The overseer of mSa of the section of nfrw (stela London BM EA 1822), Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 43, 2014 , 415-419, Tf. 16

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The overseer of mSa of the section of nfrw (stela London BM EA 1822)

Danijela Stefanović

(Taf. 16)

Abstract The aim of this article is the publication of the early Middle Kingdom stela London BM EA 1822, as well as the analysis of the title mr mSa n wart which is otherwise unattested. Rectangular limestone stela, London BM EA 18221 measures 46 x 51 cm. It was acquired by the British Museum in 1961, from M. Sameda. The stela had been broken into two large parts which were later rejoined. Still, the lower right corner is missing. The object was presumably placed in a tomb chapel, or has been the centre-piece of an offering chapel, where it would act as the focus of a funerary cult.

The surface of the stela is divided into two areas. At the top are three lines of text, written from right to left, which contains an offering formula:

1) Htp dj nsw gb xA t Hnqt xA jHw ApDw xA Ss mnxt xA snTr xA m 2) qbHw xA m xt nbt nfrt n kA n mr mSa n wart 3) nt nfrw mrjj nb.f mAa jmAx Xtjj-wAH 1) An offering which the king has given, and Geb,2 a thousand of bread and beer, a thousand of beef and fowl, a thousand of (oil in) alabaster (vessels) and linen, a thousand of incense, a thousand of libation (water) 2) offerings and a thousand of everything good and pure for the ka of overseer of the mSa of the section 3) of nfrw, the truly beloved by his lord,3 the venerated Xtjj-wAH4

1 PM VIII/3 803-030-292. 2 The god Geb is rarely attested in the ‘offering formula’ (Durham N1941; Cairo, GC 20390, 20402,

90151; Karlsruhe H.412; Liverpool M13846; Lovre C182; KHM ÄS 112, 118; PT 172, 599; BM 903). See LGG VII, 303–305; P. Vernus, Deux statues du Moyen empire, in: BIFAO 74, 1974, 158.

3 For the epithet mrjj nb.f mAa, see D. Doxey, Egyptian Non-Royal Epithets in the Middle Kingdom: A Social and Historical Analysis, PÄ 12, Leiden 1988, 134-135.

4 Ranke, PN I, 278/6 referring to Louvre C181; for the Xtjj-wAH, attested on Wadi Hammamat inscriptions, see R. Leprohon, The Reign of Amenemhet III, Ph.D. diss, (unpublished), Toronto 1980, 315, 370 (785-786).


418 D. Stefanović SAK 43

In the main register below, the scene, carved in raised relief, shows Xtjj-wAH on the left, seated on a low-backed chair, facing right toward a rich offering table. The facial features display fleshy lips, elongated eyes and pointed nose. He wears a bagwig that leaves his ears uncovered, a kilt and a broad collar. His right hand rests on his chest, holding a handkerchief, while his left reaches out toward the offerings piled on top of the bread loaves5: joints of meat, loaves of various shapes, ducks or gooses, a basket of figs on a tray, onions or leeks, and other vegetables.

The offering formula alone, based on its elements, the omission of the dj.f prt-xrw formula, and epigraphic criteria would suggest a date in the first half of Dynasty 12, before the reign of Senwosret III.6 Stylistically, the object may belong to the cluster of stelae labeled by R. Freed as workshop no 6 – Large Male showing a seated official before a table of offerings, with no other people depicted.7

The title of Xtjj-wAH, mr mSa n wart nt nfrw, is otherwise unattested. This is a compound title consisting of two elements: mr mSa and wart nt nfrw. While the title mr mSa8 is well

5 For the arrangement of the offering scene, and it’s resemblance to the late Old Kingdom - First

Intermediate Period patterns, see E. Brovarski, False Doors and History. The First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom, in: D. Silverman - W.K. Simpson - Josef Wegner (eds.), Archaism and Innovation, Studies in the Culture of Middle Kingdom Egypt, New Haven - Philadelphia 2009, 397-407; Id., A second style in Egyptian relief of the Old Kingdom, in: S. Thompson - P. der Manuelian (eds.), Egypt and Beyond: Essays presented to Leonard H. Lesko, Providence 2008, 74–75.

6 J. C. Bennett, Growth of the Htp-di-nsw Formula in the Middle Kingdom, in: JEA 27, 1941, 77-82; C. Obsomer, Di.f prt xrw et la filiation ms(t).n/ir(t).n comme critères de datation dans les textes du Moyen Empire, in: C. Cannuyer and J-M. Kruchten (eds), Individu, société et spiritualité dans l’Égypte pharaonique et copte: Mélanges égyptologiques offerts au Professeur Aristide Théodoridès, Brussels 1993, 163–201; H. Satzinger, Beobachtungen zur Opferformel: Theorie and Praxis, in: LingAeg 5, 1997, 177–188; D. Spanel, Palaeographic and Epigraphic Distinctions between Texts of the So–called First Intermediate Period and the Early Twelfth Dynasty, in: P. Der Manuelian (ed.), Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson II, Boston 1996, 771; O. D. Berlev, Один из способов датировки стел Среднего Царства (формула ‘О живые, сущие на земле . . .’), Краткие сообщения Института народов Азии 46, 1962, 66; A. Ilin-Tomich, Changes in the Htp-dj-nsw Formula in the Late Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period, ZÄS 138, 2011, 21, n.11.

7 R. Freed, Stela Workshops of Early Dynasty 12, in: Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson I, 315. The stelae from the first half of the 12th Dynasty include London BM EA 251, BM EA 585, BM EA 587; the stelae of ANOC 3 (EA 566, EA 830, Louvre C 240) and 71 (Zagreb 1 and 2); Cairo CG 20053. See also W. Grajetzki, Two Treasurers of the Late Middle Kingdom, BAR 1007, London, 200, 13.

8 A. Gardiner, AEO I, 25; W. Ward, Index of Egyptian administrative and religious titles of the Middle Kingdom, Beirut 1982, no 205; R. O. Faulkner, Egyptian Military Organization, in: JEA 39, 1954, 33-39; M-P. Chevereau, Contribution à la prosopographie des cadres militaries du Moyen Empire, in: RdE 42, 1991, 46-56; L. Gestermann, Kontinuität und Wandel in Politik und Verwaltung des Frühen Mittleren Reiches in Ägypten, GOF IV/18, Wiesbaden 1987, 191ff; A. R. Schulman, Military Rank, Title and Organisation in the Egyptian New Kingdom, MÄS 6, Berlin 1964, § 94-101; W. Grajetzki, Die höchsten Beamten der ägyptischen Zentralverwaltung zur Zeit des Mittleren Reiches: Prosoprographie, Titel und Titelreihen, Achet: Schriften zur Ägyptologie 2, Berlin 2000, 116-129; S. Quirke, Titles and bureaux of Egypt 1850-1700 BC, GHP Egyptology 1, London 2004, 98-99; D. Stefanović, The Holders of Regular Military Titles in the Period of the Middle Kingdom: Dossiers, GHP Egyptology 4, London 2006, 182-202 (for the list of titleholders).

dbHt-Htp the required offerings


2014 The overseer of mSa of the section of nfrw 419

attested, and belongs to the group of so-called ‘regular military titles’,9 the syntagm wart nt nfrw has not been recorded in any other sources.

During the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period, ‘overseers of mSa’, as is recorded in their biographies, biographical phrases and the context of the sources, have been attested in military10 and non military enterprises11 - quite often involved in building projects and expeditions. Similarly, the overseer of mSa was in charge of various ‘companies’ of people, who were engaged in military and non military tasks, or who were identified by their professions,12 or ethnonyms.13 With the same analogy, the word mSa14 (although the standard orthography of mSa displays the determinative / classifier of a soldier and in accordance with the classifier theory, the semantic origin of mSa should therefore be ‘military’)15 in the Middle Kingdom sources, has been attested as:

9 S. Quirke, The regular titles of the Late Middle Kingdom, in: RdE 37, 1986, 122. 10 See, for example stelae Louvre C1 (Grajetzki, Zentralverwaltung, 127; C. Obsomer, La date de Nésou-

Montou (Louvre C1), in: RdE 44, 1993, 103-140; Id., Sésostris Ier: Etude chronologique et historique du règne, Connaissance de l'Égypte Ancienne Études 5, Bruxelles 1995, 546-552; L. Berman, Amenemhet I, Diss. Yale University, New Haven Conn 1985, 107-109; Grajetzki, Zentralverwaltung, 118; Stefanović, The Holders of Regular Military Titles, 1089), Florenz 2540 (H. S. Smith, The fortress of Buhen: The Inscriptions, EES Excavation Memoirs 48, London 1976, 39-41; C. Obsomer, Les lignes 8 à 24 dela stele de Mentouhotep (Florence 2540) érigée à Bouhen en l'an 18 de Sésostris Ier, in: GM 130, 1992, 57-74; Id., Sesostris Ier, doc. 137; Grajetzki, Zentralverwaltung, 127; Stefanović, The Holders of Regular Military Titles, 1009), and Boston MFA 29. 1130 (R. Leprohon, Stelae II: The New Kingdom to the Coptic Period, CAA Boston 3, Mainz 1991, 153-155; Grajetzki, Zentralverwaltung, 128; Stefanović, The Holders of Regular Military Titles, 1008).

11 For example, the mr mSa sbkj (Munich Gl WAF 31) held the post of a Hrj-tp mDHww rwDt n Hm.f m kAt nbt nt pr–nswt (Grajetzki, Zentralverwaltung, 128; Stefanović, The Holders of Regular Military Titles, 1047).

12 The late Middle Kingdom stela Liverpool Museum M.13634 records an ‘overseer of the mSa of rowers’ (mr mSa n Xnww; see Lieblein, NWB, no. 293; D. Jones, A Glossary of Andent Egyptian Nautical Titles and Terms, London 1988, 58 [40]). The ‘overseer of the mSa of stonemasons’ (mr mSa n Xrtjw-nTr; Ward, Index MK, 212) is well attested from the reign of Senwosret I on at the quarry sites of Wadi Hammamat (G 61), and on Sinai (IS no 90), and only from the late 12th or early 13th Dynasty on stelae found at Abydos (See K. Kothay, Phyles of stone-workers in the phyle system of the Middle Kingdom, in: ZÄS 134, 2007, 147). For mr mSa n sqdw (‘overseer of mSa of sailors’) see J. Allen, The Historical Inscription of Khnumhotep at Dahshur: Preliminary Report, in: BASOR 352, 2008, 29-39.

13 mr mSa n aAmw (Ward, Index MK, 206). 14 Wb II, 155–156. See, C. Eyre, Work and the Organization of Work in the Old Kingdom, in: M. Powell

(ed.), Labor in the Ancient Near East, New Heaven 1987, 10; G.P.F. van den Boorn, Duties Of The Vizier: Civil Administration in the Early New Kingdom, London 1988, 119; W. Helck, Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs, PÄ 3, Leiden 1958, 36.

15 See O. Goldwasser, A Comparison between Classifier Languages and Classifier Script: The Case of Ancient Egyptian, in: G. Goldenberg - A. Shisha-Halevy (eds.), Egyptian, Semitic and general grammar: Studies in memory of H. J. Polotsky, Jerusalem 2009, 16–39.


420 D. Stefanović SAK 43

1. a fighting unit (very often under command of non-military personnel);16 2. an expedition force / mission (people of mSa in such cases are variously specified – simply as mSa n s 3000,17 mSa 20000,18 rxt n mSa19 or more precisely mSa.f n Xrtjw-nTr 20 jkjw 30 Xnw 30 mSaw aSAw 2000; 20 3. labour force.21

The ubiquitous nature of the Middle Kingdom mSa may imply that its people were

grown up males (agricultural producers) of local contingents raised on occasion, for the purposes of any collective enterprises the state was able to conduct, and engaged, perhaps, in the same way as men were recruited for corvée labor, public building and civic projects, or war. 22

It is well known that various groups of artisans, or craftsman, were organised in a wart, i.e. a ‘section’ or production unit supervised by an overseer.23 Thus, wart denotes a group of craftsmen in the same profession, but perhaps also a site where they were concentrated

16 As, for example, in the Annals of Amenemhat II (H. Altenmüller - A. M. Moussa, Die Inschrift

Amenemhets II. aus dem Ptah-Tempel von Memphis: Vorbericht, in: SAK 18, 1991, 47ff; J. Málek - S. Quirke, Memphis 1991: Epigraphy, in: JEA 78, 1992, 13-18, and more recently E. Marcus, Amenemhet II and the sea: maritime aspects of the Mit Rahina (Memphis) inscription, in: ÄL 17, 2007, 137 - 190), in the authobiography of Khusobek named Djaa (Manchester Museum 3306; John Baines, The Stela of Khusobek: Private and Royal Military Narrative and Values, in: J. Osing (ed.), Form und Mass: Festschrift für Gerhard Fecht zum 65. Geburtstag, ÄAT 12, Wiesbaden 1987, 43-61), or in a tomb inscription of the nomarch Amenemhat (Beni Hasan no 2; P. E. Newberry, Beni Hasan I, London 1898, 25). For a more general overview see: C. Raedler, Zur Prosopographie von altägyptischen Militärangehörigen, in: R. Gundlach - C. Vogel (eds.), Militärgeschichte des pharaonischen Ägypten: Altägypten und seine Nachbarkulturen im Spiegel der aktuellen Forschung, Paderborn 2003, 325–328.

17 J. Couyat - P. Montet, Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât, Le Caire, 1913, no 114, 427-429 (see also K-J. Seyfried, Beiträge zu den Expeditionen des Mittleren Reiches in die Ostwüste, HAB 15, Hildesheim 1981, 243-244; C. Vandersleyen, Les inscriptions 114 et 1 du Ouadi Hammamât (11e dynastie), in: CdE 64, 1989, 148-158), and M. Abdel-Raziq, New Inscriptions at El Ein El–Sukhna, in: Memnonia X, 1999, 129, pl. XXXIII.

18 E. Eichler, Untersuchungen zum Expeditionswesen des ägyptischen Alten Reiches, GOF IV/ 26, Wiesbaden 1993, 113 [U].

19 A. I. Sadek, The Amethyst Mining Inscriptions of Wadi El-Hudi I, Warminster 1980, no 4, 6, 20, 23 B. Cf. Seyfried, Expeditionen, 218ff;

20 Couyat - Montet, Ouâdi Hammâmât, no 19, lines 14-15; cf. Faulkner, in: JEA 39, 1954, 38; or more detailed list in G. Goyon, Nouvelles inscriptions rupestres du Wadi Hammamat, Paris 1957, no 61; D. Farout, La carrière du wehemu Ameny et l'organisation des expéditions au Ouadi Hammamat au Moyen Empire, in: BIFAO 94, 1994, 145–147; Obsomer, Sesostris Ier, doc. 149.

21 F. Arnold, The South Cemeteries of Lisht/2: The Control Notes and Team Marks, PMMA 23, New York 1990, 25. For the context of mSa on the stela Tübingen 458 [10/ swD.Tn iAwt.Tn n Xrdw.Tn pH.Tn 11/ m Htp sDdw.Tn mSaw.Tn n Hmwt.Tn] - see more recently D. Silverman, The Appeal of Sobek-hotep, in: T. A. Bacs, A tribute to excellence; Studies offered in honor of Ernö Gaál, Ulrich Luft, László Török, Studia Aegyptiaca 17, Budapest 2002, 425–426) I do not have a precise explanation, except that it perhaps refers to the ‘generation’, or to the ‘company.’

22 J. C. Moreno Garcia, War in Old Kingdom Egypt (2686-2125 BCE), in: J. Vidal (ed.), Studies on War in the Ancient Near East, AOAT 372, Münster 2010, 14.

23 For example, mr wart n irw wHmt (Ward, Index MK, 109; H. G. Fischer, Egyptian Titles of the Middle Kingdom. A Supplement to Wm. Ward’s Index, New York 1985, 47; Quirke, Titles and bureaux, 76-77; S. Quirke, 'Art' and 'the Artist' in late Middle Kingdom administration, in: S. Quirke (ed.), Discovering Egypt from the Neva: The egyptological legacy of Oleg D. Berlev, Berlin 2003, 90, 94), or mr wart n sSw qdwt (Ward, Index MK, 117; Fischer, Egyptian Titles, 47; Quirke, Titles and bureaux, 75-76; Quirke, in: Discovering Egypt from the Neva, 91, 96).


2014 The overseer of mSa of the section of nfrw 421

within a larger production or workshop area, in which different professions coexisted, each organised in their own ‘section’.24 The term wart was also used as a marker of territorial or even administrative districts.25 The exact scope of duties of an wart is still puzzling, although the terms wart mHtt - northern mHtt, wart rst - wart of the South, wart tp rsy - wart of the Head of the South are frequently attested during the late Middle Kingdom, referring to some sort of administrative, geographically definable areas, or districts of Egypt.26

The wart of nfrw would refer than to the ‘section of nfrw’, and is otherwise unattested. The term nfrw points to groups of young men in military, labor, and expeditionary contexts,27 perhaps young men of a working age. Although the inscription on the stela London BM EA 1822 may seem to be typical and formulistic (consisting just of the Htp dj nswt formula, the dedicator’s name and the title) it is a good example of the richness and variety in one particular aspect of social studies of Middle Kingdom Egypt, namely the importance of the data of titles and titular sequences.

24 A study on the wart system for craftsmen working with valuable materials is Quirke, in: Discovering

Egypt from the Neva, 89 ff. Rock inscription Sinai no. 24A from the reign of Amenemhat III mentions four stonemasons attached to wart sections, and each of these sections is probably named after its overseer: Senwosret, Heqaib and two men called Amenyseneb.

25 W. C. Hayes, Notes on the Government of Egypt in the Late Middle Kingdom, in: JNES 12, 1953, 31-33; J. Wegner, Regional Control in Middle Kingdom Lower Nubia: The History and Function of the Settlement at Areika, in: JARCE 32, 1995, 151–152; D. Stefanović, wart mHtt on the stela Sinai 115, in: GM 190, 2002, 75-82; S. Quirke, The Administration of Egypt in the Late Middle Kingdom, New Malden 1991, 4.

26 Helck, Verwaltung, 13, 241–243; Leprohon, The Reign of Amenemhet III, 234sq; L. Gestermann, Der politische und kulturelle Wandel unter Sesostris III - Ein Entwurf, in: L. Gestermann (ed.), Per Aspera ad Astra: Wolfgang Schenkel zum neunundfünfzigsten Geburtstag, Kassel 1995, §6; see also H. Kees, Zur Bedeutung von wart in Urkunden der MR, ZÄS 70, 1934, 86–91; R. Leprohon, Some Remarks of the “Administrative Department” (wart ) of the Late Middle Kingdom, JSSEA X/2,1980, 162sq; Quirke, Administration, 4.

27 Scholars have assigned significantly different renderings and interpretations to the term nfrw (Wb II, 258; cf. E. Feucht, Das Kind im Alten Ägypten: Die Stellung des Kindes in Familie und Gesellschaft nach altägyptischen Texten und Darstellungen, Frankfurt - New York 1995, 524-526). As the word has often been related to its homonym meaning “young man, recruit,” W. Helck systematically favoured, in respect to the New Kingdom attestation, to translate the nfrw as ‘recruits of the army.’ This was in part based on the determinative used - the figure of a child or youth (W. Helck, Der Einfluß der Militärführer in der 18. ägyptischen Dynastie, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens 14, Leipzig 1939, 15ff). On the other hand Faulkner argued that the nfrw carried out tasks as labourers rather than soldiers (Faulkner, in: JEA 39, 1954, 55; for the Old Kingdom attestations see P. Posener-Kriéger, Les papyrus de Gébélein: Rémarques preliminaries, in: RdE 27, 1975, 211-221; H. G. Fischer, The Inspector of Youths nfr-n-xwfw, in: OMRO 41, 1960, 1-13; Id., A Scribe of the Army in the Saqqara Mastaba of the Early Fifth Dynasty, in: JNES 18, 1959, 258-261; Eyre, in: Labor in the Ancient Near East, 19). Schulman however pointed out that the New Kingdom sources indicate rather a type of “elite troops,” who while perhaps young were not newly enlisted (Schulman, Military Rank, 20-21). The wide range of use for nfrw in general, and as an element of various syntagms and titles in particular, suggest that the translation of nfrw has to be broadened to include a non-military meaning, especially within the realm of the Middle Kingdom (see, for example IS no 85 recording rxt n DAmw nfrw wD Ht-Hr, and comments by D. Mueller, Some Remarks on Wage Rates in the Middle Kingdom, in: JNES 34, 1975, 251ff; for the possible military ‘context’ of the term see A. Erman, Zwei rekrutenaushebungen im Abydos aus dem Mittleren Reich, in: ZÄS 38, 1900, 42-45, and Leprohon, Amenemhat III, 46).


Tafel 16 D. Stefanović SAK 43

Stela London BM EA 1822 © The Trustees of the British Museum


Inhaltsverzeichnis

Abdel-Raziq, Abdalla Three Late Middle Kingdom Stelae from Al-Salam School Museum, Assiut (Taf. 1-3) ........................................................... 1-16 Antoine, Jean-Christophe Social position and the organisation of landholding in Ramesside Egypt. An analysis of the Wilbour Papyrus ......................................................................... 17-46 Breyer, Francis Vorlagen zur ›Punthalle‹ von Dair al-Baḥrī aus dem Alten Reich. Philologisch-epigraphische, textkritische und ikonographische cruces im Zusammenspiel von Darstellungen und Inschriften ................................................. 47-91 Di Biase-Dyson, Camilla Multiple Dimensions of Interpretation. Reassessing the Magic Brick Berlin ÄMP 15559 (Taf. 4) ....................................... 93-107 Díaz Hernández, Roberto A. The Role of the War Chariot in the Formation of the Egyptian Empire in the Early 18th Dynasty .................................................... 109-122 Hellum, Jennifer Toward an Understanding of the Use of Myth in the Pyramid Texts ....................... 123-142 Hsu, Shih-Wei Pharaos Körper: Tiere als bildliche Ausdrücke in den Königsinschriften ............... 143-157 Kahl, Jochem Assiut – Theben – Tebtynis. Wissensbewegungen von der Ersten Zwischenzeit und dem Mittleren Reich bis in Römische Zeit ............................................................... 159-172

Klotz, David Hibis Varia (§1-3): Diverse Liturgical Texts from Hibis Temple ............................ 173-207 Lapp, Günther Totentexte der Privatleute vom Ende des Alten Reiches bis zur 1. Zwischenzeit unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Sargkammern und Särgen ......................... 209-222 Malaise, Michel Le calathos sur la tête d’Isis: une enquête ................................................................ 223-265


VI Inhaltsverzeichnis SAK 43 (2014)

Metawi, Dina The False Door of WDa-©ri (Cairo Museum, without number) (Taf. 5-7) ............... 267-276 O’Rourke, Paul F. The Book of the Dead of Ankhefenkhonsu in Brooklyn (Taf. 8-12) ....................... 277-315 Ramcke, Rainer Der Sothis-Zyklus und die zwei Anfänge des altägyptischen Verwaltungskalenders. Eine astronomische Simulation .......................................... 317-358 Ridealgh, Kim A Tale of Semantics and Suppressions: Reinterpreting Papyrus Mayer A and the So-called ‘War of the High Priest’during the Reign of Ramesses XI ......... 359-373 Rummel, Ute War, death and burial of the High Priest Amenhotep: the archaeological record at Dra’ Abu el-Naga (Taf. 13-15) .................................... 375-397 Spalinger, Anthony John Eleventh Day, Twelfth Night: Further Remarks Concerning Three Feasts in Egyptian Civil Tooth ....................... 399-415 Stefanović, Danijela The overseer of mSa of the section of nfrw (stela London BM EA 1822) (Taf 16) ...................................................................... 417-421 Theis, Christoffer Zu den an der Pyramide Lepsius XIII gefundenen Namen. Die Frage nach Nfr-k# und B#-k# ............................................................................... 423-438 El-Tonssy, Mohamed A. / Mohamed, Yossef Two Unpublished False Doors from Saqqara (Taf. 17-18) ...................................... 439-455 Anschriften der Autorinnen und Autoren ................................................................. 457-458 Tafeln 1-18


Documents

The overseer of mSa of the section of nfrw (stela London BM EA 1822), Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 43, 2014 , 415-419, Tf. 16