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Speaker: Erdal Ayan, M.A.Department of ELT, Ufuk UniversityCourse: Second Language Acquisition by Prof.Dr.N.TUTAŞE-mail: [email protected]: http://web.hitit.edu.tr/erdalayan Date: 08 October 2013
AGE & ACQUISITIONREVISITED
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CONTENT
● Some Myths● Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)● Neurobiological Factors● Cognitive Factors● Affective Factors in SLA● Linguistic Factors● Language Teaching Methods● References
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Some Myths
H.H. Stern's (1970) arguments (see also Howe, 2001: 45-55):
– Repetition
– Imitation
– Sequence/order of language forms/items
● sounds > words > sentences– Sequence/order of language skills
● listening > speaking – reading > writing– Translation (!?)
– Use of language: “egocentrism” (Piaget, 2006: 38-54), prejudice, effects of culture and society, etc.
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Process of Acquisition
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Piaget's “egocentrism”:'repetitions, monologues, collective monologues'
Web link: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OinqFgsIbh0>
Piaget's “egocentrism”:'repetitions, monologues, collective monologues'
Piaget's “egocentrism”:'repetitions, monologues, collective monologues'
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Feral Children's Story: Amala and Kamala
● Found in India in 1920s
● Raised by wolves
● Language development
– Bishop H. Pakenham-Walsh:
"When I saw Kamala she could speak, quite clearly and distinctly, about thirty words; when told to say what a certain object was, she would name it, but she never used her words in a spontaneous way…. I saw her again two years later…and she had learned a good many more words."
(<http://www.learninginfo.org/amala-kamala.htm>)
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Adolescent's first language acquisition: Genie's story
Curtiss (1973) and Krashen (1974):
● Suffered from social isolation and deprivation at the age of thirteen but had no/little linguistic competence
● CPH phenomenon
● Followed almost the same path with the other children to learn the language
● Managed to acquire some important part of language to express herself in eighteen months.
● Used left hemisphere first but later right one for both “verbal and non-verbal functions”
“The first publicly released picture of Genie, taken just after California authorities
discovered her at the age of 13.” (picture from Wikipedia)
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Question-1
● Why is left hemisphere of the human brain dominant in language acquisition for most people?
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Broca and Wernick's Areas (Boeree, 2004)
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Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)
● Sensitive Period (Montessori, 1912: 313, (see also Vygotsky, 1986:189))
● Critical Periods for learning (Howe, 2001: 106-10)
– 'Correct timing, logical order of skills, conscious parents, environmental factors'
● CPH for language acquisition (!?)
– Puberty
– Accent formation
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Neurobiological Factors
● Lateralization of hemispheres
– Left Hemisphere: “intellectual, logical & analytical functions” - “language, math, logic”
– Right Hemisphere: “emotional & social needs” - “spatial abilities, face recognition, visual imagery, music”
– Time of start & complete (Krashen v.s. Lenneberg v.s. Geschwind) (!?)
– Critical period for SLA (!?)
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Accent Formation
● Supports for CPH● Hard to learn an accent after a certain age (!?) ● Critical Period only for “accent” (Scovel, 1999;
Brown, 2007)
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Question-2
● Do you agree with the idea of CP for only accent in SLA process? Why?
OR● Is it possible to switch on a completely new
accent after a certain age?
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Accent Formation
● Story of an Australian woman, Leanne Rowe with new French accent
– Happened after a car crash
● Story of a British woman, Sarah Colwill with new Chinese accent
– Triggered by severe migraine
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Foreign Accent Syndrome(FAS)
Web Link: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-rrC93uK1k>
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FAS
Web Link: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvSdH0p2txw>
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Question-3
● What are the potential disadvantages of this condition (FAS)? You may think of:
– Identity
– Language problems
– Environment
– …........................
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Cognitive Factors
● Critical stages (Piaget (1972, 1955) as cited in Brown (2007))
– Sensorymotor stage (birth to 2)
– Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7)
– Operational stage (ages 7 to 16)● Concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11)● Formal operational stage (ages 11 to 16)
● “implicit learning” Robert DeKeyser (2000)
● Vygotsky's (1986) perspectives !!!
– “social & cultural nature of development”
– “dependence on cooperation with adults” (p.189)
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Cognitive Factors
● Cognitive activity from “disequilibrium” to “equilibrium” (Piaget (1970))
● “rote” & “meaningful learning” (Ausubel (1963))
● “repetition/practice & mimicking” → “meaningful & purposeful” activities (Brown (2007))
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Affective Factors in SLA
● Emotional factors → “empathy, self-esteem, extroversion/introversion, inhibition, imitation, attitudes”
● “Language ego” v.s. “Second identity” (Guiora, 1972 as cited in Brown, 2007)
● Prejudice v.s. Tolerance
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Linguistic Factors
First Questions in German:Wo ist deine Nase?
Wo sind deine Augen?Mund?Ohren?Haare?
Second Questions in German:Where is your nose?
Where are your eyes?Mouth?Ears?Hairs?
Web Link: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvhZ3jRDVh8>
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Linguistic Factors
● Bilinguals– Code-switching
– “Mental flexibility” (Brown, 2007)
● Order of acquisition (Dulay & Burt, 1976):
1-present progressive (-ing)
2/3- in, on 4-plural (-s) 5-past irregular 6-possessive (-'s)
7-uncontractible copula (am, is, are)
8-articles (a, the) 9-past regular (-ed) 10-third-person regular (-s)
11-third-person irregular
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Question-4
SLA in Childhood - Adulthood
Learning Environment
&Motivation
Critical Age Learning Styles
Cognitive/brain activities
Accent Formation
Order of acquisition/
learning skills
Differences
Similarities
What are the differences and similarities between a child and an adult's SLA?
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Language Teaching Methods
● Total Physical Response (TPR) (Asher, 1977)– Relation between “auditory input and physical
activity”
– Imperatives → “Stand up!/Sit down!/Close it!”
● Natural Approach (Krashen, 1982)– No forced grammar rules
– “Comprehensible input”
– Natural tools → “conversations, shopping, etc.”
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References
● A to Z of Brain, Mind and Learning (online magazine) <http://www.learninginfo.org/amala-kamala.htm>
● Boeree, C.George (2004) Speech and the Brain. Retrieved from <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/speechbrain.html>
● Brown, H.Douglas (2007) (5th Ed.) Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Pearson Education ESL: New York
● Chan, W. (2013, June 21). Car crash leaves Australian woman with French accent. CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2013, from http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/20/world/australia-car-crash-new-french-accent/index.html
● Curtiss, Susan; Krashen, Stephen D.; Fromkin, Victoria A.; Rigler, David; Rigler, Marilyn (1973), "Language acquisition after the critical period: Genie as of April, 1973", in Binnick, Robert I., Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, Department of Linguistics, pp. 98–103
● Howe, Micheal J.A. (2001) Öğrenme Psikolojisi. Alfa Yay.: İstanbul
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References
● Krashen, Stephen D.; Curtiss, Susan; Fromkin, Victoria A.; Rigler, David; Rigler, Marilyn (1974), "Lateralization in the case of Genie", Cerebral dominance: Proceedings of the Workshop Conference of the Fourth International Congress of Psychoneuroendocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles January 5, 1973, Los Angeles, CA: Brain Information Service/BRI Publications Office, pp. 13–14
● Montessori, Maria (1912) (2nd Ed.) The Montessori Method. Frederick A.Stokes Comp.:New York
● Neuroscience for Kids, web: <http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/split.html>
● Piaget, Jean (2006) Çocukta Dil ve Düşünme. Palme Yay.: Ankara
● Vygotsky, Lev (1986) Thought and Language. The MIT Press: London
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