferiorquality. I f possible, buy only the bu t grade of lumber,the one piece stew
The wooden stave silo d- ands more attention in thesummer time while it isempty thanat auy other time.
Since the silo is usually empty -tu the summer time it isapt to be neglected. But during the summer wha t theweather is hOt and dry the m m will shrink and the
46
hoopsget looee. u m nm m nst upt onugut mhoops may get so loose that the siio wfll tall‘
downor
“tail to stavu .”Whenthe hoopsandstavesof a siio be
eome loosq lt somefimesdoesnot take a vc'
y stmngwindto blw h dowmm irit isancha ed.
Astave sflo shouldbebuilt or put up right. It shouldnot lean. I t ahouldbe perpmdicuiar. c o siio imngthe diage wfll setfie to m e ddg lesving a spaeebetweenthe silage and the opposite wail. Where thce isnot
something else there wfllbe air. The air getting intoj hisspace will spoliu lot of aiiage.
Agaimit the summer ishot anddry and the hoopsottine silo liavebeentzlghtlunedsevural t:lxnes.itwill he lices~
sary to loosenthem whm flie alio lsmledlnthe tnll. I t
thislsnot done the molsture trom the silsge swelling the
stave. will cause them to “buck”in places, sometimesletting in the air, or htnak the hoops. lnulther case
serious results will follow. When buying e stave silo,remember the instructions given by the company from
whom it isbought Even though somnof ua lt seems,do lihe to be ‘mum -bugged,
”we are not iivlng'
intahe age
of guld brick s and takes and takers. Each company istrying to put out a good ailo. They are all trytng to
“deliver the goods.”Bny a goodsilo if you buy any, and
follow instructions. For bu t results s thin coating ofcreosote shouldbe applled to the inner wall ot the ailo
onoe in two years. Never paint the lnner wall of a
wooduaatnw silo. I f thisisdong wood moldwill likelyform
'
lnthe wood and rot the stave. Paint the ontaidewail. I t wliiprotect lheyoodn-om thewesther sndaddto me appearance of the silo.The stave sllo ss lt eomesfm m the company ls ready
to be put together. However, the purchasc must have
prepared a foundstlon onwhjeh to set the sflo. mfoundationmnbe made of stone ma or concm The
iatter ls psetenhle. The wall of the foundstiunshouldbe trom eight lnches to a foot ln thlckneq j xtmding.
41
trom two to three fieet intnthe ground'
and tmn ito
l} fleet above the ground. A a2-toot continuous stave
with s loundationot hour feet mahu a goodcomhinatlmfor a siio adteet inheight. I t lsa goodpm dce to make
the toundafionwafl a mot tfick at'
the hottong tape lngto elght inchu at the m the dombdng onthe ontsideInthlsway the inner wail lskept perpeudlcnlar. Alter
the wail ls compietna nom- ot concrete should he lsid.
The door should be concave, several incl-u lower inthecm ter thanaround the wsll. The cost of a stave siio
varla accosding to the sise and qnallty of lumher, “
A stnve ailo ot goodqnsiity, 10132 teet, togethu wlththe toundafiom wiil cost about
ea. nou n conesnu smo. (u ouou rm c )b
Thislsone ot the permam t alloa. Whenbullt properly .
lt wil l last longer thana lifetime. I t will not blowover. No guy wira ure nem ary. I t winnot dry out
and fail down. I t will not hurndown. H proper care
h takm inthe mm trncfiom mh type ot sflo wlil heepsilage perfectly. The question,
“Will the solid concrete
silo heep dlager lsgrowing ohselete. Time was whuthe stam sllo menohjected to the solld eoncu te allo on
the ground that it would creek and it would not heep themag mat tn m t a per cent ot dlsge wonldspodl hit. Howevermtm e we have la rnul howtobufldcuncretesilosthere lslu objecfionot thisnsture. l uch thst hss
hem -ld agshilt the eonm fl o h not warranted. It
00
Material for Silos of Varying Sit es.
The forms for building concrete silos can be homemade
orbought. lithe formsare made et home they will cestaboutsoo. nmey sre bimghh the pflce wlll vsry. The
sted formsonthe m rhet am servlceshle esaily hsndlel,andmnbe rentedout ior enough to psy tor the hrst cost.However, in either case, whefim homemade or boomit lssdvisahle somefimm for several m ina communityto shsre equally in mshing orbuying the form Ail eennse them snd the expense whensh
‘
aredin thism isnotvery great. The cost of a solid concrete silo, 16132, six;inch wail , will vary from $350 to $450, depending uponthe price of labor and cement and the distance that ma
»
terisi must be hauled.
The expanse of maintaining the solid concrete silo ispractically nothing. During the summer when the silois empty the wells become very dry. For this reasonthewal ls should be wet thoroughly bef ore new silsp
'
is put
in. This precaution should be taken with al l concretesilos
,and with stave silos as well. It will prevent the
walls t om absorbing moisture tron: the silage causingit to mold. Just as the stave silo should have a treatmu t
orceeosete onthe inslde om’e iii two years, so should theconcrete silo have s thincoat oicm t sndwater eva '
y
two years. h isshouldbe of the m y of white
wad . I t wlll serve to stop up snpor- and to heep tbe
I t lsnot clsimedthst the eeaawe hloeh sllo wm k-ps-c s.
silage anybetter dlanwill the solidwall type. However,the concrete hlock silo hasone sdvantsge overthe m no
'
umicqp —i g the hbch m be msde st tim whenother work onthe i’am isnot pcessing. Anvbody csnmake the hloch tor a wnaete silo. Since the hlech canbe made at leisure timm andby cheap lsbor, andmrther,slnee the hlocks are more msily handled thsneoncreta,some men prefer thistype rsther than the solid wall type.
The blocks sre hollow (of dimmsionsco salt the builder)andsm made with s groove inone side through which
passesanironrod tor reinforcing. Thistype ot silo mnstbe well reinforced to-prev- t cracking. Strong iron rodsare used tor thispurpose. There sre a grest masy silos
ot tin'
a type innse inthe fltatea. The concmte hlock liloof s.givensiee costa, on anaverage, about the ssme as
the mouollthic type or sgoodstave silo.
was ovu m smo (Pu m m ).
This type of silo is in common use in Missouriandother States. It gets its name from Mr. H. B. Ga lenofllllnola. He was the first manto try it and advocate itsuse. The claim of this silo for recognition is on account ofits low cost as compared to that of other temporary silos.
and because native lumber can be used inits construetion. It isa homemade silo.
The foundation is made of concrete a tm ding from l}to 2 feet into the grodndand the same distance above theground. Before the foundations hardens a sill is laid inthe top of the concrete. To this sill two by four scantling or stnddinp am nailed. These stnddings are set
on the sil l 18 incha apart. To the inside of the studding,running round and m d, isnsiled half-inch sheefing of
native lumber. Either elm, syu more, cottonwood, pine,cypru sor oak will do . Inside ot this laths are nafled.
The Isthscanhe hmnemade. But it they must be boughtthe steel lsthsare better. The lathe should run with the
31
sheeting. To th e u thsshalfinch hyer ot eement plsmh applied. Whm this h done the dlq thoudl not eon
plete, canbe used. h m shonldbe a cunent doorh eoncsvg lower inthe center thanm nd the wsll. lnordnto pm tect the inner wall, boflng shonldbe put onihestudding outside, and the hoxing psinted. Vents or holesshouldbe made inthe hoxingbelowandinthe iunerwallshove to sllow s tree pam ge oiair betweenthe wslla.
This will prevent“
wood mold from forming and da troy~
ing the sheeting. A root shouldbe pnt on to keep therain or snow out in the winter time. Snow will not in
jun the silage. I t isdimgreeahle to handle. A roof is
necessary to keep out water in Florida , though not
enough water to injure the silage ia likely to fal l into thesilo in winter, but all silos should be covered in Florida.
This type of silo. when properly built, will keep silageperfectly. However, it is as sta ted chove, only a tem
porary silo. It will last from ten to fifteen years, according to the material used and the attention it receives
I t wil l last as long as the average stave silo. It will not
dry ont and collapse. There areno hoops to keep tightened. Where all the material for the Gurler silo must be
bought, a silo 16x32 feet cunbebuilt fOr about 8226. I!
native lumber sawed trom timber on the farm canheused, the u paise will he le Msny sllos ot thisqpesnd the sisementionedhavebeenhuilt for anexpcdlturersnging hom tlzbto 8150 .
Another type oi‘ silo va y similar to the Gurlu isincommonuse. Instead of putfing onthe lathssnd cement
plsstnrl a layer ot tar papa ismed. Inside of thisis
put another thlcknn ot haH-inch sheeting. A silo ofthistind isevenehesper thsnthe euru . I t will hepdhgswefl md lsst fim lom lz ym maybe lohgu ,
dqimding of m onthe materlsl used.
‘l‘he dismeter of the sflo sbouldbe determinedby the
number of hnd of atock that mustbe ieu, andthe hei¢htshould he dstssmined hy the numhsr ot daya du tnd inthe teeding period. I t isnwessury to teed fmm aninchanda halt tntwo incha a day ofl
'ot thstop inorder tq
keep the silage tresh andsweet. I t will resdily he seimthat if the diametm-lsvery m t andthe numher of headot stoek to feed issmslifliere is a chanoe oihaving totak
'
e out at the silo each day more ailage thsnthe stod
caneat. M ot wune would result ina gmat waste
of feed. lt ismuch betta ' to have two lml ll siloa thanone veryJ u -ge one, especially when the numher ot lhocklssmall andt he feeding period dairedis long. Again,if two small silosam hnilt in prefei'enoe to oue large one,one silo canbej left undisturbed until needed, or perhapscanbo baa for summer use whsnpastures are short er
feed scarce. In general, thefoll owing rule il a good one.
“The helght ot a silo shouldneve he lessthantwioe thediameter." The taller the silo of a given diameter thegreater the weight on a given area of surface lnd thegreater the amount of silage it will hold. Not only will
a tell silo hold proportionately m ore silage, bubit wil lkeep ailage hettu . The grenterwuight servesto pack thesilage more tightly andto exclude the air, one of the twoagencies that cause silage to spoil .
Since a msture heet animal will est about the sameamount of ailage ina day asndsiry cow of the aame
size, the following tahles tnkentrum Bulletin103of theMissouri Expa 'iment Stationare oflerefl hen. Table No.
l will sene to giw a hettnr ifin of the relationenstinghetweenthe sise of the silo to the length of the feedingperiod and the number of head el stock to feed. Table
No. 2 will am've tnshow the eapedty of siloa of varying
68
Table No. 1 .
Relatioa ofsise os‘
lo to M ofFeedion u d
m a llards
Sisa ot fiilo.
01 1 11 00
The following table gives further figuresregarding theeapaciU of silos of different aim :
Table No. 2
Capacity of Silos of Varying Siva ,
lnside diamater ufl suo tn taat.
“coa st-inn it.
M
Atte aseartnining the u pacity ot silosoivarioussim
and lu‘rning the lmgth ot time the ailage ineach wfillast with s gtvm numher of anhnala to teed, our next
quu fionwinm h uy he m ow msny aa u ot'
eam m
required to llll a ailo of givendimm sionsf”Tho m w'
er
to thisquestinncanhe i’ound inthe data gim helow.
m a u u m m mm 1a m m m
AW Yield ofBllac cr Acre.
m a m
lt will he seantrom the tlgures just glven thst eorn
yielding w huahels to the aa 'e will make ten tons oisilage to the aa e. Quoting Professor 0 . B . Eckles, inthe bulletin just mm tloned, he statm :
“Upontzhe basisof total food value 2§ tons of silageare eqnal to one tonot timothy hsy. Thismeansthat a
yield of 10 tons oi'ailage per acre is equivalent infeed
lng value to e toua ot timothy hsy per asre. Onthe same
hada wheneom h wonh m om ts per hushel a tonof
silagu ia'
worthm 0alculatedinthisway, anaa e of
cornylelding ifl hushelsper am whenput into the allo
ia wortiim m, while at 50 0antspc hufllel tho grainls”ro m eo.
"
aowm m m m m om o’ m m m am .
Bometimes we would like tn tnow just how manypounds or tousoi’ ailage runainina allo aftc we hsve
hegunfeeding. Feedm have heem ha rd to say z‘fl t l
hadknownthatm ailage wonldm ont helonm waa
gmdenough for pu twg l shouldhave ieda llttle llght
at ." lt thesilsge lspartly usedout of a sflo andwe wifl
Yield ol mast .(OI-s
10
16
to selithe remainder,wewould likssome methodof eem~
pating the numher of tonstiiat we may have torsale.The tsble gim helow ahows the oomputndwdp t of
surface andthe total weight to those distanm two dsys
Bulletin Not “
m m :
M il -flan “ . Goot arnstnm um .
10310
87
m a m a m nm qm m m m qmm ot h m q aflsnnr am cM )
at silapetarot indwth ol
m am .
" A 900-poundcowwinordinarly consume 80 poundsoisilage a day;a 1 ,200pound cowahout 40 pounds. Yearlings will eat about one hslf asmnch asmature animals;fattening cattle, 25 to 85 pounds for each poundslive weight. A aheep will tnke ahout oneeig
'hth asmuch
sa a cow. Bornea ahould he linfited to ilito zo poundsdaily .
Ingeneral, the dspth ot the sllo ahould aot he lessthantwiee normon thsnthrea fimes thediam tar. fl a granter the depth the hetter the silagsgonaneount of the psuaure trom ahove. H iessthanzifeatinheight thequaliqot silagewill not hstheba t. A very great hdghh how
ever, la ho ha avolded onacoount of the exea ive amountof pom required to elevate the cut eorninto the aflo.
em era ld-am en“.
am m o-rm .
(m m m m )
“ M M M M .
m m wvm m
(1 mm l oo-1 m m ).
Tha m t d c dlo wfil dqm d onlom l m diflou u tbpficl of labor m d m m ;hov mnch hboe m m beplidtnrflhe lho of the lflm etc. The comptnfivo dmforgh eo-t ol two mundfl oqm m dwtu flndim ,
m dww dm bglm by lhof. mn¢. u lhm tnmfollowing tnble :
(m m m m ) .
The following rule for feeding good dairy cows is ssafe one to be guided by : Feed as much roughage (Succulent feeds like ullage orm ots, and hey ) as the cows will
eat up clean, and inaddition, 1 pound of grain feed (eoncentrates) a day per head for every pound of butter futthey pmdnoe in s week (or one-third to one fourth us
many pounds as they give milk daily.
The farmer should aim to grow protein foods like
clover, alfalfa , pens, em , to ss lursa extent as preemble, sud thuspeduee hisfeed hill.The following table gives sctusl clin ical sm lysis ofthe products mentioned and includes the entire contentsof the various feeds. The na t tshle shows the averageamount at digestible nutrients in the more commonAmerican fodders, grains and by products, and is thetshle thst should he used in formulating rations. Thetable gives the um ber of pounds of digu tible nutrientscontslned lnlOO lh - of the feeds und fllese flgum eun,thereforq he m ed ln llgurlng out the smount of dip stihle nutrients inm y given m ount of s food nines-is].
‘w m q wnmw tmfi rst “
(run l oam all-t a M L
Cow—pg V in.
“dd-ou V ine
Bye aiiu u
App l e Pum a
C o w- p ee Andso j s l os s
AM oI I M SM M W Hm M Am
(I‘m Board’s Duh-ru n).
Nsm of l‘qil.
Pess snd Osu
OurnWisenudnAnsiys.
06
blessing which we have not yet even begun ti) appre»
clite at its fufl value yet it isone of the most marhed
andainguiar advantagesof the sta te whm it isrealisedthat, in more northerly States, live stock must he housed
andtedsix to eight monthsof the year. Insny part ofFlorida three monthsis amp le time. Is the not distnntpast, Florida nhipped a large number of ta ttle to Ouhaand other nearby countria . These were generally rangestock, but in recent years the e countries have to a greatextent supplied their own market. The stock range ofthose times are practically passed
,for good, and it is
well that it is so. Inthe past it may have been goodbusiness policy
't o adopt the methods ih pursued. buttha t which may
.
have beensound policy in one conditionof affairs may be just the reverse inanother. We havenever availed ourselves of. the full natural resources withwhich .our State is blessed. On the contrary we haveeither overlooked or wasted them. It behooves us toturn our errors to good account, and when we have
availed ourselves of these naturalresources, have graspedthe real mu ning of new ideas and adopted modern
methods of agricultural and industrial science, we willquickly attaina degree of prosperity which wil l makeour State a of
‘
eveu progre-ive age.
£7
CANE GRINDING AND SYRUP MAKING.
By 0. K. MoQUARRI B,
Assistant Bitm ap-dad PM Institute.
The Sngar Cane isone ogthe olda t iam cropsinthhState of which we have any record. It dates from theearlia t settlement of the country on the East Coast. The
Jesuit Fathers imported the seedcane from me Wa t Indlea where lt hadbeenextqisively grownasearly astheyear 1518. I t was first brought over by Columbus, on his
seeond voynge iniwa. But the methodsot growtug thecrop and the extraction of the juice fordrop-making havenot been much im proved upon by th e general tam er in allthe years since then. This explains the lack of popularityof this crop as a money-maker. With proper culturalmethods and the use of imported mills
“
and evaporators,sugar one canbe made one of the most profita ble cropsthat any of our farm ers a ngrow. It is suitable for allsections of our State, asit thrive under proper tru tmcntonall h ndsofnfl imm our thinhlaek-jack land to our
beavy hammocks. Aftes' a nmnber ol years ot pracflcal
a peflm m with thh cm g our preferm ee isfor high pinelands with a red clay subsoil.
SOI L em anation.
In the natural course of «op rotation, sugar a nsflouid follow a sweet potato crop which has been liberaliy fertilised with stable manure. This would put a
p a t smount of humusinthe soilgm d thisisneesaaaryingrowing a a ne crup: Failing to get thisrotatiom thenext best y ouldbe to gmw velvet beans asa meeedingcrop, and have beengm ed oflby live stofi . But whatever rota tion we practice, and onwhatevu ' kind of soil
69
mmdedwhm the landisrolliag andsubject to waahing,as the rye roota help to bind th e soil, andit isanessymatter to plowinthe young rye when cultivation of the
Fertiliza tion is an importaut t point for a successfulcrop. The necem ary plant foods must be supplied inproper proportions .to get the best results. The analysisof the sugar cane crop ehowsthat it isa heavy teeder onammonia and potash. It dou not require much phos
phoricacid. It is a diiilcult matte to set down a rigidformula to .be observedinallw hee-m erc y tarma ’ssoil ditters from those of his neighbors inso many ways,in moisture, or inchemical and physical conditions. thatconsiderable latitude mustbe allowed. Under ordinary
conditions, on soil plowed not less than teninches deep,we would apply not less than one thousand pounds. per
acre of a fertiliser analyzing 5 per cent. Ammonia , 4 percent. Phosphoric Acid, and 10 per In the
applica tion of this ferti liser, care should be exercised .toapply it broadca st on freshly worked soil as uniformly aspossible, and to mix it thoroughly with the soil by h e
row, weeder or cultivator. This had better be done aweek or so before planting the seed-dines. The composi
dond thia i’ertiliaer ahould be aloug tha linu oi‘ alowavailability, particularly the ammonia ingredients of it.High grade cotton seed meal is really the most suitable
raw material for the purpose;because, being an organicfertilizer, it take longer in forming the new ry plant
M anda the cane cm p is a longm soncm g thismitait best. The source of potash should be the sulphate,because the chlorine in muriate and kainit injures the
llavor ot the airup to a certainextent. The method, in
M m d applying the lerfiliaer inthe furrowia nOtto lle recommm ded;bem m e inso doing the fu 'filise isall inone place, which prevents the healthy action of the
70
root m tnnol tbe cane. Our fnm m inmoct m a wlook the uct thnt the mot qiten ot enry cmp h the
tomdaflononwhich the m p inm dqand lf themethodof fertilizer app lia tionis towards the ret arding of them t qnm the resulta inproducfionwwnot be eo ntM onu if the terfifizer wu bm dfl steddl oia the
eoflundthoronghly mixedinbefore plentingme eeedu neWe thad on urge uponh rmm the necu dty ol buu d
PLANTING.
When m dy to plant the crop, In; off furrows lix indiedeem dx teet upert. In thase furrow-plant the ennen,wt inthree to fourjoint lengthg lnylng them intlie fubrow so u to a few inches. Covernightly at tint, gradually working soil into this furrow in further cultivation.l! the need-caneincovered deeply at first, as ll often done,the probability of getting a good stand lslessened;thougha deep furrow should be made, to us to insure, at fur ispossible, the deep rooting of ‘
the crop. This prevents it.
blowing down inwind storms late in the m oon, whenthe m m hu vy und higbvindnpnvull. One of thebest tool ll e wonder, run some. the town, thusfil ling inthe need furrow gradually. In the further culdu tionofthe crop , unal low running toolswe necessary, becausethe roots feed quite close to the wrbno and u deep mnning tool would injure them considerably. In the firstfigu the weeder il the bu t tool for the PM M dif
an adjustable one inused it cando the work mew-fullyell thewq through, B t veeder k not uveflnblg e -v eepto runvery -hellowis the next ba t. Atta the cxop h
halt-grom u bopdnming ot ubout tvo hundnd poundld Nitrutnot Soda par um inncomm ded. Thinnionldbe mixedvith thewll at the fim of epmla fioq te gut
the best m in.
M ind.
fl
“ M dM M n u to oq-it m ught to m
“ M indy-to m the jm Thism be doneet odd finq m d lo one vfll be eo much ' ork eb-dvhenthe ruuh of harva fing letl ln. Tho m p nhou ldbeullovedbo stnnd u long n pou ible bdon cutting bea m inm tuneuna m ke infniordnp.
Fronthe middle to the a dot llovm ber h tlme enoughto barvst the cup r m e um bm lnthe fltnte. Intho
pu p-mum m nrvu fing the nu t connidendonh the
m prevem np ring d the m p v e need to lu ve m e
greenjointsonthe cut m e. About ome lmmnture jolntm avery dght m turedonesinu good proporflou to mnin.
u nintbe toppingpmeeu Aftu topping the cane shouldM m tm dfl ndm vedu m nu podbh m dm tbem t
of e eoldm pfihe u nm shouldbe covm dwith lu m or
tru h of eny tind to pmteet thm hom the trol t.
Whenprepaflng to grind a crog a ha vy mill ebouldbe u ed;beeaune wi1h t light mfll the eflrl etionwm below. The lm tianof the mill lhouldbe whm the juieem be m by gruvity to the m ponm . u n h eh pipe
time tad tmuble vmbe u oidedvbn m ungdm
ma juiee tnnk‘
demendl our doee m m m mm ining of the juiee u it mm tnu the m munbe
M ol ebem h u t ou the ph tfium rightbdo' the nmspout. " M m -blu ihbk u u lltc the tubehm ldbo dlled vith lt. Onthe bop ol the jt lee tubu double
73
heavy greenwum that rises at flrut shouldbe '
removed
by mcnns of a hosrd used like a ecraper, and takenofl
into a guttsr fittedfor the purpose onto the mdof the
evapora tor. When th is hu vy blanket is rem oved entirely,theirdeeahouldhe tranaterredto themiddle compartmentthrough sgate for that purpose. l ost of the evaporationshould he done inthe middle m paruneng the sirup boihg only passed onto the next whenit getsnearty readyto runoil. The skimming ol the hoiling iuice a
'
fter the
first blanket is removed “should be done by a board witha handle to it like a morta
'
rboard . This board should be'
of planed material, about 14 inches square. By laying itflat on the boiling juice all the scum on the surface adheresto it, andit canthenbe raisedandthe scum seraped
ofl hy ma nsof a piece of la th into tha skimming harrel.
The impurities on the surface of the juice are thnsentirely removed, and theproduct will be brighter and of
a better flavor thanthat yielded hy .the old method of
the strainer skimmer To get a lim p uniform indensity,a hydrometer must be used . This instrument costs lessthan a dollar, and noslrupmaker canafford to be without one. The point of thickness to which to boil is generally considered to be 34 degrees Benme;and if care isduly exercised, any number of gallons can he made to
exactly the same density.
TE ! PACKAGI
To get satisfactory prices and make the productvaluame sim p mustbe pu t inghsspsckagq sa ledwhilehot. I f it is um treated it wil l keep indefinitely. To
put goodsirup inbarrelsor eventincansisnot to be‘
recommended. You cannot sterilise a barrel suficientlyto prevent fermentation when warm wa ther setsin ;and
after a dme, lf put in tin cans, the tinwill impart itlflavor to .the sirup. But when put in gla bottlu of aquart capaciv , and nicely labeled, the price is alwayssatisfactory. I t ahouldbe the aim of every sirup maku-to
14
m u ngood urflclq put up lnulbfight gh- mm ledwhfle hogwlth n umucfive hhel glflu th du
wuou ot tho phntndonor m m. Wha unu dde h
m de h t u nbe guannm mm wlllbe no tmuhbintand em ;it. “no supply of high-grade Florid drapl-uenrqu l to
‘
the dcmnd, m du our tnrmen wil l »opania andbulldcentral evaporating plant]. the industrycould be extended until we would have Florida all-noinevery market of the world, where the a ll fur it ll
militant.
80 118 ADAPTED TO ITS M E THODS OF
PLANTING AND CULTURE— m an“)
Sugar Cum lnu ccenfuuy growninnll the southemStatu borderlng ou the GulI s xico—“the Sugu
Belt”—extnndingnppron‘
mately one hundred miles northol tho Gull’coalt Io uidang Ahbnm d eorgig nndh moountufly culflvated innll purti ot the fltnte o?
Florida. At pm cnt, the lurgg‘
t m u gs of Sugar Canem found inthe northernnndwu tzm oountla of flu
State.
M e mport ol the OGmnfiadouu - on rlcultun for
Bh u wlth by fxr tbe‘
hrgu t m lnm nortmmwunflq inthe tollowing otda .
J mh ou
m um if:
Buwunnen m
India n 822H C
Wu ]: 289
Hill-bowPolk Voluain
f
u
n
g
i
77
The price fluctuates less than that of any other staple.Sugar, formerly a luxury,
’
is now recognized as aawe-iv.
sows anam 'ro souaa cu ta.
Any wil inF’lorida that will produce a fair crop of
corn will produce a corresponding crop of sugar cane.Any wel l drained sandy loam, particularly soils with aclay or marl sub-soil , such as are generally chosen for
trucking or vegetable growing, soilswith a large pe can.
age of vegetable matter, well drained flat woods, lowhammocks, and saw grass lands, largely composed of vegetable matter. The-gm tly roll ing lands of west andnorth Florida , with clay subsoil, a warm sandy loam,
well drained naturally, soils that produce fair crops ofcorn. The soilsgenerally chosen for I rish potatoes—welldrained flat woods, with clay M oms, similar to theHastings and a out, St. Johns Conan
.
potato soils,and similar soils in Columbia, Suwannee, Baker, Duval,and other northern counties, with vast arms of similartroll in Orange, Osceola, Polk, Hillsborongh, DeBoto and
Infacgn l have said inprevionsarticles, 1 tnow of
no township in Florida that could not furnish sufficientm e to supply a
‘
factory, with a caps of to 10,000 acres of cane per season, producing to30,000,000 ponndsof pure granulatedsugnr par seasou.
VW O’ C‘NK
Varieties : The principa l varietim are the Bourbon
(Red or Purple) ;the Bed and Yellow‘Rihbon;the Green,
or Simpson, and the Crystal line, probably the parent otall the ahove except the flim pson. Anumbor of newseedling varietieshavebeenreeently propagamdby the LouIsiana m t Sta tion. Among them 0 -74 and INNS,are a v
‘ast lmprovement onthe older kinda. Partles ln
78
terested in the subject should write the Louisiana Sugarfi periment Station for bulletins and other information .
A distinct variety,the Japanese Cane, introduced from
M uiriana by the U. S. Experiment Station in1885-0, isa first class syrup cane and a wonderful forage plant.
It hrpractically a perennial inFlorida. Once establishedit wil l re produce itself from the roots annually. It willwithstand ten degrees more frost than ordiaary
'
cane,and reproduce itself the following season. Bulletin 106,of
‘
the Florida Agricultura l Experiment Sta tion, » inGaine
'
svillg Fla., on
“J'
apanese Cane for -Forage,”by
Pro f. John W. Scott,"
fives much valuable informationregarding this variety .
As 'to climate, Florida’s climate is certainly superior
to that of any other State for sugar growing. Our“rainy season" is during the growing months, whem rainis required. A wet fall or winter is the exception. Adry fall and winter insures the ripeness of the cane anda quick harvest;a wet fall or winter (frequent in Louis
iana) retards the ripening, and entails heavy expense forharvest. A “killing" frost seldom occurs inFlorida before January. Grinding begins October 15, in Louisiana,and seldom before November 16, in North Florida, iruuring thirty additional days for maturing the crop. In
South Florida kil ling frosts are of rare occurrence, andgrinding continues from Decemba ' In to February. In
tropim l Florida, south of the 2sth parallel, frost to killoranges, lemons, lime or tropical cane, seldom occurs.The climate of Wart, Northern and Middle Florida hasfully thirty days longer growing season than Louisiana,while South Florida has forty-five to sixty.
Intropical Florida the element of frost duesnot comeinto mlcnlatlon. Grinding may begin when the crop isready and extend into the next growing season. As toquality of mine, little has been done in Florirn to select
79
or improve the plant;in fact, the pooru t, short'jointed,stunted stubble is generally used tor “seed; while thebsst and ilnest eane isworked up. The same vsrieties
introduced by the uita aie still grown. -'l‘his neglect
olnlecfingssedu ng howeverfisnot pernliar to li‘lorida.
The aame nreleu methods prsvail to a large uxtent inLouisiana and Cuba. Had the same eare snd scientificexperimenting hem practiced wi th cane as with beetsduring the last twenty years, the amount of sugar intheplant could have been largely increased, though averagetropical cane now contains much more sugar and lessimpuritia thanthe ‘
ha t varietiesot beeta.
M l. ll llalall.
Were it generally known that larger amounts of sugar
canbe madeinFlorida, at a much lesscost per acre, withless labor
,with but little skill required in growing, with
far less capital re'
quired for machinery;and manufacturing, than in beet-sugar making, vast sums would be invested in the'buainess. The location of central mil ls, atvarious parts of th e State—near Penaacola, Mariana,Quincy, Tallahassee, Madison, Lake City, Gainesville,Ocala, Leesburg, Brooksville, M eland, Plant (X v, Bar
tow, Ft. Meade, Punta Gorda, and Bradentown, couldeach allord a supply of cane for mills making each000 0r more poundsper annum. Onthe St J ohnsRimandEast Coast, St. Augustine, Hastings, Dele on Spring ,
Tameka, Daytona, Port Orange, New Smyrna and Titus»
vil le allord equally asfine opportunitiu for th e u tabllshment of central mills.Thu s mills or factories, purchasing their supplies from
the tam er canallord to pay for the cane delivered, a
pflcg eqm l to the sum now obtained lur hiscm de syrup,now made ina a ude m dnstdul m nving the
farmer the annoyance and cost of manufacture, and
padam and at the nme time make large proiltsonthecapital invested
81
lm m a padwt fland mfiing such eane asu e erooksd,inorder to kesp the row stralght.
‘l‘he proper dlstaoes
betv esnm slsaix teeh
m anure.
Onnaturally good, well drained, sandy loam, a to!~
m ule containing 41; Ammonia, 6% Available Phosphoric
Add, 435 Potash, composed of organic ammonlste—eottonseed meal, eanh ¢e, or dsh scrap—withAdd D oe
photo and high grade Potash, either Sulphate or l nf late.applying trom hw to lNo mm dspu am dependln‘largely onthe natural productiveneasoi’ the soil. vill aupply tlreneedsot tile planLOnv ell dralnedlov hammoch
and rich muck lands, which are natural ly rich inNitro
m the Ammoaiatu nnhsunitted.
ru m .
Whusw tons per am ol eane have hesa grovnonh rp am sof flch hnt andah mnsam gedondeldsotm m thanMOam it lsu fe to esfimate eardnilygwhilelt h chimed thatw tm h a h h am my oplnlonisthat the esfimste ahouldhe anaw d zotonsperm .
The most expsadve itsn la a tahliahin‘ a su ar fleld
ls the aeed eane. lt reqwlrc tour tons ol eane to plast
anem iamedatuwper m D e general and propermothed isbgrov your m
’
seedmne—one sm ot good
a m wfll pknt flnaddlflonfl am whldh wlth the ofirl fl U mahe dre beld aix acres ths-m ad ym .
With seed ease costing tour dol lars per ton, the cost atthe flnt yu r
’scrop, including tertlllaing and hary-t,vill appmximahe M OO, or tzzfi per tonfl rn the ba is
ot h env tous psr am
lt thirty tonsm m de hy no means aa onnsual yldd,
0
the cost per tonto grow and harvest, is proportionately
At five cents per pound for sugar, a price that can ru ~
sonably he expected tor yu n to wme the value of this
u se at a factory being one half the value of the sup !
in it, would be per too forcane averaging 160poundsof pure sugar per tonof cane, or 8a: of th e weigit of thecane in available, granulated or pure sugar, pa tnnof
average Florida cane, or gross, allowing a setprofit of per acre, for the first season. The secondseason, the cost of seed being eliminated, the net profitshould he not kn than per acre to the grown.
Minlmmnyields of fi ne or sugar only, are used in thisu timate. Much larger yields in tonnage and percentageof sugar are frequentl y made on wel l cultivated, properlyfertilised and naturally productive soils
“ 11 0 0“ 0. m m CI OP.
inNorth and Middle Florida, properly cultivated and
[untested cane “stubble”or rattoons, will produce profitaNe em pa tor two or mom ym ro—three cropsfrenm e
In South Florida. between Gainesvil le and Tampa, canecan be rattooned for three years, with proper ca re andattention.
Insuni~tr0pical Florida, we; th e m paral lel andfurther south , rattoons, properly cared for, may he dopended on for as many years as in Cuba.
m useum‘sah rsorrn
Basing the selllng prlce of granulatedsugar at h em ts
pa pond paymg the m wer onehalt the value od the
m in the a nq or fou dolhn pa tonfor m q ths
( re- proflt of the fachory ahonldhe three dollara permaof u ne from which lsto he deductedinterest chargu onlave-imam wear and tear of machinery, and m e al
88
expa ts not included in manufacturing costs. Benn afactory, handling acre , or 200 tonsof cane per dayfor 100 days (a very -small factory—modern factorieshandle 1000 to 2000 tons of cane per day ), would pay itsowners per ton of m e handled. or gro
per seaaon, fmm whlch must be deducted all expenaesbut that of manufacturing per tonof u se or 83canta per lOO poundsof sugar). Sueh a factory will custapproximately from to erected andnewfor work, much depending onloca l conditions.
PI N I NT M IT I ONS 0' TB. SUGA I U PPLI .
Forq per cent of the world's supply of sugar, sometons of 2000 pounds eat-h , are grown in those
countries now at war—Belgium, France, Germany, Austria, and Russia. Thinya r's m p will not be harvested.
‘W ere the war to cease today, it would be years beforethese countries would again produce their average crops.Sugar has become a staple food. I t is no longer a
luxury but a necessity. The production hasbarely keptpace with the demand or consumption. No surplus iscarried over from year to year. That granulated sugarwill
‘sell wholesale for lea than six cents per pound
(retail for dght cents) for years to come;is -not to heexpected, hence the growing of dine and manufacture ofsugar oilers unusual inducemen ts to Florida farmers,merchants and capital.
Persons desiring more detailed information as to sugarmach inery manncscturera are referred to the advertisingpages of the Florida daily and Agricultm-al pren andto the “Louisiana Plants and Sugar Manufacturer,
”NewOrleans, Louisiana.For the culture of sou r cane and the manufacture of
sugar and syrup, to the hullefins of the Florida Agricul
By J OHN ll. SCOTT.
AM Industrial!“ cadAssistant Director Agricultural
This bulletin gins the results of experiments witheightyeevenpigs. All of these pigs were pure bred Berkshines. The experimentswere conducted at dliferent sasons of th e year. The length of the feeding periodsvaried from 80 to 1 14 days.
The cost of producing a pound of pork wasdidereniwith the diderent rations. The chm pest pork was produced at a cost of six and eight-tenths cents per pound.
The feeds used inproducing this cheap pork were shelledcorn and sweet potatoes inequal parts by weight. Thisexperiment wasconducted during January and February.
During th e thirty days the pigs were fed they made adaily average gain of of a pound, or an average dailygain per 1000 pounds live weight of (1 43 pounds. It required pounds of feed to make 100 pounds of gain.
(Bee Tahlea xm endxxv . )
The most unsatisfactory flnandsl returnswm lnlixperiment l].
nese cane andsweet potstoeswere uaed. Lot l, conaisting of dve pigsfed velvet bu nsinthe pod, made a gainof oaly 2iipounds inslxty daya. Lo t ll
, consistlng of
five plgsfedequal parta hy wdght of velvet beansinthepodnd J apsnu e m gained only w poundsln-sixtydays. Lo t lI I , consisting of ilre pigs fed velvet hennaone pafl d -panqe a ne two pam by wdghg lost1 .7 poundsinweight insixv daya Lot W , consistisg of
five pigs fedJapanese cane, lost 61 pounds in weight insixty days. Lot V, consisting offive pigs fedvelvet bu nsinthe pod and sweet potanoea equal parts by weight,gained only pounds in sixty daya. (Bee Tablesill and IV.)
This shows cla rly that none of these rations were sat
istsctory. Veivetbeansinme pod, whenfedalone, gavebetter m ults thansnv ot the otha -comhinstiona It issvident from the-e ru ults that -ispanese mne isnot a
good feed for pork production when fed alone. Neitherwas it satisfactory when it made up as much as one half
of the ration.
inExperiment 1, when shelled corn, velvet ba ns inthepod, and Japanese cane were led, satisfactory gains wereobtained. The coa per pound of gainwas eight and sixtenths cen ta. inthis test it required 1400 pounds of feedto make 100 pounds of gain. This large weight of feedwas due to the Japanese cane. (See Tables 1 and ii.)
inPk periment in, Lo t 1, fed m use corn only, madea daily gain per 190 pounds live weight of pounds.
Tha cost per pound ot gainwaseight eentl . For m100 pounds of gain produced it required 546 pounds offeed. Lot ll, fed shelled cornand cull velvet beans, equalparts by weight, made an average daily gain per 1000
pounds live wdght of only pounds. With this combination of feeds it cost tencents to make a pound of gain,and it required 797 pounds of feed to make 100 pounds of
p in. Lot llL Iedequal partsby weight oisheliedcorn,call velvetbu ns and shorts, made an average daily gainpsi
- 1000 pounds live wdght of dj pounds. The eost p.
poundot galnwith these ieedswssnine eeuta. .With thiscombination it required “1 pounds of teed to make 100
poundsof p iu. Lot IVwasfed the same asLot I I, withthe addition of green sorghum] This ration produced adaily gain of pounds per thousand pounds live weight.The cost per poundoigainwaseight em ta, I t raquindlllS poundsof feed to mahe lOO poundsof gaia. m
87
w m anha thnt fifl pounda d thh h m eom nn,the total unount v lll not necnno u c- ive.
coum nwx ov m m lm m m m m
Instigator: have found that the bodies of nnhnnln, onroll “ animal products, nn m lnly made np ol the following
’
gronp of substance : Wa ter, nah, protdn, andh t. These u hltanca occur inthennhnalbody lnedme
wha t varying proportions, depending upon the age, con.
dition, tra hnent and oth er fu ton Water Innnunentlnl condiment of the animal body , nnd compou hon40 to 60 per cent of the live wdght. Ash occurs mostlyinthebonen, m d forme from
‘
z to S per ccnt ot the liveweight. The lot occurs in greatly varying proportion,
lint rarely constitute. la c than6 per cent or more than
go per cent. Protein includes most of th one m hctaneenwhich gontaln nitrogen in their composition. It InanImportant group, nnd inlnrgely pra ent in lean moat.Tho white of eggs also consist mainly of protein and“ ta . In it. pure lu te proteincontain. about 16 percent of ni trogen. The (lab, internal organs, brain andnerves, contain a large proportion of. it.
COMM ON Of.
“
Plu n aho oontainwater, u h, h t and protdn. Inodditioa to tha e the planu which eompoeo the tood ol
W m nnhnala eontaina gwnp olsub-m es fi l led
m tad into let or energy. .
m ountaine eonddm hh nmonnt otnm . In gramanddry foed-flne n ternnga trom a to lnper.m t. of
the materialfinm forago u d dlage lt ie nhont flpercent ;v hile ineome tnhenundtlenhly rootnthe mM enu hinu so per eent. Water le a-entlal to nim m m u wfianm m m m u m
produce ahout as mnch heat or eum al two and ono
quarter pounds of carbohydrates.
Em m fi The pm teinof fmdnlih that of the anlmalbody, is characterized by containing nitrogen. it is,th erefore, included in what is termed
“nitrogenous matcer.
" The tunctionof protelninthe food isilrst of antobuiidup new tiu ue andrepair the working maciflneryof the body, and to supp ly meteflal fur the production ofmilk, wool, muscle, and repair of organs. No other food
constituen t can fuliilithis function.Since the animal body andall animal productsare cinn
poecd of the same group of substance a'
s food stuffs conunwe have a beslsou which to beginthe fceding of
animals. Rational feeding of animals is to supply thesediil
'
erent elements insufficient quantity and in the properproportions for the needs of the animal’s body . This is
what isknown as abdanced ration. We should not, orcannot, expect an animal to gmwand develop as it oughtunless we supply it with the proper amounts of the differout substances its body needs. There is no one hog feed.excepting milk, that supplies all of the necessary nutrien ts
inthe correct ratio. It inecessary, therefore, to use amixture of two or more feeds to get the best ra ulta.
inselecting and combining feeds it is not only occurnary to take into consideration their com poaition;but alaotheir digestibility and mu tability. It inworse than useless to give ananlmal food thst cannot he digcsted, “one tha t is not palatable will not he u ten insuflcierit
quantitv.
now 10 M UM ! ) nation‘
s
From the table which gives the percentage of digu tibienutrien ts in the various feeds we can easily work out abalanced ration: For example, suppose we are feedingflint com 12, sweet potatoes 12, cottonseed mm ] andeowpeash poundsper day,no fiadthe amount of proteinin 12 poundsof cormwe divide the axmiunt in 100 poun
'
th
00
(the percentage) by 100, and mul tiply by 12, andno on.We will thusget the tollowing ru ults:
37 em 4
oowm a
In100 pounds. lnspounds
I! we then arrange thu s resulta inanother table we
m m mm m m h t
O .“ 1am
One pound ol tat isequal to M poundsot carbohy.
drums;them e we canreduce th e tat tno carbohydatuby mnlfipiying dfl pounda of tatsby M and the resnltla L
‘B . Adding thh to the m bobydntq we get lm
pondsbutnl a rbobydam Dividing tbe total carbom m m wa ew m m m w . m
nutritive ratlo thenisone part protdnm O pam g r
bohydntnand lswrltten
I )“ 0001) union
0
Any one of the foll owing rations M dbe found ntlsfactory for fattening
’ hoga. The quesdonof cost wil l,of wurae enta into the aelectionof a u tlou. lt will
be foundneceaaary, pe hapa, to estimate the coat of the
dil erent feeds and‘
aee which willbe tha moat economiealho use.
Nutritive ratio,
RATlON l l .
Nutritive nm ne.
h m ke the hrga t p ofit from hop they aheuldbe putonthamarkst at the youngest poaaihle age. llany of the
Florida hoga are frw one year to a year anda half old'
before they are ready for market. The Florida marketdemands a hog that will weigh 125 to 160 pounds.Animalsof such weight u nbe produced lnnre to sevenmonths. When th ey hereto be kept and fed for a yu r
to a'
year m da halh the risk of lossand the cost of feodbwome too great to yield any assured protln. Farmers
intha cornbelt, where the demandia for hog! weighingfmm 200 t0 250 poundg have their hogsready formarmat nine monthstao one year of age."l‘hm isa too common impre sionamong many farm
en that the hog lsanrt of scevenger, that any reruaewllldo lor lt to u gandaw fllthy penwill_do forit to live ln.
lt h true that hoga do oftm act asm vengem and also
that they can live lnfilthy places, but these conditions“ generally brought about when the animals have nochoice inthe matter. Boga are not naturally filthy animals, but they are capahlsof a isting under unsanltary
conditions.
M I N ING m m
I fwe ara to get the largest poaaible returnsfrom raio
lug hnga itwfllbe foundnecenary to make the hogspaylu men-keep How anthisbe done One of the bestwiya will be to iuslst nponthan harvesting the. m pa
grownfor fesd. The eost of harvel tzing the varloua crops
adds conslderahly to the eoat of p oduction. This, ameasuresexplsjns the high cost of productionwhen wetry to raiae hogah y keeping them insmall pens. Whenthey are kept insmall penswe do not only have to harvest m d carry the feed to thm but inmany u aeswe
m om'
tocarry au thewata-whieh they dflnh'rhere
fore v e should maka the hogu harm t as mnv ot the
cropsaa la practieable.
lu the m ll penit ia im poasihle to keep the anhnala
94
under sani tary conditions. if they are not kept underhealthy conditions we are inviting disease to visit the
herd,which ma ns a big loss instead of a profit. It will
also be found that hogs will not make as rapid growthwhile kept shut up inm ail pens as whengiventhe runof a small field.
M ING A m
There an mav reedsot hoga. Somebreedsare better adapted to certainclimatic conditions than othcn.
For Florida these are several breeds that will be found
wel l adapted to our needs.Farmers wishing to produce pork should raise Barb
shirea, Poland Chinas, Duroc J erseys, and Emu . Thosewishing to produce bacon should raise Hampshires andTamworth; A hog that is raised for pork alone or forbacon alone is more profitable to us than one that israised forboth pork andbacon. IngenenLFlm'ldsconditions are more favorable for pork production than forbacon.
In selecting a breed for Florida conditions it will befound advisable not to select a white sone, as thus donot do as well in our climate as the black or red breeds.
White hogs sun-scald easily and become scurfy andmany . When in such a condition they cannot he ex
pected to grow and develop as they would if healthy. 1 !given an abundance of shade and wata at all time thanis[en trouble from-this sourceHowever, the selection of the breed is
'
s personal matoer. A person should choose the one he fancies most andwhich will produce the results he desires. I t may be thatthe Duroc J ersey will meet with your approval, whileyour neighbor across the roadwill say that the Berkshireis the only breed for him . This is because he has had better successwith the Berkshire, and is pro bably better temlerameutu lly adapted to that breed. M ore, select
tho hru dyou llkebugbardng the white onsa
The disappearance of unimproved blood by the continuousnse of purebredslresisshownlnthe cnstmnau wayin the fol lowing table
M d M d
Rypothetim ily, the oflapring from the sixth generationwil l have retained on the average L55 pa cent of the unimproved hlood trmnthe orlginal dam or the dam uf nobreedin
'
g. (This applies only to the average of large
numbers and don not apply to individuals)Tbe hreedermustbe ranindedthat to produee the hlsh
grade no other sire than a pure bred one o! the bredselected a nbe used. No progre will be’ aceompliahedby uflng a gndg scrub, or cronbredsln. Nor m pro
p eas toward eventual purity of blood be made by usingpure-bred sires of dlderent breath for each cm or occasional cross. Grading-up means using a pine-bled aimsfor the drstp ossand continually ere-ing the tennisoflspring with pnmbredsim of the breedfirst lelected,until all impure blood has beenpractically bred out.
lt isnot necem ry lor the tsrmer who is pmdaeingporh tor the market to keep shreeding hu'd olwsows. A herd of high grades will answer the purposenearly as well and they cnnbe pnrchased st a unchcha per rate. The one lmportnnt thingisthat the hreedanuse a pnrebredsire. lf he mnet stnrt with a berdof infuior m by using a pure-bred sln lt will only be a
qnestionof two or thne ycsnuntil he wilihave a hed ot
m u m m
Ry‘ Oata.
For a pa manent paature it ia douhtful lt we m get
anything hettu-thanBel-mude and J ohnaou gx-am . The-edo not fm lfi paaturage tur the enfim yu r, hu t eanbedepended upou trom eariy apring until late fall.
cau or m m n.
The brood aow and boar are the foundation of the hogindustry. It la important, therefore, that the moat u mful attentlonhe givento theae. They muat reeeive euch
toodandcare aawill luaure good, healthy hrpodwwl andatrong, healthy litter ot pig;
Prollileacy, th ough more or in an inherited diamtertatic, la, to a large extm t, cm trolled hy the feed andeare ot the aow. Good hreedlng aowl are ottm redueed
invalue aa hreedera hy imv u teeding. U the auwaare ted largely ona earbonaceoua raflonthey am lihelyto heeome too tat. Whenthe aowa are kept too tat thqyan not regularbreeden. Whenthey do t
‘nm w, the naultia a amall litter ofweak lnga.
The aowl should not he ltarved“ any time. Theyahould ha ted on a well-balanced ration with plenty of
protdnto produoe anabundant dow ot mllk. Alta -the
pip are weaned the aowrequireanm ly the aame ration.lt ia a commonpractiee with many tarmera to put the
broodnwona ltanadonratiou aa eoonaa the pip are
weaned. I t ia aa had tnleed thunoneornouly. Cornalone may do for tatteaing ananianah hnt whentedaloueto pmgnant aowa it doa not eupply m ough pm teln to
1—C L.
98
propu ly develop the growing foetus. The result is the
eowswill farrowsmall littersuf weak piga. lf we wiahto maintain a prolific strain of brood sowswe must giveattention to how they are fed.
m um I.
All of the pigs used in the following expu'hnentswen
Berkshires. These pigs were not all registered, but theywere all elig ible to registration.
In calculating the coat of producing a pound of porkin the experiments that follow, the feeds were valued at
the prices here given : Corn, mom, velvetba ns inthe pod, sweet potatoa , Japanesecane, 802 0, and sorghum, per hundred.
The first test was conducted with five Berh hire pigs.The test was hegou Jhnuary 29, 1910, and continued for51 days, closing March 20, 1910. The object of this experimcnt wasto test th e value of corn (one part), velvetba ns in th e pod (one part), and Japanese cane (two
parts by weight), for pork pro duction During the timethe pigs were under observation, they were fed shelledcorn and velvet beans in the pod, equal parts by weight.In addition
,they were given two pounds of Japanese cane
for each pound of corn fed. At the beginning of the tu tthe live pigs averaged pounds per head, and weighedaltogether 693 pounds. At the end of the feeding tu tthey weighed 175 pounds, making a gain of 182 pounds,with anaverage daily gain per head of pounds.
The cost per pound of gaininthistest wu ae oents.The records show that after feeding the pigs for thin-qdays they weighed 704 pounds and the coat pa poundcl gain was cents. From a pracfieal standpoint theyshould have been sold at that time. When sold at theclose of the test the buyer objected that the page were toofat to furnish the best quality of pork.
TAM I .
d ht atbmnnh‘ af t-h lam ry m m owm zatm d m m nm om m a am p m
m anning ;
Pounda of fsedte nah d amn "
m u m
M af ia“.
w m a com u axm -nm an”m poundsof Velvet Beansinpod at wcn a hnndred I “lmh poundsd qllmna aw st m m a hm
The aeeond hest was conducted with twenty-Me lly .
Thistu t heganDeem ba m m o, and lu tedaixty days,closing Febm ry lh mll‘ m m ty
-five pigsinthistest wm difldedinto five qm l lotg of nve pigs eaeh,sise andquality being eonsidered. The feedsnsedwerevelvet besnsinihe pod, J apenu e cane, and sweet pota~
toes. These wm fed just as they mme hvm thsdeld,except the J apanesscane, which wascut into shortwith a hatehet.
Lot l was led velvet helna inthe pod only. Lo
wastedeqnaipartsby weight of velvet beana intheand J apanele u ne. Int lll was fed velvet bu lu in
Lot Iu fed J apana e eane only. Lot asfed veivet beans in the pod and sweet potatoes, equal parts by
53.
The three m psnsed in this feedlng experlmsnt m
grom or eanbe growa all parts of Fiorida. It isM dent fivm the results of thh feeding hu t thag lnthepm porfim m c h th e feedsm they m notal l -tisfu tory innnancial returna. However. it ia the
101
the experiment began. At the am! of the a partment,sixty days later, Lot IV has lost 01 pounds ln weight.
This fact was quite evident, and it could easily be seenthat the pigs were daily growing m ailer andweaker.lt isnot neceasary to make much comment on this
table. It isevident when the ration is composed entirelyof Japanese cane, or when as mud: as two thirds of the
ration is J apanme fi ne, especially,when feeding young
pigs, that it will not maintain the original body weight.The mo onfor this is evident. Although hogs eat a considerable amount of grass and grem feeds of various
kinds, yet the arrangem ent and size of thar dlga tive or~
gans is not such that they canhandle and digest large
quantitia of forage, such as Japanese ca ne. In fact theyate but little of the cane, other than the juice. Theywould chew a mouthful of cans until nearly all of thejuice had been extracted. They would then spit out therefuse, and take a fresh mouthful, and so on. The troublewith the Japanese cane is that it requires too much workfrom the hogs for what they get out of it. That is, theymust work overtime to get enough food to supply th eirappetites. In feeding velvet ba ns in the pod, the pigsdid not eat any of the pods. They became, in a short time,quite expert in shelling out the beans. The only advan~
tagsinfeeding thebum s in the pod is saving the coat ofshelling, which may amount to anywhere from 10 cents to25 cents per hundred pounds.
separated into four lots of five pigs a sh. Lot I was fedshelled eol'n only. Lo t 11 was fed shelled corn and cullvelvet beans, equal parts by weight. Lot I I I was fedshelled corn, cul l velvet ba ns, and shorts, equal partsby wsight. Lot I V w
'
as fed equal partsof shelled
and mu vdvet beana and all of the greensorghumpigs would eat. The cull velvet beans wa s the E
a
t
m
tsken from the‘
seed velvet beans. They were eomposed
of hmkenbeam andnnalhimmatm'e shriveledeeed. Thebeans as th ey mme fmm the delfl were
'
put thm ugh the
huller, andwere afterwardsscrem ed throngh sscreau of
threeelghthsinch meah. All thatwm t through thescrem
were oonsidered as culls.
and shorts, were uoaked before feeding. The ewening feedwas weighed out in the morning and soaked until evening,and so on.
The experiment begin March 21, 1911, and closed June16, 191 1, lasting 90 days. Feeding green sorghum wasbegun on Mn9, 1911.
TABLE V.
274
Gain per lo t (N day! ) 1 18.
0 .
Daily gain per 1000 pounds live
$04!Gost poe poundsofslinPounth of feed to mshe loo ms.
m m
‘m ponndsof thlswasgreensorghum
TABLE VI .
Poundsof Feed Consumed.
The weights of fiie diflm t lots ot ifigswm nmriythe sam
’
e at the beginning. The sverage daily gainperha dwss about the sam e for all th e lotsof pignexeep t
for the pigsinlfit ll, which were fed oom and cull
we.
velvet beans, equal parts by weight. The cha pc t porkwas produced, however, with Lot I V , fed equal parts ofoom and cnll vdvet ba us snd sll the greensorghumthey would eat.
m il l”EN? 17 .
Experiment [V was conducted with quite young pigs.The piga were weanedand then placed in the expsrimentalfeed lot. Inthis test were seventeen ha dof pigs. Theirtotal wdght was 590 pounds, or pounds per ha d.
The pigs inthis test was tak from four litters. Theage of the pigs varied fi'om two to three months. Thefeeds given were shelled corn, and shorts (equal partsby weight). Inaddition, the pigs were given abou t fortypounds of milk per day, and all th e green sorghum theywould eat (14 to 16 pounds per day). The pigs madesatisfactory gains. The daily gain per ha d was nu rlyone pound. During the first thirty days the seventeen
pigs almost doubled their weight.The ohject of the experimeut wasto get the oost of pro
ducing a pound of pork with young pigs. Additional information wasalso wanted iu regard to the length ol tinafrom weaning until the pigs are ready for market.The experiment began June 1 , 1911 , at which time the
seventeen pigs weighed 590 .pounds. On July 1, 1011,thirty days after the a periment started, the seventeenpigs wdghed 1081 pounds. The neventesnpigs made againiu weight ofwl poundsduring the thirq daya. The
amount oifeed required to make lBO poundsof p lndubing the thirty dayswas:
TAKLI VIL
Weights a d Gabe of Hos.
d ht at heciuniuc of axparM J I nsl nsoWalt ht at end odthim days
Averase dsfly p lnpc aq d
Aw h fly p lnpc lm m uvswa ht
106
TAM I L
" M ead ow .
w t stwnnm ol tm u ly m m 00 m )
sxrsmnm VI .
Experiment VI wss conducted during the winter ses~
son. The tmt bg su January 10, 1912, and continuedthirty du e, closing February 15, 1912 . Ten Berkshirepigs were used in this test. The average weight of thepigs in this tu t was near-Lv the same as in me precedingone, 101 pounds. The feeds usedwere coru end u eet
potatoes, fed in equal parts by wight.
The results of this test we e satisfactory, when thecost per pound of gain is considered. However. the dailyaverage gsinwasnot es much asinsome of the oth er
feeding ta ts. But the low cost per pound of gain makesthe result quite astisiiactory.
TABLE xm .
WM “ eel 0d " .
d ht at hsanmng of m lam n lt imWeight at close ol m lehruary m lln
Ava sp fi lbninpesm .
TABLE X I V.
Feeds Om an“.
The following articles onthe Kudzu vine andits valueas a forage plant for Florida, by Hon. E. B . Eppes, ofTallahassee, andMr. C. E. Plu s, at Chipley, Florida, arethe first anthentic publim tions of special value or meritconcernisg this plant.The tsct that both ML Eppesand l nPless are sdn
tiflc Agritnituflsta who are snoee-ful farmers in thehighest dqree, adds much weight to their statements concerning this plant. Their u perieuee with it continuingthrough taxyears or more of unfailing snecen, isconvincing testimony of itsgreat value to the farmers of Florida.I ts adaptability to so many farm purposes undoubtedlyplaces it among the foremost of both forage and leguminous plants.
109
ing machine and raking it intu windrowswith a commom
horse raka. The hay isworth about m wpc toa andunm nng the product ot anam yieldm or om .
Kudau is ot evangreater value tw p u lug purposu
thanfor hay, asit requirm no culfivaflua afoar thenrstseasonand will thrive uponland that is too poor sndrough for any other crop. lt hasbasnu rolully tu tndonall of the typesd soil found inlflorida and foundto.
do well onail of thentmm pure sandto the stiflest clay,
providedthe landissuflld-tiy drainedto admit of grow
ing eornor velvet beans;where the soil is too wet to
p ow these suecu sfully, it isalso too wet for Kudzu.
we any omu a og xudau wiu make a stronger growthon rich land, bu t it does well on land that is too poorfor other hay crops and rapidly improves the soil bydrawing in nitrogen (roar the air flirough its leaves andfixingit inthesoilby meansof the hacteria inthe tuberclesonitsroots, torit hasthe ssme power that cowpeasand other legumes have in this respect. This additionof nitrogento the soil and the protectionfrom waahingrainsandthe haking heat of thesunaflordedhy the denssgrowth of vines, causes rapid im provanent in the qualityof the land planted inKudzu ;evenpoor, wornou t landsoonheeomea like the rich soil that has heenreeentlych ared from the virginforest. Yet, although poor landbecomes richwithina few years when plantedinKudsu,it isadvisahle to use some fertiliaer ou such soil the flrst
sessoninorder to hastenthe growth of the xudzu untilit eandrawinthisatmosphsricnitrogen. After misitwill not require fertiliaing, for its deep root system drawspotash and phosphoric acid from the subsoil, while itsleavesdrawall of the nim genneedad hy the phntnmthe air. In this way the soil become] richer every year,imrtead ot hem ing exhausted asirom gmwing gra-estor bay. These deep roots live to a grm t age andbeeome
One planting is permanent, and the yield of hq in
110
creases as the ground becomes more thickly set with
plannfrom the vines taking root at the joints. Thegreat number of vines struggling for air and light havea tendency to become more slander and leafy also, andthlsim provesthe quality of the hsy by allmiaating anycoarse vines, thereby enabling horses and other live stockto eat it up cleanly withou t wasting any of it. The vinesthat runalong the surface throw out roots at fire joints,that become new plants and bind the soil firmly together,thereby preventing the washing and erosion of hillsidaby heavy rains. While this improvem ent of the soil istaking place, the field is giving fine returns to itsownsby the immense supply of rich gree n forage, on which thecattle, horses and oth er live stock can grass, thereby keeping fat and in fine health at a very smal l cost for eightmonths of the yu r.
The roots of the Kudzu penetrate so deeply as to makeit proof against any dry weather that is ever likely toprevail here. This fu ture and its peculiar habit ofneither blooming or hearing seed causes the vines to remalngreenand gmwing during tha eutim term from
spring to fall. The hay can accordingly he cut at anytime that is convenient when weather conditions are suitable for curing the hay , as Kudzu does not become injuredby waiting for good weather as other hay crops do. Thisfeature give an immense advantage over any other haycrop.
Kudzu is propagated by ma ns of the plants that havenotedfrom the joints of the vines, and when transplantedcarry with them on their roots the tubercles that areneeded to inoculate the soil of the new field so as toprovide for fixing the nitrogen from the air into the soil.inplanting Kudzu, first plow the land deeply andbarrowit, then check it into ro ws feet apart each way
,setting
a plant at each check. Lay tsp roots along the bottomof the furrow with crowns slanting upward to within twoinchu of the sudaea eoves'ing thunwith loose sarth to
the level of the surfaee. Thia uira lfilsplanta puacre. Give them level cultivation during the first season.
A rovr of eottonmay be gmwnbetweeu sch N W of
Kudsu the firat seenou if desired. After this they will
needno further cultivation, asthe vineswiil runall ovethe ground the next season and take root at the joints,growingso rapidly asto chohe out all other plants, (evensuch pests as nut, Johnson a
'
nd Bermuda grames), yet,it i'saneasy matter to get ridof k udzu if desiredJ or the
plants will only sprout from the crowns, and canbe killedby cutting ofi' these crowns with a disk plow inhot, dryweather insummer. For this m sonthere is no dangerof Kudzu ever becoming a pest.Kudzu will be an excel lent crop to replace cotton inboll weevil sections; the danand for the hay is strongandthere isno danger of raining too much, u it mnbesent to all partsof the world for a market. After thefirst season there wil l be no further expense except forharvesting the hay, which requires much I labor thanmaking cotton, and itwil l enrich the soil instmd of making it poorer as co tton does;thiswill avoid having to buyfertilizers. lt is free trom insect enemies and disa saalso, and for these various reasons will be far more profitable than cotton.
Ap'icultural sdentists have been sa rching in vain for
such a plant as Kudzu, and it wil l fil l a long-felt wantamong our farmers. Unfortunateb, however, the supplyof plantsisvery limited and the danandfor thancannotbe fully supplied for many yea rs to come.
Kudau is perfectly hardy all over the United Stats
and endure the winters as far north as Nova Bootia. Itwill, therefore, be a valuable crop in the northern Statsaswell asinthe Bouth, although the longer growing sea~
eonSouth will be an advantage.
118
paatured at any time during the au aon, from about themiddle d h prih inNorth Florida, till froat ;and where
a gmwth ia lett onthe ground, atock will feed onlt a|l
winter. I found that my atoch would eat the dead leave
and vine that had laid out and wearing -ed till l arch,and thm heenhauledinfor heddm m preferenee to theheat hay l couldbrry.
‘l‘hey ate theKudzu out trom undertheiri‘eet and left theM fiOhu intheirmangwa
The next vinter after making thia diacovery, l had all
thia traah rakedup andhauledandpiledoutaide the harn
tered two horeea and a milh cow and a mlf or two,”that alone anroughage, giving them their m eal grain feed,of coune, and every one of them came through the winterin aa good condition anthey had formerly done on goodMy .
l do not mentiou thia to advoeate luch a method, hut
merely to il luatrate the tact that Kudzu doe. not loee it.feeding value asreadily by rain or neglect another forage
planu dq md that thm h eumahing ahout ig eveninit) pooreat condition, that appa l to the animala
’appetite
And the properly cured hay hasa delicioua trigranoe, reeemhliug tea, that inirreeiatible to atoch.
‘l‘o illuatrate the eudnranee of Kudau hay in rainyweather, lwoulddte that in1908 we made our du t cut
tir‘ with a two horae mowc , cutting 6 12 d anacre ln
J um frmnyoung plantl eet the year hefm The yield
m m mm pc aa e andwhm almoat dry the bnowing mornlng after cuttimg ltfl t rained jnat enough to
eoah the hay good. Whm dry thenext day aldmenmh the lddmfi ng h umthu e u me a very hardninandit drlnledaloug for three daya J ul t howbadly lt auffemd eould m t he detem ined hut it loohed hettu thanvelvet heanm evw doea and the atoch ate lt wlth ap
“ t ransit. u nnu m nm so m m‘
mdx au u phnh d h mlmandwith the m eptionol ahouttwo tou that m cut heton the niny aeam au lm all
l—C L.
11 4
ofitwaa thoroughly aoahedone ormore timerwhfieming, andyet no one
,who didnot hnow the facta, would
m pect that it had eva hada dmp of n te onig anditwas doubtla abetter thanmost shipped hay .
As to Kndzu'a adaptability for cutting or paaturlng
at any time during the season, I would point out that haytaken May 1 analyzed protein; that taken July30 (a third cutting), analyzed protein, .while thatwhich hadstood all th e season without cutting or pu tuning, analyzed protein
,and an exceptionally well
cured sample analyzed as high as protein and
about 85% carbohydrate .
In my 35 years' experience in farming in diderent
States, and with various hay crops, 1 have never seen ahey that cured so quickly, held its leaves so well, or keptitscolor so perfect ly, under various conditions, as Kudzu
dou . It doea not require lime as inthe case with Alfalfaand some other legumes. It does not require a rich soil,and
,so far as our experiments have gone during the past
ten years, ferti lizing is"
not only unnm ry, but nuprofitable;and l have had p lantings in which some werelocated in the very poorest of soils—soil that would notproduce corn, melons, or even cowpeea—and, wi th theexception that the young plants did not start onquite soreadily onth ese poor spots, no one could tell the diil
‘er
ence at the end of the second season.
We have never used a po'
und of fertilizer of any kind,except ina very small way as an experiment, and 1 am
aafe innylng that our poora t soil will prodnce six tonaof dry hay per am lna smm whm the planta hecomematured
,without fertilizer;and I have had as high
ten tonsper acre on ordinary aoil.
Kudzu is known to thrive in all the United State ,as
an ornamenta l vine, and therefore it must be adapted toa greater variety of soils and conditions than almost anyother plant. And if it will thrive thus anan ornamen t,why not under field conditions, making allowance, of
m um tm a pmporfional yield u the sessonis long or
short indiflerent m iities?
Our natlve cattie manage tnsuhsist the year round onthe indigenouswire grass, and for two or three months
inthe qringm h t mongh tw thebloch whfle m y die
ot stam tiondnring the wintcr and are too poor tobutcher the balanee ot the year, for waat ut nratfitinn.
Blooded stock mnaot m d range mnditiaasaadsnhahtonwire grsn aione. M y reqnin nutritions teed theyear round, aad Kudsu eoune-neam r fiiiiag thia wantthanany othc one forage;yet it isdd cient tnseme teeddementa endto mahe up the deflciency l recommend theJapanese Sugar Oanq tho tWO mnking praCflcally a hal'
aneed ration. Thebest wey ot feeding thiseombinatiuis, inmy mind, to put the cane inthe siio and pastnrethe Kudzu dnfing the gmwingseasomwith the cane sflagatobahnce eey a feedat night, andinwinter teedKudzuhay andsilege.
This cane is a true sugar cane and not a sorghum andis not propagated from seed, but by laying the maturedstalks, which grow very readiiy and ina ~eaees in yield
from year to ye r, stooling out from the pu t na son's
stubble ea ch year until it makes a very w as growth,and producing as many as 75 or 100 sta lks to a single hill,with a yield01 25 tonsor mou oigreeniorsge per am
But foe the farmer who cannot sil’ard a silo. th is u nemay he cut nnd piled, ahout irost time, and fedinrafis,
first running it throngh a cutter or choppingit into diorthngtha or it may em he pu tured, hut paatnring la
wastelal, asisalso the methodofieeding the stalh whole,asnnch will he tra-pedunder teot.
This cane is edapted to the vsrioussoilsd our guii
coast redontron Bouth Cam lina to 'a and tor a distanee oisome 250 to 300 milesnorth of the Guli. For
sections aorth ot the limits of thia u ne sorghum may
he substituted, thou h an ennual aad not nearly so
11 1
trick ie done. Every vine is thus toroed dawnby thetracesandunder thisrodandcut intwo, leavingno cmssvineslonger thanthe width of the swath ~
We tnrnthe hay with lorksimmediately arter cutting,andindoing thisit isaneasy matter to separate it intofork-tulle and handle it the same way throughout the
pmceu of curing, loading and housing, and when thushandledinbunehesit will come out of the mowthe sameway infeeding, andiseaaier takm ont ot the mow thauany other loose hay I have ever handled.
Ona heavy crop ot three or three and a halt tona peracre, there is little need of a rake, as it is not the trouble
'
to geth er up that ehort hay ia andwheninthe cock it
covers about one l’ourth the ground. The teeth stand
straight down and do not catch on the ground vines, yetserva the purpose perfectly.
I believe the aidedellvery rake would work in Kudzu
all right, though I have not tried it.
Some writers and term papers indescribing and commanting on Kudzu, make the mhrtake of ag ing that thevine tseoarse andgrowsvery large This lsina aeneetrue, when the vine;are allowed to grow for yearswithout cutting or pasturing
,but as a field crop the statement
is misleading, for, when allowed to stand the entire emwm the vh ea are no eoarser thanvelvet beane and theybecome woody when cut as hay. Under field conditions,the vines rarely live over winter
,and usually die back
hetween the planta. But evenit they did live over, lt
wonidbe aneaay matter to go over the deldawith sdiscor cut-a waybarrowand remedy that during winter. th enthat will be unneeesnry when pasturing, tor the stock willtramp these runuersso that they willnevermake tmuble.
After years of experimenting with the various methodsof propagating Kudzu, we have discarded all except theself-ro oted plants. The seed germinate very poorly if atalh andmust be growninheds tor a year hetore trsnsplanting, and the resulting plants usually have but one
root—e tap root—that (2 t be taken out whole. True.the a lt-rooted plantscannot be taken out whole, but theyhave manybranchea usually , which infar better than onlyone piece.
The cutting method of propagating, we diam rdedah a .
eevenl unnueeeu tul attenipta We eouldget perhape one
pereent to uve but they never made vigorom planm andhad the eame feult u the aeedlingl — they wm not
Our self-rooted plants are all inoculated; in tact itwould he impoeaible to find one that dog not carry thehacteria with it when handled in the usual manner. Time3011 inoculation isunnecessary.
For planting, I prefer old ground or at least eeeondyearnewground, andif poeaible land that hadvelvet beam;on it the year previous. 1 break the ground “broadm t”m d prepam it u for a eeed hedby ueing the drag laat.Then I lay it off in five toot rowsand set the plants aboutevery five feet in the row. This will require about 1600plants per acre. One man and a boy cannet several acretnnday . The mancarrlea a shovel and opena up the
hole. by sticking it in the ground and prea'
mg the handleforward, while the boy, carrying the plants, add : theminbad of the shovel, with the crowua about an inch belowthe lurtaoe. The eh0vel inremoved and the man I tepe
on each side of the plant to pres the earth firmly, afterit fallsback on the plant .The proper time for planting Kudzu intwo to threeweeks inadvance of corn planting time or a little earlierfl aue canget the grouudready. Arull m p ot eernmaybe grown on the aame land the ant year hy dmpping thegrains between the plants. Neither wil l interfere withthe other, and both need about the same attention, onlythe ground ahould be left smooth and level at the intcultivation to permit eany rooting of the vinea or rm en,
and subsequent mowing for hay. Plant: cannot loot aswell on a rough surface.
110
ne advantage ot xudzu over other hay crop am
almost legion, and one cannot m ik e thanuntil he hasfully triedit out. Bome get the idea that it will heeome
a pesh onee they get it ontheir farma. I have hadit for
ta : ya rnand have net found it 'ao inany particular. I!
it geta into the im ee rowa let it go and you will soonhave some moat valuable feed in the place of the worthlm weeds and M ara. When -
your'
cropsare oil, turnthestock inaad they will clear your fenee eorw a out. Ifyou ever do wish to get rid of it, (and I would not adviseit, as it is the most valuable crop one u nraise), put
enough stock on it to keep it graaedclose for about twomonths in the spring, and the work is done. Or it maybe thoroughly broken, preferably with a disc plow, aftercutting, during the hottm ,dryu t seasons, of after killingfrosts in the fall, and rarely ever a plantwill survive.At the nominal price of hay, which isabout per
ton inthe South, and at the low estimate of tive tons peracre, think what a few acres of Kudzu would mean . Ihave yet to see any other crop that will yield such a revenue with so little labor and expense, and at the sametime build up the soil .
It has taken the velvet bean fifteen or more ya rntoreach its present state of popularity and usefulness, andthere are now thousands of head of cattle and hogs fattened onit annually, and I vu lture the amertionthat indtteenyean there willbe ta l fimesasmany fatteued onKudzu and Japanese Cane.
The South is waking up to the fact that it cangrowfeed stunchm per than the North can, and the North isbeginning to realize the “same thing, and it will be onlya few abort years till th is section wi ll be teeming withNorthern stock raisers and farmers, to supply the Northeru markets. Nowia the dme for the Southa -nfarmerato get buay andbe ou the ground door.
To giw m idm ofwhat h ahu dybdng done l mightadd that over fifty thousand plantswere set out the part
BY THE “SINGLE”AND “DOUBLE”HETHODBBr Cue-u sF. Dawson, M. D.
,D. V. Vwrm ru au u.
mn‘rnonor DISTRIBUTION.
In accordance with (Riepter 6167, Laws of Florida,191 1
,the State Board of Health, inAugust, 1911, com
menced the administration of hog cholera serum, sending
its veterinarians to such points as requa ts came trom.
The number of cellsfor this service increased so rapidlythat it wasfoundimpracticable to attempt to detail men,ottentima a long distance, to perform this work, and inmany can the veterinarians were so busy that compliance
with requestswasdelayed and the owners hwane dissatisfied because of the loss of hog from cholera.
At the 1012 annual meeting of the State Board ofHealth
,the oOInpllance with the statute and methods to
be followed were thoroughly discussed, resulting in plac
ing the distribution of the sc um upon an entirely new
basis. The Bosrdnow furnlshes IflOOe ct of serum free.
Agents, one or more to the county, administer the serumat sspeciiiedcost to the m .
It should be distinct ly undu 'stood that the administratiou of serum to weil hogsdoesnot prevunt the diseasenor doesit cure the disesse. t t it docs do is thisz
.
Whm administeredto hogssoou after they sre et posed to
hog cholera sud before they have developed the disease,‘ it so modiflesthe eourse of thedisease thst fewdie.
CHARGES.
The following scale of charges for administering hog
122
cholera serum whenthe work isdone at a raasonsble distsnce hum the resldence ot the agent, issuggesbedby the
aidered an imposition upon the owner of the hogs andwill be sufllcim t reason for withdrawing the agent’sappointmm t :
N: u
“2“" not; “
am
Incases where the distance is great, special arrangements as to charges maybe madebetweenthe owner and
sonsiandbusinm matter.
IN STRUCTIONS.
The hypodermic syringe for administering hog choleraserum should be of 30 cubic centimeters capacity and
should have rubber fittings so that it can be thoroughly
It is suggested in all casa , where the agent is prep»ing to comply with
'
nu owner’s request for the administra‘
tiou of serum, that arrangements be made beforehand sothat the work may proceed with the greatest dispatch.
The owner should be requested to have his hogs pennedprevious to th e arrival of the agent and should furnish atleast two men to catch and hold the hogs, as the operatormust keep hishandsandsyrmge cleanandfiee of dirt.
This he cannot do if he handle the hogs.
The lnjeetiou ismade under the skinunthe lnside of
the thigh where the a is looae andwhese there is leastfat. The ses-nm shouldbe poured into a cup which has
been psevlously sterilised with boiling water. This cupshouldbe covered to keep out dirt andflies. Before eachpuncture with the needle the same should be dipped intoa solution oi’ formalin, one to four parts of water, or the
t il at the site of the injection may In palata l wllhlodinqso asto disinfect the wuund made hy the am ile,
asd thuspnm t ah e“
D IRECTIONS FOR USING AND TAKING CARE OF
HOG-030m SYRINGE.
Tongu e-plunge : a plungu au theway ougand
turntill the little pillsrs engage in the correspondingalotsinthe head of me syringe. Tha tm pistonto theleft two or thsesmmqheing earfiulnot to turntoo oftm ,
asyou may crack the glau barlul.When through work, wash out the syringe in clean
water and than with ll per cent. carbolic acid or otherdisinfectant.
p ut vflnse -w . lu flnspluneu flsht.n dryrubberclingsto dry glan.
To loom plunge : Draw out the plunger, as for
tightening, and turu th e pistonto the.right. The rubber
plunger ahould, at q be ranowdm dhosmed aslt
hasa tendeacy to adhere to ltsmetsl trame.
The needla ahoddbe chaneddriedmddm m lmt
into the pines provided for them. Stubthe syringe andget familiarwith it before attempting to use it. A littletime thusspsmt wiil pay, and your syringe wiil last a
The syringewith six needla eanbe osdendm mBetms' Phsm scy, J ach ouvme, for-u j o, as cas also
partsthat wear out or hwome naeh .
FACTS ABOUT HOG CHOLERA SERUM AND I TS
DISTRIBUTION.
The m a nnot mme hog chol-y uar doq it em
hog cholera. It msy enart some slight curadve eflect butmast be usedindo-asthst arsao large asto mshs lt un
prodtable to usa The Ststs Boar-d of flm lth doo notsupply -arm ba nd “
m
dru seg m d the name od your loeal egm t. A separute
application for each owner is uecm nry. No attention
wilibe pajdto thoee disregarding thisrule.
The active Hog Cholera Agents of the State Board ofHealth are as follows. consult your Agent what you
wish to have your hogs treated :
ALACHUA COUNTY.
Alu m —J . E. Haynuworth, ll. F. Studstill.
Oompvmo—Dr. G'
. W. Sher-house.
M lle—8m m Burgh .
Hiomwpy—E. D . Matthews.
Rochelle—Dr. George M. Floyd.
Trustee—H. W. Arrington, George Asbell, J. B. Smith.
BAKER COUNTY.
l ecam y—R O M E W. TW .
BAY COUNTY.
Dub a i) . L. “be“.
AlthaMom m a
Beam —T. Fidds.
“trundle—W. F. Button, W. F. Van .
M Guy—Welter J. Young.
Hernando—Dr. A. D. Pnterhandl.
CLAY COUNTY.
Balaton—E . E. Geiger.GreenCove Syringe-4 . L. Batten.Hiddlclmrg—M. M. West.
00m COUNTY.
Benton—0 . W. Gone.Lake City—J . B. Brown, P. G. Brown, J. P. Perry.
DE SOTO COUNTY.
Bowling Gram—L. 8 . Bentley.Brow ne—V . B. Freeman.Fort Greek—Dr. O. A. Gavin.
Gardner—F. 0 . Baldwin.
[Anemone—A. Albritton.
Murdock—W. J. Quick.
Wauchulafi loe. Chm . R. 2. in C. Williams.
DUVAL COUNTY.
Brom rd—J . S. lilgginbotham .
Jacksonvil le—L. W. Dugman, B. F. D . 1 , Granding : F. M. Holcomb. Box b 146. R. F. D. 4. on t k
Creel: or I‘ ckawanns.
Mandarin—Dr. Geo. D . Kennedy.
Atm , Ala . (B. F. D34 . L. Godwin.
Powwow—8. W. Hiatt.
GADSDEN COUNTY.
Chattahoochee—J . L. Sunday, Jr.
Grantham—M. C. Gardner.
Hom o—M. E. McCorquedaie.
River J tmctiow—J . H. McDonald.
HAMILTON COUNTY.
Jasper—Dr. J. B . Oorhett.
Jov ian—8. 8 . Smith.
White Springs—B. R. Goodbred.
HERNANDO COUNTY.
Brookeollle—W. G. Hope, A. P. McKeown.
I rtachotto—Dr. McKnight.
HI LLSBORO COUNTY.
Durant—J . B. Hundly.
Pleat City—W. L. Hollodsy, B.
‘I ‘. Kel ley.
Tem po - Dr. F. W. Porter, B. W. Weather-inglun. I 70‘
i
HOLMES COUNTY.
Bowling—0 . A. Fulford.
Nome—Dr. B. B. Warren.
Warm —Dr. D. 0 . Milton.
Broncos—ht. T. Marshburn.
Chaim -4 1. W. Arington.
Echo—T. C. Hogan.
llon-ictos—Ia wtonPriest.Newton—Geo. Ashe“, Trenton.Williams—W. F. King, R. F. D. 1 .
LIBERTY COUNTY.
Brutal—A. w. Turner, Dr. E. x. Thaganl.
MAD ISON COUNTY.
Madam —D.nMcQuarrte.
ru m or: COUNTY.
Berlin—8. J. Mc ily.
Ew en—D. B. Ma thews.
M H . D. Williams.Genie—Dr. J. H. Dunn.
Spam—W. Loflman.
ORANGE COUNTY.
Orlando—E. H. m m . Dr. B. D. wm .
Bartoro—A. O. Graddy.
Brewster—W. S. Gullett.Bradley Junction—W . H . Surrency.
Raina City—L. B. Over-street.Fort Meade—A. H. DeVane.
Kathleen—A. H. le wis.
ril1e COUNTY.
Kenwood—M. E. Leonard.Kevlar—C . H. Price.Sh oo—J . E. Wells.
SANTA ROSA COUNTY.
Benydale—J . hi. Nobles.
Both—0 . 0 . Simmons.
J ay—C . V. Nixon.
H ilton—D. w. r. Edger.
ST. JOHN COUNTY .
Dewey—B . L. Manners, Bayard.
Dewar—Dr. D. B. Brown.Dwain—B . L. Manners
, em .
.Elkton— Dr. F. S. Whitney.
Buck eye—Dr. A . Dolan.St. Augustine—Dr. B . A. Leek.
Switzerland—H. L. Manners,Bayard:
SUMTER'
COUNTY .
Columns—B. 0. Bridges.acme—r. E. O’Dell.
Webster—Dr. S. C. Wood.
int
SUWANNEE COUNTY.
BowlingParh—J uo. P. Rowland, Jr.
Moe Oak—T. Z: Atkeson, J . M. Ban, A. C. Johnson.
t m —J m : P. Howlsnd, Jr.
O’Brien—Dr. J. H. Reynolds, T. C. Williams.
Weahorw—A. S. Hogans;Dr. McClellan.
t M tb—O . W. a m
TAYLOR COUNTY.
Perry—W . H“. 0 . Johnson;Barney O’Qninn.
VOLUSIA COUNTY.
Ew ell, Favorite, Hannod, flam ed,ville, Valeria—Dr. D. B . Brown, Dspont.
WAKULLA COUNTY.
Sow v—Chas. K . Allen.
Wow - G. S. Neesmith .
WALTONCOUNTY.
berm Syringe—J . C Smith.
M ,Ale. (R F. D.)—P. S hlcClung.
Lam : Hill—J . 3. Steel.
WASHTNGTON COUNTY.
M ay—D. o. lit-Queenie, Dr. J . G. Phillip .
COUNTY FARM DEMONSTRATION AGENTS.
(Who are «he Hog Cholera» Aga ta.)
require that a limit be plaeed upoh tbe amount of hog;cholera am m that a hog owner m y m dve free mthe State Board of Health.
The rapidina eaae inthe demand for thia ve'
ry agpm
hive product entails an unprecede nted expenditure of thepublic money for an animal disease which hu man
“
little
conm ctionwith public health mattera.The law authorizing the State Board of Health to
_
distribute aerum without cost to the tam er doea not specifythe amount of aueh product to be distributed;hence theBoard hasturnlahed serum upon demand of the tam er,without limit.
You are now notified that the State Board of Healthwill, attu October 1, 19151 supply not more than 1000 c.c. (one quart) to any farmer, in any twelve montha.
You are also notified that the Board, inm ponee to ageneral demand, wil l also hupply the
“double method”to such pereona anhave been instructed initsapplication ;but, as in the
“ningle'
method,"au umm no respon
aihility whatever for any badm ulta.
SERUM MAY BE PURCHASED.
Realizing there are farmerswho will require more thanc. c. (or a quart) of the serum, the maximum
amm t an appliu nt may receive free inone year, arv
a ugm ent! have been made whereby owner can obtain,
out lhnig at eoat prlee ae givm below. Berm andvimwill he fnmiahedonly tnthe aiaea atauedinpriee liat.
The qfingeq tha mometer'
and diainfeetnnt may alao
he ofi erd thm ugh thie oflce at wet pateg aa gtwninachednle ot prica t‘ollowtng :
134
M o:
100 01: ot eerum (@ lgper ec)360 m bpdlea ot aerum (@ lc per ec)600 ccbottlea of aerum (@ 1c per ec)50 cc bottla ot vipp (@ lc per ec)Eight ounce bottla otdiahii
’ectant
Syringe, 30 cc, for injecting eerum
Thermomemr, for use in“double
Ordera tor any one or all ot the above itema mag beor in person, in any quantity, cash with
order. or express money Orders or cashier’schecks are accepta ble. Personal checkswill not be ac
ceptedin payment. Make allremittance payable to Dr.
J meph Y. Porter, State Health Oflcer. All orderswill heam t at purchaser’s riak. None of the“one isreturnable
ln'
order that the owner may calculate the amount of
serum required tor a given number of hogs, themwith and without rim isgiven. No formal applicationinneeeanry whenserum inpurchaaed.
DOSAGEw u SERUM ONLY (SIN GLE TREAT11mm .
To each bto lfipoundpiggive m ec aerum.
To each lh tos oundpdg give lbeceernm.
Toweh t obOpom dpig gtveW ee ea -ma.
To eadl fiO to'
I S pound ahoat give fi ee aerum .
To each fi to lOO poundahoat give iiOeceerum .
To eact O to lzo ponnd hog glve fitS cc am‘ro a ch mo to lm pound hog givewecaerum.
To eaeh 150 to 200 pound'
hog give 45 ec aerum.
To each 200 m m pound hog give serum.
To ell hoga over 250 pounda give60cc agrum._
\‘l
Thismethod whieh is the omly method to prgvent alldea ths from ch
'
ola 'a, should only be'
nsedby owners whothe dangers, when impro perly anployed, and the
State Boardof’
H'
ealth willnot furnish theVlru-requixedto any one who doesnot mn
'
he a statement that he undel~
atands the method and hss the virussyrlnge and the
thermometer used in anploying it, and who cangive satiafactory evidence that the rula governing its administration wil l be m rrled out by the owner.
Themethod consists in a previous injection of a dose
of serum and later of a simultaneous injection of a largerdose of serum and a very smal l dose of virulent hogcholera blood. I t the serum lacks inpotency, or is glvm
in insuillcient quantity, the animal will not be protectedfrom the dim “ in a fatal form, produced by the virulen virus. To get a lasting immul
'
lity from the doubletreatment a serum of high potency must be injectedagainst a virus of high virulence. There should be nonoticeable sickness produced by the method . This immunity lasts for about a year. Brwdersshould bedouble trested once a year, and this method is highlyrecommended asbeing the ene to use onhogs thst are
worth the necesaary attm tien. lt is a dleap torm ot
hog lnsm 'ance.
D IRECTIONS FOR APPLI CATlON OF THE “DOU
Ho'
gsahouldbe gottenup the dsybefore and ledlightly.
Especially should the grain ration be cut down consid«ably .
There diouldbe ample help for eatehingand holding theanimals. Onno aceonnt must the bogsbe ehased. Theyahouldbe plaeedina nnall endoam to obvisee the necu lty of chasing
é a a 5
5
5 5; E a 5
TREATMENT).
To ns-h and ling a to m -nu ns! “h a d nhoatN a ta sha-t - aadh u sh " M m lfl h m - n nl lfi nch “ “a nno u nce -nu s““ M “ m lwm fi a n afi l a . “b u n lw to m u n m m fl ifi u m‘lb-fi M m m u N n -r- and z er. “10 M a m a—a w e;
LUNG WORKS AND HOG CHOLERA.
_
Inveatigationhas shown that sichun and deaths 11:
swine in Florida are frequently due to the presence of
worms (Strongylus para‘
doxus) inthe lungs Thu e wormscause bronchitis and pneumonia or “thum pe
”or “pants,”these latter names being the popular ones.
Agents are, therefore, requested to determine if the animalsare infested with tha e worms before supplying thebog cholera serum, as thla trea tment is uaeleasforworma.
Aa aide to the agent indetermining the lung worm disease. a general atat- ent may he made that hog choleraillls hogsof al l ages, while lung worms are found caning sickness and death inswine up to about three monthsof age. I! necesary, a pig should be kil led to determine
the pru enee ot theae v orma Ranove the heart andIungn, wash them free of blood and look for bright orpale-redspota at ahont tv o incha tmm the edgesot the
iargest loha ot the lnngs. Whm the vorma m rery
plentifnl the aflected arms ol the lunp may he much
larger. They have aomewhat the color d the mu t of a
young calf. Cut through these part! of the Innp and
preaanponth- sndyou vfll he rewsrded hy ilnding thesmall, th u d-like worms pro truding from air tabea which
have heencnt acron. fl ey vm m tly m da G‘
ing to aga trantwo lnchesfiong, dovn to sisa vhenthey u nhardly he seen. Whm you flndmia eondltionexiating, do uot tru t for hog cholera, aa yuur m k vin
138
be useless, endtheresultswill create dissatisfaction. Of
course, lung-worm disease and hog cholera can coexist.
You candetermine the presence of hog cholera by a careful reading of the bulletin on hog cholera which hashemsent you. Ifboth diseases exist, as shownby the exam ,
luatiop of a sick pig that hasbeen killed, or of one thathas been found dead, tin t for hog cholera and advisethe owner to give special attention to thesmall animalsby furnishiug them with good feed, and making the ani~
mall inhale daily the smoke from burning la ther, feathm or raga, or the fume trom tar, creolin or sheep dip
generated by pouring these substances upon hot iron orbricks. As the disease is kept going by pigs m siningonsoil they have infected by coughing up the worms andtheir eggs, it is wise to change their living places fre
quently, andalso the drinking water.
THE BOWEL worm AND H'
OG 030m m .
Hogs of all ages treciueutly die from peritonitis causedby punctures of the intestine by this worm. They have
violent painin the belly. There is loss of appetite. constipationand rest lessness;the animal will paw and burrow and apply their teeth or snout against the sides;theanimals grow thinner and thinner; there may be convulsionsor fits, and young pigs may die in three or fourdays. A large percentage of the pigs may die. The wormmay be found attached to the inner lining of the boweland is fro m six to ten inches long, and has a curvedbody.
It hasa thorny head and is ta iled the Giant Thorn-head
worm (Echinorrynchnsgigas).Asinthe case of lung—wom a goodeanbe accomplishcdby a frequent change of pasture. Any of the bog suits.found on the market1 containing copperas and laxativemedicinesmay do goodwhentedssper direcfionsom a
ancient period of time.
Br A W. BLu s.
W AM JW BW
The soil inmany sections of Florida an acid (sour),which isnnfavorahle fua the best developmqit of manycrops. Soils that are low and wet, u pedalll muck soils,m liksly tobe acid. I t isgma 'ally safe ho a-nme thatour pine land soils ere more or lea acid, it there is noindication of phosphate rock, limestone, o: ma
'
rl, at or
near the surface. Hammock soils may alsoheacid, thoughinsome casesthe hammocks ha
'
ve a layer of marl a littlebelow the surface.
u nsas ossemi-rs.
l . Alkaline materials, such as potash, soda, limeh andmagnum, which canneutralise or counteract acids, have,to a lu ge extengbeenwu hedont ot our spila by theaction of drainage waters. (The State Geologist, inBulletin No. 1, of the Geological Survey, stated tha tdissolved material ia belng ean'iedinto the sea thm ugh
the Silver Springs at the rate of about 600 tons per day. )inthis dissolved matter, u rbem te of lime greatly pie
dominata .
2. 0rgsnic matta , snch as gra
deeaysinthe soil with the formation of organic acids,which, onacount of their alow solubiliq, tend to accumulateinsoilsnot well supplied with alkaline materials like
3. Certain fertilizing matau'
als, sulphate of ammoniain particular, tend to increase the acidity of soils that arenaturally deficient in alkaline materials, owing to the
141
hndif a'
moderahe applimfiond limeisneededalmgwitha hm v applieafim d phoaphnfic add thla uny be naed.
Inour experhnu rtswdth pineapflq bu k alag haa given
good results.
I f gmnndflma tou m sheflsm'
u ed m d tbe aodl is
found to he highly acid (by testing with 11m m ),
two tona pa am in two or three yean wiil not beexcu sive. U the wfl h only alightly add one tonper
if quick-lime is used. Old, thoroughly air-elated, limemay be nsed inabont l the nme amount aa gronnd limestone.Lime may be applied at almost any time;though itwould perhaps be better to apply it during the late wintuor early spring, so that it may be thoroughly worked into
the aolibefore the rainy aufsoneetsin. litertilizen coa
taining sulphate of ammonia are used, it would be betterto apply the lime one month M ore or one month after the
fertilizer applim tion.
m u m -" m ur murs.
Moat vegetable ahdi‘ruitxropsarebm efitedby the meol tho lhne v ha 'e flim la a tnndency m acidtty ot the
soil. It has, however, been shown that u hu ’melona dobest onanacid aoil. I t haa also beanshovn that lhnemakesthe condiflonsmqre favorable tor the developmentot sa h onthe lridipotatot
forage m pg it may be uaed lihsrany.
I Q
MATERI ALS FOR CORRECTING SO I L AOLDI T'
Y.
Br P. H. Bou t .
The entire Stats 0! Florida is underlaid with lime
atone of such quality as to make, when ground, excellu t
materia l for correcting the acidity of the soil . Various
limu tone beds have been extensively studied by our
State Geologist (Dr. E. H. Sell er-da Tal lahassee), whose
reportsmay be had for the asking. In addition to lime
stone,we also have in Florida extensive beds of marl,
many of them sufficiently pure to make good materialfor conecting soil acidiq. Filially
,along the see-coast,
around the larger lakes, and along most of our waterways, We find extensive shell mounds. The shells of these
mounds might well be ground and ntilimd for correctingsoil acidity.
Aside from these natural materials, several comruerdnlsubstances are available to us for neutralising soil acidic.
In most cases,however, the results obtained could be more
cheaply accomplished by using the natural sirpplies.
AND LI ME.
Grou nd Limestoae is the safest and most satisfactorymaterial to use. It is a natural product;and may beadded to the soil in an quantity withou t serious dangeat doing harm. It should not be forgottm , however, that
there are speclal easesinwhieh it would he madvisableto app ly ground limestone. From one to three tons shou‘dbe used on soil s showing slight acidiw, and a larger
amount on soils that are decidedly acid;while onsomesoils that are very acid the use of as much as eight uh
twelve tonswill he found profitable.Hydrated Mme ia msdeby alakingquick-lime with jnstenough water to convert it into fine powder. Samplesanalynedat the Experiment Station show that commercial
118
hydrated lime ismade lip of uiideoiliine, hydratel
of
um m d m rbonstnol lime. Wbm most m refu lly pre
pared, “ poundsol hydrstednme sro shout equal to loopounds or limestone;so if we use about two thirds thequantity ot hydrated llmeinthebiste ot ground iimestone we shall be nearly rightQuechu a-4 or and“um is made him liniea
'
tone bydriving 60 the carbon dioxide ghi. One huhdmdp'oundsorpure Itma tone will make 56 pounds anaura liine. it
therefore, we wish to use quick‘ lime, mayapply approximately half as much as we wouldif we 'd using ground
limestone.
0' a sun-ranch .
Ht ave lomgbem enployedssa aom
ol potash, andmom reeently hsvebeennsed to a consi¢ershle extent lor correcting snil acidity. The e ismoch
variation inthe amountsof potash and lime contsinedinhardwoodssha . They contsingm a -siiy about ato dpereent of potash,
'andmay be nsed at
_
the same rate aswe
wouidordinarily apply fertilissr to the soil
hasheanunployed to a considm hle extent asa fertiiissr
inl‘lwidsinreoent years. Thia mstu 'isl isms'
de honthe rduse trmnii‘onor steelmills. I teontiinsahdut loper eant oilime insddition to about s c eu
'
it. d
W adi m lim mm mxtm iu mm e»
m tor of acidity,beingiesl cfl'ehtive°
inthisdlrectionthsnthe aame amount of qnict -lhne dr hydrathd lhne,but hsving the hdvsntngh of also carrying phosphorit acid. It
wsstouhdanseful source oiphosphornsinoui'ia tfliserexp
'
aflmm tswith pinespples.Nlhou ofso whennsefdinburfc tiiissr testslnthe
dtrm grmq wasshowhby Pros Oliisonto cortoct thescidity ol tho soil.
’
fi e nds lei't in' the sofl afhbthe
nitrate hsdbeennaedhy the plantsactedassnsiksll.
146
tioa hasshown that a rather more coarsely ground lime
stone isqnite asbenfi cial andmore lasting. 1» . qkins
,of the i l linois Experim t station, considers tha t
the iimastnne isground tine enough itit canpaanthrougha sieve with 10 mmbes to the inch. Since there an ln
ciuded in this materisl all the tiner psrtida thst are
produced in grinding, a suflicient amount of lime willbe available at once for the nee ds of the plants.
nos'r m m sotnsm ACID.
The soilsol Florida are for the most part made up ot
siliciou particles, and have no available alkali or baseto neutrsltm any addity . In a few cases whare anshundance ot lim estoue occm in our m -tsee soil it h
a corrector of acidity, but by far the larger percentageof our sandy soils are acid.Our muck soils are nearly all acid
,there being very
fewexeeptiona. These are not only acid,but very stronglyso
,and frequently require a very large amount of ground
limestone to correct the acidity.
lnadditionto the tact that most oiour soila m ust
oral ly acid, this condifion is inbu sifiedby some of ourfertilisers, specially where largo an
'
iounts of sulphate
ot ammonia sre nsad. Whaa sudimsterisls are brokenum u they m in the proee- el bdng made avsflableto planm the add rldical k lei't inthe suil. Thls fact
wasbrougbt out in our as‘perimentsl citrus grove sndnotedinour Aunual Beport.
Boil may be tested resdily for s‘
cidiv . This esnbestbe done intbe fleld. Procuro su'ipa ot litmuspapar trom
the drugstom d bofi m m md un Inn-ingthisiitmns papu , esre sbouldbe takai thst the flngersdo not touch it, since the N ation from the hands
10- 0. A.
us.
la m any acid enough to turn the blue to pink, and inlet ting oeil alter the paper has been handled at talaereaction might occur. The soil to be tented must notbe too dry. A email amount of soil may be taken up, andif it canbe pleased into a good ball it uauaily contain.enough moisture to ahow the reaction. Break the ballof soil open andplace two atripa of paper (blue and pink)inthe break, thenpne tightly together again. Inthecouu e of ten mint examine, and it the paper baa henthorom ly v etted the condition of the not]may he noted.I! the blue litmus paper h e turned pink the soil ia acid.1! the pink paper has turned blue the goil laalkaline. I!no change in color oct ura the coil is neutral. The degreeof acidity canbe, told ina general way by the degree ofplnknena if the paper was formerly blue. The eubaoil aawell asthe soil ahonldhe tested .
147
GROUND LI NESTONE FOR SOUTHERN SO IL-8.
Br Pnoraaaoa Cru x. G . Korm a.
“A limestone country is a rid country.
" Thinis aproverb and a truism much older than American agik
culture But awa y soil can be made a limestone soil,simply by liberal applications of pulverined limestone Theinitial application of four tonsper acre of ground lime
stone, with subsequent application of two tons per acreevery four years, will make and maintain a limeatome
aoil onevery Southern farm ;and this is the first greateconomic step to be taken in that positive soil enrichment which is needed to treble the average acre yield ofthe land now under cultivation and to restore to profit
able agricul tural use the vast areas of tillable land nowlying neglected or agricul tural ly abandoned in most
Southern States.Inthe northern part of the Sonthfaml. especially inthe
Piedmont and intermonntainregions, some soils are foundfor whoae permanent improvement ground limestone isall the farmer needs to buy , although as a general rulephosphates must also be applied ;and in many (M a »
pecially on the more sandy soils of the Coasta l Plain,potash aalta must likewise be added. in a few placesoils have been found which, though deficient in potasrslum {the important plaut-food element contained inpotash salts), are natural ly rich in proephatm (com
pounds containing the element phoephoms), and thus re~
qnire the purchase of only limestone and potash salta.
Southern farm aoilsare almost invariably sour, or acid.
Inother words, they contain . au tiaily lam thanno limestone. for moderah app lica tions of limestone will be destroyed by the soil acidity. “has one may apply one ton
'
of ground limestone per am to certain land and still haveno lime-tow in the soil, or a fm to'napplication mayleave only three tons for future benefit, after the acidityexisting in the plowed soil hasbeenuentraliaed.
149
When 100 pounds of puré'limestone are burned, 44
pounds at the gas u rbon dioxide are driven oil,
and 56 pounds of quicklime, or calcium oxiderennin. Quichllme isordinary txa h—burnedeaustic limn.Whenmoistened, tbe SC poundsoi'quicklimstahe up wpounds of water and make 14 pounds of v ale»
slaked, or hydrated, a untie lime (CaOJ L). If this ls
exposed to the air it gradually absorbs carbon dioxide,
give! oil water, and finally returns to the original compound, calcium carbonate; so that 100 pounds of thor
oughly alrslaked lime has exactly the same com positionas 100 pounds of ground limestone. The hydrated limes
onthe market usual ly contain some moisture in exec s of
that required forhydrating or slaking;also some absorbedcarbou dioxidqand oftm the most im pnre lime from the
kllnismed for making this producg so that w or wpounds of hydrated lime-may cornu poud to 100 pounds oflimestone.
A somewhat In common but yet very abundant form of
limestone is dolomite, or do lomitic limestone. This wbnpure is a double compound
‘
of calcium carbonate (CaCo.)and magnealum carbonate or calcium magnalum carbonate, containing with 100 parts
of calcium u rbouate84 parts of magnesium carbonate.
um 0? LI ME.
Ordinary limestone serves two very important purposes
lnsoll improvement : One isto eorrect the addity ol soursoils, and the other is to supply the cia nu t calcium asplant food;and in most soils calcium is mueh more defl
cient than pots-lulu, and even more deficient than phos
phorus inmany soils. Dolm ite nut only corrects soil
addity and supplies calcium,bu t it also supplies mag
haslum, another-essential dement oiplantioodthesupplyof which la very limited in some soils. Dolomite has even
150
greater power thanthenore eommanlimestoue inoofl ecting acidity, 184 pounds of dolomite being equivalent to
200 of calcium carbonate.
Inpure form 58 pounds of quick lime or 74 pounds ofhydrated lime would have the same power to
correct soil acidity as 92 pounds of dolomite or
lOO poundsof or-dinary limestome. h othm-worda with
ground [imm une at a ton or ground dolomite atthe hydrated lime wou ld be worth and the
quicklhne tLN per tunu cept lor one other-verihnpwtant fsct;andthisbct isthat caustic liuie ismnsfic. .
TE ! K IND 07 LIM I TO 033.
According to the dictionaries, the word caustic means“capablebf da troying the texture of anything by eatingawny its substance by chemical action" This definition
well describes thc da trnctive sctionot canstic lime onthe humus or vqetable matter of the soil ;and when the
W ide matter isdestroyed the nitrogen which it contains is liberated and in pert dissipated, so that the~useof caustic lime
,whether trash-burned or hydrated, auc
meu ts the diiiicnlty of increasing or maintaining thehumus or nitrogenous vegetable matte oithe soil. This
problem is'
slready serious enough in Southernagriatnre. and if pou ible we should avoid burning the humusout of the soilwith caustic lime.lu'agriculture, as well as in religion, it is well to remem
ber theinjunction to “be ready always to give an answerto m ry manthat ssleth you a m sonof the hope thatis Inyou and attention ismiled to the foll owing reasonsfor
'
the hope of Southern agriculture in ground limestone :
rm m or uamnmo m nna amrn.
Ground limestoneism dily svailshlenndif very dnelyground it is likely to be too available, too easily s_ oluble;
151
heu use u a rnlq the lon ly leaching tar m ds that by
cropping. As an average of tow years at Bothsmsted,the annual ion amounted to about 800 pounds of limecarbonateper acre. InI llinois an investia doncoveringten years showed the average annual ion to be 780 pounds
per acre. With th e more porous soils and heavier rainfallof the South the danger of ion is still grea ter.
Preliminary investigations by the Illinois h perimcntStation indicate the dolomite is more durable than theordinary limestone. The information bearing on the
hum an of grinding is sufllcient to justify the conclusionthst the screenor sieve used nesd not he ilner thanxo
meshes to the inch (100 per square inch). and that it
shonldnet be ooarsa thanimediu to the ind , with all
of the finer material produced in the proco included inthe product.
-The advice sometimes given that lim slone should begroundso that it will ail paasthrough a sa em with mor 100 meshes to the linm r inch hasno justification, Suchgrinding increasesunnecenarily the cost of material, incressa the cost of application (by requiring annual orfrequent application ) and increases the loss by leaching.Where used liberal ly at le e frequentintervale inrational ,
pruflnbig phrmanm t systm an fldnesh or lilmesh
screen is amply tine for the most ecm omic product,especially for the ordinary limestone mmdsttng chiefly of
calcium carbonate.
AHOUNT 0' mm 10
While heavier initial applications of ground limestone
mu produce even greater benefit, andwould certainly do
no harm, four tons per acre are, sumcicnt to give veryntisfsctory results, and subsequent applications of twotons per acre every four years wil l maintainlimestone inthe soil. Heavy applications reduce expenses in perms
153
m m m m r u um
Al to time of application, th e consideration should begiven to other necessary farm work, conditions of weather,laid and roads inre lation to the hauling and
,spreading
of limestone. I t is not app lied for the sole benefit ofone crap, but for all thecrops in ro ta tion, although it)!greatest benefit is upon the legume crops;and one goodplan is to apply the limestone alter plowing the ground
(or, with heavy applications, part before and part after
plowing), and before preparing the seed-bed when aome
of the clove n or alfalfa are later to be needed,but whethera day or six months later is a matter of secondary im
portance. The primary essential is to get the limestoneonthe land, and convenience or economy ingetting thework done isusually the factor which
-
should govern thetime of application.
No single method need be followed in applying limestone to the lanci. It may be applied by handwith alight shovel, either from the wagon or from small equal
sized piles placed at regular intervals. fi ne a pile of100 pounds every 24 feet each way makes about four tons
to the acre.
BW N M AM N ‘ U MM
A spreader made for the purpose of applying ground
limestone is very useful . several spreader! are mamlectured rm serve well m applying small quantifia of
lightermaterial, but most of tha n are not suited for hand~
ling heavy applications of sud} materials as groundstoneor rock. A “home made" spreader, which any farmer a nhave made with the help of a lom l blacknnith ia monaatiafu tory tor sprm ding theaa ha vy materlala thanmost of the machine oa the market.
Hake e hopper aimilar to that ot m ordinary graindrilLbut meam ing Sifeet long witbaidea at leaat fio
154
inches wide and 20 inches apart at the top. The sidesmay he trumedwith a-S intm ironmdsrunnlng trom the
bottom at the middle to the top at the ends of the hopper.
Let the bottom be 5 inches wide inthe clear with 2-136holes 6 inches between centers. Make a second bottom toslide under the first on strain of iron 10 inch apart,which should he married from one
‘
side to the other under
the hopper to strength en it, also with holes to register.Both bottoms uiay be of sheet steel or the lower onembe of hard wood, reinforced with strap iron if neeeu ary .
To the lower and movable bottom attach a V-shapedarm projecting an inch from under the hopper, with ahalf-inch hole inthe point of the V, inwhich drop theend of a strong lever, bolting the lever looselybutsecure!yto the hopper with a dngle bolt, and fasten to the top ofthe hopper a guide of strap iron in which the
'
lever maymove to regulate the size of the opening by sliding the
lower bottom. Make a strong frame for the hopper, witha strong, well-braced tongue
Take a pair of old mowing machine wheels of good l in
andwith strong ratchets intlm hubs, and lit these to anaxle of suitable length (abou t 10 feet) and 1 3—8 or I finchesindiameter. The axle should be fitted with journals bolted to the under side of the frame. Make a reelto work inside the hopper by securing to the axle, 10
inches apart, short arms of 38 inch by l -inch iron andfastening to the arms f0nr slats or heaters of 5-8 by 3-4
inch iron about oninch shorter than the inside of thehopper, the reel being so adjusted that the beaten willalmost scrape the bottom but will revolve freely betweenthe sides. The diameter of the completed wheel is about
binchm andit servesasa foree feed.
Hundreds of these “h omemade”machine are in use,and they are usually more satisfactory and more durablethan anything onthe market. The cash ex pense for sucha mach ine has varied from less than $10 to more than$80:
155
depending onhowmuch of the materials and labor mau lhe paid for. Farmm with stm e meehanleal akinmsy
m m m ute " m em os.
Inhauling and spm ding lima tone it is of flu t tm
portanee to save time and labor. As a rule it is far moreeconofl eal to purchaae inbulk andhsve it ahipped tnboxears;although wetting will do no harm except to giveh ouhle in sweading. Bags are expenaive and easflydamaged, and with tight wagonboxes they are wholly unnecasary. ifbagsmust be used in handling the limestonethe purchaser should bag it when hauling from the car.
As a rule th e plan should be toban]the limmtoue directlyfrom the car to the field, transfer from the wagonto thespreader and spread at once upon the land.
With a haul of two miles or less, and with twomen, one
boy and two teams, with three wagons and one sp ender,40 tons of ground limestone can be takenfrom the car and
spread over 19 Or 20 acre of land in three days, provid
ing the roads and otha ' conditions are favorable, ortons canbe wnoved from the car intwo den,
the lasttwo or three loads being kept onthe wagons and spread
the .third day if necessary. When the haul is longer one
or more additional teams are needed onthe road .
By E fi Eunor, M ClM DeporW ow iou“m
The strawberry belongs to the rose family and ea tainlydent-h es its botanical name, m m (tra n trap s toemit a sweet odor), for no other fruit is so M ieatelyand so exquisitely fragrant. There aretperhaps a dosenspecies but all are allied to a greater hr lu a m eat butabout tour, which may be consideraf
’distinct species. 0!
these, the Fragaria Virginians, the Virginia or Scarletstrawberry
,is the source of our common wild strawberry,
which ia found from the Arctics to Flortdg occurlng ina great many localitia throughout the country. The
strawberry was apparently known to the Romans, butonly inits wild state. The first mention of the cul tivafionisinEnglsndinlfi during the mlgnot Rlchard
the Third, but noimproved variety appeau to havebeenknown until shout the latter part of the 1sth centuryafter the introduction of the large flowered and the Vin
ginia Strawberries. With the production of thene ln
proved seedlings, as well as hybrids, new varieties lncreased rapidly, until at thew t time the number is al~
most unlimited.
The strawberry is a perennial plant which propagatuitself try -ending out runners on which at every few inchesnew plants are formed and which take root, and in turneendont runners. m thesenewly set plants onrun
nus, new beds are transplanted into whatever tom isdesired lnthisway thenewplantsreprodnee the pam t
variety.
Plantnmay he m pogeted tmm seed, bnt the plantsohtained thiswu wmmrely moduce the varlev tmm
which the aeedswm tekm . hea nse ot the croa pomnation of the flowers. New varieties are originated by the
planting seed,but othervarieties are perpetuated hy runl
ner plants.
158
lnabotanical aense the strawherry isnot a true truit,but belongs to wha t can properly be termed the compoundtraits, such as blackberries and raspberries. Some varie
ties of strawberries produce without stamina, or the
pollen producing (Male) organs, while others produce per
iect flowm orinotherwords those containing all oith e
essential organs of reproduction. The first of these aredesignated as Pistillate Varieties and the latter as bisexual . These latter are capable of producing fruit without the presence other varieties, while the PistillateVarieties must be anted inalternate pa ttions with thebisexual or they cannot produce. To the gwwer of strawberries, especiaily it for market, we therefore suggest thathe plant only the perfect varieties.
A variety may be adapted to a certain soil and climate,and yet be wholly unsuited under some varying conditions not far distant, where no team for failure is up
parent. One or two degrees of latitude may with somevarieties bring total failure,
“
while with others fust thereverse is experienced ;so it is that many varieties thatsucceed inthe highest degree north of Florida, wil l pro
due practical ly nothing when attempted to be grown hereandvice versa.
The principal, requirements for market varieties or forprivate gardens either in Florida are
First, adaptability to our climate;second, productivenesa;third, lair size;and fourth, quality which includesboth flavor and firmness, the latter being positively essential, that the fruit may be able to stand therough handling by transportation compania , so that it may be re
ceived at itsdestinafionin the best condition possible.Of the considerable number of varieties that will suc~
coed well in Florida, wewill suggest only a small numberof those apparently bu t adapted to our soil and climate
169
Extra Early—Excelsior and Missionary.
Early—1mm LabThompson, Klondike, Hellin’
sEarly .
Lats Vsrletias—GandypAroma.
M d m d fim h the ordfl uaM M
ol the very ba t quallty canhe hsd for'
both fordgnanddomestie markets or home eansumption, from M
t ung inths varioussectionsot Florida.
”I L All!) IT] Pm AI Afl ON .
Th'
e Ida of soil and. location for the strawberry ‘
tsrm should he made with sview to fiirnishing ansm plewater supply, for this is the one thing indispensable insuceesdul strawberry cul ture. I t is a very deep rootedplant, its roots having been traced to a depth of four feet.Consequently it must have an abundance of water, andsurface watering is impracticable unless artesian watersupply isavailable, andwhen the latter condition isobtainsble there should he no doubtp t the succe ot strsw~
berry cul ture. But inenthu case a well drained,deeply
stirred, friable sandy loam or clay loam soil containingpl- ty of vegetable matter wil l he more retentive of mois
ture and much more easily cultivated and kept has ofwesdsandgrsn Thsy an the hu t ot all solls tor gmwlug strawberries.
Inthe prelimiuary prepantionot sofls tor ths planting ot ssm whe ry tam lt iswell to tollow a sarla ot
well cultlvated crops, two at la st, tor instanca, com and
pa g er hish potatoa and pmm or equally asgood osts
tollowed hy pu a to eliminste ths grasssndweeds andplaee the soil lu hne coudltlon. After- the pess are cut
tor hu , sbom me hnt to dd epmmherw bdonOctober the flrst, plow under the stubble thoroughly andthencroasit with sgood dish harmw so as to pulverise
m
lallwhm the planta ale growh gweliaa a m hwdoa to
the trnlg heeping lt cleanor fiu trvm dirt or und andthia may alao he eontlnnedlnto the lwing aa m eflmit h neeeaaary to eovc the plnta aa a prvtacflonm
Aa hefom flatem h ahnolutely m fial to the
pmdncdonof fine herrlea, and lt la a waate ot mmtime andmm ey to make poorg ada . Shlp only theba t,Hha t p
’leea ate deaixed.
Them an thnee th'
mga that m um m y m enua rm m tu tflhedwih and thm ngh eulfinfion. nmm m not m mqm m m mr mm u
leu t hadhetternot he attempted.
Agoodplanta to top drena the plantawhenthq hednbo pnt ont thelrfirstnewleevel well. Thia canhedone hysprinkling the fertilizer alongaide of the m“ th an to the
planta and thenworking it well into the aodl about thoplanta with rakea. Agoodfertiliaer tor thh nnt dm m;ahonldbe eompoaed about as follows :
Ammonia 4 to 5 pe can.Actual to 9 pc em t.
Avaih hle Phoapha ‘icAdd. . -6 to 7 per m t.
The above ahonld he applied at the rate of ahout fiQO
ponnda per am Thenu t applia fionof fertmm ahonldhe m de aa aoonaa the dnt indiu tlonot hloom ia eem ,
and lt M ldhe applledandwmiedlnaainthe p evloaa
M at the rate ot ahont m lwunda per am n.
aeewd appllmfionla to produee the kult lnm -ummm mnn wg -t a bm uh tw a m
H A
10
Ammonia in Aper eent.
Potaah S to m per cent.
Available Phoaphorlc Acid . .7 to 8 per cent.
The above fertilizer, or any formula closely approximablng th - , canhe had alreedy prepared trom the vnrioulmanufacturers throughout the State. Machine tor the
are aho to he hadot either the tu 'tiianrmanntectum or
the hardw'
nre or hnplement dealm in of the eltinandtownninthe staie.
The Btate Board ol Health‘
ia dlrectedby law toafter the health ot onr domeafleamd anhnala aa well aathat ot the people. Thia lt hu beendomg lor a number ot yu rs and haa hnd m atantly inita employ the
beat vetnrlnary talent it could obtain ainoe 1902.
'
I t t. how proposed that Florida get into linewith theother Bantba 'n Stats and atart the work 0! eradicatingthe wwfii which cauaea a diaenae ot the hloodwhichprevenia that tin-libcondition necetm ry incattle thatmah a the raialng of them a payingbnainu a. It la claimedby atxtiefidna tbnt thia eow tick cam a a lo- ol hun
to annually.
So it aeema that thia tabt alone lnthehest m aontha'
canbe gtvenIor eradiu ting the tlek. I t aeema wonderfnlthat anagrienltnral intera t canthrive under thh m
mom handicap, and alao thagm pai-atively in littlehaabeendone to m ove lt.
I t may notbe ami- at this flme tnaay aomethia‘ et
the hiatory ol tlch fevu ineattle. Dr. 8ahaon, ehlel dthe Bmu u of Animal lndnatry, inhia lettzr of mn-alttal to the Seaetary on rlcnlture of tbe m nnaa’lpt otBmith andKilhorne’a wort on'l‘m a fever -ld:
“I a the whole uat ot diau au aflecfingdomu tieatadaalmala thce lanone ao pecnlininlta c
’
haraetu -or aemm u m phenm aa m thia oaq m te
the-e m The di-uninatioa el tha deadly entadonby ippamntly hm lthy eatfiq and the har—k- m
“Themost hnpbrtant special eontrlbutimsnext madeby Dr. D E Balmominhh m uaI M asehief ot
thebura not animalindustry, inthe yean 1883-L884—86,tnwhkh yu nbe detummed the bom h ry line of theparmanm tly ini‘ected territnry.
“While lt hadlongbeenknownthat thispecnliar feverdidnot oeeur exeept where the eow tick existed, the rela
tionof the tick to the disease wasnot definitely establisheduntil 1889, whenitwasobaervedby 8mith andxilborne. of the bureau of animal industry, that when young
tich axe plaeedoneattle thm developg e high tevm‘ ao
companied by extensive loaa ot die t-ed blood-corpuscla .
Theae obm vationswm repeated end eonflrmedin lsllland 1892.
portant diseovery eom ectedwith the dlsease OnOctober23, lBS9, he read a paper at the Brooklynmeeflng olthe Amaim PnNie Heflth Anodaflom inwhlch he
red hlood eorpnsdu of eattle snflering trmntick fever.thstnm the u nn ot the dh u ee and that thisnewly
was a noat tmportant diseovery, asit was the’
iirst ia
stance inwhieh it was provm that dismaes m he
All [NCO-Am DIM
“nexum m y be md to beinmm blem or
at bast treatment is usnally unsatiatactory es enlmnlssurviving u attack ot acute tick fever gm eraily make aslow recovery, and during the eonvalu cent period aremore subject to the attack of other disease; owing to the
M flm by the pa t flnt yw medieal m dent‘remon the u nse’
applia with m t fmoe hm when
106
changed to ‘mmove the tick ) Inall sanitary work, how
ever,it is necessary to have the oo-opa 'ationof the people
inorder tnbrlngabont the deairedresultnndthisapplieawith special torce inthe eradicationot aninsect. Thereseemsno special difficulty in ertermina‘tlngdie cattle tick,because of its peculiar life history. What has been and
isbeing done inothe statea, canalso be done in Florida.“The lata t reports show that about chem of the tick
lnfa ted territory haa heenalready cleand ot the flck.
federal, state and county governments, and alreadyfiuresults have been very
,pleasant and profitable to those
eaetions that now aijoy a tree and unrestricted cattle bus
ineaawith the great Northern markets.
ORIGINAN B OI ‘ TI CK “R HOD.
“The idea of tick eradication to have been orig!hated by Dr. Cooper Cortica former zoologist, and now
veterinary inspector inthe But-m a of Animal lnductry.
Dr. Ourtice was also the first to study the life history anddevelopment of the tick. Hism earches paved the wayfor tick eradication. In1899
,while State Veterinarian
of North Carolina, he prm emed a plan of action to thecommissionersof agriculture of that state for improvingthe cattle inductry, by tick eradication. That plan wasput into operation, and by 1906, or in seven years, twelve
counties inNorth Carolina had been released from quaro
antine. This practiml demonstration of the feasibility oftick eradication attracted the attention of the fedc aiau
thoritia and also the o'
ther Southern states, and coup -mwasaahed tor a small appropriatiou to be appliedinassisting those states which had live stock laws, competentto deal with the subject.“The fedm l appropriation was in 1907, m o;in
1908, it wasincreased to and since, it hasbeenannually. Congress will he naked for an ammo
prietionof at the coming aesion.
m m mm wm dftem States m e or lm in
tu tedwith tlch . Nine hundredandtwm ty-nlne countieah these Statn wese under teder-alquarantine onaoeountof flcka. Whenthe work was hegunonly sevsn Statu
had lawsthatwouldmshle the Bureau of Anhnal lndutry to woperatswith thun. Thu-dom work could oub
-ntacky, Ta n- ea, Oklahoma, and (hitter-nu Since that,four otherStates, South Carolina, Alabama, Misti-in!and Arkannshave enacted laws which allow ot tick M
lestiou.
“Up to April 1, 1911 , or in five years, Virginia hadcleanedup u oountiu ot ticka North Oam lina had, una
State hu cleanedup M mom making izinall.
“In Sou th Carolina, (ourcoundesare cleanfinflsmgia,8;in Tennessee, 28;Alabama is clearing up 7 wuntlu ;m-i-ippi has cleaned 8; Arkansas 10; Inuisiana 2 ;
Oklahoma 7;Texas 7;.Californla nil-curl 4;Plot
ldanone. Insfl the Statu mm flM exea-ptm the
work h h m mi m dmbg nw morsoontieswill soonbe fl esaedfrom quarsntine.
square mila ot tick intc fed tu-ritory tn the vntiedStats . h eela ted area, up to April 1, 191 1, wassquare miles, or unearth of the mileage area."
The ahove article oa the hlstory ot l‘m s tevsr wasm ted ler reading at the dnt mesflng d the fiorlda
HW StOd A-odafim heldst tha Univu aity M Hodda,Decanhc 17-19, hy the 8tate flealth 0meer.
109
one hall inch tnlm gth. The eolor varhs tmm a dunyellowto enolivebaw nandurtm isstrcah dwith wavylinesot these colora
'
There are two loagltndiasl m oves
onthe h cbat the tront of the body, and three at the
rear. These are more pm inm t at timq espedaliy after
m short andtm adand of a cha tnut hwwa eolor.
’
From the tid eradicatof a atandpoint all tick! lookalike. The harmleesonm cannot prodnee
'l‘m a fem ,bntall epeciessuccnmbto the anenical aolnM so that the
question ot the spedes cuta no flgnre indd eredicadonoperations. The harmless ticks have a different life cyclefrom the fevebproducing tick. Thlsfick, the commoneowtick, cannot m ch maturity unless it gets upon ta ttle,horses or mule , while all the other harmle kinds candevelop independently. When the common cow tick does
get onhorsesand mum, ita pm gm mnnot produce Texaslever, but may acquire the germ from Southern cattle,whose blood elwm contsinsthe perasite. Their pmgenythen become as infectious as those reach ing maturity on
Southern cattle.
While it lsknownthat the fever germ lscarrledmcow to cowby the fla o one hesever heenable te diacovu the gu m mthe fid thunedm norwm exu'
actsmade
by grlnding the tich and injecting thie material into suaceptl
’ble ca ttle prodnee the fever. Yet we canreadily produce the feverby injecting a amallquantity ot hloodtmma Sontherncow into a Northa ncow hy putfing a fewot the seedtichsnpona Northex-n euw. Th e -seductihatch out h'om them slaidhy the oldtlck whenshe unstrom thscow.
Igthu eforg fonm that the m d 'l‘m sfiem isin
170
tick. These young ticksare very small andarebarely vislhle whenth ey flrat get onm ttle. Hence they are at that
stage capable of producing the rever end the susceptibleanhnal maybe very sick andeveu diewithout the owner
Other interesting facts are that the germ will live inthe blood of animals removed trom the South to the Northfor at least thirteen years. Texas fever can he producedby injecting some of this animal’s blood into Northerna ttle. Rough handling or bad treaM t may induce afatal attack of the fever in this supposedly immune ani
mal. This explains why and how it is that Texas feverhas occurred inanimals when no ticks could be discov
cred on them.
ALLI GI D I MMUN ITY Ol‘ SOUTHERN-BORN
The mere fact that a cow is Southern born does notmeanthat she isimmnne to 'l‘exas fever. In fnct lt ls
claimed today that there isno such thing as immunity toTexas tover. However, Southern cattle do acquire a resistence when th ey are attacked by ticks from birth that
the Northern-horn catt le do not posses .
On account of the many failures to immunise m ttleagainst the fever, and inthis WU impro ve the Southern
[needs by the importation of finer cattle from the Northand Wa t, those interested in the subject have gim upthe idea, which at one time promised so much.
It was found that .even though a fine bovine did suc
cesstully run the tick gaun tlet the ineu'
u nt attacks of
ticks devitalized and impoverished the blood so that succeeding generations showed plainly a loss of the stamina
poasused by the original stock. The logica l thing to dois, therefore, to get rid of the cause—th e tick—by themethods now in vogue for tick eradication. A result orthis practice will he not only im provem ent of the sa ub
171
a ttle u scrubqfor it canhsprove thaninno otherway.
but fsrmerswiiihe encoarsged to imm their u tfle
by the introductiou ot dnes animsla of the hesf and
The following upon the life history of the cattle tick iscopied from anaddre
at tt'uivu sity ol Florida.
m a tom s: 0' m CATTL TI CK.
Facts onwhlch the campaignfor eradim ting the peatis based : An lntinate knowledge of the life history ofthscsttle tick lsneoemary . A kngwledge ot the manucr in which the tick propagate must he had before
eradication can be carried on intelligently and succen’
fully.
Only a part of the development of the ticx taku place
ou cattle, the remaindsroocuninthe pasturesandrangc .
The female tick, which is attached to the skin of cattle,increasu enormously insise asa result of drswing largsquantitia of blood, andwhen fully fil led withblood dropsm the ground, whm she at onee heginsto search for a
suitable hiding place that will serve as a protection tmmthe sunand euemies. These lsrge juicy ticks are some
timea destroyedby ants, and thonsnnds perish astbe re
suit adunfavorable condititms, such as hot m ther, dryweather, or extrunely wet m ditions in the rangu , pas
turu , or swampy conditions that exist in the State ofFlorida. Thousands and thousands of ticks are da troyedin this way in the State without having laid any eggs.This condition accounts for fewticks appearing on cattleat dm m d m ny more at other fiq epending onclimatic conditions.
Eggh ying heginsduring the iwing, summer snd fallmouths ln two to twenty dsyg and during the wintermonths in thh'hecn to nincty-dght daya dspendhig m
173
longest dnring thecoldsesson. For enmplg all tho aesd
ticks resulting from annals dropped June 15th wil l -he
dm dhy NovgxnherLa pa iodof fonr anda h lt mm ths;but aome of thaso rs ulfing fim tanala dropped flsp
tunbu Lmay m fin for m or dght m ths.
t honesor mnlea. I t at omes hegtns to drsw hlood
and lncreasesindso. Inabont ssm dqs lt abods ltsskinnd the colocch mqtrom h ownhowfitcfihsmform havh g dght hstu d ot dx len and h ovnas a
Nymph lnanother sevm dsy'
sthe hlymph dek shdsita
akin. I t isnowsexually m tnmL and lt lsat thism
Tho male tick lssbout m tm th of ah lnch inlm gth, “never heemna larger anddisplaya gu t scflvlty inmoving about onthe anlmal. Tho temale is ludltly larwbut shows much less activity, seldom moving from her
point of attachment previous to molting. After matingwith thsmflq ahcnpldly mgorgu vith hM and indghtem to tvmfiom daya arm ant sttschhng as a
sead tlck, ahedmbsto the gronnd to u past the qcle of
dcnlopmm t. Ym seg thdy hy tru flng a tflo ngnlsrlym m m fie M d h t m m
he ap inmtmded. Ths tick iseonplstnly m m ted.
To aewmplh h thh ana tflg honu or mnlu nah g tho
m m tum or eov lots thst m lnfistsd must hs
OnJ u m s-nd g m y w m m
hom u dsmshsm nlttssm sgfla ltm at the espitolla wm an.
174
OnJ m m ry zthe delegstu helda preliminary meednaat the Ho tel Raleigh inWadiington, for the purpose of
deciding upona line of action. AL this meeting it was
decided to divide the time allowed so as to give each delegate ave mint to explain the needs of his Sta te.
asx'
roa nan.
I t was also dcided to ask for an annual appropriation
ot' insta d of as originally intended.
This incm se was advised by the Secretary of Agricul
ture,who gave as hism oon that it would be economy to
increase the number -oiveterinary inspectors by 150, on
account of the great progm salready nihde in th e work, .the number of counties inthe various Stata now await
lng federal inspection, the number of counties that wouldapply during the year for federal inspection, and becausethe work cannow
'
go on the year round, owing to thefact that much of it is being done inthe southern pomof the States where it is warm enough to dip m ttle.
O, vm amm INGPBCI 'OBB.
These -inspectors are appointed upon civil service examination. They must be veterinary graduates and passa setislsctory examination in veterinary science. Belchman costs the government about a yu r, hence theh o u sed amount asked for by the committee. The workof these inspectors is to supervise the building of dippingvats and show how th e dipping is done. Then, when a
county issaid to he t‘ree odtichs, the inspector inuat visit
every farm and sstisiy the government that the repre
aentatinnsmade by the State oflciala are correct. Upon
his favorable report that county is released fra n quarantine.ticks, it will be illegal for anyone tnhrins Upon thatfarm, or into that county, any u ttle from a quarantinedor ticky county.
175
0bvionaly, thls means eoope atlonupoa the part ol
lseaally ohtl lnedwhenthe henefldal m ultsd tlck e ad
lcatlos ars psredved.
fl ex-em 8 “ “ (I f wom an
I t hasbeenclaimed that tick-bitt en hida deprecia te 10
per cent lnvalue heu use they do not make good leather,and that this 10 alone would pay for tick eradia tion.At the hearing before the Senate commitwe the -statsmeutwasmade that the lossm htdesalonewasestimaterlat 10 per cent.At this statement a Northm Senator mid I deal in
a lt hldea, and I never pay more than half as niuch forSouthern calf hida as I do for Wu tern and Northernhidze They don‘t make good
'
la ther.
" Here is a lossof a per ceng lnstaadof tsnpc eent, and th e department odlcials were surprised when we told than whatthis business Senator had mid.
We went before the Senate committee with more misgiv
ings than wedid before the House committee;but eventsmade us reverssour opinion of die Unlted Btstes flenators. We were most kindly w aived. We were not hurrled to the -me extant as hefore that orthe flonse. We
all eame away from the hearingseneouraged. Eacbdelegahsmade lt hisbuainm to viait the memha s tlvm hls
owt ate. We of m unq did not helim it pod hle
that any remnantative of a Southern S-ate would tailto vote favorably upon um important subject
’
tm wewanted tha n fortified by s more intimate knowledge ofthe vast importance of tie! eradication.
NOI'” Y Asom m Penm an.
am all, ea eradication is not strictly a Bouthcaproblem . it Isa national problm . What sheets tom
17!
war -rm sl u m L‘ s.
Cattle, irrespective at breeding or condition, shippedto Chia go fiv lmidg mu t he lhipped tor hnmedh talhnghter, andm hdd, pm dingslaughterflnlpech l pens,by the naflonal qnm ntinc -ofllec l . Th u r- they ‘re
lhlppedinmu t be dilinfnctedot tho flch that drop ofl,
in transit. They must be sold for immediate slaughter.They cannot be held and fed for a. ted day: u niting a
tavoruble m rket.
m m m bh nnd expann l ttwding the m rketo
ing ot Floridnentflqof anbreedg md eonditionq ja pddfor from the pmeeedsof their aalg m d tor thism nonFlorida cattle would bring from 1 1 -2 to 2 1-2 cant: lo
pu pound onthe m a go mnrkzg or ‘ny Northa -u m
keg thm aimflar u tue -hipped tmm u flck-hu m
m m wonnm
Eventhe hjdel ‘of the Florida cattle are worth lu l pu'
pound heau e a hida that il tgnot fick bim dou not
make good leathur,
M ore it inM y teen that cattle tkh exact
heavy toll lmm thinbmnch of onr lgricultm by can
m a h rgemcm n d the du m nmby u u ing l mneu t hich hrlngl lbont shflnknge indw;by keepingpaoph out of the cattlebuaim which eonldbe m do a
pnylng one;by lo- of the hnd fertilizing m ne ot the
m a st m udu rahed;by the loq mwies d m t
m u tte pdee of hi‘
deg andm y depm-ing influencu nponmm nte.
l‘t h m meou hedby all oh rvlng peopbtm m
m dd h the pdndml u m ot h the e-tflem a th-8mm .
M A
178
There lnno othc mu onthet h ao appu ent. The ba tu ttle teednthnt the world prodnca mnbe andm heinggrownright hm inFlorida. U m feuh wm not of
the ho gother aectiom wouldnot hqy m
nwn'
nm u x.M W 11! M A.
Andam of animalg except catflg do u well inli'lorida h inany other part ot the onited sum . The dll
fumeeia most markedwhenwe comider themattu . Inh og there m fewer animal plague inFlorida thaninboat aectlona. There are very important (ll-easel, whichat timesdecimate the animal population inother section,
that do no t occur at all inFlorida. When, however, wecompu t m eattle with thou in the lflorth d eat,
andevennowintho-e eecflona of the somh whm the
flek haa hem a tamimm lt doe aot nquin the a
wt’aqe to see the dinlm ee.
The eastward march of the cotton-boll weevil hastowedthe
‘
farmm in one ltnte to grow other m o becanne theycan no longer hom wmoney ona crop ao uncertalnu a
farmer hu danonm tnd to himaetf that mtfle m a
moncy crop and that the ralning ot eattie ia worthy of
hia moat aefiona attm tion'
. He aoonnnlim that he a nnot prodnee the heat eattle inthe prm ee of tho flck,because m coendnl cattle production and marketing “mand the eradication of the tick.
wa nn a -m o m
h e gm t onrflow oi’ the lflsi-lppl mver laat ymm not entirely with out a m um] object-la m: in
179
M tionin the m m ol w eov udm
eannot m vin hdng nhnnm dinwatl r aw mon thn
or m aved to other lectim Hu e “ an am ellm t
were not allowed ho ru tnck withm y eattle thzt hadnothem eieaned ol tich by the dipptng vat. The people oi
"
t m den‘
wm nownin gbod u tflq and tha e may hemnm m mm m m m tm wm
eqtfle trmnany othu aectim
“ I N TB! QU IN N-N I L m m m
Whenthe cotton-boll weevil arrivea in Florida,farmer-will he lomed lnto reiling other cropa. Banne dtheoo wiil be for cattle leed. The fertilizing value d
these fieeda will he mtum d tnthe aoilby the a ttin, “a byr odnct of me fl tfle huflnq and the gm mudfl
fiertiliaer hillwill he materialxy rednoed. I t haa hem oh
aefl edfiat flekh nponwhid eatfie have gnu d-howthe
~
'1'hia tmprovedfarmingeatmot mnth itnhighu t dtrveinipment if thecnttle an loreedho ginnp thdrhloodm tichM ot eonverting it hwfiu h andnfllk.
m m r lhrh h ge in the mflk m m mbon 'l'exaa or tick fevcr.
Wha ananim l haa fever i‘ro- any u u g nm mh efln h dthn lm enfi a a mdy am m ming to the aatme al thedmInactte Tm nfem , the tempea
-l tm m nvu y high,
tick-lay m therewillbeno young tich to crawl upon'he cattle. lt then m m ym g flch there cancm
tulnlybe uo oldouea. Thla method, h iownaa the handpicking method, la, ot course, a lly app licable wheee there
am a tcwhu d trom one to a halt dou n. e
m m rmo m oo.
Thia methodie appllu ble to henh ot half a dom or
more. The standard arsenic-aisolution insprayed on thecattle by meane
‘
ot a coarse nozzle, one that will force th eaprey thm gh thc hair andou to the atin. A llne epraythet mer-ely leavea a aort of dew upontbe hair, auch aa
thoue required in apraying plant , will not do. Th e liquidmutt penetrate to the skin, and to am pllah thintheI pny muat he dincted agalnat the hair. The aulrnalamoat be thoroughly gone ovu no that every tick will hehit. Partlcular drort muet he made to wet the nndcrm rface ol the hody, and elpedally the tafl, aa it la thia
member which aflon‘k tich eaey acccsa to the body whenthe cow pales through vu etatitm harboring the young
tich .
The animd mult he lprayed every two wefig tourtem
or dttem timca. Abalh nd—hnlf mixtm ot cottonaeed
oil and hm makca aneflldent upray . Tbe anenlcalaolutionla the cleat to handle, but the fact that it inpoiaonona muat not he loat light of. However, thm -ia nomon danger atteadlng lta uae thanh the caae other ar
aenlcal spray. medonplanta.
182
The araenical epray la made ona nnall acala hy dia
third ouncea of white anmic inilw p llonl d wuter hyhoiling ntteenminutea. Cool to uO degrea wr to a
point juat a little too hot tnhmr) and add, ina h e
Gould'a harrel and hncket epray pmnp with m to lbfieet ot high m re hoae flttedwith a dmplex nonle,ufing the h rgu t dae diq ie recm dedu a luitablew fwm u m
m DIPPDGG VAT U 'I‘BW .
Thia ia the wethod par excellenee for da troying tieklel well an other vermin that may infest live M ind
impoealble by any other method.
Adipping vat conaiata m tially of e lfiOO gtfloncema lt tank built into the ground and til led with an afi .
am ical aolutioncomposed of white anemic, eight pound”.
waahing aoda, twenty-tour pounds;pine tar, one gallon;to every five hundred gallon arwater. The arsenic andeoda are diaaolvedinthlrty or forty gullona of waterbyboiling. The eyrupbolling kettle eo commonly in use inFlorida would be excellent for the purpoee;but it ahould
be carefnlly waahed ont atte uaing tor thia purpoae.
Atta the eolutionhaa cooled to a point that iaiuat mohot tobaar, the tar la addedinanne atream andetirred
thoroughly. Now put the aolutioninto the tank and addenough water to make five hundred gallons. Repeat two
fine-m m dyou hm lmo p llona inthe tank.
There vat: and other nece-ary arrangemuita for hand
according to coet of lahor andmateriala Planaandepeeliicationa will he gladly furaiahed. The anarlq aoda andtar are aleo lnexpaiaive matnriala The lnteahedanimala
183
are made to jump lnco the vat ame at a tim and aa the
nt h tnonarmwfor the-btm around, they m fia eed
to lwim ont lt the othar fl d whu e their teet atrib n
lncllne andthey walk out h to a dripping pea todry ofl.
turea where they, ot courae, hecome relnteated.Aa the life ot the aeed-tick ia iimlted to four montha,
uni- it geta ona cow, hone or mule, it ia readily aenthat thoaa aeed-ticha whieh failedinthla han atwved te
death ;whlle thoae that dldget ou m ttle anddevelop havebeendeatroyed inthe dipfing betore the femalm em ld
m tm dm p omand lay ea a Hm cq the tam aldu t
tie ao treatnedare evw afla tree of cow ticka unlc a tiekyeattle are introduced. In thh m q the whole proceaawould have to be repeated.
m I I DI CAL m AND m TICK M ICATI ON.
The present agita tion for the eradication ed the cattletick haa a epecial eigniilcance to the medical m tu ion.Not only doo tbe cow tick eonvey abloodparaalte to thecatfle ltbitea but thia pamaite haa emne potnta inalmi
M ty to the malafial organinnh mm inthat it la mfledby anlnnch and that lt livu inthe redblood eob
pm m g mm m m m m m meorpuacle count to
Of epedal intu 'elt are the laeta that thia inu'am pm
eulu pandtg the Pgrm mo oigeu-M wu diacovu ed
by a lnedical man, Theobald Smith, l . D.
“The lile hia»
tory ot the cattle tich, ita hoat, waa diacovu edby a medh im m d the idea ot dek eradim tiou wu nu t intmduced hy the -me medhml m m a loper Curtia E D.
I t h maetm to theee thme diacovu -iea that the flnalriddaner fmm the u ttle induetry ot the tormidable dio
we a the chief gloria to be added to thoae alraady
185
tick producea. Tha e ia no nctioninl’lorida which isnot intested with ticka Bome ot our southernStatahave -actiona aswe have already heentold, whm there
never havebeentlch . But l think inohr State ticksare
prevalent everywhere. We loae eva'
y year, according tothe censua—and l believe the report isnot aa heavy aa
lt qnght tobe—S'
percm t. Thatwonldcanae ua a lom ot
8300.000 worth ot cattle every year trm what isknown
asexposnre. lt ia diflicult to understandhow au aninmlwould die trom expoanre ina climata like Florida, but wemust remember that exposure means tick infestation, andthst is all it doesmenn. lt we could fme Florida fmm
tich , we would start up practim liy in that country snewindustry. While there am mentherv who have mademonqy inthe cattle bnsinesa they have made it at random, owning cattle by the thousands and not knowingmuch about it, and never seeing them except when they
are drivenup to be aold. But thoae people are tew andtar between. We want it so that everybody mn railo
cattleinthat Sta te prodtnbly, hnt we cannot do ikso lomgasthistick is there to put a damper onit.
The best way to do is to iorm inevery counv cattle
improvement clubo—not bringing th e tick to the surfaceas being the one object for its existence there—clubs thatare miled “
ca ttle improvement clubs,”and having tick
eradication as one of the things for which the club wouldwork. They would meet annually at J ackaonvine, or someother place, having a delegate from each one of the coundemandinthat way we a pect to carry onthe education
atalde of thework . We arenot experting to jump inanderadicate inany great amount of territory in Florida anddealy. It has got to be aneduu tional campaign. Wehave got to provide tor thiswork menwho u nreach all
the m d l ow ersol a tfle heu use ina country of that
kind they live tar away tm m raiiroada and am hard to
ru ch m dwe have to pick out a certainclasa ot menwho have influence with that particular kind of perm I
180
have anidu that oa tatnwvnld clahntha di-tinctiondbeing the uiint at whidi tha cattle fick hrst arrivedinAmerica. St. Augustine being the oldest settlem ent, itmaybe thatwe are ru ponsihleina way.
Tha tick m be eradiu ted or desm yed and the 'l‘exas
teve u nbestampedont andjt isthe oniy ome that canbe stampedout inthat way . The pecuiiar lihshistory olthe fick maka it pod hle and il m wtdicate the ma
principle ot the tick you thm exinrmiuate it. lt ia the
oniy insect inthe worldthat anbe exoerminatedfinmyopinion. Xt may he interuiing to know, with regard to
this cattle uck, that the diseovery ot the tick carryingthe germ of the 'l‘m stm was the hrot instance inthehistory ot medidna wha e it was dlownthat diaeaaeaare insect-hom e. Since that time we have discoveredthat malaria is u rried by mosquitoes, and that yellowtera ia a rriedby mosquitnea. This partlcular tick iathe only one that carriu this particular parasite thatm uses discs: in cattle greatly resem bling malaria in
CONS TRUCTION OF A DIPPING VAT.
W ou for om w a va u dDW Ofl tbto
Da tmy floh .
tm m fi ua xnm u am m . new sm anI lia-halt er. M tM M M C M M D-Ii d m(httia fld lndicationJ
m m om
Am ical dipa as agcnm tor du troytng u ttia tichhave coma into much iavor dnring tha paat tswyean
with which they are prepared, and ths emnparativaiyalight iajury thsy nuae to cattie wheu pm perly prepandInd used. Hm unade dlpsare the ansa moat commonly
hae m a m mu u m am mm m whanownary cam ia uaedintheir preparafim . Beesntly therehashem plaeedonthemarket a m prietary concanm ted
am ical dip which has givengood ru nlta. Thisdlp ls
w ra nae by dilufing it with cnldwater in thdm m a xm mo. The mly advantage inouch a
dip h that eomparatively littlo tim il nquindiu pnparh g the h tmbut thh adnnnge h lngely counmbalancedby the taet that it is more erpmatve thana
homematbdip .
M a m asANDnu W ansam en.DIPI .
The tormula moat conmouly usedinmaking anam l
cal dip lsthe tollowing :
189
m fimq the quantifia ot ingredim ts usedbeing hal!thoae inthe iormula. Thiswflh howeverg equire ao much
fime in preparing the amount of solufionneeeanry totill a vat that whenpoasible it ia advlaahle bo provida a
The ealdrunor tank anduumsilsusedinpreparlng thedip ahould he kept tree from grenae ur oil, u smallquan~
fitiesodthme may m velope particlesorarsmic and pmm t or hinder thé solutionot the m ic. I t shonldalao
be borue inmind that whm hardwater isusedinthe
preparationot the dip the dlasolvlng ot the sodium ear
bonate (sal soda) inthe boiling water m alts inthe formation of a line white or gray insoluble powder or mcipita te of lime aaltswhich maybe tahenfor undi-olvedarsenic, and thus lead to the beliet that all the arm ic
has not gone into solution.
The arsenk al solutionmay be poured into the vat asrapidly as it isprepared until the ampunt required to til lthe vet, when properly diluted, hasbeenmade. The mostconvenientway otdiluting thesolutionisto runthewaterinto the vat mrough a hose or pipe. Tbe eapadty of the
vat at the depth to which it isneemsary to flllit for dipplug, it not known, should be calculated, and for futureconvenience the water line should be plainly marked at
some point onthewallof the vat. After the a act amountoisolutiou neeessary to furnish diluteddip tonll the vathu bu npreparadaml placedinthe vat all that h m
sary lsto allowwater to dowinto the vat until the mtace of the dip m chesthe mark made onthe slde d tho
vat. Foe am plg if the eapaeity of the vat h zooombaa thm iourflma the amount oimluflonm ry to
mahe M gallou ot dip ahonidhe prepamd plaeed lnthevat md the h tmr dnedwith watsr to the zmwwnmark. Ineaee tbe vat lnh itwfilbeneem ry to modfly
eolutionneee—ry to m the vut inbanelsand only plaeingit inthe vatwhenthe lattu h nearly filledwith watnr,
190
heingeardul tonote,“
however, that thenisample capaeity runaining so that whm the soludoninthe barrel iladdedthe dip surfaeewiilnotbe ahove them t mwhichthe vst isto be ailed.
The e-pacity of the vat planned inthisdrcuiar at a
depth ot fiteet él inchesishi‘m gallona lnorder to dll
“m that depth with dlp it willbe necenary to pnparetwo betcha of concentrated dip each containing the in
gredientsnece-ary tormaking 500 gallons of diluted dipanda thirdbatch containing7 pounds9 ouncesof arsenicand 22 pounds3 0unccs ot sodium m bonete inease 8
poundsof arsenic are being used to the m gauong or il
pounds 7 ounces of arsenic and 22 pounds 8 ounces ofsodium carbonate incase 10 pounds of arsenic are beingusedto thebOOgallona
When for any reason it is not convenient to tolIow theabove method of diluting the dip, a stock solution may be
preparedinwhich thequantity of lngmdientsform p l
ions of diluted dip are dissolved in60 gallons of water.
Nine '
parts ofwata -to l part of thisstock soiutionwillthe: give the proper dilution. The stock solution is foundvery convenient for replenishing the dip in a vat when ithas become too low for dipping. A stock aolutiom should
not be made in more concentrated form than that given(50 gallousof stock tor 500 gnllonsoidip), asthe pinetar-does not ranaiu pmpe ly mlxedwhenthe solufionis
The arsenlcal dip mu be lel‘t lnthe vat andused te
pestedly, replenishing it with the proper quantities ofwater andstnck solutionwhu l eee-ary. Wha y however,the dipbecoma dlthy thrvagh the additionofmanure anddirt earriedinby the esttle, the vst should he ernpfied,M m d l lledwtth b’eah luid. m neqm cy wmwhich thisshouldbsdone mu t be ldt to the oww , as
the condidonof the dip at m y pu'lodaftu it hashem
m dedependsonannieqd eendifiong snch aaxhe num
191‘
be ét a M e dit he treqm q of the dipm m
Eventhongh the dip mey not bwome very filthyfltnel
q m m m m m m mm noxidatiom ol the enenic. I tig therdom edvtnfle to mM ne mo nt if the dip is more thens month or dx
M onirm pecfiw of m m difim u to cleenihn
At the conclusionof eech dipping it isvrell to ner!the mdtionol the m ’fnee of the dip onthe lide ot the
nt tnorder to deter’
mine at the next dipping vhethu
there hu beene chnnge inthe level of the dip . I f the
sudwe ot tixedip hn feilq sndit h knovnthst thentdou m t la h thm hnsbeenslou ot n tc by m pontiou end conseqm tly lnina u se lnthe stru gth ot the
dip. In oudu to hrlng the dip downho itl former
stmngth water ehonldbe m intnthe vnt ufll the dipm tfeee reeeha the merk mede et the h lt dipplng. If
the fnil hnsbeendue to the vnt leeking, the etrength oi
the dip hu notbeenaiteredendeonsequentiy vew eionethonldnotbe edded. I f thedip nrfwe hu beennieedby.rainthe m ount ot v eter eddedinthism ehonld be dotarmined by calculation, and for every nine gal lons ofwetn one gullonof the ltock nolntionw ionnly mentionedshouldbe used.
Whenuot tnu-eflle vet ehouldbe ttghfiy eovu edv tth
hendendturthesdfludonby ninonthe othc h nd. Securcty eoverig the vnt v hennot tnu e eloo lq-ene therisk ol eeddm tnl podsoning ol ltock endhm nbdnp .
Oneeeom t of the fnct thet m tc h e m m poj .
m au t m mm tbe oh u vedinm flnndndng thenu enicnldip. m the time the m nich pmcnndtmmthe drnggist nntiithe h lt pnrtide ol m need ra idne il
tnhm tnhsudiingit. Goeu ing ttweightsormm uru or
4”thst shouidbe obeeswed initnu q snd to stimulsts e
yet'
might he mrela s or who msy not knownll the precautions that ehouid be observed. Unfortunstety, however, the giving sndunphnsising of such m otions hsve
on the pnrt of some stockmensnd tsrm snd hsveu nsed thefi, tor s time st lesst, to retuee to undertnhltsus
'
eintrenting tor cettle tich .For thebeneflt ot thosewho may unduly iesr srntmic, because of what hesbeenssid, it mould be stated that where reasonshle a re isobserved infollowing the preesutionsgiven there is littledanger of losses occurring. The areeniesl dip has beenextensively used during the past ilve ya rn in ticker-I dlertlon work in the tick-infested ares, end considering thenumber of nettle that have been dipped the, losses hsvehem very small. Some of these have been definitely tracedto mrelessness, and there is little doubt that it itbed beenpossible to investigate all lomes the majority at themwould have been found to be due to this cause.
To m m m numss'rm Am mc m m Dm mu Sou r
nonBurons Exm mg m Vu ros Cu sm o.
Measure spproximately the num ber of gsllons of solutlonlett inthe vng snd tor euch lw gslhme sdd six
pounds of slacked lime. Mix the whole thoroughly sudsi
lowit to etnnd tor scouple ol hours. Thm , tor eneh 100
gsllonsinthe ng tske six pounde ot ordinsry oomm
cisl copperas (sulphate ot iron) and diu olve it in‘hot
water. Pour the hot copperssnolntitm into the vet, stir
it up wellsndsllow thewhole to stnnd tor tm or twelvehours. The srseflc unitu with the copperss flron) sndwill heve fsllento thebottom ot tbe vst ssaninsoluble,hermi- predpitste or sedimm t. The da r iluid om top
wiH eunhsh so snu iqm dm ybe pumM orsyphoued
out onto the ground.
H A.
194
The sedim t st the bottmnot the vat msy be tnkmout andburted, it so desired, although tt too willbenonpoisonou
m oo OI q .
m ln'ocedure to be followedindipping'
lnimall ona
h m depends onthe end that isnught inundertnkingtha txu tment. B it isshlply duindtbreduce andheepdownthe tnfu tationot tlch m a tarm, it wlll only beneee-ary for the owuc to kem hlsanimalsunder obser»vation and dip them wharnam rding to his judgment,m anhunt is necessary
'
he keep the ticks under control.
Buch a procedure maybe followedwhe e the rqular tlckeradication is not under way; that is, in instances inwhich it isnot yet practieable nor expedient to rld farms
completely of ticks.
If, however, it is desired to rid the term completely ofitch—and this ahouldbe the purpose incvury case inwhich it is practicable and expedient—it will be neocnry to dlp au eetfle m ddm m y horsm mulg or-assesthat may harbor the cattle tick, at regular intervals untilall tich have diaappeared from the tsrm. The purpose
of such dipping is to prevent as nearly as possible anyengorged females dropping to the pasture and th ere lay.
ing eggs which intime may develop into young ticks. Inorder to do this it is necessary to dip at intervals shortm ough so that no tiek after getfing onthe eattle wfllhave time to mnture anddrop oflbdore thenext dippingAn interval between dipping oi’ two we bisconsideredmost satisfactory. This interval, however, nay be in~
am ed somewhat if nca’ ary, but lt ehouldnever he
greater than three weeks.
Infreeing s farm of ticks the dipping shouldnot bediscontinued until it hasbeendetumincdwith certaintvthat the a tfie andpremisesare tree of t
‘lcks. It should
u m mm m unm mm mmby stawhspu fim m if u rfledout with m at a re,
thst snlmalsarenge trom tias. I f the tnannant isdieconflnued and a few unobee ved tieh sre still on the
anim la thm ou m tuflng and dnpping are ukcly to
givsrlse to snawbruod ot young tidu. However, “c e u tfle m u h fl ly fiee fiom ficp the fact dould
not be hwst sight od thst thfl e msy stillbc au urgedbm ea l andnedfickl onthe pmmisea. This lsmost
likely to be thscase durlng the-colder part oithe year
whan the davelopmm t of the flck on the ground pro
M slowly and also when any secdtlch'
thst may be
m t are likebto be slow inm ddng the cattle bocsu e ot inactivitqra nltingh om the lowtunpe ature.
To M m cs m Am m Dm mo Bow-nou n s
VA-r, Faom a a m Usl .
Measun the water poumdinto dll np the vat. Thenfigure the emonntl ef the meterislsnecm ry i
‘or that
quantity of water. Thesewfllbe found to be about as
" 100
“ I . win!
shonldbe v andinthe aame m lner aswha rflmng thevat the ilrst time udng the p vperthonste qusnflties of
W m lw m m m m q s com u
m om vg
‘l'he site seleceedfiqrfie lou tinnof the vat shonldbedry and of sufidm t dia to adnflt fi them fim d
197
lllshg—Thsmixingshouldbedone ona flghtwvodenplatlom or ina tightbox. The sand snd stone shouldbe m suedinabottomlusbonzlé feet long lu a tcst
wideby l foot dunhsdng a capaclty nf beubic lectAconvenient sise ot bstch to mix is one cofl sting ot z
-nd, and 2
(10 mhicfeet) ol stona.
The sandismessuredout iirst andthe cement emptledm mg aftci- whieh the two m tu isls sre thoronghlymixed together, dry. Inthe meantime the stnne may bemeesured out and thorouflily drm chedwith water. Thecament-sandmixtm'e ismixedwith watar and the m ult
ing mortar then eombined with the stonc. The atoneshouldbe ahovelcd on the mortar, which hasbeai previously spread out ina thiniayer. Mixing should continne until the stone is thoroughly coated with mortar,more water being added during the mixing proce- B
necensary.
m um—M om m the concrete thc moldsshouldbe set and thoroughly braced into place. The side formsmay be suspended in the Excavatim with their lower
edges 8 inchu Dom the bottom by means of crusspieccsnailed to the uprights and of suiiicient length to rest onsnpportslocatedsem al feet trom thc edgesof the anca»vation. The concrete for the bottom and incline is
'
de
podted dnnthis mixture being ot a consistcncy ths'
t
water wil l flush to' the surface on ramming. The mix.
tures for the sides and andshouldbe very wet andshouldbe thoroughly puddled into place. The consistency of theconcrete for the side walls should be such that it will
run off tbe shovel unica handled quickly.The laying of the concnte shonldbc done if poasible,
innneopenfiominorda that there may beno jointsbetweenthe ncw andoldwork. I f itbecomesnecm ary to
Iay the concm te ontwo ormaru dqsflle surface ou whichthe new concrete is to be dsposited ahonld be washedthoroughly clean and coatedwith gruut of pun Portlandcement andwatermixcd to the consistcncy of cream . The
new concrete shopldbc placedbefore the m ut hssset.
Extreme cam sbonld‘be takento m t dirt from tall
lng tnontop of the depoaitedconmThe fmfi abouldnot be runoved until the conm te is
set, which in moderate weather will have tnkenp lace tnahontm honrs. Ind-mp, coid weathar at iesst 48 hours
202
aimilar manner. The noor eimuldbe pitnhed wwu d a
mmer ot the pemwhu e a pipe ehm ldbe laldinthe doorto carry the drippingsinto sbarrel sunk inthe p onnd.The drippingu thus ceught may he rgtum ed tao the nt
attersettling. The floor ahould he roughm d to preventthe csttle tmm alipptnc.
cm
The chute leading to the vet should be built 30 incheswide and 20 !eet long, and the receiving and retainingpene ahouldbe of a slm to tnke care of the animalstohedipped.
I t“, Ol’ m un 70. lA‘l‘,DI I PPING PI N
,AND cam
LUHBI I ”I N “ !
l hy lz tnchu wu fcet lm g.l hy u h dnsw lfi h et lm g.
ru n ”t h atl hy lz lnaho by c tm1 &1 “ t o rm
4 inch. by 0 feet long.
d inehea by ‘l faet lou .
c inch- by o teet{ Inch- Dy l a na unt- w a rmC inch- Dy n a“ M W M M C
butane roe unwind m .
The eoveru canbe made from the lumber ueedinmahing the forms, and the lumber for the exit incline canhe
gottaeninthe eeme wu .
Theixa-tneh poststo whieh the coverishlngedrnsyhe mede fimu i etuflby epiking togetha .
Dnd tom tobe msde soiid.
wu u w ro M u M m m m n u qm mc c
“ unbalance d “
M m tw te a m”m a th .
“ 9
van
Dm m m cflm
0 l hu nts at]. it i ana l
M l cl hk yu fi .
Azofoot vat hssheu nsed extu aivety ior eradlcatiou
pnrposeswith aatiatactory resulta. However, it it lsdelind to lengthcnthe body of the nt oneceount of largenumbera ot cattle tobe tnsted, or ta m h it couform to
thebureau’sruquirementstor the tnatmeut of cstfle tormovement as non-infectious. there ahouldhe added to theamount of concrete material for each lineal or runningfoot eemengOM harrelu andOH M uM O-M yaxd.
By aome a drippingchuteisregardcdmole -tistacmrythana dripling pen. Oue of the advantagu that it hasls
that the u ttle am heldinllne inthe order inwhieh theyh nben dippt hu m hing it po-lhle to runm m
or rnore ot them at a time aseoonas thq have drainedsulfidenflyflnorder to mahe room for othn tu rningthe dripping pen thia is not practica ble and it is necm ary to wait until the last animal dipped has'drainedsuflcientiy andthenremove thunall together.
lncase it isdesired to eouatruct a dripping ehute itmouldbe located at thebmdd the exlt inclina in,“with the vat. R mould he ahout ao ina a wide. h e
m m du orsBy F. Q Eru m , 0Hq -egaw .
This article iswrittzen fu ' those who ruay be inestedinthe drainage of the Evu '
giadc ot Florida.
the following pagesisbriehy set forth some of the
important facts, conditions and conclusions relative to
the reclamation of Florida's great immdated.prairie,
’
des
tinedinthenear future tobeeome oue of themost productive agricultural regionsintheworld.
Much of the informationhere oilesedisinanswer to
qua tionswhich havebem selectedhmnhundredsof letterswrittenby partiesmaking inquiries relstive to the
Eva-sleds. Other informstionis addedinorder to, insome degree, complete and carry out a logim l arrangement and treatment of the subject.
In the caldron'
which boils eternally over the politicalilresevery subject, sooner oriata momea to the top, and
c
l
5
1
mreiy aa anenglneering undertaking but hadita origininflre fom of a pulitical plank ina party platfom andwasm that way lnongbt to the uotice of the puhlic. In
the u mpaignof lm , the a didatew M
emor waseiectedcna piatform pledged to the drainageof the Ever-gladen Anddnm thst flme notwithstandisgthe many obstada neem sry tobem reclamation
of thefixedpolida of the stl te.
I t is hoped that these pagm may, to thoae who read
thm su ve to -st forth intrue light and aflord to some
u tmg at lm g a wrmct idea cf the suhieet under dbunion. h um the lm gmge u eg technical tu ma havebeeneliminated, asfar asporslble.
«mo m m h ug wowm zm psm u Gear
erally speaking, they lie south of h he 0keechohee, hsve awidth of abont forty-ilve milesanda length ofnearly one
glades Drainage District includes the Everglades proper
andcontiguouslandsehrbracedinthe samedrainage amorbasin. TheDistrict hesanarea of tMOAlOOaa es. nosurface of the Glades is twenty-one feet above sea level,justsonth of Lake Okeechobee, and slopes gm tly towardthe south at the rate of about threemesa per mile. WestofMiami the surface ofthe gladu is from six to eight feetabove sea level. The glades are in no way a swamp. Theypresent the appearance of a broad, level, gram-coveredprairie. They arecoveredalmost uniformly with a growthof sawgrass. l‘ixere are pu
‘
cticaliy no treesinthe Evenglades. Olumpsof small bushes are tound near the eastern edge and in the southern portion. Along the easternborder, where the Glades merge into the higher land, cansidershle growth of cypreu occurs, usualLy of small size,though insome places iine t
'
nnber isfound. On the weston edge of the glades occur line stripe of prairie, nowutilized as cattle ranges. A heavy growth of custardapple fring e the southern show of Lake Okeechobee.At their southern extrunlty, the gladee merge almost lnperceptibly.into the tide water of the sea.
The soil of the Ever-glada conalsts chiedy of nmck,varyiugindepth from tento twelve feet just south of thelahe to three or ftmr feet inthe aouthernportioa of the
giedes. The muck isrednced to a thinlayer st the edge
of the gladq dnally giving way to the sand of the m
roundlng country . This muck soil was formed hy firedying, falling and decaying of each succa aive growth of
vqetat'lon. I n' their normal ly inundated condition theFiver-gladeswu e coveredby irom tme tnch to one and
‘
one
uncom wm nfirus OM ATEBT “I NACI N mB VE I N UNDI CONT I OI. WILL
7m m m m TE! spam 0 GLAD”WI LL
200
The vagetstioninthe Upper Glsdesismuch denser, "a ga teral rule, thanin the loww, or 80uthem 6 1adea,
andssthe mueh soil isprodueed hy fallm vegetatiomitwould naturally he suppoaed thst the much would he
deeper over the am sofdenaest gmwth. Bueh lg infact,thewqthe muckbeingmnto twelve feet thlchnear h h
Ohm hobeqwhm the wgetable gmwth isheaviesg andthinner, asa rule, inthe 80uthern61ades, whm vegentionissndhasheenlessdense. Of eourse thm snother
agencies which also allotted file thicknels of‘the much,
bu t the one above referred to is the one um t importantundernormal glade eonditions.
A log thomughly aud continuoualy immenedinhu hwater will
‘be pressrvedfor ages. Timbm hsve heennmovedfrom freshwater that are knownto havebem submerged for hundred-of yearsand found to be ina fslr
state of preservstlou. Andso thisaccumulationof munkhas heanmade possihle by flie preserving acflou of the
weter which covered it continus and prevented thor~
ough decomposition which would have occurred had the
groundbesnmuch erposedto the air.Solhgeucallyspeahing isformedhy thsdeeomposition
of the mch of the surmunding eountry. Ottu t the soil
is transportedfar trom the place where it wasoriginalLvformed. As a generd rulg soil isthe pmduct of the de
structive agenciesof nsture. Not so with the soil of theEverglades
,which isancxeeptiou to the gu eral rule.
Everglade soil is a product of constructive agencies. Ithas built imeliup by its own growth of m utation, andhasactually agsteditselh to a very lm sxtm t at least,hy thlseonstructtve process.me sonu unda laidby a hea of limum g éhiefly
of the glades. Thh gim flau m a t -nooth slablimestone furtha howard the hrterlor of the glades. This
gm t hed d umu hm e fm a m mnow, nat-hotI O—C L
210
homed truugh or lstbasin, sligh'
tbturned up at theouta edgemtha soutw edp fom ing whst iseom only
frm north wm m the slope ordip wblch istoward them th h vu y dlghg so slight thst for ail m cflcal pur
poses this grant limu tone bed inside of the outer edges of
the sam'
e may he eonsidered asan immerse level door.l ore u pedally is thia the case inthe upp
'
er half of the .
glades. This cbndition exists from the south shore of
Lake Oheechobee enstwurd and westward to the edge ot
the glides, and sou thward to 0 line drawn guisrally west‘
ward 56m Fort Leuthrdsle. Westward from Port h u
derdfle the datslsbmck formstion, common to the upperGlade , begins to change and is replaced toward the southby the soltm limo torie. The rock tioor maintains itsgenerally level character, but is full of small pot holes,with sharp, jagged edges, very much like an lmmeuse
honey comb. This characteristic a tendsal l the way fromthe line west of Ft. Lauder-dale to the southern extremity
of the giades, gradually dipping toward the sea until tide
watsr is reached in the proximity of the ThousandI slands and White Water Bay.
On this great limestone door lies the much soil of the
Everglades, thicker at Lake Okeechobee, thinner at theedges
’
of the glades and toward the south. The soil resting on this level rock door, being thick at the lake andthin toward the south , givu to the surtsce of the gladu
that gradual slope which permits the waters M ug
from Lake Okeechobee and the waterstrom mrtural rainfall on the glsda , to gradually tind their
-way, snipingthrough soil and meandering through sawgrass southward
ho the sea. Butby far the greater portiond tbe wsteronthe gladespasaesinto the airby m poratiou andislnthat -ay dlsposedof. At s tewplacu along the mstm-nedge of theGladq notshly st NewRiver-andmanimver,the watu-broke through the mck rtm of the gisdessnd
MON! 0! CIVI LI ZATION Al l PM INO TOWARD runGLAD”. m s norm.
ON TE .OU'I'B won 0' m m OM HOBn m e A PO I ‘I'I ON OI ‘l'fllW I AI OUND l‘l'.
218
made ita way directly to the sea. Gua m -“ thiswain tmra thsgladea maku itsway alowly andtndiouslythrough the m tixe lmgth ot the giada to the sea at the
m tha nextranity of the parinsula.
watt wholly within the United Stain, is nearly circular
intorm, ahout thirty-two milesindiameter, and hssanaverage dqth of about fl tem teet ltsnormal elevationia
twu tq and ono half feet above the level ot the sea, andthmogh the varyingsessonsof the yeardnctuamsthm ugh
a verfia l range of about two and one half feet betweenhigh wster inthe rainy sessonand lowwatarinthe dryseason. Thebanksot the lake onthe wa t andsonth are
low andmarshy. Onthe esst s low aandbank connnesitswstsrs. Thislake ia the eatchbaslnneeeivmg thsmnonfrom a watershed to the northward about seventimiu owndnfindlnginlet to the laheby numerouscneksand rivers, the principal of which, and by far the mostimportant, heing-the Kisaimmee Biver. During the rainyseason an enormous quantity of water is discharged from
thiswaterahed into the lake, and continuesinles amountduring other sermons.
~
Formerly,inits natural condition,whenthe lahe became-fined to ovu
'flowing, It disch arged
itswaterover tbe lownhom on the south, inundating the
Evergladq addhrgitsquota ofwatu to that onoeal pre»
dpiufionm the gladeqwhich esespedvery alowly onaeeonnt of theindgrriflcant slope hck of channela andtheobsu-ncthnto flow ofleredby flre dense m wth oisaw
The m m whlch lnundate the Evergladesare od twokinds : First, watu s of overdow irom h ke Oheeehohee;
second, watersot local rainfall onthe gladea nu ke
Okeechobeebe loweredso thatit eannot overdowitsbanhone portionoithewatzrwhich nowinundatesthe Gladawill he rernoved. c e m a srainfall onthe elada he
earried od’, the other porfionot the watu which floodsthisarea wonldbe removed.
214
The plaa i‘or drainage pro poses two general thinp
Firsfim construct s large canalby the shorta t ilessiblemote trom h he Oieschohee to the Atlantlc, for flie pur
poeo ot lowering the lake about tour (4) teet and hringing it under control; second, to build drainage u nalsthrough the Gladea
'
m netting with the sea, for the pur
pose ot carrying od the excess local raintall. The lahe
control a nal wil lbe epproximately 25 miles long, 150 to200 1eet widg andwill have a 10 t0 12 1eet depth odilow.
The Evergladesdralnase canals proper will h-e appm xi
mately sixty leet uide and tenfeet deep. The accom
panying map shown the general arrangement of maincanals and the suggested plan for the major system.
The eonditjons exisu'
ng in the Ever-glades are most
favorable for economical drainage by means of canalsoperating under gravity alone. The elevation of the sunrace abovesea level and thedlstance from the sea are snchthat the canals which will be constructed will have a
snflicient grade to give a good curnent for carrying oil‘ the
water, a mile to two mile per'hour, without making at
centre cuts. The slope of the land surface to the south.
ward, about three inches per mile, is nearly the slope of
the bottom of the canals which run southward from LakeOkeech obee, so that the depth of cut for the canalsthrough theGladq from north to south is almost the samealong the entire length oithe csnals. Thisisof grest
value inthe economical constru ction of the main canals,which tram nearly the entire glades from north tosouth. Neither is the slope so steep that currents withdangero us velocities will m alt. Also the water stage in
the canalscanbe contm lledby a i‘ewsimple andeconomi
oal loch and dama which wonldnotbe the csse iithe
Glades had steepe or unevenslope , making noesnu yp u t littsinthe csnal lochsandgrest nnmhenol dsms
and contro lling works.
lnofller to make the drsinage of the lbvergladesthwoughly el ective, itwillbenwsssary to construct a system
ON ON. TB. CANAU A raw Ll ! u m mwsa I N m a m a
nam esm u m nflrm'RgVI BGM DI I
0’
e
have tor their ohject the transportation at the m s
rainfall to the maincsnals. Tha e lataaralsmsy also he
used to drsw oirthe water trom the maincaaalsit it
should herequiredfior pnrposesof irrigaflm . The -rain
canalshave beeniam ably locatedfor aneconomical arm u n-im m anw m m m he
y simple matterwhm the maincanalsshsllbe raady to
be drainedinto the lake asit islowered.Hentionhas heenmsde ot controlling m h . Thus
cont olling worhs are intm dedprlmarlly to consu ve thewaterioithe canalsand laks fornavigationand irrigaflambnt they y ilialso be advantageous tor-protective
purposesagainst overtlow,and their location and ar
rangememt for thisserviceisalso givendne considerstiou.
I t lsproposed tobuild one oithese strncturesmomistinQot a lock andwing dam, with spill-w
'
aysor slnioe gtmnear the heedot each canal, at a distance ot stx ordghtmiles from Lake Okeechobee, and others at proper intervalsthrongh the canals. By thdr u e it willbe possiblsto control the water stage inthe lake and regulainthe
dowinthe canals. The controlling worka which willbeconstructed in the large m trol canal connecfing LaheOkeechobee dimcfly with the seg wfll he loeatndnear ttalower end.
When th e'
Evergladu drainage u nals pm pa will becalled upon tocarry their full cspacity ol waw trm
loml rainfall onthe Glada adjacent to ths-nthey willbe shwt dl fmrnlmhe Okeechoheeby ineans of the m ~
trolling worh near the upper m ds eo that thq will nothe hurdm d hy n tu fmm the h kq and m thus he
permitted to opera te to their i‘ull dildu ey for removing
local rainfall. Dnrlng the rainy sesson, when the lake
isreceivlng large quantitiesot wate , the spillwaysandp um m the dam d the large control unalwillbe dpmedwide -o n tnpernut themaximum dowofwater throngh
218
the m ahand thusaflordreiiet to the iakn. Asthe rainyseasonpa-a and the water is lowered, the gatss and
spillwayswillbe so adju ted as to rqulate the dow of
water through them and mount Lake Okeedrobee trambecoming so low or shallow as to irnpairnsviga tfion.
Lake Okeechobee is a navigable body orwater, held by
the United Stats Government to be under itscontrol andjurisdiction, and so important does it consider the matter of co nserving its water and preserving its navigabilitythat the War Department isever watchtul ot thisgreatinland waterway. Provision has been made to lower the
level 0! the lake about four feet, or to an elevation ofsixteen feet above sea level. This will leave an ample
depth for the navigable requirements of the lake, and atthe same time furnish a margin through which the wateremay safely fluctuate and also prove advantageous as astorage reservoir for holding over water which may be
used during the dry season, and as a catch basin for recalving and storing temporarily the waters from exces
sive rainfall, which frequently occurs in that region.
The principal function of the canals is, of course, drainage, and their arrangement for this purpose is at firstand dominating im portance. Of importance also, andwhich has received consideration, is the question of navlgabiliq of the canals, in order that they may providewhatever water transportation is incident upon their di
mensions. It is expected that the main canalswill be naviguhie at all season andaflord passage for vessels up toBbfeet inlengthby 22 1eet heam, having a draft of 8 feet.
The siae of the lock chamber limitsth'
e sise of the veu els
to these dimensions.
The M ind: were a great unsurveyed territory. In
thew ly days the government surveyors detailed forworkin thispart olii
'lerida did not penetra te the t Theyconfined their operations largely. to the dry land and didnot conhunplatsintheir work the gis t, inundated area
219
reportedintheir leldnota asirnwaetieahle andimpm o
trable mard . Inconnertionwith‘
ths dniaage wnrh a
townfliipe md aecfionnand tbe task d subdividing thisvast and hitherto nnsnrveyed area isnowbeing carriedont as rapldly asiswarranted, tiil intime it wiiibe aso sy to locate anacre of iandinthe Eve giadesas anywhere else inthe state.
The great tract of land composing the Southern portionoiFlorida was, until recently, a valuable but m intedasset in the State’s development. In fact, anything to beappreciated must iirst be known and huder-stood. Fromthe time that these millions of acres of land were grantedto the Btateby-Act ot Congm e of 1860,nntiithe iast few
yu m thengionsouth oila ke Okeechoq arked“Eva ~
gla des,”had no particular idaitity in the minds of the
public. It hadnot been penetrated except occasionally bya stray scientist, an adventurous hunter. or a travelerwith mon cuflodty thanmmm m andit had nevnbeensurveyed. lt wasconsidered much inthe same light uthe Atrium Jungles were before Livingston and LordStanley made their excursions into the interior of thosedangerous and oberm regions There was little or noth
ing knownol its taunmita flory oritssoil. I twasknownthat the Saninoie indisns had their home on the edgeot thisvast inundated prsirie andsubaishedby hnntingand fishing.bot eventhey could not iinda resting placein the interior, owing to inundation and continual own~dew. m m m m moo, a periodof iifty yean, this
p u t au et d the fih h hy aimmt nm plou dwith al
most nothing accnmplishedh the way ot pfl ctiml devé
Whfle thousandsswarmed to the u ash ngoldneldsm d tha Kloatbhe sznd th’e hne ot those regionsspreadthe worid ovur;whiie irrigathnprojwis had takenhoid
221
a m m m m a m w
level. I tdou not neem itate grest engineu incpelu ptionto diseovu the advantagewhleh the above oompsflm ot
m m m m mnm a m m a m m
Five maindreinage canslseonneeting h he ou echobeswith tidewater and traversing the Gladesare unda -mstruction. Onsof these hsstwo brandnes. Three auxil
via theOaloosahatcheeRiver. TheNorth NewBiverOsnal
is opm fi'om Ft Ianderdsle ho Lske om chobee. Thewamicanfl m diu branm the Sonth Newmvu -Osnal,are open from the lake to the Atlantic. None of the above
canals are, however, fully completed, and are disdiargingonly a fractional portion of their ultimaiscapacity . Work
on ~ the West Palm Beach Canal was begun in January.1914;twelve mile! of the same are now open. A waterwsy isopenfrom FL Lauderdsle onthe Atlanflc to Ft.Mym onthe Gulf, via the North NewRiver 0anal, lakeOkeechobee and the Oaloosahatchee Canal and river. Twoor three convenient andemnfortable hotels fer the aceomnodation of goa ts are loca ted at and near mm , nearthe headof tiie MiamiOanaLonthe south shon of IAhe
Okeechobee. The distanee fim Ft IAuderdale bo t ta,
via ths eanal and h kq is sixv-nine mila ; and fmmRitta to Ft. Mym via the lahs, m al and0aloosahatcheeRiver, is eighty’ilve miles. Recently th e Florida East
Coast Bailroad oompleM itsbaandt ho Oheeehobm s
endof thslake;anda rqular trainschedule lsinopmtiou. From thisplsee the varionspointsonthe shore of
OonfioI Oanal hssreem tlybeailetoo a mliahle dredging
m oval of approximateiy twclty millioncubic yardsolmaterial and wlll require two aud a half yesrs ho eut
anopening from the lake to tide water, and four yearsinall for ltsfull completion.
The totnl length of canalsnow opm inthe Evergiaduis 280 milea The tota l excavation amounts to, inroundnumbers, cubic yards of earth and rock, at a
total cost to date, including all expensm of whatever “
ture connected with the drainage work, ofThe canals now contracted for, or under construction.m ptying into the ses hum the Everghdq if plaeedsids
by side, would be equivalent to a river aboutfive hundredfeet wide, flowing ten feet deep.
There is no question as to the feasibility of draining theEverglades. This has been passed upon by some of thebest engineers inthe country . They are all emphatic intheir statement of this fact. For further information as
to feasibility of drainage, see U. 8. Senate Document No.
879, beingthe report of the Florida Everglades Engineer
ing Commission, composed of [sham Randolph, M. 0 .
Leighton and Edmund T. Perkins. The following isquoted from the above report :“Our conclusion, based on our study of ascertained
h ots, is that the drainage of the Florida Everglades isentirely practicable, and can be accomplished at a costwhich the yalde of the reclaimed land will justify. the cost
per screbeing very small.”
See also'
sm ate Document No. 89, entitled, Evu '
glades
of Florida,”containing much defined information onthe
subject.
Everglade lands m m h‘
slly agricultural. Experience
glades wou ld become'
extremely valuable for agricul turalpurposeswhm drained. Their grest natural fertilfq,
adaptabfuq tnhrge variety of m pa responsivenesa tocultivation, economy of preparation, fertilisation, cultiva
(" H ANG
m
bafbre th oae franany other part of the Unihed Btatu ,
and s large numha-ol general tam a opa p ow well lnthe Evu -glada . Aviait to the o ath abon ol h ke omchobeq or to the trnck iam senflouth hlewmm canal,or to the gardenswu t arl iamhwhm many varhfla d
demonstrate the tortilla oiM imic. landbqond anysort ot qucstiona. Some ot the cropssuoeu tully gmwninm laimed porfionsof the eladesare : Tom toq po
timesha re-sha m anism , onionse bb-304 mbera sbawberridnadifi bectaflettneemelery andother
gim miM nflo m ine mu y gramu and ofier atapk
crops;banana, guava, avaoedo, papaya and other truita.
Landwhere thse pmductsare growing hatenotbem re
claimed long enongh to bring many kinds oih-uit txees
into bearing, but young trem of lemon, lime, grape fruit,orangesandotbma ere thfiving.
The aoil ot tbe Eva -glsdea heing oomposed ehiefly of
decayed vegetable matter is highly nitrogm eons. It iscon
oeqnently a richbutnot well halaneedaeih m dfie appfl
cationof mineral iertilisn espedally phosphoric add
m d paam hm m mund tqbe hishly pu esdanu
greatbina eaaing thsyieldandimprwing the qualiq of
tho product. The following ertract is takm hmntheFlorida Quartc ly Bulletinof the Dep rtmm t ot Agriculture, J anuary Lm15, m tbe analyeia of Florida muck '
“A lm a nalm d -wm mnck aoiia fmm the
Lucie Oounty, winbe foundnda the ]-oparbeadlng '
ltwillbenoead that tha e analysesale pracflcaliy idaifl»
u l with thon d the lhu -glade muck wflg reported h
H A.
226
soils, taken in 19m induplicateby the representstimd the U. 8. Department ol Agrlculture, and the Btate of
m m m w y m m dm t.
the U. B. Department of Agriculture, the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Florida _
8ta te Laboratory, show that the
‘aawgrass’ muck land of all parts
ot tbe fltatg intheir original unredaimed eundition, “soon after being ‘unwatered’ and previous to cultivation ;those of the upper Bt J ohnsandOklawaha mvers (la keApopka saw grass), the kiu immee Valley, the Eve
glades, mdsimilarsoilsinall pertsof the fltate, inlargeand small bodies, are of similar chemical compmition;that whenproperly drained, aerated and oxidised, byplowing and proper cultivation, become a ‘ilne soil ofwonderful productivenem ,
’ producing large crops of corn,cane, rice, potatos and similar farm crops, without theaddition of commercial iertiliaers, when planted in theproper as son and properlycultivatzed. Also that the intelligent use of commendal fertilisers, particularly potashand phosphoric acid, hu tmsdecomposition, quickens uitrification, and hastens the maturity of early truck orvegetable crops, greatly adding to the market value of
the aame.”
An average of thirty-four repre entative muck samplestakenthroughout the Everglades shows by chanical anabsis the following contait of plant food : Ammonia
Phosphoric Add01 895, Potash
“
The drainage will not become thoroughly el ective, andlands in the Glades cannot be cultivated with a ttirenfety against damage trom overilowuntll the large eanalfor eontiolling Lake Okeeebohee shall have been constructed, and the maindraina¢ eanals trsvening theEvergladm am well on toward eompletion. Conditions
gradually impmve asthe wock m gnsses.
SEASONS AND DATES FOR PLANTING
IN FLORIDA.
The following lists include what experience demonsha tesosnbe suooemtully gmwneach month ssthe aeasonmost sultahle t'nr
'
each variety come around in theseveral mctiousof th state.
aorta AND was-r “AI DA.
m ry ~ Asparagus seed, Brussels Sm u t) . CabbageSeed sad Plants, Cauliflower seed, Co l lards, Lech , Let
Onion seed, Tomato seed, Turnip , Oats, Strawberry
Plants.
February—Asparagus seed, Early C orn, BrusselsSprouts. Cabbage, Carrots, Collards. Esm e!“ wed,
”
English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Leeks. le ttuce,Onions, Parsley, Parsnip, Pepper seed, Rutabag a, Sal~
ally, Spinach, Beets, Turnips.
March—Beans, Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cantaloupes,Carrots, Collards, Cowpeas. Cucumbers, M y Field Goa—n,Co tton, Eggplant, English Pa s, irish Potatoes, Kale,Kohlrabi, leek, Okra, Parsley, Parsnip, Pepper, Pump
Corn, Watermelon Tomato, Turnip, Sugar Cane, Japa’
nese Cane.
April—Beans, Csntaloupes, Gawpu s, Cucumber, Eggplant, English Pena, [rid Pota toes, Kohlrabl, Lettuce,Okra, Parsley, Par-snip, Peppers, Pumpkins, Radifies,Bubbagaa SqunL SugarM M d Corm eet Pota
ton, Cotton, Tomatoes, Turnips, Watermelon, Sorghum.
230
l ay—Bu ns, Butter Beans, Cantaloupa , Cowpeas, ou
m befl » Eu phnt, 0m , Peppers, PumPkins. Squash,Sugar Corn, Sweet Potatoes, Tomato Plants and seed,Water-melons, Sorghum, Velvet Beans.
June—Butter Beans, Cowpeas, Eggplants, Peppers,Squash
,Sweet Potatoes, Tomatoes. Water-melons.
July—Cowpeas, Eggplant, Parsley, Peppers, Pumpkin,Butabagas, Squash, Sweet Potatoa t, Tomato Plants andseed, Watermelons, Sorghum.
August—Beans, Beets, Cabbage, Cauliflower seed, Carv
rots, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, Co llards, Eggplants, Irish Potatoea, Kale, Kohlrabi, Okra, Onions, Rape, Butahagaa,Salaity, Spinach , Squash, Tmnatoes, Turnips, Celery seed.
Sep tember—Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Carro ts,Cauliflower plants, Celery p lants, Co llards, Cowpeas,English Pens, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Leeks, Lettuce, Musturd, Onion sets, Parsnip, Radisbes, Rape, Rutabagas,sunny. Spinach , {rum inOctobet eets, Bermuda Onion seed, Brussels Sprouts,
Cabbage,Carrots, (h uliilower plants, Celery plants, Col
iarda, Kale, Leeks, Lettuce seeds,and plants, Mustard,
Onionsets, Pannips, Bsdiahes, Rape, Spinach, Turnips.
November—Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage Seeds andplants, Carrots, Collards, Kale, le ttuce, Mustard, OnionSets, Par-snip, Radishas, Rape, Spinach, Turnips, Oats,Bye, Strawberry Plants, Veteh and Crimson Clover.
Du nbar—Cabbage plants and seed, Collards, Leeks,Rape,
Oaths, Bye, Strawberry Plants, Veteh and Crimson Clover.
m FLORIDA.
Jum p—Asparagus seed, Brunch Sprouts, Cabbage
tuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Radishes, Rape, Spanish Onionseed, Tomato ssed, Turni]
80ptanber'—Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Carrots,
Cauliflower plants, M et-y plants, Co llards, Cowpeas, 0 p ,
m m gM M M M M KAIQ mtuee, Mustard, Oah u sets, Parsnip, Badlahes, Bape, Buta
b-su , Sal-to .spaw n, Squa t, TurnipOctober—Beets, Bermuda Onion sa d, Brussels Sprouts,
(hbbage, (h rrots, Cauliflower plants, Celery plants, Collards, Kals, Leeks, Lettuee seed and plants, Mustard,Onion Seta Parsnip, Radiaba , Rape, Spinach, Turnips,Strawberry Plants.
November—Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage seed andplants, Carrots, Collards, Kale, Lettuce, Mustard, OnionSets, Parsnip, Radishes, Rape, Spinadl, Turnips, Oats,Bye, Strawberry Plants.
December—Cabbage plants and seed, Collards, Leas,Lettuce plants andseed, Mustard, Onions, Badlahes, Rape,Strawberry Plants
, Oats.
TAMPA, oansxmo, m u m : LNQ SOUTBWARD.
January—Beans, Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbageplantsand seed, Carrots, Cauliflower seed, Collards, Eggplant seed, Irish Potatoes, Ka le, Kohlrabi, Lettuce, Mustard
,Radishes
,Bape, Spanish Onion seed, Spinach , To
mato seed, a nipa, Corn, Oats, Sugar Cane.
February—Adams Early Corn, Beans, Beets, BrusselsSprouts, Cabbage, Cantalonpea, Carrots, Cucumbers, Eggplant seed, J rish Potatoes, Kale, Lettuce, Okra, Onions,Pepper seed, Spinach, Squash, Windsor Beans, FieldCorn and Sugar Cane.
Hawk—Beans, Beets, Brumels Sprouts, Cantaloupes,Cauliflower, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, Early oom , Eggplant,Irish Potatoes, Lettuce, Mustard, Okra, Onions, Pepper,Pumpkin, Radish, Squash, Sugar Corn
'
, Tomatoe , Water
melons, Velvet Beans.
Hey—Beans, Butter Beans, Cowpeas, Eggplant, Okra,
gappen, Pumpkins, Squash, Sugar Corn, Sweet Potatoes,olnatou
l eash Butter Beans, Cabbage seed, Celery seed, Cowpess, Eggplant seed, Peppers, Squash, Sweet Potsboa ,
Tomato plants and seed, Water-melons.
Judi—Cabbage seed, Cantalonpu , Celery seed, Cowpeas, Eggplants and seed, Peppers, Pumpkins, Squash,Sweet Potatoes, Tom ato plants and seed, Watermelon
Am u Beans (snap), Cabbage seed, Cautsloupu ,
Carrots, Cauliflower seed, Collards, Cowpeas, Cucumbers,Eggplant, English peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale, Kohlrahi,
Rape, Rutabagas, Sfinaeh, Squash, Swi Chard, Tonatoes, Turnips, Windsor Beans.
Sep tembet eets, Bru-els Sprouts, Cabbage Plants
and seed, Carro ts, Celery seed and plants, Col lards, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, English Peas, Irish Potatoes, Kale,Lettuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Banish, Rape, Rntabagas,Spinach, Squash, Swiss Chard, Turnip .
October—Beets, Bermuda Onion seed, Brussels Sprouts,Cabbage plantsand seed, Carrots, Celery Seed, Collards,
lshes, Bepe, Bntsbagas, Spinach, Swim Chard. fi rulps,Strawberry Plants, Oats.
November—Beets, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage plantsand seed, Carrots, Celery seed and plants, Collards, Kale,Lettuce, Mustard, Onion sets, Badlahes, Rape, Butahagsa,
‘
Ephraim, Swi (h ard, W h ips, Oats, Strawberry Plants.
3M
December—Cabbage plants and seed, Celery‘ plants.Cal ler-(is, le ttuce plants and seed, l ustsrd, Onion setsand plants, Radishes, nape, Spanish Onion seed. SwiChard, Oats, Strawberry Plants
" I AVI I AGI fi l l I“ fAm G ABON! POI ru m 10
”Am,M I was som e W m “ I n.
Bush Beam , from 40 to 50 days, according to variety.
Pole Beans, tron: 00 to 90 days, according to varieq.
Beota,bom 60 to 75 dgya, am 0tding to varloty.
Cabbam fm eom I OOM m ly vam flu .
W h om loom m m M m a x-ly nflafiuCabhn hvm m m m m ute nrieda .
m m w tondayg m ding to varlm
Celery, about 150 dnyn, Golden Self Blanchtn; varicty.
Oom fi'om 70 t0 90 dm according to varlety.
Cucumbcra, from “ to so dims, according to variety.Eggphntn, about 120 days.unucq fivm oom OOdayg according to varhty.
m lom m m m towdqg am rding to vaflm .
l u urd, about 86 daya.Okra, about 70 daya.W om M m mOto lM M am mmsm u mq.
Pu g h-om wtowdm according to varioq.
Pepper, trom 100 t0 120 dayt , accord1ng to varlety .
Poutos, from 86 to 100 day , according to variety.
Radiation, tram 25 to 85 du o, according to variety.
Squash, about 00 day: for early variation.
m m ut m m m m for hmm
w m wmwmTomatoes, from 11 0 to 130 dun, according to variety.
a nlpg fm oomwdayg accordlng tonfleq.
wm w m m m m a em m o’ mm
(30:m t pint to loo hills.
Oucumbm
l om eo to lNt lll .
237
l ounca oo no un;
I m a m 50 m
Gom or m m a mm m ov pm
Bo nn, Mm u I C Q O O ’ v v v v v v v v v v v
Onion, Beta
1 0m m
oum m or m noum m onm m or vu m
l owla nd planta.om forzfioo pinto.
l cura tor plants1 m u tat 'lm planta.
1 m a fia plant;
Tomato. M anama 9mm.
“ M W M N M M B W DM AKC‘
m indis by lzind u . m planu .
winchnby flinch -u plant;w inch-”13 1m l M planta.la incba by w h clca 1950 plants.
80 inches by 1280 inches by 2080 incbs by 24W inches by 8030 indie! by 3”inches by 1230 looks by 1888 inches by 24 inellan30 incbaa by 8848 inches by 24 incba ”incbea by 80inches by 88inebel by
00 lncba by 8000 inche by
Orangesoncammonatock
Pun, genera] varietie
plants.
plantn.
pintn.
plant;
plantn.
plan“.
plan“.
planta.
plants.
plant] .
ay .
qu
a
y
u
v
w
w
m .
m
w
w
3“mm
flfifimq
fifi
u
nnnnnnmnnm
mnnnnn
mmmwu
u
mmwmmwwmmu
mw
mmmmmmmmwmm
mwmu
m
mm
m
m
mmm
m
n
ma
LIFE OF SEEN .
Belov ina liat alwwing tho lih ol aeeda. lt tbey moldc thay aro uaually worthlen. Alao aaada do not h epl o voll intbo soutbu lntho dryw atmoapbm of tboM anditwfllnotbo aaibto m oldc nedainmofldam oo n-ma m
Egg PlantLettuce
Pau la
CROP STAT-I S'
DCS FOR 1913-14.
h dhcn-ing the acm ge and yielda ol m pa for mw14, asappmr Onthe following pagu ,“willbenoted thatSum nee county il omittedfron thianport. There v aa
no reaaonfor not complying wifh the law. lt waa aimplya caae otnegiect of a duty whoae importance tbe countyauthoritiu could not appreciate,but for which then can
be no m m abh excmqandthat the county wfllbe theloser by it, mutt he counidered a certainty. Conaequently, tbe m dzr of thia rq)ort ia aahed to bu rinmlnd thefacg that aa great u the increaee ie inanthe aevem l
acbedulea or there statistics, that it would have beengreater atill if all the connfia had reported.
We invite your attention to the figure that follow,and also to the details of the tables of agricultural m
tiatica that follow further on.
Acum en.
The acreage planted to field cropsreported for 1911 -12,to 987204, ea compared with for 1 909-10, ah”mg a deu eaae of lt M ea enplanted to atandard -m d
crops. The acreageinvegetnble andgndenp oductamfor 1911-12, aa compared with for mono,
or acrea hit-m ac over 1909-10. h e total,m e
incultivation v aa am for 1911 -12, aa against
am for 1909 10, or a net lo of ec u
in favor of 1900 10.
h r the periodincludedformmu the aa eage plm ted
to field c ope was an incm ae over that of1911-12 of ace actually cultivated. The acreage planted in vegetable and gardenproduct. for theu m perlod or anlna eaae ofl lOJ fl m inactual cultivation, ever- that of 1911 -12, baing m N ‘xn
lG—C . A.
242
Vanna or Frau ) Caora.
It is noticeable that in this schedule the increased valueof the products is even much gra ter in proportion to
both acreage and yield than in 1911 -12, and also that the
yield“
can readily be accounted for by th e fact that withinthe past two years greet improvement has been madeinthe methods of farm operations, such as better methods of planting and cultivating, better seed by selection,better methods of soil preparation, intensive cultivationand more andbetter fertilizing. The value of these cropsfor 191 1-12 was as against or an
increase 0 1’ in favor of 1911 -12 .
The value of the standard crops for 1913-14 amounted
to Showing an inclease of invalue over 191 1 -12 , and infavor of 1913-14.
Vaw s or Vsorm a u AND Gam es Paonncw.
In this class of products the efiectsof better methods ofplanting, cultivating, etc.
, is shown in a more convincingmanner than ever before, as the acres increase planted to these cm pshas alone raised the value of the yieldnearly 70 per cent. over 1909-10. The value of these cropsfor 1911 -12 was as against or an in.
crease of infavor of 1911 -1912 .
Inthis schedule we have a most interesting condition,as not only was there an increase of over30% in the acre
age as compared with 1911 -12 , but the increase in production on
_these lands excels anything in the past. The
yield in value of these products for 1918-14 was 913,showing an increase of
00% over 1911 -12, and in favor of 1 913-14.
Vanu or h un Paonocas.
Of all the schedules this one shows.the greata t gain.The value of file fruit products for 1m m6: m m ,
h ahowu h the uu arkabie im ee d m a mimoa
M iam innlue. The value ot the pndneta d thla in
duatry for 191 1-12 waa as am u,5 i
The value of poultry product for 1913-14 was N .
ahowing an inm a te of over 1911 -12 .
Thinwe eouaider a lunarkable fl owing.
or Dam Paooucm.
Inthia achedule another remarkable increaae ia ahown
lnthia moat important hranch ol fiam work. andoue alao
of the most profitable inproportion to capital required todirect it. The value of the dairy product: for 1909-10
m aa again-t la 191 1-12, ahowiuga balance in favor of 1909-10 of 9233288. But in the
achedule for 1913-14 theindustry haa made great gain.rPhe value of the industry (or 19 11 -12 wn The
value of the producta of this industry for 1913-14 wasahowing a splendid increase of in
stead of a loan as In1911-12.
The m ti-tiaal tahla ahowing all ot thh h detanbym ug tollowm -ueceeding pages.
Vanu or Hum m us M um
The products making up thisschedule, while important
inthemaelm separately, do not show mud: inthe awe
p te. The value of these products for 1909-10 waa 31m,
436, asagain-t3133313for 1911 -12.
Gaming downto tbe m nd total loa -m we find
dudh g hn M ior the Stutg aa ahowninthia l-eporgn ap inlt the l um ofw,712 ,73d for 1909-10, ahowh g nmagninem t aawell asa woudertul inm of tfiilom
Ym M
TableNk —TM AM C GI OWField émpq acru
Total acreage in cultivation
h bleNo. 1.—Fldd map.
Table No. a—Vegm ue and Gardu Pmducta. em u
m mNo.3.—Prult Products
Table No. li.—Poultfy and ProductaTableNo. 0.
—Dah-y Products
Table No. S—TotciAcr eage ofOropa.Field Cropa. acreVegetuble and Garden Producta, acne
Total acnage in cultivation
Table No. l—Fidd Cmpa
h ble No. L—l e Stock on HandT‘b‘e NOv “ m ay “ d W o -n o e e e e
Table No. 7—lfiecenaneoua Ptoductn
Table No. S—Total Acreage of Crops.
Field Crops, ecruVegetable and Garden Products, acres
Total acreage incultivation
Table No. 9—1’otal Value ofAll Form Produota.
1 -FleldcropsZ—Vegemble and Garden Products9—Fruit Products4—H“ Stock onHand6—Poultry and Products0—Dairy Products7—Apiary Products
W 331 !“
‘M—mfl beu «m amtNot reverted.
use
254
ram n- rm .» m 1013-14.-Co-Nnd .
'
u mseam f
—M a
'
t
ma m a
”(at non-tad.
256
caora. lu ne—cu mu d .
3
ram “6 . am more. leis-u m
TAN al NO. l—m -D m ”hilt—000m
1337-1 00
272
u m Bo. 1 -rm .o CI OPI . ”I t
°Not reported.
”(at reported.
274
$ 75
TABL “0 . a—vm au AND m m m 19 15 10.
°Not m
‘Not won‘t-11.
ram] no s—vnarramz All!) Gu m m overs. 1919-1 1 .m
281
TABLE No. 3—m AI D GARDEN PRODUCTS. 1010-14.
Flt. Johns
ave-cam ru ns.
‘M M ‘.
(Ch BM July 1,
818
TABLE No. 0 m e: 08 BAND.
COUNTI ES .
St. John
w .
- o
TABL 110 . 4—14 “ m 0! m 1013-19 1 4“
COUNTI ES.
‘Nat I“
" M
TAI L. I n. 4 noes 0“HAND.”a lu m
‘Not rm
BOOB—ALI. am(0 Band July L
$ 14
rm No. 4—41 “ cm 0“ HAND.m lilb—m m
8M M O M
TAI L! l o. s—u va stock onBAND.”1& 1011M
°Net m
m u No. G—POUW Y AND m overs. 1013-101 4.
Holmes
Santa no.
Sumter
Wakulla
-1’1t—0M M
M5
TABLE N0. 7—“I BC I LLANM U. rnooucrs. 1018-101 1—0 -m
‘Not reported.
346
Ym 1911 -12 .
Table No. 9 Acreage o]Crops.
Field Crops, ecruVegetable and Garden Products, act-9
Total acreage incultivation
Table No. 9—1'otal Value of Farm Products.
l—Field Corps2—Vegetable and Gardrm Products3—Fruit Products4—Live Stock on handM Poultry and Products6—Dsiry Products7— u lscellaneous Products
Yam 1913-14.
TableNo. S—Totol Acreage of0mm.
Field Crops, acresVegetable and Garden Products, acres
Total acreage in cultivation
Table No. 9—Tota l Value ofAll Farm Products.
l—F‘leld Crops2—Vegetable and Garden
Table L
Table 7—Apiary Products
Products
REPORT.
Since writing the notice of the Meteorological report
,we informed A. J. Mitchell,
Director of the Climatological Service of the U. S.
Weather Bu ru u for Florida, that the Florida report for
1914 will not be completed intime to include it in thla
report. Thisisowlng to the losseshy thedre ofdanuary9rd last. The delayed report will therefore he publishedlater inthe Quarterly Bul letin of the Departmrmt.The Climatological report for 1913follows in place of
that for 1914.
U. a Department of Agriculture,
CLI MATO LOG I CAL S E RV I C E
of the
W EATHER BUREAUCentral Oflice : Waahington, D. 0 .
m m narrow,Prof. A. J. Mitchell, Section Director,
ANNUAL SUMMARY , cnm ATOLod L SERVICE ,
FLORI DA SECTION.
The leading features of the weather for the year 1918inFlorida were : lta average mildneas, ita denota t precipitatton—only three of the twelve monthshad normal raintall, or alightly above;and the generally ideal conditionsthat obtained during the harvest neam . Another featureworthy ofnote ia indicated by the fact that the minimumtemperatures of November and Decunber were lowerthan we e thoae of January and February, whereaa the
convene la m any the cane. Comparing the winter andthe tint spring month with the conditions that prevailedduring the v inta ot 1912, it isfound that the exce oftemperature began as farback ea July, 1912, except thatNovember of that year wua below normal;hence, it ianew that punitive departuru have beencontinuou. fornine month , 1 (me.
The wam wtnter ot lQlS—lswu nnfam ble for theahipment ot citrua fruit, u mufi deoay m ulted from
the high tempm tum and a cu ive humidiiy f The
850
growing aeaaonof 1913wasmoatly favorable. The dellcient rainfall during the leverai monthswaa not auch anto cause aerioua con-equ-cea to ataple agriculturalcrope
,and the weather during the autumn waa moat
favorable for haunting purpoaea. The abet-nee oinormal rainfall reauited inaome of the citrul fruit being
amalle than usual .
The mean atm ospheric m for the yu r waa
inches; the higheat recorded was inche , at Jack
aonville, on March 17; the lowu t recorded waa
inches, at Pensacola, on December 94 .
The annual mean temperature was alightly above the
normal. The highest annual meanwaa at KeyWelt ;the at Pensacola . The higheat month
ly mean was at Clermont, in July; the lowest,at Marianna, in February. The highest recorded
was at Wauaau, on July 18; the lowest, atMount Pleaaant on December 9 and J aaper on December10.
The average annual precipitation, inchea, warconaiderably below the normal. The greatest annual
total war lncha at Oernierl ;the least, incheaat Sand Key. The greatest local monthly amount waa
inchu , at Apalachicola, in September;,the least, atrace, at m e City in April and Rockwell inNovember.The greatest amount inany 24 hours was luchea, atPenaaeola, in March. The arena number of day: with
inch or more waa 102
Southu at winda prevailed during the year. The higheat velocity waa 90 mils from the aouth at Pensacola onJanuary R .
The average numbar of clu r daya waa lu ; partlycloudy daya, 182 ;cloudy, “
851
THE WEATHE R BY MONTHS .
J ANuaar.—The chief fu ture of the month waa it: re
markable miidneaa, being 82 ° above normal, andwarmer-than M ember;in fact, it waa the warmatt January aince 1892. The only coldapelia of note occured on
the 4th, 29th, and30th, whenbuat formed over centnlportions of the pa in-uh . Rainfal l waa deficient, the
bulh having fallentrom the lat to ad, and onth e 21 th .
The warm weather advanced the growth of vegetation.
There waa an unuaual amount of fog.
h u m an—There was a continuation of the mildweather that act in during Incember. Normally, themonth la warmer than January. Inreality , however, thecurrent month waa 35 ° colder. It waa devoid of damag.
ing front, the lowa t temperature being The colda t
weather occuredon the 10th, and treat formed over north
ern portiona on five daya. Rainwas frequent, well dbtributed,
“
and generally above normal .
m at er—The warm weather of the two previenemontha comtinued, onanaverage, dnring liarch. Minunainthe 90’a occnred on aeveral dataa over the ertreme
northern countia . The month waa rainy, the total hdngabove the average—due moatly to heavy ralna overnnallm particularly m the M I Oth, and 14th.
Aram—The month waa the flrat one of the year withnegative valua . lt waa warma thannm-mal duringmoat of the hrat decade. There waa a change hncolderm the lzth, which paniatndduring much of the m t ofthe month. The iowert tunparatmu occured from tha13th t0 10th. Rainm lnaufldqit over moat uf theS tate;thebnlk fell h'om the 11 th t0 18th.
Man—The moderately cool we ther of Ara-ll continued
decided a trunq a maximnm of IW anda mtnhnm of47° bdng the record. “ lightnwu e rathc too eooi
mal . The deflciaicy tntunperatm appunimsted r et
wue stations. The eolde't wu ther oecnredgenu aliy on
curred inthe interior ot u trm snorthernemm tiu with
trost ineentral poa-fions. Bainfall wa-deflciant over
most of me sum peonouneed onthe esst eoest.
Thedry weathe wasldeal lor harvu ting the eottoncrop ,but the aheence of normal rains mififl ted somewhatagninst the citms crop.
Newman—The month, as A whole, was mild, but thenm decade guve freezing westh er onr hrmflor, eentnlcoontie . The coldest periodwashmnthe mth to mth.
The precipitation was inches below normal , the dryweather proving ideal for harvesting purposes, slthonp l
more rain was needed for citrus fruits.
Osmium — December was warm, although these were
two periods of moderately cold,weather, namely, from
the 7th tol2th, and from the 25th to 27th. The lowu ttemperatures occmrred generally on the 9th and loth.
Frost formed over the northern and central eotm tia , I»
sulting, however, inno serious damage. Precipitation,although averaging above normal, was poorly distributedand insufficient over much of the State.
Sep tember . 0
Monthly Seminary, m a
$03
t ass
Kim-g h osts.”
Nov. 10
tM . l.
“ h. 10
Nov. 10
on
Elm“ .
Climatological Renal-t ot District m a m ma l“,
1918, shou ld be changed as follows : January—Malabar,
total precipitation, May—Molina, mean ta upe-stun,
June—Bristol, highest temperature, 98° on l6th.
August—liq West,mm precipitation, SeptemberApalachicola
,prevailingwind direction, NE ;Key West,
mean temperature,
Q J MANMAOWAL DATAFOR THB YI AB Ins
BTNN ON&
Jens 17‘
July 10
June 11
Nov. 1:
Brooksvilie
'
22'
Nov. m
Nov. 10
July 10
Dom Sprints.
Nb. u
‘Alao n other m
M AN IAC)“ DATA m m 7m 1018
W ATION, IN INCH“
COUNT]£8 .
Northern section
Cm m t City
Central Se on
Brooksvflle (1 )o oh vmeClerinont.
Volnsla
Fort Pierce
lnvernou
Locu m
Merritt; Island
zir'
e'
s e e - e bs v ss e u
WashingtonTf—Amount 100 m il to Ill-sure.
Year t uu'
sg January 1 , 1913, end Ending December31 . 1913.
h is schedule of the statistical report is neou sarilyfor the m inder yw 1913, as it is not practicable todivide the business year into two divisions, as in the ou r.
of the Agricultural statistics. There are some omissionsin this report, owing to the refusal of scene pernus tosupply the information suhod
' ol them by the Enumerators. While there can be no valid m oon for withholdingsuch information from the Enumentors, because everyintelligent person knows, and manufacturers are so lnformed by the Enumerators, that no private buainewil l be exposed and that only aggregate quantities arewanted, yet, there are many persons whose secretiveness
and‘selfishness far outweigh their patriotism andward
for the welfare. “ their community;and the communityinsuch instances has to suii’er therefor. It will be notedthat one county is not reported This we consider isa serious omieeiou on the pert of the county authorities,indicating a lack of appreciation of the importance ofthese matters. However, the splendid showing made isour manufacturing and industrial affair! is gratifying.
The information usually most sought in connectionwith manufacturing and industrial work is contained inthe following tablea, the heads of which clearly “wa sthe meaning of a ch.
No better advertisement of a State or (h unty canhemade thanthe pnhiieatiou of ita industrial progre- anddevelopment, and to those inta eshed in such ma tters and
who wish information as to the posaibilities of inve tments insuch line of sctivlqinthis State, the stntlatiesare well worth careful perusal .
M .A
370
We beg to direct attentionto the elassiiled tahlesbycounties;the ru uita there disciosed are of unusoaiinterest and dnow plainly the m nlts of the la st two years.All of the counties are noticeable for thdr prom sud
developm-t in industrial work.
Table No. l—Shows the number of establishments reporting, m pltal invested, average numbe of wage earnersand the total wags paid by the counties. In this tablethe aggregates are shown.
TableNo. 2—8hownth e average number of wage earnersof spedded agq thssm ount of wages paid u cil and thegreatest and smallest . number of each class employedduring the year. the output of era of the various mineof Fullers- esrth and kaolin and cost of material andvalue Of all of the products of industry of the severalcounties.
Table No.'
3—Sbows the products of ginneries of theState
,pounds of cotton ofvboth staples and bushels of
seed of both staples. The number of gins is found inthe classified list by counties.
Table No. 4—Shows the industries by counties, givingthe numbers in each county , the aggregate amennt ofca pital invested in each class, the average number of wage
a m en and their total wages;the average number of persons engaged in these industria of specified ages, andwages paid them ; the largest and smallest number engaged in each industry; the cost of manufacture, andthe value of the products of each of th e industries bycounties.
As the information onthe production and dispositionof Placard-eta has been omitted from the report onmenu
features, and more properly belongs to the work of theState GeologimiSurvey, we publish the following reportof the State Geologist onthis subject.
371
pm am a’
GEOLOGI CAL scam .
m ount-nos or bandp ass-r: sock [N vwawa ousmo 1913.
E. H. Sam son, Erna Gamm a -n
Statistics of Production Collected inCo operation With.
the U. 8 . Geoloyieal Survey.
The production of land pebble phospha te in Florida,which hassteadily incm sedduring the past several years,showed a further gain during 1913, theoutput having forthe first time exceeded two mil lion ion The productionof hard rock phosphate, on.
the contrary, showed a slight
dacra se, having fallen slightly below one half milliontons. However, notwithstanding the decline in hard rockmining
, the total productio n for the State during 1913wasginter than that for any preceding yeanhaving exceededtwo and one half million tons, with a valuation in w as
of nine and one-half million dollars.
The total shipments of phosphate rock during 1913, asreported by the producers, was long tons, dwhich tons were land pebble, including a smallconsignment of river pebble
,and tons were hard
cock phospha te. The river pebble included with theseshipments represents rock onhand from previous years.as no river pebble isbeing
'
prodneed at present. The ex
ports of phosphate rock from Florida to foreign countries during 1913, as shown by returns from the variousshipping points, amounted to tons, from whichit appears that slightly 1m than one half of the phosphate mined in Florida during 1913was «unsigned foruse within the United Sta tes. The rock consigned fordomestic use is almost wholly land pebble phosphate, practically all d the hard rock being ex‘
portnd. The reenrdof the export shipment isfrom the Amer'lm Fertiliser “January 24, 1914.
Pebble phosphate tram Florida sold at the mine dur
Ing 1918 at to per ton, according to grade,
373
M Pbosphate Oo t w or me flav t ort.
Prairie Pebble Phosphate Bmadm , Nev York.MulberryJ ‘la.
SohiXman Bane Genie,”LPhosph tee de llndniia wao” (0 e
opment
In addition, h e M nPhosphate Co, llniherry, Fla.,The Lakeland Phosphate Co , la keland, m , and TheAcme Phosphate 00 , Morriston, Fla., have organized andare expecting to mine during 1914.
W fl fin' 0? I N DUCTI ON AND “ In “ 0'”W HAT. I):
Long Tons.
Production
Conaigned (or nee in the United States(abou t)
374
TAM M tF ua M m by cou-tuq flwnbe d m v
IM W M lM Aw Nm bq-d m mm and Total P-id.
3
Columbia
h u mble
Hernando
5
804,480
31 1300
194mm
9028.
23
141 .140
mm
375
TM ! 040 . M eet—um hy m u'nm
of m enu-u m , capital lave-tad. Aw Number dWage u m and ‘
l’otal Wages Pal
.é
182
377
TAI LS NO. M aximum—Average Number d Wage Eam on« am m -‘u m flu m m m muNumber I mp loyd .
“Al l
it."
7M LI no. M anh unt Numb. d Waco Wu m m m wm nu u m m m uNumber 5" !l
no Years.
370
TAl Ll “a w n -Aw Numb' d Waoe cam era“ W M WI OQ M M W M C M M
14 Years.
COUNTIES.
Taylor
35 1
VA“ ! NO. M onum ent—u lna and am Cast at Material
COUNTIES ,
‘flnm na.
2m
‘t aou zNo. 8—(00M lnM —d lmnflea anm m an
thi
sCOUNTIES.
ti
.
thi
Yea
r
35ned nod
‘Not reported.
NO. (W E E D ' INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE
EARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIDF CM M
INDUSTRIE S COUNTIES.
- o o o o o o o o 0
TABLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPEC IF IED AGES;WAGES PAID .
Women 10Yen-a
andOver.
SPECIF IE D INDUSTRIE S
Saw millsNaval shot-u , turpentine and rosinGinnertea and product:Grist mill
Bottling work: and soft drink manufacturin
TABLE NO. 4.—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIE D AGES;WAGES PAID.
lion 1.Years Women 16YearsandOva . andOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
gShoe shop and repair m inTailoring andrepair shopa .
E lu me light punt 0 0 0 0 0 G i o t t o
TABLE NO. 4.—OOST or MATmlIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—000001404.
moneti and Products.
SPECIFIE D INDUSTRIES
COUNTIE S.
Shlngle manufacturingShoe shop and repair work .
Tailoring and repairElectric light plantBrick manufacturing
G e no -e o a a o s a e a a e o 'o a
TABLE 110. o—drnommo m usu ma BY com ma: AVERAGE or WAGE15m m ;TOTAL WAGES
SPECIFIED INDUSTRE S BY COUNT-l .
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEES ;SPECIFI E D AGES;WAGES PAID.
I an10Teen
INDUSTRIES
Turpentine and roalo , naval stores
TABLE NO. 4.-SPECIF IED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIE S;AVERAGE OF WAGE
mu m s;TOTAL WAGES PAI D—Continued.
INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
u m no. 4,—3rEGmmD lNDUBTBiE B BY couum cs'
;AVERAGE or WAGEm um s;rou x. WAGES PAID—Continued.
comv'mm
Paint manufacturing
TABLE NO. NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPEC IFI ED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
“ 101 m ! Wot-sa il !“
SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIE S
TABLE NO.b—OOST OF MATERI AL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—00W
SPECI FI ED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIES.
Turpentine and ra in, naval storest bmlthlnzand repair worn.
Novelty work.
USED OF PRODUCTS - 0M
Ginnoriu andProducts.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIE S.
TABLE NO. b—SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES BY COUNTIE S;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNEBS ;TOTAL WAGES PAI DP OM M
SPECIFI ED
m" mill N um“m m dm na'd “om O ' D Q O C O O G O O I O D O O Q O O D O ‘
Ginnenlel nndGrist millnndwodnctn .
Shlncle mm ufu tnrtngVeneering and planing null0m. tie manufacturing
TABLE NO. L—SPECIF IED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIE S;AVERAGE OF WAGE
EARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAlDa—Contifwed.
SPECIFIED mnusm lss com m -3'
s.
BRADFORD—Cw !tuned.
q de andrcpdr
Mincelhneom
TABLE NO. L—,AVER.AGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES; PAID.
Man10Yem Women 16You .
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S
BRADFORD—Continued.
Saw mill p roduct:Turpentine and main.nan]floreGinnerlu and productsGrist mil l and product:Blacksmitblug and repair lhopShingle manufacturingVenom-ing and planing millCM : fio monnfictm
TABLE NO. 4 .—A‘
-’ERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFDBD AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
BRADFORD—Continued .
Garage and repair akopContracting. building and painting
mannfactnriIrrigation plant
TABLE NO. L—COS'I ‘ OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
Glnnarlaa and Products.
SPECIF IED INDUSTR I ES
Saw mill product:Turpentine and main,naval atomGinneriaa and W anda”
a a a a a a a
Shingle manufacturingVenom-ing and planingCro tle manufacturing‘Watdirepair ahop c o c o -a .
0 0 0 -0 0 0
TABLE NO. L—COST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF m om m a—0mm2°
Ginneriu audProducts.
SPEOI EI ED INDUSTRIE SCOUNTIE S.
BRADFORD—Continued.
QRfiflol
TABLE NO. 4.—OOST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE PRODUCTS—Continued.
Olnneriaa andProducta.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE Ioonm ms
Bicycle and repairMIaceIIaneona
TABLE NO. lv—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPEC I FIE D AGES;WAGES PAID.
Comm a
INDUSTRI ES
Boatbuil m dr
'
e
'
fiixi-‘
ixEAEIZII I IfIfiTIfZIc o o - u l t c o o o o o c c -c no -c o o
blind
Blach mlfhlnr andm ir ahon’
TABLE NO. L—oos'r 6? MATERIAL USED ;VALUE or m om m a- 0m m
GM andM um .
BREVABD—Confinned‘
product:Boot buil ding and repair gimp .
Machine shop
Ba h, door m d blinds
Electric light plant
In! and m mir ch
TABLE NO. b—SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES BY COUNTIE S;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNEBS ;TOTAL WAGES PA IR—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIE S.
CALHOUN
Saw mill pTurpentine and roam, naval storesGrist mil
TABLE NO.b—OOST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
CALEOUN—‘
Contlnned.
TotaI ConnSaw mill product:Turpentine androdnmnvilGrist mill productland “ m am mBrick manufacturing
TABLE NO. b—SPECIFLED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNE RS ;TOTALWAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
CITRUS
Total ConnSaw mill productsNaval stores, turpentine and rosinIce factories
Bottling worksBlacksmithinzand wheelwrlght
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFI ED AGES;WAGES
Women 16Years name DoandOver. N You !
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
CITRUS—Continued.Total
Saw mill productsNaval stores. turpentine and rodn
Garage and.automobi|e repair
TABLE NO. l. -SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIE S;AVERAGE NUMBER OFWAGEEARNERS;TOTALWAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECI FIED INDUSTRIES
Total Count
Sew mill products
ch mithingGrist mill and
TABLE NO. NUMBER WAGE EARNERS; AGES;WAGES PAID .
Continued.
on 10 c m
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
Tntnl Conn I?Saw uu ll productsTurpentine and rosin, naval stores
I re manufacturingBlecbmithinz and repair ahonGrist mill sndproductsBottling work!Crate mnnulactnrins
TABLE NO. (so—M T OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
CLAY—C ontinued.
naval stores
Ice manufacturingBlach mtthing and repair shop . .
Grist mill and productsBommg m h 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 ‘ 0 0 ' 0 ' t
TABLE NO. ta u-SPECIF IED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE ,
EARNERS;TOTALWAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES.
COLUM IA—Continud .
Jewelry andrepair shop .
Auto repair shop.
Contracting andrepair
s o o'o o s o a s a o
TABLE NO. 4,—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Conttmwd.
Men10Yu ri Women 10YouandOver. andOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
COLUMBIA—Continued.
Total County
Turpentine andra in naval stormGinneries and product) .
Grinmill and product) .
B lacksmith!“ and repair shopPlaning mill and manufacturing workIce manufacturing
TABLE NO. ( F AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
Continued.
“on16Yam Women10YouuandOver. andOver.
SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTI ES
Millinery andwomen repairMachinery and repair works.
Jewelry andAuto repairHarness manufacturing andshoe shopContracting and repair work .
TABLE NO. 4.—COST OF MATERIAL USE D;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
Ginneriea and Products.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
Jewelry and repairAuto repair
Contractingand repair
Cigar manufacturing
TABLE NO. AF SPEOIFIED INDUSTR IES BY COUNTI ES ;AVERAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
Miscellaneoussawmill producta.
Artificial atone andrm ent manufacturing
IElectric power andrepair plantElectric light, gaa mfg. and mateAutomobile and bicycle repair shopConfectionery, hair
TABLE NO. H PECIFE D INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE
EARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAIDa—Continued.
INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
BABE—Continued.
Tinners. lnmblng and repairingIce menu actnriugPlaning mill and novelty worka W W
TABLE NO. l f—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPEC IFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
0ot1t
I an10Team
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
BABE—Continued.
Artificial atone and cement manufacture
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPEC IFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
WomanisVennandOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES
BABE—C ontinued.
Laundry and
Tinnera,Ice manufacturingPlaning mill pndnovel ty worka .
MillineryPubliahina
TABLE NO. CP AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
I anll Year-a Women I OYear:andOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTI ES
BABE—Continued.
Hat repair shopBlackamitiiing anBottling workaFoundry andmachine repair work .
Earner: andah0e repair ahopFiah huaineu andpaakingStone rrm her
TABLE NO.b—OOST 0? MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PBODUOTB.—Cout¢mwd~
EPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
OOUNTIES.
DADE—Oontinmd.
Packing boulePumping
c a o -no -Q
chum-Ga andProduct;
TABLE NO. 4, OF MATERIAL USEDrVALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
of Produca .
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIES.
BABE—Continued.
Blackmulthlng and‘
Bomlng worhFoundry and much repair works .
Barnes; andshoe repa ir shop .
Fish business and packing .
Stone em ber
TABLE NO. t—SPE'J IFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTALWAGES PAID—Continued.
am ou nt-m mnusrmns oo'
nm ms.
DE SOTO.
Nnvnl atora. tnrpendne andBlacksmithing andrepnlr shop
repair shop . .
novel
Electric light -11dwater punt .
TABLE NO. b—‘SPEC IFE D INDUSTRIES BY COUNTI ES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAIDp CM iIM
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTI ES.
DE SOTO—Continued.
TABLE NO. 4.—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPEC IFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
MentoYour:not Over.
SPEC I FI ED INDUSTR IES COUNTIES
DE SOTO—Continued.
Navalmore , turpeniine and resinBlach mithing and repa ir lhop .
Shoemaking and ranch shopPinning mill and novelty work
Electric light andwater
TABLE NO. Cr—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
I n isYou . 6mm UnandOver. «r 10 run
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
DE SOTO—Continued.
ndatone m
LaundryTailoringMil lineryPlumbing and repalr workPrinting andWagon shop andGrist mlil an
TABLE NO. AF OOST OI" MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—(Mum
Ginnem andm om
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTI ES.
DE SOTO—Oontinued.
Naval store. turpentine and ru inBiacksmithin.and ir shop
and remehop .
novelty work!Irrigatinglee ut
Elec. light and water plant
Concrete and stone mtg.
Coat ofMaterial andValue of Profiucu .
Ginneriu andProduct;
COUNTIE S.
DE SOTO—Continued.
Laundry
Plumbing and repair WornPrinting and pnbliahingWagon shop and repairGriot millWatch and jewelry repair ahopAuto and bicycle repair abop .
pinto—Toni.
Mine Sup pliaa and
Value of Work (ineluding 0 In t om
nod at this Gin
No. Lbs. Lint Bealaland Coup e Olunod at thla 011:this Year.
No. Bonneia Up
No. Busbela Baa
TABLE NO. l .—S PECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY OOUNTI ES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS : TOTAL WAGES PAIR—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES COUNTIES
DUVAL—Continued.
fitting C O O D O O O I O O O I O I I O O O O C O l l l l l c c c c c c c c c c c
Carriage andwagonmanulacturlng w m
O W . -o o o o o
TABLE NO. b—S PECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EABX EBS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIDP CM W M
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
DUVAL—Continued.
Blow pipe manufacturingCornice manufacturing
Shinfle mnnnfnomrimz
TABLE NO. L—SPECI'FI'ED INDUSTRIES BY W UN’I‘
IES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
HARNES S ;TOTAL WAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
DW AM ndnuod.
I 'erruuue manufacturing
Screen manufacturing
Window cleaniux
TABLE NO. i—SPEC IFmD INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES : AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS;TOTALWAGES PAI Da—Conlénuod.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
Ccndy manufacturing
Stu n: fitting
TABLE NO. (f—SI’EOIFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIE S ;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAID—Continued.
SPEC I FIED INDUSTRIES OOUN'I‘I ES .
DUVAL—Oondnuod.
Bottling work'
sMedicine manufacturing
Novelty worn
TABLE NO. L—S PECI FIE D INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE‘
EARNERS ;TOTAL ~WAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
DUVAL—Oontinuedn
Book bindingBontbnlldingRope manufacturing
TABLE NO. b—SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES BY COUNTI ES;AVERAGE OI‘ WAGEEARNERS ;TOTALWAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
Picture prt. and devolowng
TABLE NO. b—SPECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAID. —Ccaumnd.
apm mmu INDUSTRIES com ma.
DUVAL—Contlnued.
Asphalt roofing
TABLE NO. L—SPEC IF IED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIE S;A‘D'IRAGE OI“‘WAGE
EARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIDf—Contimwd.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
DUVAL—Cuntinued.
Trunk manufacturing
Steam Bounds-laPlantar contractingAutomobile
TABLE NO. {F -SPEC IFI ED I NDUSTR IES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE OF WAGE
EARNERS ;TOTALWAGES PAIR—Contimded.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
DUVAL—Coutiuued.
011 workTypewriterOren tie manufacturing
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
SPECIF IED INDUSTRIE SCOUNTIE S.
DUVAL—Confinned.
Pho to adv. slide manufacturingMetal Stamp. manufacturing
TABLE NO. 4.—~ AVERAGE NUMBm WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES ;WAGES PAI D.
lien 10 Your.
SPECIFIED INDUSTR IES
DUVAL—Continned.
Pnblhhlng
TABLE NO. L—oAVEBAGE NUMBEBWAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
and0m .
SPECIF IED INDUSTRIE SCOUNTIES.
DUVAL—Condnued.
TABLE NO. AF AVEBAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS ;SPECIFI ED AGES;WAGES PAID.
I an16Yeas-a Chum 0aandOver. andOu r. d" 16 “an.
SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIES
DUVAL—Continued.
TABLE NO. A—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
lun10Year cnndnn 0and0m . our to tu n
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIES.
SteamBuilding contracting
Cigar manufacture
T"! " mtf‘mn’ c a c o c a t - o o 3
TABLE 30. (A VERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPEC IFIED
“ 107m
SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIESUOUNTIE S .
bUVAL—Oulfinned.
-' c o c o no - no o o -o . t o u n
o o o nu -0 0 0 -0 o o o - no u t o
TABLE NO. l f—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES ;WAGES PAID.
Inn10Yet “
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
Sidewalk tile manufacturlngLadie taiioringPicture framing .
Talking machine repair [hep
Barnes; manufactnriPicture printing “ damming
TABLE NO. b—AV'
ERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS : SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
“ 167 9“
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES BYCOUNT IES.
DENI AL—Continued.
Railroad contracting
Naval store
TABLE NO.
“
L=AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
lieu ll Yeara
SPEC I FIED INDUSTRIE SCOUNTIES.
DUVAL—Confiuued.
atoneChemical manufacturing
Planter contracting
Furniture npalr ahopaBag manufactureUpbolalcrlng
- c
o a o a o o o O ‘ a a a c c u o o a
TABLE NO. ir -AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PA ID.
Man16YearandOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S
DUVAL—Confinned.
Jewelry repairTinning ahopa
Window and door frama manuiacturingw
o ' e o a o a a o - a o - o o a a - c c a
Umbrella manufacturing and repair.
Oil work:
TAB NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WA’
G I EARNERS;SPEC IFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
Man10Year-aandOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIE S.
DUVAL—Continued.
Tile man
Still manufacturer-a
TABLE NO. 4.—COS1‘ MATERIAL USED ;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—COMM
Glamor!“ andProducts.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
DU'
VAL—Continned.
n- a a a o o o a - u o - c n m .580
Horse shoeingGanfittingCarriage and wagon manufacturlngSculptor: l
Gianni“ and Products. ‘
SPECIFIED I'
NDUSTBI ES
COUNTIES
ice milliliflm o o o o o a o o c c
goodsand drea mFertilizer manufactureTurning and scroll sawing
Perfume manufactureOrnamental plant"Screen manufacturr
"TABLE NO.b—M ’l‘
0? MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—COM
SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIEScom ma
DUVAL—Oontinaed.
Awning
M mmnnm 0 1 0 a o a a o o
Paintingand decorating
Sign palatialnnnnn nnnnnnnn
TABLE NO. MOO! MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Confucian
Ginnarin and Product .
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S
COUNTIE S.
DUVAL—Continued.
Cigar
lronaudTile contractingBottling work!Medicine manufactureSheet metal wornMattreaa manufactureOverall manufacturo
TABLE NO. L—W I T OF MATERIAL U SED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Goaulwad.
Oinnoriaa andPIodocn.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
DUVAL—Oontinuad.
BoilermakiuMacaroni manufacture
Cloak and unit manufacture
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIES.
Barrel]manufacturingWatch makingMachiniata repairahopaPhotographing '
Side wait tile manufacturing”Picture framingTalking machine repair abop
TABLE NO. L—OOST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—continued.
Ginnar‘iea and Products.
SPECI FIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
DUVIAL—Ctmtinued.
TABLE-NO. 4.—OOST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE _
OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
SPECI FIED INDUSTR IESCOUNTIES.
DUVAL—Continued.
Home moving contractingArtificial atoneChemical manufacturing
Plaster contractingiAatomobile repair ahopa
Svrnnmannfactnrin
TABLE N‘
O. 4.—coa'rOF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTSF OmM
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
DUVAL—Continued.
Tailoring
Jewelry repairTinning anon
VulcanilngAutomobile manufacturingWindow and deor frame mano
TABLE No.
‘
L—SPEC IFIE D INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIE S;AVERAGE NUMBEE or WAGE
EARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAI D—Continued.
SPECI FIED INDUSTRIES COUNT IES .
Ginneriaa and productaPlaning and Shingle millBlach mlthl
Veneer mannfacturi
TABLE NO. L—SPECIFDIID INDUSTRIES BY COUNT IES ;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PA ID—Continued.
SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES.
Wu!
[xiv-Cd
(ln
ESCAMBIA—Contlnned.
Auto repair abop
TABLE NO. 4.—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECI FIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
“ I.Yu r
COUNTIES
ESCANDIA—Continued.
Nan]stores. turpentine andmainGiana-ia nndproduct.l lua and shlnglBlackm lthlng and repair
Veneer manufucfn
TABLE NO. 4.—4X )ST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
Vsluo of m m
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
EBOAMBIA—wontinuod.
Nan]atom,turpentine and redn.
Glnnerie and product:Plu tng and 311111nmill .
TABLE NO. (F M T OF USED; OF' PRODUCTS—Continued.
Cinnam undM eta.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S
ESCAMBIA—Continued.
TABLE No. H PECIFIED INDUSTRIES BYcom ma;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PE P -Confined
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
TABLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIF IED AGES ;WAGES PAID .
“InI .You :
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S
FRANK”N—Conflnued.
SHEcarpenter-ingandrepairln
Pl nndoyster packingu w .
Ice manufacturing
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
andOver.
SPECIF IED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
andpower plSod: water manufacturing andbottling works .
Tin ShopUpboluterine
TABLE NO. lfi -COS‘I‘ OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Confined .
Gunmanm omm a .
SPEC]FIED INDUSTRIES
FRANKLIN—Continued.
Nun]atom , turpentine and ra in
I ?
TABLE NO. CF SPECIF IED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE
EARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAI R—C ontinued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES BY:
Capital
[around(
In
GADSDEN.
Saw mmand products .
Bina rie undmoductn.
Grlnt mill and products
TABLE NO. t—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECI F IED AGES;WAGES PA ID
Women I t Your:
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
GADSDEN—Contlnned.
Total
Saw mlll andNaval atom , turpentine and m inGlnnerlenand pmdnctnGrist wil l andBlach mlthlngandrepalr Shop.
Mining Fnller’n
TABLE NO. da—COS‘I ' 0? MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF" PRODUCTS—Continued.
Gunm anand Products.
SPECIF IED. INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
GADSDEN—Contlnned.
Total 0oaSaw mill and products.
Naval storm , tarp. and min”Gluneriosnndprodnctl .
Grist mill and product:Blacksmithlng and repair Shop.
‘Mlnlng Fuller's Earth
TABLE NO. Q—SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIES BY COUNT I ES;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PA ID.
—Coafifwo¢.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S COUNTIES.
HAM ILTON—(Endp oint
TABLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
Man10You . Women 10You ! o men-n (In.
andOver. andOu r. an isru n
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
HAMILTON—Continued.
Naval stores, turpentine and renlnS. I. 0 . ginnerlesand productt .
BlacksmithlugGrist mil l and product!Shlngle mill andMachine and repair shopElectric
TABLE NO. 4.—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Men[0Yu ri Woman 10YouOver.
SPECIFIED innus'rnms COUNTIES
HAM ILTON—C ontinued.
anuh cturlng
TABLE NO. 4.—SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PM Dl—OM
SPECIFIED INDUSTR IES COUNTIES.
TABLE NO. H W GE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIE D AGES;WAGES PAID.
Wamon10You a nd," m.
andOu t . do: 10 You -l .
INDUSTRIES COUNTIE S
Navalm m -mm nflnShIngemanufacturingBll ckxmjtblng and repair
TABLE NO. 4.- OOST OF .MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—COMM
SPECIFIED mnus'rnmscom ma
HERNANDO—Contlnned.
8 1 082900
Saw mill andpmductaNaval atom . turp. andShingle manufacturingBlackamlthlng and repair abopMachine and repalrmopAuto and repair ahop
TABLE NO. C.—S PECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY COUNT I ES ;AVERAGE OF WAGE
EARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAI D.—00Mivwod.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
HILLSBOEOUGH—Oonflnned.
Collea grinder and tea blendingConcrete and tile contractorCmaa tiea andwoodchoppan
Electrical engineer and anpply companieaFurnltnn repairingGeneral ContractorHarnm maker and mpeim
TABLE NO. 4.-SPECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAI I lP -Contim od.
SPECIFIED COUNTIES.
B ILLSBOEOUGH—Continued.
Photographer!
PIumbero—tinning and sheet metal workncantlcal
TABLE NO. d. -SI ‘ECIFI ED INDUSTRIESBY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIDF Coafiuuod.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
R“ BOROUGH—Continued.
and planing milla
M IzE fi'
O. H VERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Mon10Year:andOm .
SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIES
Coal burnersCoffee grinders and tenblandingConcrete and tile contractorsCross (inand 7 000Dressmakers andElectrical engineera andsupp ly coinpanieaFurniture mpnlringGeneral contractora
WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
I n 10Ya nandOu r.
SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIE SCOUNTIES.
II I LLSBOROUGB—Oonfinued.
Ice factoriesJewelry and watchMachinery and ironM innow manufactu ring
Piano repairingPlumbers—(inning and about metnl works.
Saw and planing milla
30. “ AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBB;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
m 10You :
and0m .
SPECIFIED INDUSTR IES
HI LLSBOROUGB—Oontlnned‘
Tallo
TABLE NO. L—oowr OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS .-Continued.
Gianna ondProdnots.
SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIES.
Concrete and tile contractors ,
Crou tie and wood chonpomDra mnien and millinen IElectrical angina“ and m pplvl
General contractor:
o o o o o o o o
TABLE NO. C.- OOST OF MATERIAL USED ;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—floating“
cinnamo u dProdnotn.
SPECIFIED INDUSTR IES
W UNTIES.
HI LLSBOROUGB—Continued.
Jewelry andwatch mpniringMachinery and ironMiscellaneous monufhctnringNaval atom . turpentine and rosinPhotogropbenPiano repairing .
Plnmberv—tinning andsheet ironProprietary and pharmaceutical
millu
TABLE NO. 4.—OOST OF MATERI AL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—0mm
Con0! MaterialnuValue of Products.
SPECIFIED INDUSTR IES
COUNTIES.
BI LLSBOROUGH—Continued.
Tailoring and‘ C O C C
Number of CharoNumber hum ioiRolloNumber barrel.ofa peutine
TA‘
BLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
Continued
Mon10Your Womm 10Year!andOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
HOLMES—Continued.
Total Couu
Naval stores. turpentine andresinBlacksmithiug and repair shopGrist mill andproducts” z
OF PRODUCTS—00W “
(Sinner! andProdnotl.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRm S
COUNTIES.
HOLMES—Continued.
Total Goo
Sowmill andproductsNaval store-t, turp. andresinBlacksmithin andrepair shop .
Gristmill anGinneries and nuts.
“ nu-1“ NO. 4.2 9 30 1q museu msBY COUNTIES ;
'
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARX ERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED I NDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES .
JACKSON.
Total Conn
Saw millnodproductsNavalstorm , turpentine and resin .
Brick manufacturingShiugie m
'
lllnndproductuo o e | o \ u o ne -o o v o o e e
TABLE NO. 4.- OOST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODum —Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
JACKSON—Continued.
Sawmill andproduct:Naval ltorel, turp. and ra inGlnneriu andpro ducts .
Grist mill and product!Black-withing and npdr shop.
Bottling worbBrick mnuuh ctnrin‘Shinglemlll andpmdnctnStunt-plant
470,405I7.066.000
TABLE NO. H PECTFIED INDUSTRIES BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARX ERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAID—Cdilflnuod
SPECIFIED I NDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
Syrup manufactureSaw mill and products
Blackm lthlng and repair shopPlaning, lathem dshingle mlll.
TABLE NO. 4.-SPECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS ;TOTALWAGES PAID—Confiuud
SPECIFIED I NDUSTRIE S COUNTIES.
J EFFEIISON—Gontfnuad.
NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
CIE IED INDUSTRIES
TABLE NO. L—OOST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
annual-m m d'
m ecca
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S
COUNTIE S.
Syrup manufactureSawmill and prodncfi.
Naval stora , tum and ru in .
Ginnerlee and product!Grint millnndproductlBlach mlthlng and repair shop .
Planing, lathe and”lhlngle mil l .Cooper chop
Bo tt ling worb”
unc omm on»nod nt tt In
No. M o ll
TABLE NO. C.—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
Total County.
TA“LE NO. 4.—COST
SPECIF IED INDUSTR IES
COUNTI ES.
LAFAYETTE—Continued.
Glunerlea
MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
Glnnerlu and Produotl .
I
TABLE NO. t—S I’ECIFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAIDa—Contlmwd.
epscmmu INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
Sawmill and product)Naval atom , turpentine and resin .
Contracting, building and npairCltrm frult packing houseAuto andrepair
TABLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
I n 16Yam WomenisYaara
SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES COUNTIES
Total County .
Saw mill and
building andpacking hom e
Auto and repair anup .
TABLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE BANNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued .
Mon16Year. Women 10You"andOm . andO ur.
SPECIFIED INDUSTR IES COUNTIES
LAKE—Continued.
Water. light andpower plant .
Plumbing and repair works .
anufacturingCros de manufacturing
IABLE NO. 44—008? OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PBODUM M
SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIES
Contracting,Citron fruit
Publhbllg andBrick m nnfnctnrlng
TABLE N0: L—SPECIFIE D . INDUSTRI ES BY COUNT I ES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS ;TOTALWAGES PA IR—C ontinued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES BY COUNT IES.
Total Count
Boat building and
l rnhopGunner-le and
TABLE NO. lp -SI ’ECIF IBD INDUSTRIES UY COUNT IES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EABX EI I S ;1 0TALWAGES PA I D.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
LEE—Continued .
Bottling works
TABLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS;SPECIF IED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
SPECIFIED [NDI’
STRIES COUNTIES.
LEE—Continued.‘l‘ntnl Ponntv 207I$ lh7000
product:Bout building and impair”10pBlach mlthlug und
I ce and electric plantMllllneryBaker-1
m
Wow! and u ltra" ? was-hA
. I
TABLE NO. M ST 0? MATERI AL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—0mm
SPECIF IED INDUSTRIE S
Repair shop.Cannerla andIce andMllllnnry and tailoringBake" O O O O O O O Q Q S S O Q O O O O O Q O C O Q
TABLE NO. t—W S’I ‘OP MATERIAL I JSED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—000mm
Glnneriu And Products.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE SCOUNTIES.
TABLE NO. b—SPECIFIE D INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES : AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS ;TOTAL \VAGES PAUL
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES DY COUNTIES
Total Conn
TABLE NO. 4.—008T
51,150t mousm mscom ma
Saw mills and product.Naval ttoren, turpentine“cumming andrepair shop .
hum-"lea and product.Grist mills andproducts
MATERIAL USED; OF PRODUCTfl—Ctmflmwd.
Glnnorm m aM ots.
PABLE NO. L—SPEC IF I ED INDUSTRIE S BY CO UNTIE S ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTALWAGES PAID.
-Continued
SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES .
Saw mills and product:Naval atom , t
Black-withing
TABLE NO. ‘e—‘AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPEC IFIED AGES;WAGES PA ID .
lien16Your: Women 10 Your: (m um Cu:andOver. andOver. an m Yu m.
514301a muueunms COUNTIES
LEVY—Continued.
Tota l
Naval stores. turpentine and rosin(Mina-Ia indPhosphate min
TABLE NO. t—SPECU '
IED INDUSTR I ES BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIR—Continued.
INDUSTRIES
Sawmill. and product]Nu l l stores.Grist mill en
TABLE NO. H VERAGE WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
Continual“.
Men1.Yu ri Woman 10YouandOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
LIBERTY—Continued.
Total Ooun
Sew mills and productsNenl flora , turpentine
d Ginneriel
Ohm-flu m a m as.
SPEC IFE D INDUSTRIES
LI BERTY—Continued.
Saw mil ls and productsNaval stores, turpentine androsinGrilt mill and
MATERIALUénb‘
;imam ornII'
obucm—cu mValue of m mGout of Matorinlad
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAH) .Continued.
Woman I .Yearu’
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
MADISON—Continued.
Naval rtorea, turpentine and rosinGinncriee and productl , S. L Cotton and notton oll mill l o c i l O O O O Q I O O O G I O C Q Q O O U O S S S C O
Grint mill and productsBIach mith and repair ahopGeneral repair ahop
[Bu m Q 0 0 0 O O O C O O D C O C C O U O O O C O O O O C O '
Plumbing and repair chopPlaning mill
TABLE NO. 40—09”0 ? MATERIAL II SED;VALUE OF PRODUOTB.—001IM
I ADI SON—Oondnned.
Naval stores, turpentine androdnlnnerlee andproduct , 8. I . Got
tonand co tton 01]millGI'II tmllle and prqdnctnBlacksmith andrepair shopsGeneral repair shop
Hunmng lm d‘
mpair(hops?
Cost of Maw-m ensVela. of Product .
18.009I
Olnnorle and Products.
”ABLE NO. 4.—SI 'EOIFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIE S ;AVERAGE NUI BEB OP WAGERAM S;TOTALWAGES PAID—Continual
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
MANA’I ‘DE
Bottllng worn
TABLE NO. 4.—AVERAGE M ES WAGE EARNEBS ;SPEGIFIED AGES ;WAGES PAI D.
Totul Conn
Sewmill and products
TABLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
“on10Year.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
0
e . nnnnno o e o e -o e eo c e bo e c e o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
machine a
b
M E NO. fi—COS'I‘OP MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—0010610“
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES B
COUNTIE S.
Naval stores, turpentine androsinNovelty work!Blecimnith endu pair ehopBottlin wom I G O O O Q O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t t t t t t
I ce m nh cturlng w
TABLE NO. 4.—SPEC IF IED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE OP WAGE
EARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAID—Confined.
SPECIFIED
MARION—Continued.
Peanut thm berVelvet bean hull»
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPEC IFIED AGES PAID.
SPECIF IED INDUSTRIE S COUNTIES.
TABLE NO. h—AVERAGE WAGE EAR-REES ;SPECIFI ED AGES ;WAGES PAID.
sm mmb(m usm xe
end m ehlne ahop
Peanut thraaherVelvet bean holler
SPECI FIED I NDUSTRI ES
MARION—fi ndnued.
Gluuerlee endproduct.
Stone andcementPm nt thm hu l t d t t l ‘ l t bO l o l t l
Velvet beau hul ler
TABLE NO. 4,—SPECIF IED INDUSTRI ES BY 00m m ;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAI D—003m
SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES
TABLE NO. AF—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;SPEC IFIED AGES;WAGES PAI D .
lleunYan-e Woneuu l'aaru
MONROE—Continued.
TABLE NO. L—SPECI F IED mnusm msBY COUNTIES;AVERAGE OP WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAIDF -C’OQM
NAS SAU.
Tofu! Coun
I“ m.nnt.0tm a . e e e e e a l e e e e e e e e a e e e e e a a e a e e e e
t o t ' t e e e o e - e e no -o v e o e e -ne e o -o o nu e
e e e e e e o - e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
TABLE—NO. W ECE IED I NDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS ;TO
’I AL WAGES PAIDF CM M
S PECIFIED INDUSTRIE S COUNTIES.
NASSAU—Continued.
TABLE no. «P u rsu esm am;WAGE m m ;em u -um AGES;
SPECIFIE D COUN'N ES
TABLE NO. 4. -coe'r OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PBODUOM M
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
Naval fl ora , tarp. and ru in .
Grist mill and productBottling workBlacklmlth and
l . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 l
o nt o -o o o c n-c - o o u o o c t o
O O I U O U O O O O O I O O O O O O U Q Q
TABLE NO. L
SPECI FIED INDUSTBE B
COUNT IES.
NASSAU—Continued.
Plumbing andrepairSyrup manufacturePalm manufacture
MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
00a of W 0]andVulue of Products.
TABLE 80 . b—SPEUIPI ED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGERAM S;TOTAL WAGES PAIDF CbsflsM
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
ORANGE
Suw mill and product:Naval atom , turpentine and roclnBlackm lth and repair shop
Bicycle and repulr shopCrate and bu llet manufacturing, and noveltywow 0 0 . o o o o o o o o o no t o -u o a o o o n- o o c o o . nnnq o o o o o o o o o o o 570m Inom
TABLE NO. H VEBAGE m m WAGE m ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGE
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
Saw mil l. and productNu l l atom , turpentine u droomBlack-mull and npdr shop
o o o o o c o u o nt o o o a o o t o o o
o c bo o t o o o no - Q O Q O Q U O O O O D O O Q Q O O O O O Q .
NO. b—AVR AGB NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES ;WAGES PAI D.
Continued.
Man10 Years Women IsYanandOver. andOver.
S PECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
ORANGE—Continued.
Cigar manufacturingConcrete and atone manufacturing
TABLE NO. L—OOST OF MATERIAL USED ;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
dinner“. andM att.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTI ES.
ORANGE—Continued .
3 818,560lSawmilla and productsNaval stores, turpentine and rosinBlach mithAuto and repair shopMachine and general repair ahop.
Bicycle andrepair ahop
Crate andbasket manufncturlngand novelty works
TABLE NO. L—SPECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY OOUNTIES ;AVEBAGE NUMBER WAGE
EAREEES ;TOTAL WAGES PAIDa—Contfiuwd.
SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES.
Saw mm and products
TABLE NO. b—SPECIEIED INDUSTR IES BY COUNTIE S : AVERAGE NI’
I IBEE OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTALWAGES PAID—Continued»
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
Ice manufacturing
Concrete mauufa
TABLE 80 . 4.—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
Continued.
lien10You . Women10You"andOm . andOm .
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
OSUEOLA—Confinued.
Saw mill. and product:Naval nom m pentlnennd rodnlach mith and repair shop
Gm ge tmd repair lh0pCigar manu
Botfllnc works
TABLE 30.b—OOM OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF m oouc'm—cm u
SYEUImm: INDUSTR IESCOUNTIE S.
OBOEOLA—Oondnued.
Saw mill. and productsNaval l toren, turpentine andBlacksmith and repair nbop .
Om ga andCigar mnuuShoe IboTinandBottllns“a“ O O O O I Q O C Q C O S Q O D D
lco manufacturingBicycle andm lr lbop
TABLE 30 . L—SPDOIFI ED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE OP WAGE
EARXE II S ;TOTALWAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
PALM BEACH
Saw millsand productGcnenl contracting and building
Dm maker aud
Cigar manufacturing
TABLE NO. AF SPEOIFI ED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAID—C ontinued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
PALM BEACH—Continued.
Boatbullding and repairing . .
Cement and concrete mm utncturingFish neckfua bouee
Tailor andrepair ehop
Sheet metalworlnWatch maker aud repair
TABLE NO. {A VERAGE W EBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Women 10YearendOm .
SPECIF I ED
General mntrecting and building
BURST] o o o a o e e o a a o a o a r n o e o e c o
Shoemaker and repair.Bottling wornDrm making and repair
TABLE N0 . L—AVERAGE NUI IBER WAGE EARX ERS ;SPECIFIED ACES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
WomanI ! Venn caller—s OuandOver. do: Isnan.
SPECIF IE D INDUSTR I ES
PALM REACH—Cu ltinued.
Cement and concrete manufacturingFish packing houseElectric light, ice and water plantTailor and repair shop
Watch maker and
TABLE ‘NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES ;WAGES PA ID.
Ont-thawed.
I n I .Year Womau 10Yearsran-1m upandOu r. andOver. 60? "3" Mk
SPEC IF IED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
PALM BEACH—Continued.
Machine and repair worksCrate manufacturingPublishing andprintingMillinery and repair.Fruit packing house
TABLE NO. Aa—OOST O!‘ MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Confined .
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIES.
Ganeni and concrete manufactur
Fish packing housesElectric light. ice and water plantTailor andrepair
Plumbing and repairsSheet metal worksWatch maker and repairsAuto andbicycle repair
nd wood work:
u—oosr OFOM TERIAL USED;VALUE Ol“ Pronucrsf -Lvmm
(Imperi and Prodncta.
flPm‘
cmmu mnoe'rnmscomm a
PALM BEACH—Continued.
ne and repairCrate manufacturingPnbliabing andprintingMillinery and repairFrnit packing houeeaElectric contractors
TABLE 30. L—GPEC IFIBD [NI lUII’I'RIEO DY COUNTIES;AVERAGE HUMMER OF WAG!
EARNERB;TOTAL WAGES PAIR—Continued.
QPEC IFI E IDINDUSTR IES
PASCO
Total Count!SawmillsanNaval storea,Blach mlm and repairOontractor and builder
TABLE NO. (”AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
PASUO—Onnfinned.
Paw milla and product!Naval atom , turpentine and rosinBlackamifi: and repair!Contractor and builder
Pnbliahing and printingMachine and repair abop
o o o o o o p o a c o ' . o
NO. H VEBAOE WAGE EARNEBS ;SPEC IFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
Continued.
Man16YearaandOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNT IES
PASCO—Continued.
t andice plnnt . ‘
TABLE NO. b—W S‘I‘ 0? MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—005m
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIES.
PASCO—Cantinnad.
nd productaNavalatorea. turpentine and rosinBlacksmith andContractor and
Maehine and repair allop
c e nt e r .
‘AELE NO. b—S PECIFIED INDUSTRIES RY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAIDP Coniiauod.
INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
Auto and repalra
Blacksmith and re pairs
AP AVEBAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES ;WAGES PAI D.
Continued.
Man icYears
INDUSTRIE S
PI NELLAS—Onrntinned.
TABLE NO. L—COS‘I‘ 0! MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—Continued.
PM S—C ontinued.
Black-mitt: and repair.IceBottling'om 0 0 0 0 -‘ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 a
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE m ;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
Woma n!“
SPECIFIED INDUSTR IES
I’M —Continued .
TABLE NO. MM ? 0? MATERIAL USED ;VALUE OF PEODUM M
Value of m Glanon nu m m
SPECIFIED moue me
POLK—continued.
91229 0
Naval more , tux-p». and ru in
Blackm ith andrepair shop
Auto and rap-Ir uhopFoundry and m chIneRice mlll
TABLE NO. I F SPEOIFIED INDUSTR IES BY COUNTIES : AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAI. WAGES PA IR—0mm
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
TABLE NO. CF SPEOIFIED INDUSTRIES RY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE 01" WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAIDF—Oontimwd.
INDUSTRIES
I'U’I‘NAM—Oontlnuul
TABLE NO. L—SPEOIP I ED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTALWAGES PAID—W M
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
PUTNAM—Ofmfinued.
TABLE'
NO. ( F SPECII IED INDUSTRI ES RY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAID—005m
SPEC IFIED INDUSTRI E S
PUTNAM—Ountinuod.
TABLE NO. NUMBERWAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIE D AGES ;
Inn10You : Woman 1! Yu ri
INDUSTRIES
m u m : WAGE mm ;SPEC IFI ED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
Ian1.You Wanna u YuanandOver. and0m .
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
PUTNAM—Coutinuod.
I
H W GE WAGE EARNERS ;SPECIFIED AGES ;WAGES PAID.
SPECIF IED
TABLE NO. {P AVERAGE WAGE W EBB;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID.
SPECIFIED
PUTNAM—Oondnufld.
TABLE NO. NU I IREB WAGE EARNEBS ;SPEC I FI ED AGES;WAGES PAID.
I ll-107m :
SPECIFIED
Garage andauto repair
TABLE NO. W T OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—M
SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
TABLE NO. L—(DST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—0mmOlnueriel andM om.
SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIES
PUTNAM—Confinued.
Gm ge mdanto repdr
TABLE NO. 4.—SPEC IP|EI ) INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES : AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS : TOTAL WAGES PAID—0m m
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNT IES.
SANTA ROSA
WAGE RARNEIE ;SPECIFIED AGES;
I nn16YamandOver. and Ont .
SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIESCOUNTIE S.
SANTA ROSA—Continued.
Naval stores, turpentine and rosin
LE NO. 4.—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIE D AGES;WAGES PAID.
M 10 I nn.
SPECI FIE D INDUSTRIES
nine and repair thop
TABLE NO. 4.—m ST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCR M
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
SANTA RO SA—Continued.
Saw mills and product.Naval atom , turpentine and roamGinneriea and product:Grist mills and pmdncttBlacbmiih and repair ahop
TABLE 30. 4.4 m m INDUSTRI ES BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE OP WAGE
EAREERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIDF OM M
SPECIFI ED INDUSTRIES
869 140
TABLE NO. b—SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNEBS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIDf—OOQM
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
ST. JOHNS—Continued.
Laundry and clothOu and electric worn
Brick manufacture
Watch makl
Ice manufacture
Concrete and cement manuiactureShoemaklng end re pairhgnxPubllahing and jobprinCarpet manufacture andPaint manufactureBoatbuilding andrepairingLaundry and clothesGa and electric verb.
Water-worn
Bottling works
TABLE NO. t—COST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—0 1mmOinneflea and anan.
SPECIFIED modsm msoouuvrms.
ST. JOHNS—Continued.
repair work
Women'sMen’s MPlaning millsMachine and repair allona
bld. and repal
Plumbing, tinning and work .
Shoemaking andPubliahing and anCarpet manufacturePaint manufactureBoatbuilding andrepairing .
Laundry andclothe repairing
Ga and electric verb”
ratermrh
nflr
m plant .ntomo e garage .Brick manufacturePhotographs and atudio aup. vb. e a e a e a a a a
rum : no. L—AVEBAOD WAGE m um ;smowwn40m ;messmu n.
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
TABLE NO. M -OOS‘I ‘ OF USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTfl—Oonmwed.
Glnu rlu and Product].
SPECIF IE D INDUSTRIESCOUNTIE &
LUCI Er ~ Continnod.
0 . 0 . c w - o o a -o t o c
O C O O C C O O I l O O O Q O O o
c a o no c t c o o o o . c c .
TABLE NO. H PEOIFI ED INDUSTRIES E7 COUNTIES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE
EARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAID.—Coum
SPECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY OOUN'I' IKOI
SEMINOLE.
Tm 1 001m r
PaperFerflllm manufacture 4
TABLE NO. 4.—OOST OF
HPI’AJ
IFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
m om -im a m
Naval stores. turpentine andm inPaper manufactureFertilizer mm ufuctm
USED;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—0mm
TABLE NO. 4.—SPECIF IED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAID—C ontinued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
Total
Saw mill: and productsNev-J stores. turpentine andmainIrrigating plant:Planing mill, shingle and crate factoryGrist mills and productlucnmith andli'fnerv n
TABLE NO. L- AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
lien 10Your: a on10Yuan canal" mand andOver. an 10 “an.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTI E
EN TER—Continued.
m m County_
ea4mm}Sawmil ls andproduct!Nan!flora . turpentine and rodnI rflguting p lantsPlaning mill, shingle andcu te factoryGril l mills and product;Blueknmlth nud
TABLE NO. ‘F SPECIPIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIR—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
Total CountvSaw mills and productaNaval atom . tum nflnsandmain
t untea andnrodnm
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS ;m um-nAGES;1VAG‘ES PAI D.
I n 10Your! Women it You '
andOu r. andOver.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
TAYLOR—Continued.
Toto
Saw milll andproductsNaval atora , turpentine and rosinIce andelectric light plant
mun-rio andnroducta
LAM } ; NO. 4.—CO ST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OI“ PRODUCTS—Continued.
Ginuarh a and Products.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTI ES.
TAYLOR—Continned.
Saw mill and productaNaval atorea. turpentine andmainIce andelectric light plant . 1 .
Bottling workaFoundry and machine shopGarage and repalraCigar manufacturing
Glnnorln and nrodncta
Plumbing and repairingConcrete andatom m m cturlng
0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a a c o o o v o a o -o o a q o - . o - a a o a o a a o a o
UM m o a a o a 0 0 -0 0 c o c o a - a o a o o o o o - o o a a a o - o na - c a o a c o a o o a q o
J ail: and pm manufacturingElectric light, ice and watnr plantaShell mlning
uracturinc
Watcht u t t i no t o c o o c c o a c o a o l -no c o a O -c c c o ‘ o l a o o
Milllm'rv a ' o a c o a o o o o o o o o a o o o o o a a o o - o a -a a o o o a o a o
TABLE NO. L—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS ;SPECIF IED AGES;WAGES PAI D.
Men10 Yeara
SPECIFIE D INDUSTRIE S
VOLUSLAf—Oonfinmd.
Saw mills and productsNaval stores, turpentine and rosin
Novelty worksPnbliebinz and
Packing hom e
‘I'ABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES ;WAGES PAID.
lien toban
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES
VOLUSIA—Continued.
Contractor and builderPlumbing and repairing
Jelly and preserve m-nnfacturi
Shell‘
mhdu
e e e e e e e e e e c e a e -I c ‘e c c c c c c
SPECI FIED INDUSTRIES
COUNTIES.
Naval atora , turpentine and main
e a e e e a a a
TABLE NO. 4, OF MATERIAL USED ;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—0m m
Olnnariea and Products.
SPECI FIED INDUSTRIES
Jelly and preserve manufacturingElectric light, Ice and water plant
TABLE L—SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIES;AVERAGE NUMBER WAGEEARNERS ;TOTAL WAGES PAIDa—Conurwed.
é
INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
Capit
a
l
Inv
en
ted
inn.
Immunenta.
TABLE NO. ai—oos't USED;VALUE OF
SPECIFIED I NDUSTRIES
COUNT IES.
Navel atom , turp. and ru in .
TABLE NO. b—SPECIFIED INDUSTRIE S BY COUNTIE S ;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAUL—00am
err-301mm) m ousrfims COUNTIES.
Total Conn
TABLE N0 . L—SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIES BY COUNTIES ;AVERAGE OF WAGEEARNERS;TOTAL WAGES PAID—Continued.
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES COUNTIES.
WALTON —Continued.
Shoe rewiringPubliahingandjob
TABLE NO. 4.—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNERS;SPECIFIED AGES;WAGES PAID .
TABLE NO.b—m ST OF MATERIAL USED;VALUE OPPM DUM M
SPECIFIED INDUSTRI ES
COUNTIE S.
WALTON—C ontinued.
TABLE NO.b—W ST OF MATERIAL USED ;VALUE OF PRODUCTS—0mm
SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES
WALTON—Continued.
e e e e e e e
TABLE NO. b—AVERAGE NUMBER WAGE EARNEBS ;SPECIF IED AGES;WAGES PAID .
INDUSTRIE S
WASHDIGTON—O ontinned.
Gristmillnnd product.Ginnerie and
i o c u c n0 0 0 ' O C O O Q Q O D O O D Q O
SPECIFmD INDUSTRIES
WASHE JGTON— Cont’d.
Naval m u m -p und ue-in
Grist mm and m m .
Ginneria tnd rodumBlacksmith repair
Oinnoriu andProduct .
Preface .
Livestock Groving u dFeedinginFlel
Kudzu and Japanese Sugar (h um .
Serum txnent ofHon ia -u
Cattle Tick EradicationConstruction 0! a Dipping Vat . s.
The
Pm
