Transnational News of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of North-South Mass Media

COMUNICACIO I REALITAT COMUN~CAC~ON y RE4LIDAD COMMUNICATION and REALITY

Violencies i mitjans d e comunicacio: recursos i disci~rsos

Violencias y medios de comunicacion: recursos y discursos

Violence a n d Media: Resources a n d Discourses

Barcelona, 9, 10 de maig/mayo/May 2003 Facultat de Ciencies de la Comunicacio Blanquerna-Universitat Ramon Lluli

Facultat de Ciencies de la Cornunicaclo l~lanquerna K l t ~ i v e r s i t a t R a m o n 1.1~111

T>adcc c.ltalogriifiqucs 'l'ripodos: I.leng~1atge-Pcneament-(1i)mu11icacib 1 Univcrsitat Ka~non T.lull. 1,'acultat d r C:ii.ncles de la (:omun1caci6. 1 9 ) . - 13arcelona. 23 cm.

Semestra1.- A partir del numero 2 (nove~nbre 1996) el nom dc la publicacib canvia de Tripode a Tripotlo~. ISSh: 1 l:38-:3:3OS

Oirector Miquel Tresserras

Redactor e n cap Xavier Pericay

C:onsell d e redaccih Htctor Borl-,lt I'ablo Capilla 1:ernando de Felipr Oriol lzquierdo Xavier Perica!, Joan Sabatc ;\lt~ert Siez I:crran IOutain Miquel 'fresserras Meritxell ICoca (secretaria)

Producci6 Blanquerna Tecnologia i Serveis, S.L. (:orrccci6 Magda Mirabet

(:olnpo\iciO Servei de Ilisceny i Publication\ Rlallquc.rn;~

Intercanvi Facultat de CiPncies de la Comunlcacib Blanquerna Biblioteca clValldonzella, 23 08001 Rarcelona Tel. 93 253 30 96

Sllbscripcions Rlnnquerna 'fecnologia i Serveic, S.1.. 1:acultat Ciencies de la Comunlcaci6 Blanquerna cl Valldonzella 23, 08001 Barcelona Tel. 93 253 31 08

(:ol.laboracions Els originals dele articles no hauran de tenir mts de 15 paginec i s ' h , ~ ~ ~ r , ~ n d'enviar en palwr i cuport intormitic. 1,'acultat Ciencies de la ComunicaciC, Rlanquerlra cl Valldonzella 23, 08001 BarceIona Tel. 93 253 31 97 Fax. 93 253 32 07

Drets exclusius d'edicio: Facultat Cli.ncics de la Comunicacib Hlanquerna - Unlversitat Kamon I lull

I ) i l ~ O c i t I.egal: 13-15.673-96 ImprP\ a Esparlya. I'rinted in S p a ~ n Impressio: Komargraf, SA

La reproduccib total o parcial d'aquesta obra per qualcevol proccdimrnt CT rigorosarnent prohibida scnse I'autoritzacih cjcrit,~ dcl\ titulart del c .o / ry r i~ l~ t i cst i \otrne\d a Ic\ 5anclons e~tdl~lcrtcc d la Ilei.

Sumari / Sumario / Contents

Presentacio / Presentacion / Presentation

1. Pensar i (re)pensar la violencia / Pensar y (re)pensar la violencia / Thin- king and (re)thinking violence

El "c~rrtrc~-tlr~~x" tc,lc?,itir~r~. I~'io1nrc-irrt t i rrr l~t i l ic~~~c /\,iolrlrr-iizs sc~risiblt~\ c ~ r l i r rreotc~li~\~ititirr. Gerard Iml)c.rt

1. Repensar la violencia / Repensar la violencia / Reth ink ing violence

Kc[~tc~s i lirrritrzc-iorls riels rst~rt l is tobrc, viol>rrc-iir i tc,lei,isid. J o r d i Busquct

The ,Meunirq of Violcrrc'c3: uri Errl[~irii-cz/ Str~ti}, irrto Hoiv People T/lirrk ilborrt, ~ i r l t l Dt,firle t1 Violerlt

Ai.1 ti.\ C'iolc.rrc-1,. !\ndrea M i l l w o o d Hargravc, [)avid I:. Morr ison, Michael Svcnnevig.

1.11 ~O~,~OIILI y cI c,)pc,jo: tobrc, lrrr irrr/~lic-t~c-iorrt tor-ioc-rrltrrrrili~.\ rlc I t r rc~/~rc~terrtc~c~rtir, rlc I r l violcrrc-ill.

Jose M i g u e l Aguai lo

Repc~llstlr l a viol~rrr- iu destle l a c~rlt~rr iz. M i q ~ ~ e l Rodr igo

1.~1 currczc.idrr i k ' l c-lrc'riio politico: rticlrcl.tirjr1 !, rliictlo c-orno 1rso.s /~olitic-ot rlc Itr \,ioi~vrc-iii rcJprecc'rr-

trr i l i~. h l ,~nue l Meni.ndc.7.

2. La violencia des d e l p u n t d e vista de l receptor / La violencia desde e l p u n t o d e vista d e l

receptor / Violence f r o m receivers' p o i n t o f v iew

(,'/li/it/~eleJ(/, \'icl/i'!li~i, 11111/ ' / ' i~/ l~l '~\ iOll : T r ~ l ~ ~ ~ i . t i ~ ~ ~ Li\i' l l l l i / (~/~i/ l / /1001/ /'i'/'e~l'/Jti~l~~ 111 briO/e'tll L' ill

Tc~lc\~it ior l . Sue .\ran, Francesc Barata, lorc l i Uusquet. I'ilar Med ina , Silvia Mor611

\7ioli.rrc-ic~ rrprt~.sc~rrtatia i irrlri,yirlrlri social. Lec rlarratives tlr 1iz violt.rzciu u p r o ~ l i ~ s i t tle 1'11 tie

sl'terrrbre. Sue Aran

E l rlcstirri~tc~rio rlc I t1 corrr~rrrict~i~itirr ~rrltc, rr~c~rrsrrjc~t \,iolorto\. I<ocicl <:tlamizo

Li1 i~rr l r rc~rc~t~ i l i t r~t rlrl.\ ~rslrrrric 11cl.t rrlitjtrrls. M o n t s e r r ~ t (ruetada

Yo~rrr,y Pf,oplc~' Ute uf McJ~litr Violerite. A Use\ rzrrtl (irtltific-cltiorrs .lppro~rc-l~. Kei th Roe, He id i

Vandebotch

L'ioli8rrc-iii 1, Ic:yitirr~itlt~ri. Lir viol~rrc-io cJrr 10s rr~c~tl iot tlc c-ortlrrrric-ilc-iti,l i-orrro ~-rc~cltloril rlc tli,rclc-/lo.

( ; rupo I'icnic

I l . l ~ ~ t i o r ~ s tie c-orrrrrrritizt: l'ccpcli pr iv i l t tie l a I l t i r i I'esprzi rnotlicct tlcl c-iberetpr~i. L lu is Any6

Sirle rlite utqlie uff?rrciorle r l ih i l getrlrit rrrcz.s.s.srnc~tiir~ /I~I~~'IIS: corrflic'to, rrletlioc r l r i-orrrrrrlicucidr~ y

1rrgnrc.s irr l i~~yir~rir ios c-~~rrr~rr~cs. Cesar San N i c o l i s

11. Recursos i discursos de la violencia en la informaci6 / Recursos y discursos

de la violencia en la informacion / Resources and discourses of violence in

information

1. Tractament in fo rmat iu d e l conf l ic te / T ra tamien to in fo rmat i vo d e l conf l ic t0 / News t re -

a t m e n t o f conf l ic t

"(;ootl Byc Nrjw Yor-k Skylitir" h'r,tc\ (:cr\~ercz~ye of tllc~ Tw in To~r . t~ r Attczc.k by t l~ r ' t)lrtc.ll C l i l t i re r~ ' .~

Sclu'c. l u l i e t t e H. W a l m a v a n der hfo len, M a r i j n d c Vrivs

11 f ; / o l / c z 111 ( i r i ~ e i ~ i r i r r r i i ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ i i ~ r ~ : / ~ rc , i i \ t ~ >, c i ~ i i t l i c ~ l i ~ I ' I I \ ~ . ~ I . 1,riric Xico!. , Pvtxo l ( i i ?yng i~ , T x c r i i ; ~

l<:t 1111rc./ clr I < t I ' I X in:^ 20.3

1 ' i r l / i , ~ ~ i i 2 ,I\ , \ ' i ~ r r - ( , i ~ r r r i i i ~ r ~ i i ~ ~ ~ r / i o i r : l~lrc, ,\"~IKs I)ittc,rc~rrti(r/ of ti11\11rtrii L I I I ~ I Nortlic~(r.st ( . ' o~ r t I i ~~ ts iir

t l i l , 1iitI;t111 . Y I I [ ~ O I I ~ I / llic'\.\. I'r;is~111 Sori \valLi~r 225

~ ~ i ~ ~ i r ~ t i t r t i i ~ i r t ~ l , \ 'c '~t, \ of /Ire, , ~ l r ~ ~ l ~ - l ~ i t i c ~ l i (;tir~tlic-t: .4 ( ~ o i ? r / ~ t r i ~ ~ r t i ~ ~ c , . l r i i ~ / ~ ~ s i . ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ Y o r ~ t l r - . S o ~ ~ t l i .MII.S\

.\11~~Iiti, \ l L t I i ~ i i i ~ t r c l l.icl 2 1 1

l . '~~rr~r i r i iccr i - i i j i~ ), ci111/1i~ 111: ( , I e i r \ i ~ 111, / ( I " ( ; r r~ , r r t~ iIc,/ ( ; I I / ~ I I " . !'in:t ; \ l ~ i i : r ~ i \ : ~ 7 5 5

" . \ / I / \ . \ r r i i , i i i l i " ~ ~ c ~ i i r ~ i i ~ r t r l ~ t l r ~ ~ i L ~ I I 111 soc-ic'1Ii111 tic,/ riiJ\:;o. Fra~icesc Barata 263

111\~.11r\o /~c~riotIIstic-o I , i . o ~ i f I i ~ ~ t i ~ /)olIlic-o: 117 c-i~ir\trire-c-ifjii tic, lo cJ.\c c / ~ i o ~ ~ ~ i l L'II lo.\ " I I I ( I S \ int~(ii11 ".

r \ i ) c l ~ c ~ ~ ( : ; ~ s o r o 277

( . 'o~ l i ; ; i~ \ , I ( , 111 i i r / i~tr i i t ic ;ilri /1i11I/ic t i ~ r r t t ~ r r i ~ r e ~ i ~ ~ r r ~ i l / ~ ~ r i t r 111 jrr\litiirc iori ~11' L i ~ i r / l i ~ 1115 l~ ( ; l ic 05. h l . l ) r l

h1:tr C;<~rci;r ( , o r ~ l i I l o 287

2. Vio lenc ia ind iv idual t r a c t a m e n t i n f o r m a t i u / Vio lenc ia ind iv idual y t r a t a m i e n t o i n fo rma-

t i v o / Ind iv idual v io lence a n d news t r e a t m e n t

I . I i ~ / l o ~ t c r : l i i ; I o - i ~ r r i i i i i I 1 i 1 1 1 " i ~ l c t ~ c c ~ r i ~ i r r t I i l l r ~ i . I C r i t t e r 2C)c)

.\!l,tlio\ ,if, ~-oiii i i i i ic-trc-i~jii J~ violc~r1c~i~7 it? cy~;ric~ro: ~rii1i1isi.s l i tJ/ trtztt71iricvlto irrtor11117ti1,o pi7 el cizsu

e l \ / l t ~ c t ~ / . I I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ . L I I % I ~ I < I r 1 ~ ~ \ t ~ g ( ] , A I I ~ I . ~ ~ t l l ~ l l ~ ~ l :3 1 5

1.11 ~,ioI?ric-it~ i l',ri1101 101~',1rc ii i 1 ~ 1 caI\ t i i r \ t i~rrr\ (11, t ~ ~ I I I I I I L tlr (r1irrr i2i i t~rr i~i . I;/ l r~ rc~ l t r~ r re~ r~ l LIV 111 irrr(r[-

,ye, c . i ~ r / ~ o ~ t r / i 2 i i lc,\ ; \ t i ' \ j111~,rii1.\ /i,itrc~riirrc,\. M0t i ic : t I ' ig~rert i \ .3 .3 5

El tr~rt tr i rr i~~rrto \oiioro ill, Itr \2iolc~~rcitr cair 10s irrfbrriitrti~,os il ia te~lc~~~i\ i r i i r . D iana 1'Crez ,317

t l /-c,li7to 11~ili11i/)6ilic-o. ,41rtili.\i.\ c r~r r r /~~rr~ i r t ivo rlcl rcloto f i r t l~ol ist i i -o 11rclti\w v c l rc,lcito c.olcctivo

r r l l r~r . ( ' , t r ~ i i c r i l , i~ \ \o clc, I d L1c>g~l ,157

111. Recursos i discursos de la violencia en l'oci / Recursos y discursos de la vio-

lencia en el ocio / Resources and discourses of violence in entertainment

1 . Violencia: et ica i estetica / Violencia: etica y estetica / Violence: ethics and aesthetics

1'1 c,r~,y~iiio 1Ic1 111 t,iolc'rici~r c - i r r c ~ r r r ~ ~ t i ~ y i i ; f ~ ~ i r . hlar ia del M a r t l o d r i g l ~ r z . lose A n t o n i o J in iCnez

de las Herds

"vfic-k~p~ \fi11i\i~ , \ /~ i \ t 1)ic': t ~ O / / ~ \ t ' O i l t ~ H i \ t o r ~ , i ~ i i [ I tlrc, (;i~irr;ri:; t;rrro-.4rricJric~(ir~ ~ \ - I I I . . L\'ill Bartori

Clatmur

\ ' i i~I~,r ic. i t r ) , / ~ ro /~ i r~y~r r i t I t r C,II '11 " l l ~ r i l l c ~ r " /~o I ; t i c - i~ , r r r r r , r i i~ t~~r i i : ( lc)70-200.3). ~ o : ~ c l ~ t ~ t i > l k ~ i g

"I~irrlt~ric-c' trriti Arrro-ic-rzrr ( : iv i l i7~ l t ior i? Kc-t l~ir ik irr~y H o l l ! r ~ ~ u o r i F i l r ~ I' iolp~rct, irr I / IP I2.brId W a r

I I Filrrr ". 1 . David Slocum

l ' ~ i \ i ~ I i i i i 0 Iir ~ , i i ~ l ? i r c - i ~ ~ I i ~ ;~ / i r r i t i t l i r . , \ / ~ r o / ~ i ~ \ i [ (112 ScilO. 1 : 1 ~ 1 r ~ i e R:~ctig:~lc>\

k,'I,\ 11rriit\ tlc~l \irrrrrI,r~rc,: 1,cJr\ 1 ~ 1 1 t r tic.^^ (11, 111 ~ ' i \ i i ~ , l i~i i111/. Ic~rct i r ' i l l ~ r r i ~ ~ l i

Lir I~c,//rsrl 11~~1 t l ~ r i ~ l ~ l t o ~ . El rii.r.sc,rr!, grirfic- 11r /ri / ~ r u / ~ ~ i , ~ t r r r i ~ r r h>/./ic-cl. Joscp K o m

L(7 ~,iolrric-iir L'II 1.1 c-iric.. (:ci~rrbio,s i t i c -o \ , r t t t i c - o . Luis Fernando dc I tur ra te , Let icia G o n d l e z

/ ) l ' /iJ \ ~ / / l / ~ l l l ~ ~ 111 / l i l l ~ ~ O ~ . 1.11 c ~ 1 1 1 l \ ~ ~ ~ l / c L ! i ; / l ~ ; / l l i ~ e ~ i / l/c'/ ,yile.i~ t / c ' / /l\;L O/l'/tl l i ~ l l t ( ' 1'1 l~ l l l ' ~ / JO / I ~ I I I ~ ' I ~ ~ I I ~ J .

l<r~i11'1;1 S i l ~ ' \

/ : I 1riit1111ri~,rrto soriow 11c~ 111 i~iolr i r i - i i r t a r r 1c1 filrrrogr17tii1 dl , 11iorcJ~'. D ian i l I'erez ( ~ t s t o d i o , Ana

h lnr ia Secleno

I. [ / i~iolc'ric-it, yrrific.cr c.orrro rc~trrltcreio ilc~l rrrcrr~rrje'. ( ~ ~ t i l l c r r n i n a Fralici?

2. Violencia i televisio / Violencia y television / Violence a n d Television

\ ' i o l ~ ' ~ i c i ~ i j, ~r/c i l io \ : i o i c.o11/1il 111 / M U ~,\O/I,I,I. l \ l ,~r clc l , o n I c ~ ~ l ~ c ~ i - t . ~

/IIIIII,~III~ IOII j, III~II:{;I~II/~I/III/. 1 ~ 1 II'/)I~,\~,II/[~I i o ~ i / ~ , / t , ~ ~ i $ i l ~ ~ ~ [/I,/ "II~III" e,1i / ( I \ 51~r11 \ \/ILIIIO/II! (11, /ic

c-i t j~l. Charo 1.ac;illc

Rc>~,i\i(;lr ~ . r f t i ~ . t ~ [lc, 111 i ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ s t i ; ( ~ i c ~ i ~ j ~ ~ \II/J~L, \I,Y(I I r io/fv~c.i(~ ~'II 1115 ~,i~/c,o\ r i i ~ ~ ~ i c - t ~ l c , ~ . 41ii1 Ll; ir i :~

Scdc~iio

11 t / i \ c i~ r \o 1[,/(,1,i\i1 0 ,/L, 111 I,~II/I~II~ ic1: I~~/I~I~\I~II/I~c ~OII I IL::~\/I.II\ ~,II~III~~II/~I'~I\ c,ii / I / \ /OIIIIII\ II~IJI,I/~-

I,[/, LIII~/~OV~SIIII/~,\ f r l l<q~?~c,~~t~i r i~ i . \ : ~,i[/(,o[.li/) J , rc,/~ort'~/[, L/O ~II~,I,\~~;;IIL-~I~II c i~ I t / / r t i / . L' irgi l i i '~ L ' i l l~1~1I~i1 i .1

LIIS /JII~,III~.\ / i i . s t~~r i t~ \ / l u r ~ i 1'1 tcj/c,iisiij~~. Lilici /or/?i l i ( 1 ~ /lie-/II~ I oi i tr l i I,~II/L,II~.~LI tcJ/c,~'i\i~,~i. l\lLig-

cl l lcna . l l t )cro

\'~II/I,II~ i t / , IIIII;~,I 1. III~,I/~O\ (11, LOIIIIII~~III~~~~II. k l i ~ r t t ~ Sc,lv;~, ,\lili;~ SoI<i

/ . ( I I,~~I/~,II~.~II 1,11 111 /)~o,qr~i i~/t/c i 1 j i i i11tt1111i/. AIIII/~\I\ 1' ~II//I/I,II~ i t 1 111, 1115 ~ / i / ~ i ~ j o \ IIII~IIICIJO\ c,1i 111 1111-

n111c i ( j / / c/cd i ~ ~ c i i ~ , i t f / ~ o , ,Angel L, l l u l ~ i o

IV Kecursos i discursos de la v io lhcia en la co1nuiiicaci6 enipresarial / Kecur-

sos y discursos de la violencia en la con~unicaciiin empresarial / Krsourees and

discourses of violence in corpotate con~munication

1. Violencia i publ ic i ta t / Violencia y publ ic idad / Violence a n d advert ising

(.'OIIIO I.~'/II.I,\I,I~~IIII 111 I,~II/LJIII~II /(I\ \110t\ / ~ ~ ~ / > l i l i f t ~ r i o \ . M;IIILIC>I (;r~rri<le)

I:/ ~III(/(~I~IC,II~ tic, /ti \,io/>i/(.ili 111 ~;SIIII\ /1111)/ic~it~iri. ,4lcja1idro I)crales

I (1 \,io/c,~~c-i~z ), $11 ~~o~iic~rciczlizc~c~iij~~ L'I~ /(IS III~>~/;~IS 11,' c .~~i t~ i i~~ic- t ic- i i j i~ j, t2~ f t ro tc ,~ i i~ i i i r~~ to . ;Hd /lt,cyL~-

tlo c.1 / ~ r o l ~ ~ c ' / i t o 1 I t 3 /c:yis/(rr pcir~r l i~~i i t t r r l t i .? h l t ~ r i a n o ( ' t i c t c l l b l a n q ~ ~ i ~

1'1111lic i r l l ~ i l , I-II~~IIIII j l i ~ , t , ~ i i l l.ioIc'11~ ill: ~ ~ / ~ ~ o . x i i i i t ~ c i&/ 11 111 ~ t ,~ / ( ' i , / c i o i ~ i l e a 1/11 ~ / i \ c i / r \o v i r~ lc~~i to.

h l ~ g ~ ~ e l !ingel N i c o l i \

\'ioli.~lc-ia, ci,yr.c~.~,i~,itiit i ~ ~ ~ ~ t i / / ~ ~ / P / i i i i i cJn rl c-otli / ) r~D l i i i t o r i .~ lnsep Rom, Xlicluel 'Altarriba

E l 111t11/1ii1/[ijc, /) i / I~l ic- i t t~rio. L/lccJ\ !, 501111)r11,~ c211 111 / ~ ~ i l ~ l i c ~ i ~ / ~ i ~ / i ~ i \ t i t i / c ~ i o i ~ ~ ~ I \oIlrc, I,~II/~,IIC ill 11c~,~c,11[~-

ro. I l i a n d I :crn int lcr

i-ti L,~OI~>III.~LI CIJII~O ~c>c.i~r\i) c r e ~ ~ / i \ . o ('11 lo \ 5/)11/\ /111111ic~i/1/1io\. IIII~~~ICLII~I~I~ l'e)311go

LII ~ i t i l i r i l i i t j ~ ~ rlc, I(i \,ioli,~~c-itr c.11 c.1 i / i \c- i /~~so /)crll/icit~irio. Inmacu lada Jose h i a r t ~ n e z , Juana I.ar-

f i n . \ lar ia Dolorcs I'rieto

I : ~ / c ~ i c ~ ~ t i / ~ o ~ / ~ i i / ~ / i ~ . i t ~ i r i o \ y ~,ioIc,~/c.iti rtic.it11. l ' a t r i ~ , ~ t i I. 1ra1ir.o

1.11 1~io1~~11cili 11ea 111 ~IIILI,~I,II /I~I/I/IC~~III~~I: /)ro~c,\o\ 11cj ~IIL,/\~/J~/~I/III/. . \ i ~ t o ~ i i o . I . l { ; i l t~d r i )~ i

Dl, HcjilIi [I 1115 .Si~/)(,r.iic,i~~~.\. LLI r c , / ~ r c ~ ~ c , / i t ~ ~ c ~ i ~ j ~ i 11cj 111 V~II/[,III ill c , ~ i t c ~ I t ~ i \ / ~ i i i y .,[I /.c,/lc,jc~ c,11 I t1 ~~i i11l i-

c - i r l ~ l i l tclcvisil,r~. Peciro t i c l l i n

S/)~~III, /JLI/I-I//), cookie'\: I~IICI ~(I~II~II ilc ~ ' i o l ~ ' ~ ~ c . i i l ~'II I t 1 rc'il. I - \ lc r Xlartincr. I'astor

1.11 ~~ l l l ~~~ l l ~~~ l l / ~ ~ ~ l / l / ~ c l / ~ O i l l O ~ ' ~ / ~ 1 1 / 1 ~ ~ ~ 0 I/[' L ~ l l l l i / l i ~ ~ ~ / l ~ ~ l l i / I/(' /[I\ l l / ~ ~ ~ i l l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ J / l c ' \ , ~ \ 1 1 ~ ~ ) 1 1 1 1 ) ~ ~ ~ 1 > ~ 1 ~ ~ 0

Ltr \ , iolc'~~c-i~i 11 trtr\,c,s l I c , I 1li111ror c l l i /[I /111hlic-ilb111 tc.lc,~,i\ivrr. (:;~rlo\ Hejara~io, I )omi t iga (;6mcz

Transnational News of the Arab-Israeli Conflict A Comparative Analysis of North-South Mass Media

Mahmoud Eid Carleton University

ARSTR1 (JT 111 t11o (l'yt1 o f ~ y l o ~ ~ ~ ~ l i z r ~ t i o r ~ , tlzt2 role of rrr(7.s.s rtlrriir~ (1trci tlie /jroctlss tIlro~~kr/r \vlrii-/~ rr~~\r,.s, c8.s/)c~c.ird/y trlr~r.sr~rttior~(~/ tli>rtts, is /~ro~/ilc.c~r/ i.s r r ~ y irr1/)ort~lr1t. Tlri8 ki,), /~/rlyilr.s --

tllosc, ~rlro ~'orrtrol tliel gloDr7l r7iJt\,.s sy\tiJrrr, i-orrl/)~lri~rl to tlloso ~ / l o ~ l o /lot -- Irrlrrl tlrc, @ arlrpr~rltt-rye of sntis/yir IS their o\rfrz rzeeds nrlti (11-lliilvirlLy tllrir orvrr Lqo~ll.s. Usirlg rrwrry itrrlir-t~ct tt~c-hrlicllrrs, rrrrzss tr~clrlio irrrl~use o sone of realil) or1 i~ztlivieii~als' rirlily liluJ.s u11r1 11fl?i.t /~rr/)lii- o/~itriorr [1/1ollt /~olitii-111 i,s.srri~,s. lr~c-o~rsi.~t~~rrt 1tfitl1 tlrc, irIc~r1 o ~ ~ ~ ; l o l ~ r ~ / i - ~ r ~ t i o r ~ i,s t110 fi~c-t tllrlt rri(l.s.\ rr~c~riirr it1 t/lc r l c~r~c~ lo~~ i r~~~ c-o~rrrh~i~,.\, it~cl~~rlirl~y t11c~ .,lrrll~ cololtr-ic~s, Irolri ( 1 positiorl ~~rrerl~iol to tll~rt of tlze ri~~r~eloperic-ollr~tries. (,'o\ulnl;(c of trrols- rratio17nl troc8s orr tire orlr sirie is, to a gr-eat cjxterrt, differ~vrt fruin tlrrlt or1 tlzr otlrtJr. . r / ~ i , ~ /lll/ltJr cot~rj)r~rc~.s ~ V O t~liw,.~p~l/Jc~r.s 0ffiv0 riifl>rc~~~t p~/ i t i~- l l / . S J , S ~ L V I I S -- ,4/-AIrr111tr, 1 I

110tiotr111 Eyy/~tillr~ tic1~vs/~r1/)i,1; r~/)ri~sc-trtirr~y 1 1 rii1r,c11o/)ir1~y 1~01111tr?,, rrrlii . / ' I 1 1 8 ( ;lol~c~ ~ 1 r r r 1 Mrlil, ( 1 ~rr~tio~rr~l Cr~rrrrrii~rt~ rrc>rv.sprrprr, rq~r~~serrli~l~y 1 1 ritJ~,c~/opi,rl orriJ -- or/ tlw 1111si,s of- tl~eir L-otleroLqe of o specific nferlt ill tlie Arab-lsmeli c-onpict: tlre rrltrr~rrcr of,Ariel Slln- roil, t11i~ I,srr~t>li r.i<yl~t-rvir~~y 1,ikirli /~rlrty 1~[1rirr (it t/rrlt tittle 17171i t11c~ c-lrrrer~t Isr~rc~li /)rirt~t~ hfirristi~r; illto tlle Al-Ar/.srl A.io.srlrri~ irl I)r~lc,.stir~i, orr Sc~/~ti,tr~bi,r ZHtlr, 2(XX). 7'11t~ lt~rlirr ohjecti~ tJ of tlli.\ /~ry~t ,r is to L - O I ~ I / I I I I - ~ ~ I I O I ~ J hvo /tlrrjor. r~o\~~.s/~rq~c~rs, ~~iy~ri~.so~r- titlg tlze iVortlr rlrlrl tllr Soutl~, poltrrlyerl ~~rlrl rii~Ii~,rr~,~i trt7r7.sllilti0rr~rl I I P H I S t70011t ( I spiZ- cific- cJvcJrrt irr two riifl?rerlt ~vr1,vs. Hot11 rl~wrltitotivr rlrlri r11rr1litc1tit~ corrtcJr1t r7r1rllysr.s (11-cJ ~-orrr/~ri~tc~r/ to i//lt,strrltc~ t/ril htfo ,siricl.s o\~ir~fi)r-rr~otior~ tlO1tl ~ 7 1 1 r I t/rcl lt~riirr .sollt-i.il,s or/ ~ 1 1 i i l l tile rlc~ws/)rrpr.r-.s riipclr rri. Frorrr botll r ri,~r~sprz/~os otli,r 1 1 rli8\i~/c,rl /)c,riori of 'tirtrc: 1 1

totrll of 282 trrrr 1st ~rrtiorrcll rrtruf.s iterrrs covrri~l~y tllr~ rrrost ~ i ~ ~ r ~ i f i u l r lt iJvt~rlts, 17itiorrs, r7r1ri c~rrflicts r111r1 t l l~ i r c-ur~.srql~er~ci'~ r7re L I I I ~ I I > ~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ . Fitzriirl~s o f t l ~ r sfilri}, SI IUIV .si<qr~ifi- c-rrrrt irtrbr11rlr1i.c~ ill tlrr' flow of irrfOrrrirltiorr I ~ ~ J ~ V ~ J ~ J I I rit~v~Io/~c~ri L I I I ~ I ric~~c~lo/~ir~y c.oirtrt~jt,.s ir I botll t,ohirtli, r / r l r / corltcJrrt. E\.i~lt.\ \v/lic'lr / r [ l / ) / ) ~ r r irr riilvc,lo/~ir(y c.orrr rbics ~rttiirc~t Snl-

r?ttlr irrtc2re.st irl.sir ie t/lrsr 1-0111 ltricJ5 t11rrtr t/lc,y ~ i o it1 tl1cJ r l c~~ i~ lo~~ t~r i rvor.Ir1. 1 \'11iIl~ lrij~r~s- p0prr.s o f Ootlr siries pllzy aa efl2ctil'e role ir~ r1irc1ctir lg tlreir rlr~dietlcr's attrr rtiorr towrris s/)t1c-;fie. rrrcJrn or' irltc~rest cor~.si.stt~r~t lvitll tlrc2 rrltire j~olii-)~ of tlrcl politic-trl s),.stclrtl, Dotll \iriiJ.s rlii' bia.sclri irr tlrc8ir i-otri-cr~~l.~. At tlri, s r ~ r r i i ~ tirrliT, IIO\L,LJI,~J~, Ootlr .\irlc~.s r l i ' / ~ ~ ~ ~ r i 0 1 1

sorrrz-es furc1iLyrl to t11i~rt1. ADotjc~ rlll, rerzlit).. -- irl tlris c ~ s t , "cotrflic-t" -- 11r1s Decrr re/)rcJ- serztc3d irl tiiflerelrt rlisi-ourses.

I CONCRES COMUNICACO I REALITAT

Introduction

I n the era of globalization, the role of media is increasingly glorified, encoura- ging researchers to study its nature and influence. Scholarly analysis of the world of news created by global media focuses o n the process through which

news, especially transnational news, is produced. "In the last four decades, scholars. journalists, and interriational policy-makers have debated the dangers and merits of the global news system" (Carrier, 1997: 177). Key players-those who control the global news systeni-have the advantage of satistying their needs and achieving their goals.

It is a ~vell recognized fact that "i~ltenlational in5titutions are the conduit for global co~nmi~nicat ion" (hlurphy, 1996: 201, and, at the same time, that "news is gathered, selected and controlled by western transnational corporations who treat news as a coni- rnodity t o be bought and sold" (Barker, 1999: 55). And they sell this commodity at a high price, which is not necessarily money, but rather imposing their own version of reality on their audiences around the world, thus perpetuating cultural irnperialisrn.

In the area of news dissemination, the infrastructures established in the colonial period continued to maintain thc advantage in the Nortll's favour. This continued hegemony o f thc North was viewcd in the context o f a culturi~l irnpcrialism. (Karini, 1998: 7 )

The character and values of a particular political system will be reflected in its mass media content as the state usually plays a vital role in affecting the content of mass media, often defining the amount and nature of the news which mav be rejec- ted or accepted for publication or broadcast. Such political direction of the mass media, which in turn direct the audience, can give rise to an authoritarian and dan- gerouv system. At the same time, mass media sometimes play a political role like that of any other political institution within the society: "Increasingly, the mass media are recognized not simply as observers and reflectors of political life, but as themselves political plavers and definers of reality" (Hackett, Gilsdorf & Savage, 1992: 1). In this role, media use many techniques t o impose a particular version of reality o n the daily lives of their audiences. They can, in many cases, easily affect public opinion towards political, social, economic or cultural i~sucs by using indirect techniques.

The specific stat(, of public opinion on most political issues is influenced bv the information or impressions that people have gleaned frorn the news. That influence is not ncccssarily tlcliheratc. Simply thrnugh gathering and presenting the news in routinc ways, the medi ;~ direct audience attention toward some places and events, and (by cxclu- sion) awnv from others. (Hackett. 1991: 13)

In addition t o the political svstem, the social, economic, and cultural systems also influence the media. l'hese influences appear in a d i ~ t i n c t way, cspccially during conflicts or crises. "In international conflict, the media often side with the perceived national interests of the systerii o l which they are a part, making it difficult t o maintain iournalistic indepentlencc and neutrality in the face of patriotism and national

TRANSNATIONAL NEWS OF THE ARAB-I5RAELI CONFLICT

loyalty" (Mowlana, 1997: 35). Due to the many factors that influence the Inass media, the dissemination of information or news is a highly con1plt.x process facing many national and international challenges. Orle of the most important of these is the international flow of information, defined by Mowlana as "the movement o f messages across national boundaries between and among two or more national and cultural systems" (1986: 4). In this context another issue arises concerning the sources, news agencies, or countries on which the will mcdia depend.

Theoretical Framework

Dependency theory, which emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s, illustrates how developed countries, through both economic and cultural dominance, make the developing countries dependent. "Central to dependency theory was the view that transnational corporations (TNCs), mostly based in the Korth, exercise control, with the support of their respective governments, over the developing countries by setting the terms for global trade-dominating markets, resources, produc- tion, and labour" (Thussu, 2000: 61). 'l'his dominance extends to information and communication, iincluding, in particular, international communication.

Aspects of dependency in international communication vary and tend to con- centrate more o n econotnic possibilities. l 'he predominance of Western media as sources of information increases the dependency of less developed countries o n those agencies as sources of international news. "One prominent aspect of dependency in international communication was identified in the 1970s by Oliver Hoyd- Rarrett as 'media imperialis~n', examining information and rnedia inequalities between nations and how these reflect broader issues of dependency, and analyzing the hegemonic power of mainly U.S.-dominated international media-notably news agencies, magazines, films, radio and television" (Ibid: 63). In terms of their gro- wing econorrlic potential, Western rleivs agencies increase dominance and effi- ciency in a number of ways. 1:or cxarnple, according to Hachten, they usc local journalists in order to benefit from their understanding of their own culture, and to reduce costs.

With th r increased ~)rofcstionalis~~i 01 io~rrnalists abro;ld, new, .1gCncio not olllv kind i t morr

economical to i15c qualified local jourl~c~lists but often get bettcr reporting from those \\rho

know their own country, its language, and its social and political traditions. Today, of 400 AI'

staffers abroad, only 100 arc .Americans. (Hachten, 1996: 01 j

This arrangement results in increased dependent!, on Western news agencies, which filter and disseminate news according to their own interests and priorities. The dissemination of news that is influenced by the interests of the Northern countries in both the North and the South results in an ~ ~ n e q u a l exchange in the flow of information: "'l'here is a distinct imbalance in the flow of news both in content and volume from the developed to the developing countries" (l'atarian, 1978: 41). Many research studies have derrlonstrated this imbalance at both quantitative and

\1AHhlOllD LID I COkGRE1 COMIJNICACO I REALITAT

cli~aIitati\~c levels. Mowlana, for instance, noted i r l a 1986 report: "Although there has I)ecln somc qua~ititati\.e i~nl)rovenic>nt in thc, amount of information and news exchil~lges internntio~iall!. cluring tlle last several ),ears, the qualitntivc improvement is either irlcolnpletc. or totally lacking" (1986: 198). Clearl>- the media in developing countries are disadvantaged in cor~iparison with those of developed countries, yet this is inconsijtcwt with ttiv ide;~ of glohaliz:~tion, to the extent that Halloran declared: "\%'hat \.ye I>asically ; ~ n d rlrgcntl!' rcxcltrirc is a glotx~ljzation of moral responsibility" (1997: 461. On the other hand, 1vhc.11 c.ertain ev'nts, religiout groups, ideological revo- lutions, or regional conflicts in dc\,eloping countries have significant impact on the glol~al le\.cl, nn essential florv o f in tor~i~at ion can take the reverse direction from South to North, i f t l ~ c Soi~tti 113s t l ~ c 111ecIi;1 ~;~[) ;~l ) i l i ty to manage this. Ihrker, discussing this "'reverse flu~v, ' the impact of nun-\~.c.stcr~i ideas and practices on the west" (1999: 42) illirstrated the phenomenon i~s ing the example of the influence of Islam.

Problem Definition

@ As ILlo\z.lan;~ poiritc~i out, "the ~nyt l r widcl~. accepted by the public is that the most important nwvs of the world, if not the entire stream of events, is in the c o l u n ~ ~ i ot tl~c,ir dail!, ncXwspal)crs o r irinv t)c, found o n their television screer~j" (1097: 3 4 ) . Xot or~l!, cioes this ni).tti glorify the role o f lncciia in selecting, editing, slid co\ering international news, but it also blinds the public to the fact that they d o not receive unbiased, in-depth in te rna t io~~a l news coverage, and leads to a situation in wl1ic.11 "critics in the de\7cloping nations feel their nations arc not being ;~cc.t~ratclly pol-trayed and arc o n l ~ . covered in a disjointed, fragmented rnannt>rH (Gi~n tv r , 1978: 149). [:or Inany !,ears "the developing countries )have been) ciernan- ding a 'niore balanced' flow of nervs between the developed and developing worlds and are asserting a still-evolving 'right to coni~nunicate ' for nations laching in the Illeirns o f conirn~~~i icnt ions" ('l'atarian, 1978: 1 ). .l'liis is a n urgent concern. L)cvelo- ping countries rnust be able to exercise their right and freedom to com~nunica te in order to progress in developrnenl and to protect thcir identity f r o ~ n the cultural "irnperiali~~ii that is i~nposcd through Western media. Indeed, as Tartarian states, "'l'hircl \Vorld govcrnnwnty and commentators nre 1)ortra)ring all Western forms o f

cornni~r~i ic i~t ions the rietvs rncdin, television, and cirivnla - as agents o f 'culturi~l aggression' or of 'cultural imperialitmu' (1978: 1 ) . In the Arab countries, where, according to Thussu, "media has traditionally been unclt.1 the direct control of thc <t;~tcs" (7000: 108-2091, covcragc, of transnational ncws is different from coverage in tlic de\t~lopeil countries. [:or exi~niple, tr;~nsnatiorii~l nervj of tlic, Arab-Israeli conflict in the .-\rill) media concentrates on Israeli \.iolencc, while media col-er;lge fro111 t h e North tisuallv concentrates on Arab terrorism.

I'hc imagc, 0 1 Ihr Islalnic. terrorist' has I,c.c.omc. ;I stal~lc. in c.o\.c~-;~xc, l i t M u s l ~ m soclc.tics. M'li(~-

rcas tcrl.orism pvrl~c.tratccl by ccrt,lin I lusl i ln X ~ C ) L I ~ ) S s h o ~ ~ l c i indecd t ~ c . oi conc'rn, s i r n r l ; ~ ~

depict ions of Clrristianf, Jews, o r follo\rers ot o t h c ~ ~ c l i g i o n s carrying out violencc in t h e

nirliies o t their r ~ ~ s l ~ ~ c t i \ - c faiths ; ~ r c rarcl!- carried o u t . ( K a r i ~ n , 2000: 1751

IHANSNATIONAL NEW5 OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI ( O N l l l i I

In the area of meclia produc.tion, tlie I-g!,ptiarl pres5 is tithirig tlie Ic2;rd ;rmotig other news axencies i r i t h e Middle l-ast ;tnci .Africa. "(:;~iro is the I;~rgc,st ~ )u l ) l i \h i~ ig center in the Arab Lvorld and also in Africa. It is home to 17 dailie5. .(O \~,cficl\lic.j. a n d more than 30 other pub1ic;ltions that publish less frequently. I h e environment for publishing in 1:gypt is cluitc. conipetitive" (Ogan, IC195: 192). 'rlie llidclle 1:;1\t News :\gc,ncy (MlN: \ ) , wtlicll is located in I..gypt, is dctincd by llachten ( IOc)O: ,481

as o n e of the nlost effective second-tier agencies atter t\vo great news u rga l i i~ ;~ - tions-DI'A in Germany and Kvodo in japan. "MESA tias offices and corre5pon- dents in all Aral) capitals as tvell as I'aris, I.ondon, Relgrade, and Il'ashington. 'And ;it l io~i ie , MI'.N.A covers ; i l l thcx provincial cap i t a l of I..gypt with its service\ ; ~ n d correspondents" (AI3del (;acv;td, 1978: 180).

Even though the Canadian Press (CT)) is o n e of the top presses in North Ameri- ca, "Canadian media are highly dependent o n non-Canadian, mainly Anieric:~- t~ased, international news agencies for rcportagc from abroad" (Hackett, 1991: 102). Such dcpcndenc) reflects, t o a great e x t r ~ l t , t he point of \.ie\lJ uf the Uliitcd St;ttc\- a point of view which in turn reflects its posit io~i as a ~vorlci po\z.er. "'l'hc co\.eragc of foreign news in Canada is significantly influenced by the manner in which Arne- rican journ;tlists pcrceivc it-this factor hecomes cruci;~l ~v l i en con\idering regiolis o f the, nrurlci in ~ v h i c h tlic U.S. governrnerlt has strong toreig~i 11olic.y interests" (Karim, 2000: 14).

Burton a n d Keenleyside's study of Canadian I'ress reportage from Decembcr 1987 to September 1988 sho\vs that coverage during this period wa5 highly con- flictual in character. Ijracl was ttic, dominant focus, ;rnci the, maior-it), of stories dc;~lt with Israel's actions in the occupied territories. At the sarlie time, coverage of the,

Middle East was, not surprisingly, essentially negative in riatilre (1991: 6) . ' lhis is consistent with Tatarian's assumption that "thcre is a n acknowledged tendency among LYcstern media, iricludinx the 1ieiz.s agcncics, to devote> the greiltest atteri- tion to thc 'l'hird 1Vorld i ~ i tinles of disaster, crisis, and confront;rtion" ( 1978: 42) . On t h e other hand, a survey conducted by Soderland, Krausc and I'rice in 199 1 sho- wed that, from the point of \.iew of Canadian journalists, the Canadian newspaper< coverage of international ~ i c w s is good in terms o f i.olumc3 and content. "'l'llc first area of investigation concerns editors' evaluations of tlicir ~lc~\vspapcr's pcrfor- niance in reporting international news baseci o n tlic criteria 'at i iou~it , clualit!', depth, range and objectivity of coverage.' A majority of editors (57%) ratc this per- formance as 'good,' 21'M) report it as 'ver). good' t o 'excellent,' while 23'hl find it 'Icss than satisfactor),.' None ratc i t as 'poor"' (1991: 4).

'l'his essay cornpares two netvspapers of two different politic;~l \>rstems t)y ;tn;rI>,- zing their transnational news coverage of a specific story in the Arab-Israeli contlict. 'l'he first newspaper, p~lblished in l:gypt, represent, a (leireloping co i t~ i t r>~ ; the second, published in (:arlada, represents a cie\.c~lol~cd one. '1'1i(, \l)ccific isjue in t l ~ i s essay is the conccntrated media coverage of what happened a \ a result o f 111c entrance of Ariel Sharon, an Israeli politician, into Al-;\qsa I~losque.

'the Main Objective

'The 11rair1 objccti\.c o f this cssay is to compare and contrast how two major newspapers, one Eg)-ptian, ,4l-A/1rrlr~l, and one Canadian, The Globe c~rzrl hlail, rel- ying on their respecti\.e sources, portrayed and delivered transnational news about a specific story.

Methodology and Sampling

'fhic osay depend, on content analysis as the method of research. Content analysis includcs main categories such as attention, sources, attitudes, themes, and description. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were coriducted to illustrate the two sides of the flow of iriforrnation and the main sources on which the newspapers depend. All transnational r1eu.s in both newspapers during a specific duration and towards a specific story was subject to analysis. Purposive sampling is used due to the nature of the story under analysis. The following are the sampling items:.

@ Newspapers

?'he Egyptian newspaper A1-ill~r~zt~z and the Canadian ncwspaper 'The Globe and Mail were selected because they are the main national or official newspapers in their countries. "Al-2-l/lrtz~rl newspaper has defined Arab journalism for more than a century" (Thussu, 2000: 24). "Tlzr Globe anrl Mail, which has been called 'the jewel in the crown of Canadian newspapers,' is the orily truly national newspaper in Canada and has long been recognized as one of Canada's leading newspapers of record" ~Strentz & Keel, 1995: 365). Soderland, Krause and Price reported that "among those editors who evaluated Canada's newspapers on the dimension of quality of international reporting (N= 42), 71fN, named T h e GloDc atld Mail as the best in the country'' (1991: 5) .

?This essay does not include the Palestinian press because of the controversy surrounding its performarice due to the political system in Palestinian society. The Palestinian point of view, according to Rahbah (1985: 20), insures that "the front pages of most I'alestinian newpipers are filled with P I . 0 and Palestinian news from around the world. This extensive coverage preserves a public record of day-to-day his- tory, which is often the target of the Israeli censor. For example, the censor prohibi- ted all Palestinian newspapers from mentioning the burning of the al-Aqsa mosque in 1984". On the other hand, the Israeli point of view insicts that "the censor and military authority seek a balance between contradictory views in Israeli society. The policy applied is a compromise between some of these extreme views" (Kital, 1985: 25). Consequently, it is better to exclude the Palestinian newspapers from analysis.

Specific Story The specific story under analysis is the entrance of ..\riel Sharo~i, the Israeli

right-wing Likud party leader at that time, to Al-Aqsa Mosque in I'alestine on Thursday September 2Xth, 2000.

TRANSNATIONAL NEWS OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

Duration Analysis includes news items covering the mo\t significant events, actions,

and conflicts as well as their consequences, from all issues of both newspapers during the period from September 29th to October 31st, 2000. The most significant events were the Middle East summit in Sharm '41-Sheikh and the Arab summit in Cairo. Consequences of violent actions were reflected in the many persons from both sides injured and killed, especially the Palestinian children. I'articular coverage was given t o the tragic death of the Palestinian child "Mohamed "Al- Dorrah."

Findings of the study

A total of 282 transnational news items from both newspapers were analyzed; the majority of them (83'%~) were from i l l -Ai~rrv~, and 17%~ w7ere from Tile Globe rltlri ,\lrlil.

'I he coverage by :\I-Ahrarn is clearly Inore intensive than that by Tilc (;ioDr hr .\lnil.

@ To examine the average of coverage of the specific story under analysis, dates

7-- - -

Volume of Coverage

Globe 8 Mail 17%

Al-Ahram 83%

are counted. The following chart compares the average of coverage in the two newspapers throughout the period of analysis. It is obvious that the average of coverage in The Globe & Mnil is fairly constant throughout the period, while it varies in the case of Al-Ahram according to dates of important events in Egypt.

I Dater 0 1 Transnational News Coverage

t ~ ~ . ~ h ~ ~ i -- - - t Globe8 Mall

MAHMOUD EID I1 CONCRES COMUNICACIO I RE4LITAT

In terms of attention, location of the transnational news ~ v i t h i n the neLvspaper is cu;lminc~d. 'l'hr. following ch;lst dcfincs thc locations slwcificd tor transnatio~ial n c ~ v s in twth ne\vspapcrs. 120th newspaprrs specify the front pagv tor transnational news about the latest violence in t h e Middle East in addition t o the relative sections where news itcms fit into a certain category. Al-,4llr-i111l gives much more attention t o thc transn;rtional news of I'alcstinian-lsr:~c,li \.iolerlce than does 7 1 1 ~ ( ; l o l ~ c ~ ~lt/rl M~ril. 'l'hrh c.or~.cxlntion relationship bctwc,en thc~ nc~\.sp;~per and the sl~ecification of location of transnational neivs is reflected in the value of Chi-square (21 5.18) ~ v i t h sigriificance of 150.001). .A contingent!- coefficient of 0.66 reflects the extent of strcxngth of this r e l a t io~~sh ip .

I Location Specified to Transnational News 1 I

' Arab Home sec0

I

!

I morld ~ e c ? 5,6

I International Sec 79.2

I 0

, Front Page

I 0 1 0 ~ 3 l 4 0 ~ € 0 7 0 ~ C C

I Percentage

20'8 J 71,8

1. ~ i o b e 8 Mail 1 in Al-Ahram

111 spite of the fact that the number of photos (81) used with transnational news in ,-ll-,+llrrrr~~r is greater than thc 34 used in T/rr (;loOcl h. Xlrlil, the percentage of photo i1sc-70.8~X1-in 1'110 ( ; / o l l c ~ h. ,bl~ril i 5 higher th;in thc il.h'%l in ..I/-.Ilrrrr~tr. I'he most significant finding is that tile average 11uniber of photos used in both neLvsl)aI)ers is approxilliately equal: Al-Ahrarn hllean = 1 .-4321, and ?'lie Globt~ & Mail Mean =

1 .J 118. The correlation relationship between the newspaper and the usage of photos with transnational n e \ ~ ~ is reflected in the value o f <:hi-Squaw (21 .h3i with significance of (<0.001). A contingency coefficient o f 0.27 reflects the extent of strength of this relationship.

It is obvious that there are some differences between the t ~ v o newspapers in tlic percentages of content o f spccific photos. In A/-Alrrrrtrl c(n7erage, t h e most fre- eluent content of photos is the category of "Arab leaders and officials" followed by "l'alestinian casualties," "Israeli violations in Palestine," "World leaders and officials," "Yasser Arafat - Palestinian leader," "Demonstrations in Arab, Islamic, ;rn(i ,+\lnerican countries," ".U-Aqsa riots," a n d "i)emonstrations in I'alestine." As to 7711, (;lo/)(] h. Miiil covcriige, the most freclucnt contc,nt of photos is the category of "l 'alestinia~~ casualties" followed by "Israeli violatior~s in I'alestinc," "Al-Aclsa riots." "Confrontations between Palestinian stone-throwers a n d arnied Israeli sol- dic>rs," " l lc~nonstra t ions in I'alestine," "LYorld leaders a n d officials,'' and "lsraeli

TRAN5IATIONAL N t W 1 OF T H E AKAB-ISRAELI COlu'kLICT

1 Usage o f Photos w i th Transnat ional News

I Al-Ahrarn Globe & Mall

N= 234 -- N= 48

Photos Q No I

Corltc,rit of'pllotos irz A/-illlrar~ c-on1pon2ti with t i ~ ( ; l o b ~ &I M~nil

- - - - - 1 Contents -

-

Al-Ahram Globe &

I N= 133 ' M a i l N= 59 *

I

Arab leaders and officials 30.3 Palestinian casualties 19.7 Israeli violations in Palestine 15.1 World leaders and officials 8.3 Yasser Arafat - Palestinian leader 7.5 Demonstrations in Arab, Islamic, and American countries 5.3 Al-Aqsa riots 3.8 Demonstrations in Palestine 3.8 Confrontations between Palestinian stone-throwers and armed Israeli 2.3 soldiers Ehud Barak - lsraeli prime minister lsraeli protesters 1 demonstrators lsraeli military equipment UN session which delivered a decision condemning Israel lsraeli soldiers are hit by Palestinians A Palestinian child tries to remove an lsraeli flag lsraeli women are training to be hand-gun owners Two lovers: a Palestinian man and a Jew~sh girl

' Total number of contents (1 92) is greater than the total number of cases covered by photos (1 1 S), because of the poss~bility of multiple contents included in a single photo.

- ~ - - -~ - . - -- -- -- ~-,

\lAHMOUD EID II CONGRES COMUNlCAClO I REALITAT

soldiers are hit by I'alestinians." "'l'hc .Arab leaders and officials" category includes photos for "Hosni Mubarak - Egyptian president," "Abdullah -Jordanian king," "Arnr hlousa - Egyptian foreign minister," "Suzan M ~ ~ b a r a k - wife of the 1-gyptian president," "Abdull;~ h - Saudi .Arabian princv," "Al-Hi~rhir - Sucianese presidc,nt," "Bashar Al-Assad - Syrian presitient." "Ken Al i - 'I'ilnisian president," "Hotaflika - Algerian president," "llr. t:ssmat Abdel Migeed - Head ot the Arab L.eague," "l<rnil I.ahud - 1,ebancse president," "C;roup of Arab leaders," "Mohametl 0" - King of Morocco ," "l'alestinian officials," "Saleh - I'resident of Yemen," "Sheikh Ahrnecl Yassein - Mamas movement leader," and "Group of Arab foreign ministers." "Palestinian casualties" includes photos as follows: "Mubarak, Egyptian ministers, and Essmat A . Migeecl visit injured Palestinians at hospitals," "Injured I'alestinians," "Bodies of killed Palestinians are carried for burials," "I'alestinian suicide bomber," "Killed Palestinian children," "Palestinian children cry during funerals," and "Injured Palestinian children". "Israeli violations in Palestine" includes photos for "Israeli military actions against Palestinians," "Israeli soldiers open fire on Palestinians," "Palestinian buildings destroyed by lsraeli troops," "Israeli soldiers

@ hit Palestinians," "Israeli soldiers arrest Palestinians, and "Israeli soldiers fire at Palestinian children." "L2'orld leaders and officials" includes "Javier Solana - Euro- pean Union's top envoy," "Madeleine Albright - U.S. foreign minister," "Kofi Annan - U N secretary general," and " H i l l (:linton - U.S. president." " D e ~ ~ ~ o n s t r a - tions in Arab, Islamic, and American c o ~ ~ n t r i e s " includes photos for "Dernonstra- tions in Egypt, Indonesia, Brazil, and U.S.A. by Indonesians, Arabs, I'alestinians, and Muslims against Israel." "Al-.Aqsa riots" includes photos for "Israeli soldiers forbid I'alestinians to enter Al-Xqsa Mosque (ernbargo)," "Clashes at 141-Aqsa Mos- que," and "Israeli soldiers take LIP positions at Al-Aqsa Mosque."

Both newspapers are highly dependent o n their own correspondents as important sources for more than 40(%) of the transnational news about the l'alestinian-Israeli violence. This finding is inconsistent with Soderlund, Krause and Price's finding that "the major deficiency in Canadian international reporting is the dearth of Canadian international correspondents" (1991: 11). The Globe 6,

Mail is also highly dependent o n the Western news agencies as sources of transnational news (56.2'%)). In contrast to 771e Globe & Mail which does not depend o n sources other than its own correspondents and Western news agencies, Al- .-ll~ram depends o n various sources in addition to its correspondents, including the major Western news agencies mentioned above and MENA. The significant finding here is the non-specification of the news agencies in 30.4'%1 of the news items and 17.4'H1 of the sources.

For themes covered in the transnational news, it is clear in the following table that while specific themes, at different percentages, appear in both newspapers, many other themes prevail in either one or the other, but not in both. In Tltc' (;lobc3 & Mail coverage, the most frequent theme is "Critics of Arafat's polic)." followed by "The Middle East summit to stop violence," "I'alestinians killed in the clashes," "Continuity of confrontations in the Middle "East," "The failure of the Middle East peace process," "biediation of Arab and world leaders to continue the

TRANSNATIONAL NEWS OF THE ARAB~lSRAELl CONFLICT

Sources of Transnational News

Agence France Press 19.8

Globe & Mail N= 96

Reuters ( 16,7 7 Al-Ahram N= 276

Associated Press 7 1 19.8

News Agenc~es 3 0 4

Not Specified 1- 17,4 Percentage

peace negotiations," "Barak's policy in the Middle East," "Israeli soldiers injured and killed due to l'alestinian tensions and oppositions," and "Negotiations between Arafat and Barak to end fighting." As to Al-Ahram coverage, the most frequent theme is the "Mediation of Arab and world Leaders to continue the peace negotiations" followed by "Arab and Global condemnation of Israeli violations," "Barak's policy in the Middle East," "The Middle East summit to stop violence," "Palestinians killed in the clashes," "Egyptian-Arab donations and assistance to Palestinians," and "Arab and Islamic demonstrations against Israel."

The most interesting finding of this study is the different attitudes expressed in the coverage of the two newspapers towards the same themes. A correlation relationship between the theme and the attitude of the newspaper's coverage of transnational news is reflected in the value of Chi-Square (253.62) with significance of (10.001) in the case of Al-,11zrai?z. A contingency coefficient of 0.72 reflects the extent of strength of this relationship. In the case of The Globe & Muil this correlation is reflected in the value of Chi-Square (75.83) with significance of (10.001 ). A contingency coefficient of 0.78 reflects the extent of strength of this relationship.

In general, the following chart illustrates that the percentage of negative attitudes towards transnational news is similar in the two newspapers, representing approximately one third of their coverage. Tllr Globt~ cind hluil, however, leans more towards neutral coverage than Al-A/~r~i tn .

I1 CONCRES COhlUNlCAClO I REALTA l

Themes Al-Ahram Globe 8 Mail

N= 234 N= 48 O/o + - - O/o + - -

Crltlcs of Arafat's pollcy The Mlddle East summit to stop violence Palestinians killed In the clashes Continuity of confrontations ~n the Mlddle East The fallure of the Middle East peace process Mediatron by Arab and world leaders to contnue the peace negotiations Barak's policy in the Middle East Israel1 soldiers injured and killed due to Palestiman tensions and oppositions Negotiations between Arafat and Barak to end fighting lsraeli military actions against civilian Palestinians Barak's situation in front of Knesset Complaints about shooting Palestinian children Israel1 protesters / demonstrators Losses of both sides Arab summtt ~n Cairo Palestinian suicide bomber The lsraeli embargo forbidding Palestinians to enter Al-Aqsa Mosque Global fears of raising violence Mubarak tnitiative to host the peace negotlatlons Arab and Global condemnation of the lsraeli violations Egyptian-Arab donations and assistance to Palestinians Arab and Islamic demonstrat~ons against lsrael lsraeli troops fire on and destroy Palest~man buildings Egypt calls lsrael to stop violence Arafat keeps Mubarak informed of latest situation lsraeli soldiers kill Palestinian children lsraeli troops fire on Palestinians in Al-Aqsa Mosque Mubarak, Egyptian citizens, and Essmat Abdel Migeed visit injured Palestinians in hospitals Palestinian demonstrations against lsraeli violations Palestinians ask for international investigations Talks between Mubarak and Barak to stop violence Arab league asks U.N. for help to stop violence Egypttan Christian & Islamic clerics condemn lsrael lsrael rejects international investigations Sadness distributed throughout Palestine Sharon criticizes U.S. condemnation of him

+ ProISympathetic - Neutral - Anti/Protest

TRANSNATlOlUAL NEWS OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLlCl

Conclusion

I'his study stlows that there is still a grcat imbiilance in ttic f l o ~ ~ . of i~ltornl~ltion t~c.twecxn ttic dc1velol)ed and the tle\;eloj~ing coirntrics in I)otti \ .o l i r~l~c ;lr ir l i.ontc.nt. I'he gap in c l~~ant i ty I?etween thc tralisnational news coverage o f ' . \ / - ~ l l ~ r i r r t r ;iricl 111~, (;lol~c' l r r l t i , \ l t r i l is large: S3?4 and 1 XI rc~spcctivc~ly, 1-vents wliich occur iri tllc. tic\ e- loping c.ountries attract greater intervst t he r~ , than in the developcci coirntrics. / . o r instance, tllc. hliddlc E,ast sumrnit and tht, Arab suinmit received intetisivr. co\,ern- ge in ,41-.4111~rtt1, 11i1t relatively little in the ( ; loht, ~ l t l t i i \ l t1 i l . 'l'he same happened ~vi th tlie coverage of people killed in developing countries. Media play a pivotal rolt. in directing the audience's attention tolvards specitic areas of interest that are cunsis- tent cvith tlie entire policy of their political systems. While media on both sides o f the Korth-South divide are biased in their concerns, their correspondents are effective in the coirerage of transnational news. Tllr Globe r l t i l i h4ai1, however, depends Inore on the Western news agencies than on its correspondents. The dependence of the rnedia of the developing countries on Korthern sources is still a concern.

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Documents

Transnational News of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of North-South Mass Media