SOCIAL SCIENCES AND INTERDISCIPLINARY BEHAVIOR

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THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INTERDISCIPLINARY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL

SCIENCE 2015 (ICIBSOS 2015), KAZAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, RUSSIA, 22–23 OCTOBER

2015 & JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 7–8 NOVEMBER 2015

Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Behavior

Editors

Ford Lumban GaolBina Nusantara University, Indonesia

Fonny HutagalungMalaya University, Malaysia

Nailya Bagautdinova & Lenar SafiullinKazan Federal University, Russia

Children Children Children Children Children Children

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Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Behavior – Lumban Gaol et al. (Eds)© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02838-8

Table of contents

Preface xi

Keynote speakers xiii

Editorial board xv

Strategic alliances in regional environmental organization and regime building: Problems and prospects 1A.B.A. Ghani & B.S. Sunarko

Tatar politics of identity in the global arena 9L.R. Nizamova

Scientometrics and methodological tools in the research of the competitiveness of enterprises 15M.A. Fedotova & N.N. Polzunova

Economic conditions as heterogeneity source of the factors of supply and demand 21N.Z. Safiullin & N.G. Bagautdinova

Estimation of investment requirements in providing potential of reliability of Energy Provider 27T. Palei, A. Nagimova, M. Zainullina & P. Afonin

The problem of limits to growth: The Russian traditions of scientific research 31A.R. Toumashev & M.V. Toumasheva

Investments in education system—do the results correspond to the expectations? 35A. Nagimova, M. Zainullina & T. Palei

Animated films for children as an agent of socialization (based on the results of content analysis) 41A.V. Makhiyanova & M.R. Zainullina

Trends to the social structure formation of a rural society: The ideal and real models 45A.V. Makhiyanova, T.A. Burganova & E.F. Huzieva

Letting marketing play a more active role in education 49N.V. Kalenskaya & A.Z. Novenkova

Identification of research fronts by studying Small and Medium Enterprises: Methodical approaches 53N.M. Filimonova, N.V. Morgunova & D.A. Sinyavskiy

New automata definition of language for game development 61M.T. Ziatdinov & M.R. Khafizov

The IFRS impact on the effectiveness of a company’s economic security system 65R.G. Kaspina, L.E. Kaspin & L.A. Molotov

Improving the competitive positions of the territory based on the formation of Industrial Profile 71A.R. Safiullin & L.R. Gataullina

The structure of intangible capital 79J. Kolesnikova, E. Fakhrutdinova & V. Zagidullina

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Ensuring sustainable development of the regional economy in conditions of Russia’s accession to the WTO 83D.S. Khairullov & M.V. Panasyuk

Dialogue of cultures in the context of globalization 89N.S. Aristova

Formation of conceptual apparatus for professional communicative competence in the language of specialty 93T.A. Baklashova, E.M. Galishnikova & L.V. Khafizova

Foreign language skill as a component of self-development procedure: Undergraduate and graduate levels 99E.V. Grigoryeva & I.M. Solodkova

An integrated approach to the study of Emily Dickinson’s creativity 105M.G. Mosolkova, G.F. Kalganova & R.M. Mardanshina

Problem of managers’ communicative competence formation 109L.R. Ismagilova & O.V. Polyakova

Evaluating the effectiveness of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation 115P.O. Ermolaeva, E.P. Noskova & A.F. Shakirova

Health determinants for Russians 119P.O. Ermolaeva, E.P. Noskova & A.F. Shakirova

Public insights to the image construction of the Republic of Tatarstan 123P.O. Ermolaeva, E.P. Noskova & A.F. Shakirova

Methodological approaches to scenario modeling and forecasting of development in regional industrial systems under conditions of macroeconomic instability 127M.R. Safiullin, L.A. Elshin & M.I. Prygunova

Meso research of the innovation activity in the oil-gas-chemical industry sector of the republic Tatarstan 133I.Sh. Khasanov

Social portrait of the residents in the megapolis through the prism of the governmental institutions’ activities 141A.V. Makhiyanova & A.F. Shakirova

Predictive age-groups modeling in a long-term perspective 145N.K. Gabdrakhmanov, V.A. Rubtzov, Y.Y. Isayeva, D.O. Egorov & A.M. Nagimova

City branding in Russia: Main trends, problems and development prospects 149B.M. Eidelman, O.A. Bunakov, S.S. Galimov, L.I. Galimova & M.V. Rozhko

Digital history: Virtual reconstruction of Imenkovo culture’s settlement 153D.F. Nigmatullina, R.D. Akhmetsharipov & K.A. Rudenko

Social and cultural activity in the kindergarten as a condition for emotional well-being and full emotional development of a pre-school age child 157L.A. Maksimova

Intersectoral cooperation as a factor of social and economical development of the region: The case of Tatarstan Republic 163Y.S. Yasnitskaya, D.V. Rodnyansky, E.S. Dorofeyeva & N.V. Volkova

The assessment of the effectiveness of investment policy in the industrial sector of the Republic of Tatarstan 167Y.S. Yasnitskaya, D.V. Rodnyansky, E.S. Dorofeyeva & N.V. Volkova

Influence of small businesses on the competitive development of the Volga Federal District regions 171I.S. Glebova, R.R. Sadyrtdinov, A.M. Khamidulina, F.F. Masgutov & A.V. Sadykov

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Realization of the housing policy on the city’s level 177I.S. Glebova, R.R. Khabibrakhmanova, A.M. Khamidulina & R.R. Sadyrtdinov

Small entrepreneurship’s impact on the development of Central Federal District regions 183I.S. Glebova, R.R. Sadyrtdinov, M.M. Korablev, S.A. Vladimirova & T.V. Khalilova

The analyses of socio-economic development tendencies of the capital cities in the modern Russia 189I.S. Glebova, S.N. Kotenkova & R.A. Abramov

“The paradox of plenty” or learning informal relations in the field of using natural resources 195I.S. Glebova, T.V. Khalilova, L.S. Leontieva & R.R. Sadyrtdinov

Development of vocational education in the context of the strategy of innovative development of Tatarstan 201I.A. Kirshin, M.D. Mironova & O.V. Pachkova

Household characteristics as the determinants of their consumption expenditure 207J.A. Varlamova & N.I. Larionova

Innovation as a part of strategic management and enterprise competitiveness of petrochemical cluster 213G.M. Galeeva, E.P. Fazlieva, R.Kh. Mingazova & R.I. Zinurova

Technological modernization of industry 217G.M. Galeeva & R.I. Zinurova

Impact of the education system development on innovative activities in regions 221I.A. Zaytseva, Y.N. Kochetova & L.P. Goncharenko

Medical tourism in the republic of Tatarstan: Opportunities and preconditions for sustainable development 227E.M. Razumovskaya, T.S. Mishakin, O.A. Berdnikova & A.M. Khasanova

State support of investment projects of the chemical industry in Russia 231D.Kh. Gallyamova & A.I. Miftakhov

State policy support for single-industry towns in Russia: The first results 237M.V. Panasyuk & E.M. Pudovik

The external environment and the system of economic relations between the regions 243M.V. Panasyuk, E.M. Pudovik & N.V. Antonova

Initial consolidation of financial statements of Russian companies: Actual issues 249D.S. Usanova & R.Z. Mukhametzyanov

Financial mechanism of managing the industry in an innovation-driven economy 253I.B. Teslenko, O.A. Kornilova & A.M. Gubernatorov

Development of project model to evaluate the level of innovative development of industrial complex on the basis of fuzzy logic concept 257L.K. Koretskaja & A.M. Gubernatorov

Challenges of sustainable development of regional economy in the conditions of WTO market 261D.S. Khairullov, G.M. Galeeva, S.G. Absalyamova & G.N. Butov

Liquidity management in Islamic banking industry 265A.S. Igonina, V.I. Vagizova, A. Batorshyna & A. Sabirzyanov

Statement of cash flows as information base for analysis of company’s economic security 269E.A. Astrakhantseva, P.A. Aletkin & E.N. Fakhretdinova

The impact of ASEAN integration on tourism flows of Thailand 273N. Wongtada

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Touristic territory branding: Development features 279T.V. Bai

Concept of tourism cluster on the Chelyabinsk Oblast territory 285O.V. Kotlyarova

Psycho-emotional state of tourists under conditions of cultural and educational tour 291T.N. Tretyakova

The role of exchange rate and global stock index in the movement of Indonesia composite stock price index 297H. Medyawati & M. Yunanto

Modeling of controlling system of enterprise stability under conditions of variable environment 303T.A. Khudyakova

Methodological approach to forecasting financial and economic enterprise stability 307T.A. Khudyakova

Age-income profiles of Czech households 311D. Korlyakova

Integration of the corporate reporting instruments of situational and matrix modeling 317I.V. Frolova, E.A. Panfilova, T.V. Matytsyna, N.Yu. Lebedeva & E.A. Likhatskaya

The effectiveness of using cards games in learning simple mathematical operations among standard 3 pupils 325Y.S. Wei & F. Hutagalung

Challenging the notion of non-Western students’ incapability for critical thinking 329H. Jeong

Human population rejection behavior in responding Wolbachia-infected mosquito release program and its effect into dengue transmission: A mathematical modeling approach 335A.K. Supriatna

Investigating learners’ awareness on grammar in communication tasks learner interactions 343H. Baharun & A.R. Zakaria

Work culture and work performance among Vocational College teachers in Malaysia 351K.A. Bakar, A.R. Zakaria & A.M. Sulaiman

Enhancing mental-health literacy among cultural minorities in Malaysia 357R.A.M. Jaladin, N. Amit & N.A. Mohammad Abedalaziz

Primary school students’ epistemological beliefs about mathematical problem-solving 363N.A. Mohammad Abedalaziz, C.S. Yee, R.A.M. Jaladin, C.H. Leng & D.L. Baranovich

Which gender plays more beautiful chess? 375A. Iqbal

A case study of cognitive abilities among autism children at an autism center in Kuala Lumpur 381Z.Md. Isa, M.R. Abdul Razak & M. Zhagan

Comparisons of out-of-field and in-field History teaching among teachers in Malaysian secondary schools 389U.K.M. Salleh

School-Based Assessment implementation: The primary school teachers’ voices 393Z. Hasim, A.D. Abd Aziz, S. Di, A.R. Zakaria & H. Baharun

The influence of reward system and work environment on the performance of the employees of PT Nicholas Laboratories Indonesia, Pulogadung, Jakarta 399W. Segoro & M. Juliani

Mathematics learning style preference among secondary students in Ipoh 405R. Nadarajan, Z. Naimie & R.A. Abuzaid

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Analysis of effect of incentives, work environment, motivation on employee performance (case in State Employee from Indonesia) 409S. Nawangsari, B. Nurcahyo & R. Nur’ainy

The role of celebrity endorser on consumer buying decision (empirical evidence from on-line shopping in Indonesia) 413B. Nurcahyo & R. Nur’ainy

Preparing shelter home teenagers for independent living through Expressive Arts Therapy: Perspective from Malaysia 417D.L. Baranovich & L.P. Li

The increasing of quality requirements of state regulation of economy in solving of social tasks 425A.V. Kharlamov, O.V. Kiselkina, T.L. Kharlamova & A.F. Vunotropidi

Author index 429

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Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Behavior – Lumban Gaol et al. (Eds)© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02838-8

Preface

The 4th International Congress on Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Science 2015 (ICIBSoS 2015) was held at The Main Building of The Institute of Management, Economics and Finance of the Kazan Federal University, Russia on 22 and 23 October 2015 and at the Arya Duta Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia on 7 and 8 November 2015.

ICIBSoS 2015 provided a means to bring together a wide audience of academics and professionals around clearly circumscribed topics, to engage participants in fruitful debate, and to facilitate mutual understanding. The conference is also to provide a place for academics and professionals with inter-disciplinary/multi-disciplinary interests related to behavior and social sciences to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular disciplines. The congress is also intended to establish a network among researchers within the region.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all in the Technical Program Committee who have reviewed the papers and developed a very interesting conference program as well as to the invited and plenary speakers.

This year, we received 227 papers and after rigorous review, 85 papers were accepted.The participants came from 21 countries. There were 10 (Ten) Parallel Sessions and four Keynote

Speakers.It is an honour to present this volume published by CRC Press/Balkema, Taylor & Francis Group and

we deeply thank the authors for their enthusiastic and high-grade contributions.Finally, we would like to thank the conference chairmen, the members of the steering committee, the

organizing committee, the organizing secretariat and the financial support from the conference sponsors that allowed the success of ICIBSoS 2015.

The ICIBSoS 2015 Proceedings Editor.

Dr. Ford Lumban GaolBina Nusantara University,

Jakarta, Indonesia

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Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Behavior – Lumban Gaol et al. (Eds)© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02838-8

Keynote speakers

Prof. Tokuro Matsuo, Ph.DAdvanced Institute of Industrial Technology in Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

Prof. William Grosky, Ph.DChair of the Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Michigan-Dearborn, USA

Prof. Panasyuk Mikhail Valentinovich, ScDHead University/Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Kazan Federal University, Russia

Gabdrakhmanov Niyaz Kamilevich, Ph.DSenior Lecturer, Candidate of Science, Head University/Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Kazan Federal University, Russia

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Editorial board

HONORARY CHAIR

Janardan NandaIndian Institute of Technology, IndiaFellow of Indian National Science Academy (FNA)Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering (FNAE)Fellow of Third World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS, Italy)Fellow of Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (FIEEE, USA)

Carmel McNaughtThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Robert J. TaorminaUniversity of Macau, China

GENERAL CHAIR

Naila Gumerovna Bagautdinova, Kazan Federal University, RussiaLenar Nailevich Safiullin, Kazan Federal University, Russia

CONFERENCE CHAIR

Igor Kirshin, Kazan Federal University, RussiaLenar Nailevich Safiullin, Kazan Federal University, RussiaHoga Saragih, MASTEL Indonesia, IndonesiaWayne Marr, University of Alaska, USAFonny Hutagalung, University of Malaya, Malaysia

PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIR

Asiya Faritovna Validova, Kazan Federal University, RussiaJulia Andreevna Varlamova, Kazan Federal University, RussiaNatalia Larionova, Kazan Federal University, RussiaIrina Malganova G., Kazan Federal University, RussiaJulia Odintsova L., Kazan Federal University, RussiaA.J.W. Taylor, Victoria University of Wellington, New ZealandMaria de Lourdes Machado-Taylor, Taylor Center for Research in Higher Education

Policies (CIPES), PortugalSeifedine Kadry, Lebanese University, Lebanon

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PUBLICATION CHAIR

Agung Budi Utomo, JIBES, Indonesia

PUBLICITY CHAIR

N. Panchanatham, Department of Business Administration, Annamalai University, IndiaT. Ramayah, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MalaysiaYousef Farhaoui, Faculty of Science and Technology, Université Moulay Ismai, Morocco

PROGRAM COMMITTEES

Valentinas Navickas, Kaunas University of Technology, LithuaniaHsin Rau, Chung Yuan Christian University, TaiwanPanos M. Pardalos, University of Florida, USASiham El-Kafafi, Manukau Institute of Technology, New ZealandT.C. Edwin Cheng, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongBaldev Raj, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), IndiaYuosre Badir, Asian Institute of Technology, ThailandMaria Fekete-Farkas, Szent István University, HungaryHong Yan, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongQi Yu, Rochester Institute of Technology, USATatsiana N. Rybak, State Economic University, Republic of BelarusLalit Mohan Patnaik, Indian Institute of Science, IndiaJanardan Nanda, Indian Institute of Technology, IndiaNazmi Sari, University of Saskatchewan, CanadaMd. Ghulam Murtaza, Planned Urban Development Initiatives in Bangladesh Khulna University, BangladeshWan Khairuzzaman Wan Ismail, International Business School (UTM IBS), MalaysiaHa, In Bong, School of Economics and Trade, KoreaHui Tak Kee, National University of Singapore, SingaporeAndrew Rosalsky, University of Florida, USAJennifer Chan Kim Lian, University Malaysia Sabah, MalaysiaCelso Ribeiro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, BrazilSajid Anwar, University of the Sunshine Coast, AustraliaPradyot Jena, Institut für Umweltökonomik und Welthandel, GermanyWayne Marr, University of Alaska, USASiti Zaleha Abdul Rasid, International Business School (UTM IBS), MalaysiaK.L. Mak, Hong Kong University, Hong KongMaria de Lourdes Machado-Taylor, Taylor Center for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES), PortugalA.J.W. Taylor, Victoria University of Wellington, New ZealandYuelan Chen, Economic Consultant, AustraliaJens Graff, SolBridge International School of Business, Woosong Educational Foundation, South KoreaChandana Withana, Charles Sturt University, AustraliaWill Hickey, SolBridge International School of Business, Woosong Educational Foundation, South KoreaConstantinos J. Stefanou, ATEI of Thessaloniki, GreeceN. Panchanatham, Department of Business Administration, Annamalai University, IndiaBinnur Yeşilyaprak, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Ankara University, TurkeyAthanassios Vozikis, Department of Economic Science, University of Piraeus, GreeceMarina Riga, Department of Economics, University of Piraeus, GreeceHaretsebe Manwa, North West University, South AfricaJavier de Esteban Curiel, Marketing Department of Rey Juan Carlos University, SpainArta Antonovica, Department of Modern Languages, University Rey Juan Carlos, SpainGeorge M. Korres, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, GreeceZhou Xu, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongSola Fajana, University of Lagos, NigeriaKate Daellenbach, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

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Brij Mohan, School of Social Work, Louisiana State University, USAIan Hunt, Flinders University, AustraliaRamadhar Singh, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, IndiaRaymond K.H. Chan, City University of Hong Kong, Hong KongAnek R. Sankhyan, President Palaeo Research Society, IndiaT. Wing Lo, City University of Hong Kong, Hong KongJerzy Gołosz, Jagiellonian University, PolandLeonid Perlovsky, Air Force Research Laboratory, USASheying Chen, Pace University, USAAntonio Marturano, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, ItalyEric Chui, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong KongWenceslao J. Gonzalez, University of A Coruña, SpainMaduabuchi Dukor, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, NigeriaRajendra Badgaiyan, University at Buffalo, USARobert J. Taormina, University of Macau, China Rabia Imran, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman

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Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Behavior – Lumban Gaol et al. (Eds)© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02838-8

Strategic alliances in regional environmental organization and regime building: Problems and prospects

Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani & Bagus Sigit SunarkoCollege of Law, Government and International Sudies, University Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia

ABSTRACT: For a long period, our planet earth has been suffering from the environmental degrada-tions caused by human being’s irresponsible activities on their biosphere. The environmental problems that emerged have posed a serious threat, and their effects on our lives are quite perilous than before. Therefore, there is an urgent need for us to create an institution that can manage these environmen-tal issues effectively. As the environmental problems are cross-border in nature, they can only be man-aged effectively with the cooperation between countries. We believe that there should be a collaboration between the states in order to manage environmental sustainability that will help to achieve its objectives at the regional level. The reason for this is that the states in a particular region usually have similar envi-ronmental problems, as they share the same ecosystem and are subjected to similar natural phenomena. Even though regional environmental cooperation is desirable, the international system that is fragmented into sovereign states made them difficult and hard to achieve the goal. In an effort to solve the prob-lem, the existence of the regime is expected to give a strong basis in structuring the organization. It is argued that the era of globalization will provide a golden opportunity to the environmental proponents to strengthen the building of the regime.

Keywords: environmental degradation; trans-boundary pollution threat; environment regime; regional organization; strategic alliances

1 INTRODUCTION

Presently, there are so many states, particularly in the developing countries, that have been explor-ing their natural resources without taking into account the impact of economic growth demand on their ecosystem sustainability. Likewise, the industrial wastes, radioactive disasters that come from the energy supply purposes (such as Cher-nobyl and Bhopal), and the high consumption of fuel for vehicles in developed countries have a significant contribution toward the environmental degradation. Hence, the environmental problem does not only occur in the developing countries but also in the developed countries. As a result, climate change, loss of biodiversity, air pollution, contaminated water, loss of fertile soils, and water resources, which are getting poorer from time to time, have emerged as a serious problem for human life in the foreseeable future.

Based on these empirical facts, appropriate management on the environmental issues is cru-cial and urgent, and must be put into practice immediately. We do believe that all of us share the same opinion about the urgency of the mat-ter, but it would be good to seek actors or insti-

tutions to collaborate to handle environmental problems. There are myriad of environmental problem-solving theories, but it looks like there is no solution yet to keep our planet Earth from seri-ous degradation.

The main objective of the paper is to offer an idea regarding the importance of creating a regional organization based on environmental regimes to take over the role of the state. The state has been proved to be ineffective in handling envi-ronmental issues and exploring its problems and prospects in the future. This does not mean that the states have done nothing, but it is because, cur-rently, the environmental problems have grown to be more complex, and it is impossible to localize it in a particular state territory. For example, we can see that during forest fires, the smoke spreads to the neighboring countries and covers the entire area, as well as similar impacts can be observed as a result of the leakage of oil tankers, gas pipes, open burning, and so forth. In light of the above explanation, we do believe that the widespread threat from environmental destruction, which is cross-border in nature, has made the cooperation or collaboration between the states in overcoming the environment issues necessary.

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This article is premised on the fact that environ-mental issues are widespread from just being a local to now global issues. Due to the magnitude of the issues, the regulations used at the national level are no longer appropriate to cope with the problems. Therefore, we start by explaining why the envi-ronmental issues should be dissected or examined at regional and global levels. In the second part, we propose that the regional organization is more effective than the state or international organiza-tion at the global level to resolve the environmen-tal problems. Finally, this paper intends to explore problems and prospects of regional environmental organizations and the regimes building in the era of globalization.

2 WHY HAS ENVIRONMENT BECOME REGIONAL OR GLOBAL ISSUES?

Historically, in the past two centuries, there has been an agreement between the governments of states with regard to the discussion on the environ-ment. For example, the international movement in the preservation of the everlasting use of birds for agricultural purpose was established in 1868 (Vogler, 1997: 222). A number of major interna-tional fisheries commissions have also been formed in the mid-twentieth century, and the international law on marine pollution has been set in 1950.

However, at that time, the environment was not a crucial issue, and it was not regarded as an impor-tant matter particularly in the political arena. In the very influential political book in the cold war era, for example, the environment is pointed out merely as one of the elements of national power. According to Morgenthau, natural resources are other relatively stable factors (Morgenthau, 1948). Environment was perceived simply as a potential strength of a nation in international politics. As such, the issues regarding the environment were discussed merely around the supply of fish in the ocean, the effort to protect the wild life, and how to design the oil tankers, and so forth.

By the 1960s, ecology had become a household word. Marston Bates, known as a famous ecolo-gist, was instrumental in voicing his concerns to the public. He insisted that respect for the bio-sphere must have a place in the laws and policies of the government and that all people must have the right to a clean and beautiful surrounding. Also, the efforts used for the protection of the environment were non-negotiable. Marston Bates consistently introduced the ideas of ecology to the public, and the general public demanded political improvements associated with the environmental age (Scheffer, 2001). In 1969, the environmental revolution was triggered by an outrage over several

environmental catastrophes: the Santa Barbara oil spill, the seizure of 11 tons of DDT contaminated coho salmon in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the burning of the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio. In general, we can say that it took a much longer period for scientist, politician and policy makers to recognize important matters concerning the environment, which later attracted humankind in general.

Meanwhile, changing the environmental issues, which in earlier times was defined only as a mat-ter of local scope toward regional as well as global communities, has at least three basic explanations. First, people have become aware that environmen-tal problems are not a simple matter. At present, most of the people have begun to realize the fact that environmental problems are serious, as they were cross-border in nature and can only be man-aged effectively with the cooperation of all coun-tries. As Andrew Hurrell and Benedict Kingsbury (2002, p. 2) have pointed out that:

Humanity is now faced by a range of environmen-tal problems that are global, in the strong sense that they affect everyone and can only be effectively managed on the basis of cooperation between all countries, or at least a very high percentage of the states of the world: controlling climate change and the emission of greenhouse gases, the protec-tion of the ozone layer, safeguarding biodiversity, protecting special regions such as Antarctica or the Amazon, the management of the sea-bed, and the protection of the high seas are among the principal examples.

It is a natural fact that wind and water do not respect national boundaries. The pollution of one country can quickly, and often does, become an environmental and economic crisis of another country. As the problem originates in another country, solving it becomes a matter of diplomacy and international relations, leaving the local peo-ple who are affected with few real options. A good example of this phenomenon is occurring in Asia, where cross-border pollution from China is caus-ing serious environmental problems in Japan and South Korea, as the Chinese continue to expand their economy at great environmental cost. Fur-thermore, the environmental degradations fre-quently have a severe impact on many developing countries, both because of their geographical loca-tion and their lack of resources to adapt, as sum-marized in Table 1.

Now a lot of people are agreeing with the experts’ view and recognizing that the efforts to reduce the cause of the effect of greenhouse gases are made to keep biodiversity sustainability, to protect some particular areas such as Antarctica, Amazon, or rain forest, and these will not have any

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success if they are managed by the individual state. The protection of Antarctica, in principle, could be left to all seven states that have a legal right there and not just one of them. The rain forest and its biodiversity would be protected best by leaving it to the states that possess this kind of forest and through their cooperation.

Second, the impacts arising from environmen-tal degradation could not be localized. Almost all of the environmental problems such as disruption of ecosystems (including climate change, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, desertification, and various forms of pollution) and energy prob-lems (the depletion of natural resources) are no longer considered as a local issue. All these issues, whether their impact is directly or indirectly con-sidered, have become a serious threat to regional or global communities. For example, the threat might develop into a famine as a result of loss of fertile soils and water resources in a particular state. This incident, which happened in African countries and caused a flow of refugees to another country, has emerged into a regional or interna-tional problem.

Indeed, there is a new growing category of refu-gee—environmental refugees. They, like refugees of political, religious, economic reasons, or because of war, have witnessed their homelands being rav-aged, and their only hope is to gather their meager belongings and flee. Most of them are unseen sta-tistics, as they abandon their land and move to a new land in another country, seeking a new source of income that often does not exist. Bangladesh, for instance, is one of the countries that suffers from environmental degradation. Deforestation in Northern India and Nepal has directly contributed to the devastating floods that swept the country in 1988, inundating over 60% of the land. Community Aid Abroad estimated that during the 1988 flood-ing, 28 million people lost their home, and their lands were buried under thick sand from the floods (Craig Cormic, 2001). Landless, these people joined the growing number of environmental refugees and were forced to find an income as seasonal laborers in another country. Environmental degradation may occur in a particular state, but the destructive effects will frequently cross over to other states, and this will cause it to become a regional/global issue.

Third, the growth and development of mass media as a result of Information and Communi-cation Technologies (ICTs) modernization that connects us to a once-distance problem, creates a sense of global ecological identity and allows us to draw lessons and inspiration from the efforts of others around the world. In 1984, a program called “Seeds of Despair” was broadcasted all over the world through the BBC World Service to highlight the problem of land degradation or desertification in Africa. It started as the first report on famine in Ethiopia and the environmental causes behind it. The subsequent news coverage and the campaign to feed starving people was a dramatic example of both the power of the mass media to motivate the people and the power of ordinary people to act and make changes when they are motivated (UNEP, 2013).

Another example of successful change through the mass media is the TV coverage about the dis-covery of the ozone hole over Antarctica. It had actually been known for several years that CFCs triggered a chemical process that was destroy-ing the ozone in the upper atmosphere. However, it was the headline news on TV throughout the world after which the government heeded the call of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to act. The result was the Montreal Protocol, which has seen the world’s governments to act together to avert a crisis and enable scientists to be able to predict that the ozone layer could be restored in a few decades (UNEP, 2013).

Globalize media, culture, and communications further complicate the environmental policy process

Table 1. Trans-boundary environmental externalities affecting the developing countries.

Externalities Details

Global Warming Temperature rise and micro climate change, combined with increasing frequency of extreme weather events

Ozone depletion Thinning of ozone layer increases ultraviolet light penetration of the atmosphere. Effects are more severe in temperate climates

Acid rain Airborne acid depositions; high in areas such as South-East China, North-East India, Korea, and Thailand. Wheat yields have halved in India in the areas close to sulfur diox-ide emissions

Biodiversity/Deforestation

Loss of gene pool through forest and wildlife ero-sion—mangrove losses linked to shrimp farm-ing—loss of forests affects the local populations who use non-timber forest products, reduces carbon absorption by forests, and increases water runoffs in flooding.

Source: Jha and Whalley (2009).

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and add to the necessity of having an international dimension to environmental protection. National-ism remains strong in some context, but in other circumstances, an emergent global sense of identity and environmental awareness is evident. The instant worldwide links provided by Internet, e-mail, and global media outlets such as CNN have made envi-ronmental challenges on the other side of the world much closer. It is obvious that mass media has a great role on the world view of environmental issues.

3 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION BUILDING AND SOVEREIGNTY

The idea to create an organization at the regional level is to protect the environment from further degradation, and it is not intended as an initiative to counter some projects on the management of environmental problems such as offered by Dryzek (Dryzek, 2007; p. 61–119). It should be noted that the effort is expected to be complementary to other projects, which have been done.

In many ways, some scholars intend to say implic-itly that the state is not a proper agency to manage environment sustainability. The international sys-tem that is fragmented into sovereign states has considered it as an imperfect basis for environment management, and it has been perceived as a great obstacle. Generally, the traditional concept of sov-ereignty precludes criticism or investigation into many aspects of the domestic arrangements of the nation states. At the negotiation of “the Conven-tion to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought And/OR Desertifi-cation, particularly in Africa”, for example, Kenya bristled at the suggestion that its land tenure sys-tem needed re-examination. Kenya’s resistance was based on the perception that such a suggestion was an intrusion on its sovereignty (Alastair Iles, 2005; see also Philippe J. Sands, 2009).

In fact, fears about the lost sovereignty are mis-interpreted. Pollution does not respect political boundaries. By their very nature, trans-boundary environmental harm ignores national sovereignty. For example, Chinese greenhouse gas emissions threaten to cause disruptive warming and more severe storms in the United States. This country’s emission of carbon dioxide has led to a climate change in China. The notion of strict territo-rial sovereignty in an ecologically interdependent world is nonsense and is a dangerous fiction in the political discourse.

The growth of people’s consciousness that the impacts of the environmental degradation do not respect national boundaries has led experts to rethink about the importance of sovereignty.

According to Patricia Mische (2009, p. 396), we need the new definition because:

“Earth did not recognize sovereignty as we now know it. Existing concepts and systems of state sov-ereignty are incongruent, even antithetical views to the prerequisites for global ecological security … the sovereignty of the earth is indivisible”

Currently, global environmental degradations have become a matter of concern for many people and have led many to think in order to adjust the traditional assumptions of sovereignty and non-intervention principles in international politics that are preserved by almost all countries. It is easier said than done, but in fact, we need not have to trans-form those traditional concepts radically with the new one. Instead, we just need to lessen “their indi-vidualistic” and build “the common” in a regional organization, an institution that will handle their common environment problems. As we have stated, it does not mean that the states do nothing to pro-tect the planet Earth’s ecology; however, we must say that what they have done is inadequate. Hurrell (2005) said: “The state is too small to deal with many of the most pressing environmental challenges, too small for the effective management of global prob-lems, which by their nature demand increasingly wide ranging forms of international co-operation”. Furthermore, Hurrell and Kingsbury (2002, p. 4) also asked: “Can a fragmented and often highly conflicting political system made up of over 170 sovereign states and numerous other actors achieve the high (and historically unprecedented) levels of cooperation and policy coordination needed to manage environmental problems on a global scale?” According to the above statement, we can then con-clude that in today’s world, control over our own environmental fate requires more, not less, collabo-ration with others, but at an appropriate scale.

We do believe that collaboration between states in order to manage environment sustainability will achieve its objectives if it is built at the regional level, and the reasons for this include the states in a par-ticular region that have similar environmental prob-lems, share the same ecosystem, and are subjected to similar phenomena, as summarized in Table 2.

They live together in the same climate, nature, and culture; the similarities are expected to be a good basis for them to create a strong and effec-tive environmental organization. Finally, all the similarities in their ecological background will fun-damentally make the government of states more powerful to stand before industrial interest.

Theoretically, there are two options which can be chosen with regard to the management of environmental problems at the regional organiza-tional level. First, it is done by grouping together

5

Unfortunately, the mode of environmental man-agement as we have stated above has a serious obsta-cle, particularly when the green program is placed on the regional organizations for economic purposes. It is common that there will always be a conflict of interest between the environment and economic purposes. If these kinds of potential problems were not anticipated earlier, then “by inserted model” would be counterproductive toward the main goal of the environmental management, especially on the region that is dominated by the developing countries. We know that almost all policy makers in the developing countries want more employment, higher economic growth, and income per capita. Therefore, the environment is still perceived as a luxury, and they tend to say “please don’t come and talk to us about ecological sustainability now.”

In other words, the use of existing organizations as a means to negotiate certain issues (including environment issue) has experienced difficulty in term of its compliance. Formally, the states and non-state agents tend to neglect the articles in the agreement because usually it is not written in a binding treaty. In the absence of such a binding treaty, the fear that commitments to comply will be unequal between them may not be well received. They will be a bit suspicious that one or some of them will become a “free rider”—“those benefiting from but not contributing to environment or natu-ral resources management” (Zhao, 2000).

Most transnational pollution problems tend to have a serious impact on both the polluted coun-try/countries and country/countries in the region, and particularly coping with such environmental issues makes it challenging. There are several argu-ments that we can state in this context. First, there is an incentive for any one country to get a free ride on the efforts of others in view of the public good nature on environmental protection. Particularly, the public good trait of concern here is “non exclud-ability”, i.e. it is impossible or at least prohibitively difficult to exclude non-participant/defector from enjoying the benefits without incurring any costs. Second, it is associated with the issue of asymmet-ric costs and benefits, as the developing countries have, on cumulative basis, been far less polluted than the developed ones. Third, it is related to the issue of differing preferences and priorities between countries in reducing these forms of environmental degradation. For instance, a clean environment is seen as a luxury good because poor countries may attach a lower priority to attain it than richer ones.

The other option regarding environmental man-agement includes in creating regional organization on specific agreement (dealing with environment issues) with a supranational authority to give pun-ishment to those who had breached the agreement. In doing this, it is important for all the members to

Table 2. Major environmental problems in Southeast Asia country problems.

Country Problems

Cambodia Logging activities throughout the coun-try and strip mining for gems in the Western region along the border with Thailand are resulting in habitat loss and declining biodiversity. Natural fisheries are being particularly hard hit from the destruction of mangrove swamps; Deforestation and soil ero-sion; in the rural areas, a majority of the population does not have access to potable water.

Indonesia Deforestation, water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage, and air pol-lution in urban areas.

Laos Deforestation and soil erosion, and a majority of the people do not have access to potable water.

Malaysia Air pollution from industrial and vehicu-lar emissions, water pollution from raw sewage, and Deforestation.

Myanmar Deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanita-tion and water treatment contribute to disease.

Philippines Uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas. Soil erosion. Air and water pol-lution in Manila. Increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps, which are important fish breeding grounds.

Thailand Air pollution from vehicular emissions, water pollution from organic and factory wastes, deforestation and soil erosion, and illegal hunting threatens the wildlife populations.

Vietnam Logging and slash and burn agricultural practices are contributing to deforesta-tion and soil degradation. Water pol-lution and overfishing are threatening marine life populations. Supplies of potable water are inadequate because of groundwater contamination.

Source: The World Resources Institute (http://www.igc.org/wri/facts/cs-asia.html) 2013.

the existing organizations and forming a new organizational structure. The advantages of this environmental management model are that the activities will be held earlier because they no longer needed time for the formation of the organization, socializing of the programs, and will be able to have international personal jurisdiction automati-cally. This means that these organizations will be recognized as one of the international agents, and as a result, they will be able to create an agreement with states and other regional/international organ-izations as well (Boer Mauna, 2000, p. 437).

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be aware that the establishment of the organiza-tion is designed as a regional environmental from the beginning. We believe that if the environmental management of the organization is left under the regional level, it may be more effective than when it is left under the individual state based on two rea-sons. The first is that the organization can insist that the environment of the region is under serious threat and that all member states have an obligation to find a solution to this problem. The second reason is that it is believed that a regional organization should be able to provide a better support for a holistic deci-sion making on environmental matters. A broader approach that looked at macro environmental management is deemed necessary at recognizing that many environmental issues are not subject to jurisdictional boundaries and that individual state resources are limited. The decision by the organiza-tion in managing environmental issues collectively enables the member states to pool scarce resources, develop collective responses to regional issues, share knowledge, and lobby another state or non-state agents (MNCs, IOs, etc.) to be more effectively.

4 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION AND REGIMES

Regional environmental cooperation may be desir-able, but severe collective action problems make it difficult to achieve. Unlike a domestic political system where a national government can regulate the behavior on its citizens effectively, there is no central sovereign authority in the regional arena to coordinate policy responses to regional environ-mental problems or to ensure that sovereign states comply with the agreements. According to neo-realist perspectives that have dominated academic international relations, individual sovereign states operate in an anarchic system in which their behav-ior is almost exclusively shaped by the considera-tions of power politics (Morgenthau, 2008). The main objective of each nation state is to survive by maximizing its power in relation to other coun-tries. As no nation can fully trust the intentions of others, individual countries are unlikely to coop-erate to protect the global and regional problems common to each other.

In such an anarchical world society, the factor which is very crucial as a basis of cooperation is the existence of regimes. As stated by Krassner (2003, p. 2), regimes are sets of implicit or explicit princi-ples, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which the expectations of countries converge in a given area of international relations. In an effort to solve regional environmental problems, the envi-ronmental regimes play a pivotal role as a basis of structuring the organization because they have the

ability to allow the establishment of cooperation in issues where diverse problems cross national border. Regimes, however, are formed to overcome collec-tive problems through the coordination of activities.

Theoretically, there are two different approaches of international/regional regimes which can be viewed as an obstacle in building regional environ-mental cooperation; they are: power-based and inter-est-based approach (Hasenclever, Rittberger and Mayer, 1997, p. 1–7; see also Young and Oshrenko, 2003). Taking into consideration the power-based perspective, cooperation emerges largely due to hegemonic distributions of power. Hegemonies, or groups of leading powers, establish cooperation that serve their interests and then impose upon others to participate. International/regional insti-tutions, including environmental regime, are thus structured and reflect the interests or preferences of dominant member(s) of the international/regional system. However, this egoism cooperation is viewed as a means for the dominant member(s) to achieve particular goal. According to the interest-based perspective, rational actors enter cooperation to achieve joint gains regardless of power distributions (Barkdull and Harris, 2002, p. 67). Actors cooperate as long as they are making absolute gains for their interest. However, cooperation remains difficult to achieve, because when states have common interest, lack of a central world authority deters them from incurring the reciprocal obligations that cooperative demands. Without such authority, the prisoner’s dilemma or the risk of cheating and free-riding may hinder cooperation (Brown, 2007, p. 50).

Sometimes the existence of previous regimes becomes a serious challenge to the effectiveness of regional organizations and regimes on envi-ronmental issues. To some extent, the “ASEAN way” of regional cooperation, for example, has become an additional impediment to environmen-tal management progress. The principle of non-interference in national government policies can undermine the adoption of practical measures aimed at addressing regional problems, lack of expertise, and lack of monitoring that hamper the ability of ASEAN to gather information on envi-ronmental issues and to address them effectively. The other principles such as consensus build-ing and cooperative programs are preferred over legally binding treaties, resulting in the absence of an effective dispute settlement mechanism. In relation to haze pollution, these weaknesses are of concern because despite years of discussions at the regional level, a consensus-based approach has not solved the problems. In fact, a significant haze event occurred as recently as September–October 2006, three years after the agreement was enforced.

The commitment of states to form regional environmental organization with a supranational

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authority means that they have accepted environ-mental regimes. By agreeing to it, a government voluntarily accepts external interference in the way that it exploits natural resources, controls pol-luting company, and keeps biodiversity within its own sovereign territory. In the case of the region which is dominated by developing countries, there are many reasons why governments may not easily accept regional environmental regimes. It is a fact, for example, that some of the states in developing countries are wracked by political conflicts and civil unrest and are having problems in deep-set poverty and inequalities. Therefore, many govern-ments have insufficient resources to implement the costly changes needed to meet environmental com-mitments, and they tend to put the issues such as Global Warming, ozone depletion, or loss of bio-diversity as their low priority. Hurrell (2005, p. 141) has rightly concluded that “the weakness link in the chain of international environmental cooperation may well not lie in the difficulties of negotiating formal agreement but, rather, in ensuring that those arrangements are effectively implemented”. How-ever, in some cases, the suggestion for the creation of environmental organization is consistent with the general thinking with regard to the ways of tackling various issues caused by the environmental degrada-tion that is trans-boundary in nature. We do believe that in the future, regional environmental regimes will be significantly developed along with the growth of a regional common green area between the states.

Regime formation, as a basis of regional environ-mental organization building, may be hastened by a highly proactive role of the scientists. The influence of scientists has been analyzed through the idea of ‘epis-temic communities’, which Peter Haas (2000) defines as “knowledge-based groups of experts and specialists who share common beliefs about cause-effect relation-ship in the world and some political values concerning the ends to which policies should be addressed”. Hav-ing identified an environmental problem, groups of scientists (usually from several countries) sufficiently move to intervene in the political process to encour-age international action. Their capacity to influence the political process rests on their ability to persuade others that their knowledge is valid and sufficiently important to acquire a policy response. In his book, Haas (2000) showed how epistemic communities helped spur the international cooperation that pro-duced the Mediterranean Action Plan in dealing with sea pollution. In line with this thought, scientists are believed to have played a similar role in the building of regimes as a basis of regional cooperation on the environmental management.

NGOs have often stressed the importance of participation in environmental regime development (Paul Wapner, 2006; Sheila Jasanoff 2008; Marga-ret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink 2000; Ann M. Flo-

rini ed. 2000). Accordingly, Lasse Ringius (2007, p. 63–65) have noted that there are four hypoth-eses about the roles of NGOs in the environmental regime development. First, environmental NGOs influence regime development by mobilizing pub-lic opinion. It is believed that public concern will ‘force” governments to pay more attention on the environmental protection needs. By whipping up public concern about a wide range of global issues and communicating the findings of scientists, inter-national NGOs—such as Greenpeace, WWF and FoE—have contributed to the domestic pressure on the government to act more proactively on the envi-ronment protection efforts (Newell, 2000). Second, environmental NGOs influence regime develop-ment by transnational coalition—building. Strong and effective transnational coalitions are built by extending environmental NGO networks and by adding scientists, special interest groups, and gov-ernments. While the number of participant actors in a transnational coalition group is an important fac-tor to pass resolutions, moratorium, and regional ban, environmental NGOs play a significant role in recruiting new members in transnational envi-ronmental coalitions. Third, environmental NGOs influence regime development by monitoring envi-ronmental commitments of the states. They are an important part of the environmental governance on an international scale and, as possessors of local knowledge, provide governments with useful information. They also generate information on compliance and non-compliance issues, which they use with great effects, and the monitoring done by environmental NGOs may compel states to revise their policies. Indeed, some analysts have stressed the potential role played by NGOs in shaping pub-lic perceptions and value about the environment, in pressing the government to act. Fourth, envi-ronmental NGOs influence regime development by advocating precaution and protection of the environment. Generally, they are looked upon as channels and legitimate representatives of public opinion and environmental interests and often par-ticipate in meetings within environmental regimes. The increase in environmental NGOs presence and participation in scientific and technical work-ing group offers them opportunity to stress their concern to the environment. Governments might be under pressure to allow the participation of the environmental NGOs, but it is inevitable and una-voidable because their participation will serve to legitimize regime rules and regulations.

Finally, we note that the environmental regime formation may be hastened by exogenous shocks such as ecological disasters. Within 6 months of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station, for example, an international agreement on dealing with nuclear accident was signed. We can say that

8

an ecological disaster is likely to be a catalyst for the environmental regime building because of its ability to produce the new norms and/or rules.

5 CONCLUSION

Nowadays, as a result of the advent of globaliza-tion, we are living in a global village and, as a result of our environmental degradation, we are facing the common threat. Moreover, the environmental prob-lems cannot be solved by the individual state acting alone, as air or marine pollution, the effect of green-house gases, and the other impacts of environmen-tal degradation do not respect political boundaries. What we need is the commitment of the states to voluntarily cooperate with each other and leave the sovereignty aside so that agreements are not impos-sible to reach. Regarding the environmental manage-ment, at present, we are witnessing the paradox of multilateral environmental agreements. The growth of such agreements since 1970s is an evidence of the strong intention of the governments to deal with the environmental problems, but the strong anarchical system has made the organizations quite difficult to be formed. As we have argued, it is the environmen-tal regimes that can act as the problem solver and can play a pivotal role as a basis in structuring the organizations. Despite the pros and cons of globali-zation, it seems that regional environmental organi-zations are certainly possible to be formed because globalization provides a golden opportunity to the environmental proponents in building a transna-tional environmental coalitional network.

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The structure of intangible capital

Figure 2. The structure of reputational capital. ChildrenChildren Children Children Children Children ChildrenChildren Children Children Children Children ChildrenChildren il r Children Children Children ChildrenChildren Children Children Children Children ChildrenChildren Children

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Figure 6. Development level of verbal intelligence

(“Bachelor” degree students).

Figure 7. Development level of verbal intelligence

(“Master” degree students).

experiment (first-year students participated in the

experiment).

The results suggest the need to form a concep

tual apparatus by providing intelligence and sec

ond language communication adequacy of future

professionals in economics and finance.

5 CONCLUSION

This article reveals the vocabulary learning strat

egy, which enriches the conceptual apparatus of a

second language. Our research proves that learn

ing a second language is based on interdisciplinary

connection that contributes to a better mastery

of theoretical ideas, conceptual apparatus, and

research methods of learning language of spe

cialty. While forming students’ professional com

municative competence, a special role is devoted to

academic projects. The academic project involves

the study of authentic proficiency sources and

academic language, makes students attain English

proficiency, and develops high level of professional

communicative competence in English. This helps

us to form a conceptual apparatus of students for

the presentation of research projects in a second

language, as well as for writing essays and present

ing written statements. Therefore, the classification

of concepts, terms, and categories proposed by ChildrenChildren Children Children Children Children ChildrenChildren Children Children Children Children ChildrenChildren Children Children

Foreign language skill as a component ofself-development procedure: Undergraduateand graduate levels

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Figure 5. Main results. nonfamily abductions, 53 percent

were by known adul ts and 45 percent

were by strangers (Office of Juvenile

justice and Delinquency Prevention, nonfamily abductions,53 percent were by known adul ts and 45 percent were bystrangers (Office of Juvenile justice and DelinquencyPrevention, nonfamily abductions, 53 percent were byknown adul ts and 45 percent were by strangers (Office ofJuvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention, nonfamilyabductions, 53 percent

were by known adul ts and 45 percent

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justice and Delinquency Prevention, nonfamily abductions,53 percent were by known adul ts and 45 percent were bystrangers (Office of Juvenile justice and DelinquencyPrevention, nonfamily abductions, 53 percent were byknown adul ts and 45 percent were by strangers (Office ofJuvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention, nonfamilyabductions, 53 percent were by known adul ts and 45percent were by strangers (Office of Juvenile justiceand Delinquency Prevention, nonfa ily abductions, 53percent were by kno n adul ts and 45 percent were bystrangers (Office of Juvenile justice and DelinquencyPrevention, nonfamily abductions, 53 percent were b knowadul ts and 45 percent were by strangers (Office ofJuvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention, nonfamilyabductions, 53 percent were by known adul ts and 45percent were by strangers (Office of Juvenile justiceand Delinquency Prevention, n family abductions, 53percent were by known adul ts and 45 percent were bystrangers (Office of Juvenile j sti e and Del nquencyPrevention, nonfamily abductions, 53 percent

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justice and Delinquency Prevention, nonfamily abductions,53 percent were by known adul ts and 45 percent were bystrangers (Office of Juvenile justice and DelinquencyPrevention,

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Predictive age-groups modeling in along-term perspective

Figure 3. Retrospective and prospective population of

the Republic of Tatarstan.

Figure 4. Population projection of 60 years old and

over in the Republic of Tatarstan. tt tt tt tt tt tt tt

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adult or go to a safe spot if they ever feel scared.Teach chi ldren their complete a trusted adu lt aboutwhat happened. Always check with a caregiver before goinganywhere with anyone. Stick with friends when playingoutside. Trust their instincts and talk to an adult or goto a safe spot if they ever feel sc red. Teach chi ldrentheir complete a trusted adu lt about what happened.Always c eck with a caregiver before going an where withanyone. Stick with friends when pla ing outside. Trustheir instincts and talk to an adult or go to a safe spotif they ever feel scared. Teach chi ldren their completea trusted adu lt about what happened. Always check with acaregiver before going anywhere with anyone. Stick withfriends when playing outside. Trust their instincts andtalk to an adult or go to a safe spot if they ever feelscared. Teach chi ldren their complete Face Tough FaceTough Face Tough Face Tough Face Tough Face Tough FaceTough Fac Tough Face Tough Face Tough Face Tough FaceTough

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Financial mechanism of managing theindustry in an innovation-driven economy

Figure 2. Algorithm of a choice of strategy of financial

security of increase of business activity of the enterprise.

Source: compiled by authors. c h i l d r e n w e r e a b du c t e d 7 8 p e r c e n t b y f a m i l y m e m b e r s an d 2 2 p e r c e n t b y n o n f a m i l y m e m b e r s (O f f i c e o f J u v e n i l e j u s t i c e a n d D e l in q u e n c y P r e v e n t i o n , c h i l d r e n w e r ea b d u c t e d 7 8 p e r c e n t b y f a m i l y m e m b er s a n d 2 2 p e r c e n t b y n o n f a m i l y m e m b er s ( O f f i c e o f J u v e n i l e j u s t i c e a n d De l i n q u e n c y P r e v e n t i o n , c h i l d r e n we r e a b d u c t e d 7 8 p e r c e n t b y f a m i l y m em b e r s a n d 2 2 p e r c e n t b y n o n f a m i l y m em b e r s ( O f f i c e o f J u v e n i l e j u s t i c e an d D e l i n q u e n c y P r e v e n t i o n , c h i l d re n w e r e a b d u c t e d 7 8 p e r c e n t b y f a m i ly m e m b e r s a n d 2 2 p e r c e n t b y n o n f a m i ly m e m b e r s ( O f f i c e o f J u v e n i l e j u s t ic e a n d D e l i n q u e n c y P r e v e n t i o n , c h il d r e n w e r e a b d u c t e d 7 8 p e r c e n t b y f am i l y m e m b e r s a n d 2 2 p e r c e n t b y n o n f am i l y m e m b e r s ( O f f i c e o f J u v e n i l e j us t i c e a n d D e l i n q u e n c y P r e v e n t i o n ,c h i l d r e n w e r e a b d u c t e d 7 8 p e r c e n t by f a m i l y m e m b e r s a n d 2 2 p e r c e n t b y n on f a m i l y m e m b e r s ( O f f i c e o f J u v e n i le j u s t i c e a n d D e l i n q u e n c y P r e v e n t io n , c h i l d r e n w e r e a b d u c t e d 7 8 p e r c en t b y f a m i l y m e m b e r s a n d 2 2 p e r c e n t by n o n f a m i l y m e m b e r s ( O f f i c e o f J u v en i l e j u s t i c e a n d D e l i n q u e n c y P r e v en t i o n , c h i l d r e n w e r e a b d u c t e d 7 8 p er c e n t b y f a m i l y m e m b e r s a n d 2 2 p e r c en t b y n o n f a m i l y m e m b e r s ( O f f i c e o f Ju v e n i l e j u s t i c e a n d D e l i n q u e n c y P re v e n t i o n ,

Development of project model to evaluatethe level of innovative development ofindustrial complex on the basis of fuzzylogic concept

Table 2. Knowledge base of a variable d.

fz fm fn fy fw fv fl fh t d

HC HC HC HC HC HC H C 2 d 1

C C C C C C BC H 3 d 1

H H H H H H C HC 1 d 1

C C C C C C C C 3 d 2

BC HC HC BC HC HC BC BC 2 d 2

HC B B HC B B B BC 1 d 2

BC BC BC BC BC BC C HC 1 d 3

BC C C BC C C C C 3 d 3

C B B C B B HC BC 2 d 3

BC B B BC B B C BC 1 d 4

BC BC BC BC BC BC HC C 2 d 4

B C C B C C H HC 3 d 4

B B B B B B HC B 1 d 5

B C C B C C H C 3 d 5

B B B B B B H BC 2 d 5

Source: Compiled by authors.

Challenges of sustainable development ofregional economy in the conditions of WTOmarket

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Figure 1. Integrative model. Safe: Safe: Safe: Safe:Safe: Safe: Safe: Safe: Safe: Safe:

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Psycho-emotional state of tourists underconditions of cultural and educationaltour

Figure 4. Tourists’ mood during implemented CPT in

the Republic of Tatarstan.

Figure 5. Comparative diagram of changes in well

being, activity and mood of women during implemented

CPT in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Figure 6. Comparative diagram of changes in well

being, activity and mood of men during implemented

CPT in the Republic of Tatarstan.

In general, the mood score in the group was 5.5

(favorable indicator) of 7 possible that indicates

the positive impact of cultural and educational

tour on the tourists.

3 RESULTS

Interpretation of the results by the diagrams (Fig

ures 5 and 6) is very special and is given only fromIssues Issues Issues Issues Issues Issues IssuesIssues Issues Issues Issues Issues Issues IssuesIssues Issues u s e d b y e v e r y o n e , a b l e t o sa t i s f y

p e r s o n a l d e s i r e s , u

s e d b y f a m

o

u

s

p e o p l e o

r u s e d b y e v e r y o n e , a b l e t o s a t i s f y

p e r s o n a l d e s i r e s , u

s e d b y f a m

o

u

s

p e o p l e o

r u s e d b y e v e r y o n e , a b l e t o s a t i s f y

p e r s o n a l d e s i r e s , u

s e d b y f a m

o

u

s

p e o p l e o

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Table 4. Variance decomposition of IDX Composite

Index.

Period IHSG HS Kospi Kurs NASDAQ Nikkei 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 296.868 0.474 0.819 0.510 0.180 0.205 3 82.879 0.664 1.1573.488 0.225 1.368 4 82.769 2.580 1.647 4.027 0.856 1.722 578.744 3.495 2.727 4.028 2.132 2.591 6 75.958 3.835 3.1503.969 2.079 5.378 7 73.035 6.008 3.858 5.117 3.795 5.019 865.429 7.050 7.425 4.885 4.159 5.023 9 59.861 7.118 8.0175.604 4.186 5.292

10 52.803 7.023 7.750 6.156 4.823 5.231

Modeling of controlling system ofenterprise stability under conditions ofvariable environment

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Methodological approach to forecastingfinancial and economic enterprisestability

Figure 1. Probability density of entering finan

cial stability coefficient into acceptable interval Ltd.

“AlfaProm”.

higher and presents—64%, while in May—it is

only 56%.

However, if we construct the graphs of density

function for these months and impose regulatory

restrictions on them, we can see that the graph

constructed for May largely lies in the stability

than the graph built for June (Figure 1).

Namely, the area under these graphs, limited

by normative values and will show the probability

of achieving financial stability. So the probabil

ity to achieve financial stability in May 2015 for

the enterprise Ltd. “AlfaProm” is 0.9349, and in

June—it is only 0.8356.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The same can be reached analyzing the factors of

economic stability.

According to that we make the following con

clusions. Firstly, during the analysis of mini

economic system stability it is necessary to define

this category from financial and economic per

spective, allowing to estimate both financial inde

pendency and achievability degree of strategic

target. Secondly, the exponents characterizing

enterprise stability shall have variable nature and

this is of high priority under conditions of world

crisis. Thirdly, information necessary for analyz

ing the enterprise from stochastic-statistical per

spective, shall be received either on retrospective

data, or expert estimate, or business-planning

statistics.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This publication was prepared within the frame

work of a research project 15-32-01051 sup

ported by the RHF. Issues Issues Issues Issues IssuesIssues Issues Issues I sues

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Table 3. Descriptive statistics for teaching approaches.Type of teachers N Mean Std. deviation Std. error meanSig. (2-tailed) Mean difference

TInfoTrans Out-of-field 26 2.4426 0.40905 0.07872 0.9090.01390 In-field 26 2.4287 0.47253 0.09267

TConChan Out-of-field 26 2.8470 0.42877 0.08252 0.449−0.08369 In-field 26 2.9307 0.36541 0.07166

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for teaching methods. Typeof teachers N Mean Std. deviation Std. error mean Sig.(2-tailed) Mean difference

TEftTea Out-of-field 26 2.4777 0.48673 0.09367 0.044−0.24464 In-field 26 2.7224 0.36417 0.07142

TActTea Out-of-field 26 2.2987 0.43679 0.08406 0.119−0.19479 In-field 26 2.4935 0.45660 0.08955

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Table 1. Goodness of fit of the model.

Index Values Critical values Criteria

Chi-square 2.326 Smaller Good

Probability 0.676 ≥0.05 Good

RMSEA 0.000 ≤0.08 Good

GFI 0.995 ≥0.90 Good

AGFI 0.973 ≥0.90 Good

CMIN/DF 0.582 ≤2.00 Good

TLI 1.016 ≥0.95 Good

CFI 1.000 ≥0.95 Good

Source: Primary data processed (2015).

Table 2. Parameter estimation. Estimate S.E. C.R. P

Belief ← Celeb Endors 0.338 0.128 2.629 0.009

Intention ← Belief 0.765 0.096 7.999 ***

Decision ← Intention 0.824 0.126 6.540 ***

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