The actual facts of language usage.

The convention meaning, synonymous. The place of logic semantics

Rules or other formalism The psychological plausibility of semantic

Thinking is logic thinking.

SynonymyA word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. Adjective: synonymous. Contrast with antonym.

Synonymy is the sense relation that exists between words with closely related meanings.

Synonymy relates with wordSynonymy relates with phraseSynonymy relates with sentenceSynonymy relates with paragraph.

SynonymySynonyms are words with the same or similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. The word comes from Ancient Greek syn (σύν) ("with") and onoma (ὄνομα) ("name").

Synonyms can be any part of speech (such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or prepositions), as long as both words are the same part of speech. Here are more examples of English synonyms:

verb "buy" and "purchase"

adjective "big" and "large"

adverb "quickly" and "speedily"

preposition "on" and "upon"

Synonyms of SmallLittle, Mini, short, tiny, fine, petite

Synonyms of SoftDowny, silky, dull, low, weak, spongy, limp, malleable

Synonyms of WeakWimpy, sapped, faint, soft, flimsy

Synonyms of CreateCause, make, construct

Synonyms of HoldCling, Clench, Wait, Grip, grasp, clasp

Synonyms of RunDash, Gallop, Sprint, Scuttle

Synonyms of JumpLeap, Bounce, Hop, Vault, Spring

Word to phrasesurrender = give upescape = run awayswitch = put onchallenge= take on

Word to sentence She is an orphan = She is a child and have no father and mother.

Word to clauseAndi lives in Jakarta = Andi lives in the capital of Indonesia.

Entailment Is the relation between the two sentences under which one follows necessary from the other by the virtue of a certain semantic relation between them.

Entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth one (A) requires the truth of the other (B).

An entailment can be thought of as a relation between one sentences or set of sentences.

ExamplesMary broke the window ||- The window broke

Sue and Fred went to the party ||- Sue went to the party.

X entails YIf X is true, Y is true. Also, if Y is false, X is false.

Inconsistency The definition of an inconsistency is the fact/state of not being the same throughout.

(noun)An example of an inconsistency is when two of the same cocktails taste very different from each other.

John is an orphan is inconsistent with John has a father. So the rule is:

X is inconsistent with YIf X is true, Y is false and also if Y is true, X is false

TautologyIs a semantic redundancy that in it there is a superfluous information.

Ex. The woman is an adult, the kid is a child.

It is also a meaningless repetition. My sister is an unmarried virgin.

•"At the risk of being redundant and repetitive, and redundant, let me say that tautology is the last thing children need from their parents, especially when they are in trouble.

"Whatever you have to say, whatever you do, avoid tautology. Try to say it only once!"(Tom Sturges, Parking Lot Rules & 75 Other Ideas for Raising Amazing Children. Ballantine, 2009)

RulesThe rule of tautology would be:X is a tautology X is invariably true.

ContradictionA contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility between two or more propositions.

We say that a statement, or set of statements is logically consistent when it involves no logical contradiction.

The term deals with a contradiction between the subject and predicate in their words. That the meaning of the subject contains information incompatible with what is attributed to it in the predicate.

ExampleI love you and I don't love you.Butch is married to Barb but Barb is not married to Butch.

I know I promised to show up today, but I don't see why I should come if I don't feel like it.

The restaurant opens at five o'clock and it serves dinner between four and nine.

John Lasagna will be a little late for the party.  He died yesterday.