Uide to the Province of British Columbia - Forgotten Books

UIDE

TO THEPROV IN CE OF

BRITISH COLUMBIA,

-8

COMP I LEDFROM THELATEST AND MO ST AUTHENTIC SOURCESOF INFORMAT ION .

VICTORIA :

T . N . HIBBEN CO .,PUBLISHERS .

1877 .

Entered according to Act of Par l iament ofCanada in th e year One thousand e ighthundred and seventy-seven , by T . N . HIB BEN ,

in th e Office of th e Mm ister of Agriculture .

A le x Row . Job Prin te r , Vic to ri a .

PREFACE .

In submi tting the following Guide to the Province of

British Columbia for the year 1877-8,the publ ishers w ish to

s tate that they have spared 110 pains to make i t as correct,

rel iable , and complete as possible , by getting all informationfrom head sources

, to the latest dates , including the variousPrize Essays on the Province

,Government Reports

,etc .

The extent of the country has debarred them from personally vis iting and tak ing local d irec tions and c ensus in themore distant sec tions of the Province ; al l information on

these and other important subj ec ts has,however

,been readily

furnished by the seve 1 al Grove 1nment Officers and privateindividuals ,—~ to al l of whom they avail themselves of the

pi esen t opp01 tunity of tendel ing thei1 grateful acknowledgments .

Intending immigrants w ill do well to study the informationand various statistics to be found in the fol lowing pages .

LIBRARY

CONTENTS.

DESCRIPTIVE INTRODUCTION TO THE PROVINCEAdministration of JusticeAgricul ture

,cl imate

,etc

Agricultural products imported into B . CAgricultural and Horticultural SocietyAl iens enabled to hold and sel l lands

,etc

Al ti tudes of different points above the sea .

A ttorney General ’ s O fficeAssay OfficersBaynes Sound Coal M ineBeasts of the chaseBirdsBoundaries of B . C .

,Rivers and Lakes .

British Columbia Benevolent SocietyB ri tish Columbia Pioneer SocietyB 1 itish Columbia

,

—List of works publ ished desc1 ibingthe P1 ov1nce

British Columbia Offic ial sB ll l lual d InletDi1 ect01y .

Canadian Pacific Railway,Officers etc

Synopsis of Engineer ’ s ReportCascade Region (East ,) description of

,etc .

Cemetery , Victoria , Board of ManagersChilcotin Country

,etc

Cl imate and Climatic D ivis ions of B . CCoal , description of mines , &cCoal m ining

,etc

Coal fields , distribution of, etcCoal , amount rai sed and soldConsuls at Vict01 iaCoppe1 and copper miningCounty Cou1 t JudgesChu l ches

Customs Department (officers)Collectors and Revisors of Votel sCou1 ts of Appeal unde1 AssessmentCor '

one i s o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

vi zoxTnNTs .

Cariboo Direc toryComox and Baynes Sound Direc tory .

Cowichan and Salt Spring Direc tory .

Deaths and Marriages,report of

Domin ion Savings Bank,oflice rs , e tc . . 128

Douglas Coal Mine . 105

Dominion Offici:1ls 77

Distances,tabl es of Ac . 16 1 , 162

Education,membe 1 s of the B oa id. 128

Esqu imal t G n u 111g Dock . 125 , 126

Exc ise collected on sp iri ts,etc

,in 1876 . 13

Exports, p 1 1)duce of B . 151

Execu ti ve ouncil . 78

Esquimal t Tov n andDist1 ictDirect0 1y . . . 329 to 332P 1 11 1111 110 l 1 11ds on Vanco uve i Is land . 57

Fi sh,sp1 cie s of

,etc . 12 to 20

11 15 11 1 1 1 e s etc 43 to 4GF01 este 18. Ancient Order of 276

French Benevolen t Mutual Soc iety 280

Frui ts,wild

,of B . C 41

Fruits ,cultivated

,of B . C . 61

F urs and skins 21

Game,wild 42

Gold Mining Laws of B iitish Columbia 197 to 211Gold

,yield of

,fi om 1858 to 1870 97

G old min ing

,

—Ca i iboo ,Kootenay

,Omineca

, CassiarAG to 48G ove 1nn1ent 1P l inting O ffice . 79

Gold Commiss ioners 81

Government Agents . 82

Harbour Dues,

h

‘

pO l tS of B 1 itish Columbia . 158

Ha1bours of British Columbia .

Harewood Coal M ine 100

HOSpitals in the ProvinceHomestead Ac tHope

,Yale

,and Lytt01

Imports into the Province,and exports .

Indian Department,officers of

Ind ians,laws relating the : e to . .

Indians of B l i ti sh Columbia,desm iption ,

d c

Indian T i ade Language (Ch inook)I .O —Grand Lodge of B . C .

Victoria Lodge,No . 1 .

Columbia Lodge,No . 2

New \Vcs tminster Lodge , No . 3 .

N anaimo Black Diamond Lodge,No . 5 .

Vancouver Encampment , No . 1

CONTENTS . vii

Iron,description of , and where. found , e tc

Iron,Stone , etc

Inland Revenue Department ( officers)Jewish Ladies ’ Benevolent Soc iety .

Justices of the Peace .

Kamloops-Shuswap Distric t .Kootenay CountryKaml oops Directory .

Kootenay DirectoryLand Laws of British ColumbiaLand Commissioners .

Land Grants,Roads

,etc

Land Revenue from the 1st Jan . to 31st Dec . 1876

Labour,cost for farming .

Lati tudes and Longitudes of different pointsLaw Society of Bri tish Columbia .

Light Houses,Buoys and Beacons .

Lillooet-Cl inton Distric tLogging

,saw—mill ing and timber

Local self-governmentLegislative AssemblyLands and Works Department .Lunatic Asylum (officers) .

Lillooet Distric t D irectory .

Masonic , —Grand Lodge of B . C .

Royal Arch ChapterVictoria Columbia LodgeVic toria and Quadra Lodge .

Ashler Lodge , NanaimoUnion Lodge , New WestminsterCariboo Lodge

,Barkervi lle .

Mt . Hermon Lodge,B urrard Inle t

Metrological TableMines ,—Report of Minister , relating to Cassiar, Cariboo ,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Omineca,Kootenay

,Fraser River

,etc 88 to 96

Mili tia,Officers of 265

,266

Money (coin) passing rates 41

Natural ization of A l iens 266

New iVestminster and Distric t 60,61

New Westminster,spec ial description oi . . 61 to 63

Newcastl e Coal Mine .105

Nicola Country 67,68

Notaries Publ i c 85, 86

New Westminster,St . Andrew ’ s Soc iety 276

NewWestminster Goal (offi cers) 87

New Westminster D irectory 347 to 351

vi i i CONTENTS .

Ne“ 1Vest1n i11sterDisti ict Di1 ecto1yNanaimo Di1 ector)Nicola Di l ecto1 )N0 1 th 1Vest CoastDii cctmyOfficial s of the Domin ion 1 11 Bri tish ColumbiaOffic ials of the Post Office Dep1 '

11 tment

Offi c ials of th e ProvinceO fficers New Westminster GoalO fficers Lunatic A sylumOkanagan Country .

O soyoos Lake Coun try 75

Oh 1gan Directorv 363

Pilo ts . 158

Post Offi ce Depart1ne 1it, e tc . . 160 toRates of Postage

,etc 166 to 168

Money Order Branch 163 , 164

Denominat ion of Stamps i ssued . 168

Suggestions to the Publi c . . 162 ,163

Post O ffices in Bri ti sh Columbia .165

Length of i outes 161,162

Pol itical0

Constitution of B l i ti sh Columbia 36

P1 0 1 11101al self—go\ ernmen t 39

Provincial Representatives in Dominion Parl iament . . 87,88

Public Buildings in Victoria . 286,287

Publ ic Schools,etc

Publ ic W’

orks Department (officers ) . 78

Provincial Secretary's Department 71)

Publi c B ’orks Reports,1875-6

,ex trac ts from 114 to 126

Pilots ” 158

Queen Charlotte Island 58

Qua 1 te l ly statements of the Banks of Briti sh Columbiaand British North America

Religi ous,

—Church of England .

Roman Chatholic Churches and Schools .

Reformed Episcopal Church .

Church of ScotlandMe thodist Chu i ch of CanadaFirst P1 e sbyte 1 ian ChurchBaptis t Church

Representa ti ves in the Provmci a l Parl iamentRegi strars under the Marriage Ordinance Ac t

, ,

Return ing O lfice rs .

Retu rn of Revenues of Bri tish Columbia for the years1875

,1876

,e tc 131

,132

Reven lie of B . C . for 1877 . 132

Regulat ions gove 1 ni11g Publ ic School s 127

CONTENTS .

Rivers of British Columbia 2,3

Resources of the Province 4,5

Royal Hospi tal of Vic tor i a 278

Registrar of Titles,1150 79

Registr °a1 s of Births , Deaths , and M 11 1 11 1ge s 80,81

Registrars County Courts 86

Schools,

—ex tr11ct f1 om Superintendent s report . 126 to 1 )8Schools and Churches in B . C 40

Schools (private) in Victoria . 286

She ri ffs of Briti sh Columbia 86

Silver and silver mining .

Silver,recen t discoveries 1 12

Similk 1meen Valley,

. 74,75

Stone Qu 1ai ry at Newcastle . 113

Statement Domin ion Re 1 ennes and Expenditures,B C . 120

St . And1 ew s a nd Caledonian Society 276

Supreme Court (officers) . 79

Tariff of Dominion of Canada 134 to 148

Teleg raphic,

—l i st of officers,rates

,etc 169

Timb er,varie ti es of

,e tc 7 to 12

Teachers of Publ ic Schools . 127,128

Travell ing,cost of from Victoria to differen t points 58 to 60

Timber description and value 52 to 5 1Ti easury (officei s) 78

Union,Te ims oi

'

with the Domin ion of Canada “ to 254.

Vancouver Island,farming lands 57

Vancouver Island,agricul tural productions .

Vancouver Island , description of,&c .

Vancouver Coal Min e 103 to 105

Vessels entered and cleared .

Vic toria,

—description ofMembers C ity Council

,etc .

Census of 1876Fire Department .

Chamber of CommerceCi ty Directory .

Distric t Direc toryVictoria Goal

, (officers)Victm ia Distric t Direc tory .

Water powe i for Mill s in B C . .

Well ington Coll iery .

Yield of Cariboo gold minesYield of wheat , &c .

, on Mainland .

Yale and Hepe Directory .

Yale Distric t Directory .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CONTENTS .

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS .

Agents,Accountants

,etc :

Plummer Robert,Bastion stree t .

Robinson W . C .

,Bastion st reet .

Ar chi tec ts :Syme James

,Government street .

Teague John,Government street .

Trounce Thos .,Kane stree t

AuctioneersDavies J . P .

, Co .,Wharf stree t .

Bakers :Thompson G eo ,

Fort streetBanks :

Bank of British Columbia,Government street .

Wells,Fargo Co .

,Government stree t .

Blacksmiths,etc :

McKen z ie Meston,Government street . .

Miller James,Government street .

Booksell ers,Stationers

,and News Agents :

T . N . Hibben Co .


Book BinderyR . T . Williams

,Government . street

Boot and Shoe Makers and Dealers :Mansell Henry

,Government s treet

Cowper H . M .,Government street .

Webster Co .

, Governmen t street .Butchers :Goodacre Dooley

,Government stree t

Tye Chong Yuen,Cormorant s treet

Kong Tiong Sing,Cormorant stree t

Black George . B urrard InletCarpenters , etc :Hayward Jenkinson ,

Langley streetMuirhead Mann

,Rock Bay

John Hilbert,Nanaimo

Dentists :R . B . Thompson


Dressm akers :Halpenny Mrs

,Yates street . .

Druggists :Jackson Dr . “7m .


Shotbolt Thos .,Johnson street .

Dry Goods Dealers,etc :

Brown Whi te,Governmen t street

coNrENTs . V i

1)eale rs,etc :

“7i lson Thos .

,At Co .

,G overnment stree t .

Romano John Quaglio tti , Johnson streetFurni ture Dealers

,e tc :

Mansel l Holroyd , Yates stree t .Sehl J .


\Veiler John,Fort stree t .

Fish Gu i e i s e tc :He1 1 ingS . W .

,New \Ve stmins ter .

Deas J . S . , Deas IslandGrocers

,etc

Mitchel l George,Fort s treet

Rickinan Ofner,Government street .

Ru efi'

J . , Co .


Saunders Henry,Johnson street

Hie Lee,Cormorant s tree t .

Massa M Government street .

Gunsmi ths :Short Henry , Fort. street .

Hardware Merchan ts , e tc :

Fellows A Roscoe,Yates stree t .

Mat thews,R .ch 111 ds 11 Tye

,Yates street .

Hotels,Restaurants

,Sa loons , etc :

Astrico .A.,Store street

Ah Poi [it Wung Pow,Johnson street

Bill ings Mrs,Fort s treet

Hon Gee,Store stl ee t

McNiffe “71n .,Tr011nce Alley

Trehai t C . H, G ove 1nment st1 eet

McL ease R .,Soda C 1 eek .

Insu ran ce Companies :Acc ident Insurance Co .

,Government street

Phoen ix In surance Co .,Government street

Scotti sh Amicable Life Assu i ance Co .,Gov’ t St

Livery Stable Keepers :Bowman “7 . G .

, Yates streetDunlop J . T .

,Broad s treet

L umbe i Me l chants :

Sayward W . P .,Rock Bay 383

Moody , Nelson Co .,Rock B ay—Mill , B urrardInlet 406

Match Manutactu i e i s

Manson Hendry , Fort streetLiquor Dealers

,

—Wholesal e :Davies J . P .

,Co .

,Wharf street

Moore,Hunt Co .

,San Francisco , Cal

xi i CONTENTS .

MerchantsCasamayou A .

, Co,Yates stree t .

Cal i Richard , Wha1 f sti ee t

Findlay , Durham B 1 od i e Wharf sti cet .

Neufelde i Co .,\V11a1 f stieet

Oppenheimer Bros , Fort streetRhodes H .

, Co Store stree t .

Sproat Co .

,Wharf stree t

Stahlschmidt Ward,W harf street .

Tai Y une Co Government s treetTurner

,Beeton Tunstal l

,Wharf street

Welch,Rithet Co . Wharf street

Harvey James,Nanaimo .

Machinists,etc :

Spratt Joseph,Store sti ee t

Paiute 1 s :C1 owther John

,Yates street .

Sears Joseph,Government street .

Plumbers,Gas Fitters

,etc :

A . W . Wilson,Fort street .

Printers,Job :

Rose A lex,Fort street .

Royal Mail Stage :Porter John .

Saddlers and Harness Makers :Norris Frederick


Sewing Machines :Fletcher Thomas

,Fort street

Tailors :Gilmore A .

,Government street

Sam Kee,Yates street .

Son On Lung,Store street

VVau Ying Lun,Yates st1 eet

Tinsmiths and Stove Dealers :D1 ummond J . S . Yates sti eet .

Heal David,Yates street .

Keays G . C .,Yates street

Kel ly S . L .,Yates street .

Taylor Charles,Johnson stree t .

Tobacconists and Cigar Manufac turers :Campbell F .

,Governmen t stree t .

Wing Lee Co . , Johnson street.Schaffer Co .

,Wharf street

C C Q 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

GUIDETO BRITISHCOLUMBIA.

PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA .

The fol lowing remarks and information on the Provincehave been compiled from various sources , many i tems beingtaken from The Government Prize Essay

,by Al ex

ander Cau lfie ld Anderson,Esq .

, J . P and “ British Columbia

,Information for Emigrants , by Gilbert Malcolm

Sproat,Esq .

,Agent-General for the Province in England

,

July 1st,1873 . Authorities quoted are referred to thus

,

(Anderson), (Sproat). Ful l returns of statistics, &c .

,will be

found under their proper heads .

British Columbia sprang into existence , as a Colony , onlyin 1858, consequently on the gold-discoveries , the rumors ofwhich in that year suddenly attracted numbers to i ts shores .

Previously i t had been traversed and partially occupied onlyby th e Fur-traders

,first of th e Nor th-West

,and afterwards of

the Hudson ’ s Bay,Comp anies ; by whom its various divisi ons

were distinguished by diffieren t names , most of which are still

retained for local designation . The adj acent Island of Vancouver

,separated from the mainland by a narrow channel

,in

its narrowest part scarcely exceeding a few thousand yards,

had been partial ly c olonized some years before ; and it migh thave been reasonablv supposed that these two adjacent andalmost contiguous lands ,

wi th interests so closely united,

would have been incorporated under one Government . Butthe wisdom of Downing street wil l ed it otherwise . Establ ished as separate Colonies , each en joyed for some years thehonor of paying its own highly-salaried Governor , under theImperial ausp ices ; wi th the digni ty of enacting its own spec iallaws

,not always in stri ct observance of the interests of i ts

n e ighbor . Of course th is could not last ; and in 1866 th ecommon-sense of th e two Colonies , though reluctantly el ic i ted ,

brought about a union . Subsequently ,on the 20th July ,

1871,the united Colony b ecame confederated 1is a Provinc e

of the Dominion of Canada .

The l imits of the Province may be thus broadly indicated .

Co-terminous on the South wi th the Uni ted States Terri tory of

2 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

1Vashington , the 49th Parallel of North Latitude forms th eboundary from the Gulf of Georgia to the summi t of theRocky Mountains , which i t intersec ts in Longi tude 114

° Westthere touching on the Dominion territor of the North-“rest .Thence along the summit of the Rocky Iountains to the paralle l of Mount St . E l ias

, to about Latitude 62° Thence

Southward as far as 54° along the strip of coast-l ine , tenmarine leagues in width

,formerly occupied by Russia , re

cently purchased by the Uni ted States , and now forming partof the Terri tory ofAlaska . Thence Southward to the entranceof the Strai t of Fuca

,including Queen Charl otte and Van

couver Island , and the vast archipelago connec ted therewith .

The three princ ipal streams of Bri tish Columbia are , theColumbia , the Fraser , and the Peace . The last-mentioned ,

rising in the angle formed by the Peak Range wi th the RockyMountains and the Coast Range

,after rece iving the import

an t gold-bearing tributary,Findlay ’s Bran ch

,breaks through

the main l ine of the Rocky Mou tain s,and

,passing onwards .

joins the great River Mackenzie ; the united flood,after a

course of some two thousand miles , eventually falling intothe Frozen Ocean .

The Columbia,rising in the Rocky Mountains , pursues a

Southerly course,and

,after rece iving severa l importan t tri

bu tarie s, and feeding the two extensive sheets of water call ed

the Arrow Lakes,enters the Un ited States Territory in Lati

tude and after a course of nearly a thousand miles , fallsinto the Pacific in Lati tude 46°

Fraser River,comparatively the smallest

,but in i ts rela

tion to the Province by far the most important,flows entirely

through British Columbia,entering the Gulf of Georgia a few

mil es North of the Boundary Line of and in about 122°

40’

West Longitude ; i ts course throughout be ing nearly paralle l wi th that of the Columbia . The main

,or central branch ,

takes i ts rise in the Rocky Mountains in Lat . 53° 45" N .,

Long . 118 there heading with the Rivi ere de Miette , -atributary of the Athabasca

,which afterwards uni tes wi th

Peace River in i ts course towards the Frozen Ocean . FraserRiver was first d iscovered by Sir Al exander Mackenzie of theNorth-VVest Company

,who designating i t as the Ta-cout-c/ze

Tease, or River of the Tacu lly nation , descended

li t for some

distance on hi s way to the Vestern Coast in 1793 . Afterwards

,in 1808

,i t was navigated to i ts mouth by Mr . Simon

Fraser and Mr . John Stuart of the North-“I

es t Com any ;from th e former of whom i t has i ts 1resent name . raserRi ve r . a fe w miles from its s ou rc e . flows in to a lake somem iles in leng th W V: 11 (

‘

mx 4 11W": I"I1 .la I1 w r t

'

l z s id

GUIDE TO BR ITISH COLUMBIA .

e rably increased by a tributary from the north ,i t enters

Moose Lake,a beau t iful shee t o f w ate r some nine miles in

length . Thence the river continues r apidly to Te te Jaune ’ sCache

,being j oined m idway by a second feeder

,l ikewise from

the North .

Tete Jaune ’ s Cache , d is tant about 70miles from the sum

mit of the Rocky Mou ta ins and 730 from the sea,i s the l imi t

of canoe naviga tion on the Fraser . About three mile s lowe rdown

,the stream is j oined by the Cranberry Fork

,a tribu

tary flowing from the South ,which heads in with the North

Branch of the Thompson , to be presently noticed ,and the

Canoe Fork of the Columbia .

Between Tete Jaune’

s Cache and Thle-et-leh,where there

a post of the Hudson’

s Bay Company cal led Fort George,

the river i s augmented by many tributaries ; two of which ,the

Mackenzie Fork and Bear River , are of considerable magnitude . This po int is in L a t . 53

° Long . 122 °45 A11 im

portant branch here falls in from the Westward,proceeding

from the Lakes of Stuart and Fraser . Que snell’

s River,i ssu

ing from the great lake of th e same name,

flows in 100mileslower down ; and 40 miles below th is is Fort Alexandria ,seated on the right bank in Lat . 52 °

33 40'

It is in the mounta inous region comprised with in the greatbend which the Fraser makes between Tete Jaune ’ s Cacheand th is point

,that the rich gold-depos i ts

,known as the

Cariboo mines , are situated .

At Ly tton,about 180miles from the sea

,the Fraser i s j oin

ed by Thompsons River , a copious tributary flowing from theEastward . This stream waters an importan t and extensivesection of the country ; i ts northern branch heading with theCranberry Fork

,before mentioned .

Yale,a smal l town at the head of steamboat navigation on

the Lower Fraser , i s 57 m iles lower down ; and New “Testminster

,the former cap ital of the mainland

,some 95 miles

below i t . This last-named town , pleasantly si tuated on thenorthern bank of the river , some fifteen miles above the entrance

,and in Lat . 49 ° 12 47 Long . 122 0 i s

,practically

the he 1d of sh ip-navigation on the Fraser .

For brevi ty ’ s sake the names of the various extensive feeders

,fall ing in a t interval s from Fort George downwards

,are

omitted . Of these the Chil-coh ,watering the fertile tract oc

cup ied by the ( Jhilcotins , and entering on the‘ right about 60

miles below Alexandria , i s one of the most conspicuous . TheHarrison

,joining

'

also from the righ t . i s another . Thisstream flows by a short course from a picturesque and extensive lake ; and wa s at one time the chief route of communica

4 GUIDE TO BR IT ISH COLUMB IA .

tion wi th the upper country ; i ts cont inuati on again strikingthe Fraser some 40miles above Lytton

,at the beautiful vil

l iage of Lil looet .In order to a due apprehension of the geography of Bri ti shColumbia

,i t i s necessary to indicate the ranges of mounta ins

wh ich divide its several porti ons .

The more Southerly part i s separated from the Columbiawatershed by the Cascade Range

,so called from the rapids of

the Cascades upon the Lower Columbia ; the point where thatr iver bursts through the chain . This range may be considered as a continuat ion of the S ierra Nevada of Cal ifornia

,and

it’

vanishes at the j unc tion of Thompson’ s River wi th the

Fraser .

The Coast Range , ( ff. 6 . the chain of Mountains lying be

tween the interior of the Province and the sea—board) commenees above New \Ve stminster

,and extends

,paral lel with

the coast,as far as Mount St . E l ias at the northern ex tremitv .

—Aaderson .

The occupat ion Of gold—mining ex i sts s ti l l as the princ ipal industry of Bri tish Columb ia and as an unfai l ing attraetion to population—41 mill ions sterl ing having been exportedwi thin ten years—but other industries have appeared andpromise well . The ch ief of these has been coal . With in tenyears tons of coal have been shipped from Nana imo .

Many articles of provinc ial produce,bes ides gold and coal ,

—na1nely ,lumber (sawn wood , furs

,hides

,wool

,fish , cran

berries,&c .

—figure now in the l ist of exports . A small se ttlement of practical experienced men is found in nearly everyd istric t that i s suitable for farm ing . Such men know, insome d -gree , what their own land wil l produce or support ,and they also have a general idea Of the extent of s imilar landnear to them . Avail ing myself of the wider sources of information thus Opened

,I hope to be able to give a picture of the

prov ince which is nei ther underdrawn nor overdrawn . Truth ,

not exaggeration , i s the basis of these pages . The informat ion that will be la id before the reader

, on each point wi l l beful ly borne out by that best of tests—Experience .

Every reader,perhaps

, may not be aware that there i s astrange contrast be tween the surface

,s oil

,cl imate

,&c .

, of thecountries 0 11

’the Atl antic s ide of the continent , and the countries on the Pac ifi c Ocean side of the continen t . BritishColumbia

, (Engl i sh ) O regon , and Cal ifornia (American) arethe three princ ipal countries on the Pacific side . These arefine countries

,but of course each has advantages and disad

vantages . Iknow al l of them . and in my Opinion British

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GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

larity of surface,serene a ir and absence of marshy plains ,

promises health to the settler . No malaria 0 1° 11gue . Over agreat portion of the Province the cl imate i s that of England ,but without the b i ting east winds . Over another portion thec l imate resembles that of France . The larger lakes do notfreeze ove1 ; nor do th e large 1 ivers ever close entirely up .

Severe winters seem to come about once every eigh t 01° tenyears

,bu t what we call

‘severe winters are less severe thanthe ordinary win ters in Eastern Canada 01 the Northern Statesof the Union . Elevated distric ts

, of course , have the cl imatethat everywhere belongs to them

,but even the roughest

mountain cl imate in Bri tish Columbia is heal thful .

CLIMATIC D IVISIONS—WEST CASCADE REGION .

Near the sea say,wes t of Cascade Range generally , and

in Vanco uver Island,seldom over 800 Fahrenhei t in .1111-1de on

the hottes t day in summer and fal ling to 200 Fahrenhe it i n winter . Genia l

,though rather humid

,humidity 1n

creases as you gg o north . Summer beautiful

,wi th some rainy

days ; autumn , bright and fine ; winter , frosty and rainy byturns ; the spring very wet . Sh ow falls to the depth of several inches

,rarely to the depth of 11 foo t—melts quickly .

\Vhen the atmosphere rs clear,heavy dews fal l at nights , and

fogs are common du1 ing October and November ;0

summer.mists rare

,partial

,and tr11n s itor°V ° no tornadoes

,such as sweep

over Il l inois and other Northern States of the Union , andoccasionally visi t New England . Bril l iant weather in win ter ,some t imes for a mon th at a time . I include Vancouver Islandabove as part of the ‘West Cascade region

,

’ because the cl imate i s s imilar . O f course

,were the matter gone into

exhaustively,the Island cl imate would present insular pecul i

a ritie s .

EAST CASCADE REGION .

Clima te different from the cl imate wes t of Cascade Range .

Heat and cold greater ; almost co ntinuously hot in summer ,bu t no t so a s to destroy vegetation . Little rai n ; warm rains ,perhaps

,Apri l andM ° aga in

,but not always

,in August 11nd

Sep tember . 1Vinter,changeable ; November , lr°osty

°

ti

Decernbcr

,Janu aiy ,

11md February cold and 11° °inte 1y,

but generallyc lear and sunny ; l i ttle ice ; snow,

say a foot deep on an averageof 1 e 11rs —~mel ts qu ickl winds melt it °

and often leave groundb are for we eks . Ma rcfi11nd Apri l variable

,pla ins then begin

to show grass . Hill s idess,in some placees

,show green grass

in Ma rrh . Irrigat ion general ly requin .d 111 th is region .

The 11b0 1 e description applies to an immense terri tory inthe southern portion o f the ‘East Cascade regi on .

’ The des

GUIDE TO Bnrrrss COLUMB IA . 7

cription must be modified as regards certarn distric ts . Approximation to the Rocky Range

,01

° to the rugged Cariboo

and other mountains, ha s i ts natural effec t ; trees abound ,

more rain falls,snow is deeper . On the upper parts of the

Fraser River,the winter is capric ious ; very severe cold for a

few days,then fluctuating near freezing point ; another inter

val of intense cold,and then perhaps spring comes al l at once .

In the south-eastern corner of the province . a re—modiflcation

takes place . The affect of approxima ti on to the RockyRange is there mitigated by the the influence of approx ima

t ion to the border of the Great American Desert whichstre tches south to Mexico . About the headwaters of theColumbia

,the c l imate is del ightful ; extremes are rare ; snow

general ly goes as i t fall s . The scenery is very grand,and i t

is therefore probable that,when made accessible

,th is region

wil l be the resort of thousands of inval ids . Again , where depressions in the Rocky Range occur

,towards which we may

suppose that the Pacific Ocean winds are drawn in their passage eastward

,approximation to the Range does not injure

the cl imate . For instance,near Jasper House

,and for some

d istance in the Athabasca Valley snow never accumulates ,there is constant grass ; warm rains sometimes fall in Januarv .

The same may be said of other parts —Sprout.

The mainland of British Columbia , apart from the seaboard , may be divided into three sec ti ons , each differing fromthe other in i ts attributes . The first extends from the mouth of

Fraser River to the head of the rapids above Yale : the se

cond , from that point to Alexandria : the th ird , thence to theRocky Mountains .

The characteristics of the lower distr ict are a surfacethickly wooded in most parts wi th tree s of enormous growth ,chiefly varities of th e Fir and Pine , and intermixed with theRed Cedar ( Thuja Occiden ta lis of Douglas , Gigan tea of Nuttal) and the Maple-plane (P la te

/nus Acerr'

folia .) Low alluvialpoints fringe these th ickets . These

,as well as the numerous

islets along the river,are covered with Aspens

,Balsam

,Pop

lars , and Alders , of luxuriant growth . In the lower part aresome extensive meadows

,yielding

,in their natural state ,

heavy crops of a coarse but nutri tious grass,and under cul

tivation, enormous returns of cereals and other produce .

For a certain period of the year mosqu i toes are troublesomealong the river

,as high

,nearly

,as Hope : but there has never

been manifested any symptom of fever and ague,or other

similar endemic, so often generated in positions of a like des

8 GUIDE TO 111111111111 COLUMB IA .

On the verge of the second,or central div ision a marked

change commences . The copious ra ins which fal l in thelower distric t are greatly modified after we pass the mountainou s ridge through which the river bursts near Yale .

Evidences of a drier c l imate appear at ever step . The charac ter of the vegetation changes . About ytton the Cactusbegins to appear . In spots along the Thompson the Artemis ia , and o ther shrubs indicative of a hot and dry cl imate ,are found ; and in l ieu of the thickly-wooded luxuriance of thelower region

,a succession of open valleys

,c overed with fine

pasture and bordered by grassy h il ls in parts more or lesswooded , del ights the eye of the traveller . Here and therebel ts of fores t intervene ; amid which broad expanses of openland l ie scattered at intervals . This general description maybe regarded as applying to a very large trac t of country , extending from Alexandria on the Fraser , in Lati tude 520to the Southern Boundary Line on the Okinagan Riv er ; andthence a t intervals towards the south-eastern angle of th eProvince . Near the point just mentioned

,wh ere the Boun

dary Line intersects the Okinagan River flowing into theColumbia , the country begins to assume

,in i ts general

features , a very steril e charac ter . An arid sandy region ,almost tropical in i ts temperature

,replaces the rich scenery

through which we have been passing . Crossing the frontierinto the Uni ted States Terri tory ,

as we descend the Okinagantowards the Columbia

,th is character becomes more general .

The al luvia l bottoms alone,where there is natural irrigation ,

are susceptibl e of cul ture : th e main feature of the prospec t i sa torrid waste of sand

,in which the Wormwood and other

varieties of the Artemisia,the F ac tus

,and other vegetati on

proper to similar wastes of remote volcanic and diluvia lorigin , alone find nutrirn ent. IVe have entered ,

in short , uponthe North-western angle of the GREAT A MERICAN DESERT : andhence , with in the Nevada range , to beyond th e frontiers of

Mexico , the vast‘Sage Barrens ’ l i e extended before the travel

ler . Let us recede,however

,from th is uninvi ting field , and

confine our view wi th in the more attractive l imi ts of our own

favored Province .

The third division of B ri ti sh Columbia , from Alexandriato the ’

Mountains , vari es materially from the other two . Theagricul tural reg ion

,properly so cal led , may be said to ter

m inate in the vic in i ty of Al exandria ; though there are manysmall spots

’bcyond that point whi ch may be advantageously

cul ti vated for cul inary vegetables and harder cereals . General ly speaking it i s a wooded country , through which manyopen spots of excell ent soi l are interspersed , wi th l arge tracts

cums TO BRITISH COLUMBIA . 9

of luxurian t pasture—espec ially in the direction of Fraser andStuart Lakes

,and in the Chilcotin country . From Fort

Georg e , however , up the main branch of the Fraser to Te teJaune

’

s i'

ache,none of these open places appear : and though

many cultivable patches along the river banks migh t in partsbe readily c leared

,i t i s probable that the occurence of surn

mer night-frosts would prevent the growth of any save thehard ier vegetables . Fraser Lake

,however

,and the ne igh

boring lake of Stuart,have been for many years the scene of

agricultural operations 011 a smal l scale,at the Posts , formerly

of the North-West,and since the coal ition of 1821

,of the

Hudson ’ s Bay Company . At the former place , especial ly ,these l imited operations were invariably successful . Potatoes ,turnips

,and other vegetables tlrrov e wonderfully . Barley

yielded invariably a heavy return ; and though wheat wascultivated occasional ly only

,on a very small scale , and rather

experimentally than as a crop,i t r ipened well in favorable

posi tions . The pasture in these v ic in ities is of the mostluxuriant description

,consisting of fine natural grasses inter

mixed wi th a nu tri tious kind Of wild pea , or vetch . Cattleand horses of course thrive well ; but the necessity of provid

ing fodder against the lengthened winter of these elevatedpa rts

,discourages their being raised beyond a l imited extent .

This upper region,however

,is to be considered more

espec ially as the mining distrirt : and any partial cu l tivationthat may be attempted to meet an extended market in con

nection wi th the mines,must be regarded only as subsidiary

to the main supply,derived from a remoter source .

NATURAL PRODUCTIONS—TIMBER,TREES

,ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS , &c.

The forests of Bri tish Columb ia are productive of an inexhaustible supply of t imber of the most serv iceable kind .

Confining the description to very narrow l im its , the followingvarities may be mentionedThe Oak , which is not found on the mainland , grows abundautly in the southern parts of Vancouver Island , and th eislands adj acent . It i s of the variety Q . Garrya na , and ,

though nowise equal to the British Oak,affords a very tough

and serviceable timber .

The Douglas Pine or F ir (A . Douglas 'ii) . The uses of th istree

,which grows to a gigantic s ize , are chiefly for the manu

facture of deals and scantl ing for building purposes , and also ,locally

,for ship—building . It is pecul iarly well adapted for

masts and spars,from i ts s ize

,straightness

,and tenac i ty .

There is a large and constantly increasing exportation of th istimber

,from British Columbia

,and the adj acen t shores of

10 GUIDE TO 11n1r1s11 COLUMBIA .

IVashington Territory , in the shape of sawn lumber and sparsto vari ous ports in China and the Pacific

,and in spars and masts

of the l argest d imensions to Europe . The qual i ty of the lumberprocured in British Columbia

,at B urrard

’

s Inlet , a l i ttl enorth of the entrance of Fraser River

,is esteemed of superior

gu ality, and commands , we bel ieve , an extra price in Sananc1sco .

The \Veymouth Pine (P . St1 obu s)—tl1e “( bite Pine of comme1 ce . This valuable tree i s common on the mountain slopesbetween the Coast and the Lower Fra ser . It 1s espec ial lyabundant in the upper part of Harrison ’ s River

,where i t at

tains to a large s ize and is of unsurp as sable beauty .

The Balsam Pine,yield ing the “ Canada Balsam of the

druggist : a tre a. of vigorous growth and very ornamen ta l , butthe t imber of li ttl e va lue .

The Hemlock Fir (A . Ca nadensis). (fommon throughoutthe Lowe1 Dist ie t and along the Coast . The bark valu ablefor tanning ; the wood valueless for outs ide pu 1 poscs , butused sometiin es fo 1 iude o1 fin ish ing as a substi tute fo1 betterwood .

The Spruce Fi r . Found in most local i ti es throughout theProvince

,up to the l im its of the Rocky Mountains . An easily

wrough t and useful wood . (A . 1116 112163 511)P inus B a nks z

'

a na ,11 va i iety of the common Scotch Fir , i s

found in dry sandy woodlands throughout the i11te 1 i01 ofB i itish Columbia

,and up to the summ i t of the RockvMountain

passes . A useful 11nd du l able wood . Found al so 011 Vanceu r clIsland ; but more rarely , and of smaller size .

The Red Ced 11 ( T/1uja 001 irZenla lis 01 G ir/a u tea). A mostuseful t1 ee

,found throughout the Province

,up to the hea i t

of the h ooky Mountains , but especial ly abundant on the Seaboard and in the L 011 e 1 Dist1 ict, whe 1 e i' a tta ins to an eno1

mous size . The wood of th is tree is espec ial l1 1 alued for itsex t1 eme du i ability ; and fo1 th is 1 eason 1s now in demand inSan Francisco for the pu1pose s of the So11 the 1 n Pac ific B ailroad ,

fo1 ties . O f th is wood the nat ives make the ir beautifulcanoes ; the b 1 oad sheets of the ba1 k the1 u se f1 equ en tly fo1

i oofing ; and its fib1 es 111 e woven into blankets .

The Cypi ess , 0 1 Y 1 .110 11 Ceda1 (CU/11 09 9 119 Tia/cities) , eon

fined to the mari time prec inc ts . The. wood,of c lose texture

and appl icable to many useful pu 1pose s , is of v e 1 1 s 11pe 1 io1

qual i ty . The t1 ee is not , pi ob 11bl1 found south of 49a and

extends along the Coast in to A laska . The inner bai k of th istree contains an essential o il

,which eonnnun icates i ts Odor

,

somewhat as of garl ic , to the wood ,the effect of which is to

protec t i t,i t is sa id

,against the attacks o f the Teredo .

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMB IA . 11

This qual ity of resistance,added to great durabil i ty , adapts

i t spec ially for sub-marine purposes,for which

,imported from

A laska,i t is now I bel ieve h ighly valued in San Franc isco .

The cortical fibres,l ike those of the last-mentioned , are spun ,

and woven into blankets,but of a finer texture .

A varie ty of Yew ( T. brev'ifolia ) is found along the Coast ,and on the Fraser as h igh as the head of the Yale Rapids .I t is used by the natives for the manufacture of bows and i ti s appl icable to various useful purposes

,but does not attain

to the s ize of the Engl ish Yew . The Alder . useful for turning and carving , i s widely distributed , and in the Coastvic in ity attains to a great size . The Plane-maple (Pla tanusAcerifolia) i s abundant in the Lower D istrict and VancouverIsland , and of very vigorous growth . A useful and highlyornamenta l tree

,yielding in early Spri ng a copious supply of

sap,which

,though less rich in saccharine matter than that of

the Canadian Sugar-maple,gives a product not inferior in

qual ity . The Balsam Popular,or Cotton-wood , and the

Aspen , growing abundantly along the Lower Fraser , are verygenerally distributed

,nearly to the summit of the Rocky

Mountain passes . From the Balsam Poplar,which attains

to very considerable dimensions , excel lent canoes are excavated by the Indians of the interior

,wh ich have this advan

tage over those constructed of Cedar,that they do not spl i t

through exposure to the sun,and consequently do not demand

the same assiduous care . But these periguas are nowisecomparable in form to the beautiful canoes of the Coast,formed of the more del icate material

,and wi th a far higher

degree of art . The Birch,which is the ch ief hard-wood of

the interior,is comparatively rare in the Lower D istrict and

on Vancouver Island ; but throughout the Upper Fraser , up tothe verge of the Rocky Mountains

,i t is common

,and attains

in parts to a very considerable s ize . The h '

l l‘k of th is tree

was formerly employed at the interior posts for making canoesfor transport ; but boats were afterwards substi tuted . Thenatives do not employ it

,however

,for that purpose , l ike those

of the Eastern Cont inent . They constru ct their l ight hunting-canoes of single sheets stripped from the trunk of theWeymouth Pine

,where procurable : elsewere of the Spruce .

Pecul iar to a portion of the Central D istric t i s the Red Pine(P . Ponderosa ) a very beautiful tree , growing ch iefly ingravelly opens

,and attain ing a large size . The t imber i s

good , close-grained , and durable ; but as its name indicates ,comparatively heavy . It is found commonly as far north asthe upper ford of the Bonaparte ; but i ts nearest approach tothe Coast Range

,westward

,i s the head of Anderson Lake .


A variety

of the Larch (L . Occidenta l/is) is foun d at var iouspoin ts a ong the eastern portion of the Southern Boundary of

the Province . It grows to a large s iz e , chiefly in cold mo istbottoms ; but though a beautiful tree , i ts t imber does notshare the charac ter for durabil i ty ascribed to i ts Eastern con

gener . Some other varieties of Pine besides those that havebeen mentioned are found in the mountainous parts : but nonee

l

f these being of marked util i ty i t i s needless to enumeratet em .

O f edible fru its there are many kinds . Of these perhapsthe most important is the Service-berry (Amela nchier Ra cemosa

,or Ca ncz densis a white—flowering shrub yield ing a

fru it of great util i ty . Abundantly produced,and easily

gathered,th i s frui t is dried in the sun

,and forms an impor

tant addition to the winter store of the natives , as wel l as oftheEii i 'Opean residents , by whom i t is no less prized . Thisberry is very widely d istributed between this and Manitoba ;and along the Saskatchewan the dried fru i t enters largely intothe composi tion of the finer kinds of Pem ican . Besides theRaspberry of several kinds

,including one identical in flav or

and nowise inferior in qual ity to the cul tivated varieties ; thewild Strawberry : and the Cranberry

,all widely d istributed ,

and the last an articl e of considerable export from the LowerFraser to San Franc isco

,where the frui t i s in great demand .

As may be surmised from the enormous coast-l ine , and thegreat extent of the in land waters

,the Fish of Bri tish Colum

bia enter largely into the consideration of her resources . O fall the varie tie s frequenting the inland waters

,however

,the

Salmon is the most important ; and , as i t wil l requ ire a longernoticeLthan the rest , we reserve i t for the last . The varietiesof Trout , in the next place , demand attention ; and for wantof more legitimate nomenclature

,they wil l in most cases be

d istingu ished by the native names,adopting those of the Ta

cull of the Upper Fraser, to the wri ter the more famil iar .

T e Peet i s a red-fleshed Trout , frequenting the largerlakes , such as Stuart

’ s and Fraser ’ s . It grows to a great size,

frequently exceeding 20 lbs . in we ight,and in some posi tions

,

I havej-been f

assured ,weigh ing as much as forty

,th ough I

have never myself seen any nearly so large . They are usuallycaught wi th hooks

,baited wi th a small fish

,during th e season

of open water . In early spring the natives catch them bymaking holesjin the ice and roofing them over with pineboughs so as to exclude the surface—l ight . In th is way thefish , attracted by a lure , i s readily detected and speared .


14 GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA .

The Sturgeon of Bri tish Columbia (Acip enser transmontana sof Richardson) differs widely III al l respects from the commonSturgeon of the Atlantic (A . Stm zo) This noble fish i scommon both to the Columbia and Fraser River ; but does notby the former stream penetrate to the Bri ti sh Columbia front ier—interrupted

,apparently

,by the Kettl e Fall

,at Colv ile ,

near to wh ich point some have been known to reach . Thefish appeaIs in Fraser River IIIeaIly Spring , followIng the shoalsof a certain small fish ,

called by the nat ives Oola han , as theyresort to the lower parts to spawn The IVe steIn Sturgeonattains an enormous s ize z in the upper paIts of the FraserRiver

,about Stuar ’t s and Fr 'aser s Lakes

,having been caught

we igh ing as much as seven or e ight hundred pounds . Thesefish do not

,there is reason to bel ieve

,always return to the

sea ; but , finding abundant food in the upper waters , continueto dwel l and propagate there

,frequenting ch iefly the ne igh

bourhood of the two lakes mentioned,and probably other

local i ties . Unlike the Sa,

lmon which constantly deter iorateas they ascend

,the Sturgeon conversely improve ; and are in

variably fatter when caught III the upper waters , than in thev ic in i ty O f the sea . On the Lower Fraser these fish are caughtby the natives in a singular but very efficacious manner . Acanoe

,manned by two persons

, one of whom acts merely tokeep the l ight vessel In posi ti on , is suflered to IlIift

' along thedeepest channel . The fisherman

,seated III the bow, i s armed

with a j ointed staff which may be lengthened at pleasure , andto the end of which a barbed harpoon attach ed to a cord Is

loosely affixed . With th is he feel s h is way,keeping the po int

of his weapon constantlywithin a slIOIt distance of the bottom .

The fish,slowly sw imm ing upwards

,i s detec ted by the touch ;

and,i nstantly struck

,is afterwards reeadily secured III the

Upper Fraser the bai t Is chiefly emploved ; but In the largereddies strong nets are found veIy effective At the effluenceof Lakes Stuart and Fraser

, neaI which the Hudson s BayCompany ’ s posts are si tuated

,long stake nets a re se t dur ing

Spring and Summer,by means of which a fish Is occasional ly

caught,the more highly pIiz ed for i ts comparative rari ty : for

while the Sturgeon grows to larger dimensions in thesevic initi es

,i t is very much rarer than in the lower parts of the

I'

Iver .

The Salmon entering Fraser RiveI are of several varie ties ,making the ir appearance succes s ively at various periods fromearly SpIIug til l the end OI Summer . As a general rule i t maybe as seIted that the e arl ier shoals are the stronger and richerfish . For clearness sake I shall confine my remarks ch ieflyto two princip al varie ti es , zalled by the lower Indians Saw

GUIDE TO nmrrsn COLUMBIA . 5

gum: and S ack-Id a ,by the upper Indians K ase and Ta-lo ; by

which latter name I shall distinguish them . The firs t , equalin size and qual ity to the large Salmon of Europe , enter theFraser in May ; the l atter , a very much smaller and not sor ich a fish , arriving a month or so later . In the lower part ofthe river the nat ives secure them in large quantities b meansof drift-ne ts . Higher up scoop-nets are chiefly used, whichare wrought from stages suspended from the rocks borderingon rapid currents ; and above Al exandria the Tacully tribecons truct ingenious we irs for their capture . The Ka sc, entering the river as before noted in May , are caught at Alexandriain the beginning of July ; though a shoal , resorting to a smalltributary cal led the Nascoh passes upward at an earl ier date .

The Tat—lo , arr iving at Alexandria later , never reach theneighbourhood of Stuart’ s or Fraser

’ s Lake before the firstweek in August ; preceded shortly by the Ka se .

To those conversant with the habits of the EuropeanSalmon i t i s superfluous to mention that each shoal as i tas cends strives perseveringly and with unerring instinct toreach

,for its spawn ing-ground

,the spot where itself was gen

crated . The course of the Kase,apart from the m inor shoals

wh ich may d iverge to their native tributaries by the way , maythus be indicated from the Forks of T/IZe-et-leh (Fort George),upwards . A division of the grand shoal here takes place ;one detachment ascending the eastern

,or Tete Jaune Branch ,

the remainder ascending th e western,or Stuart Branch , as

h igh as the point called the Forks of Chinlac, 60m iles aboveTlIle-et-leh . A further subdivision here takes place ; one

portion continu ing to ascend the Stuart Branch,nearly to

Stuart’s Lake,which

,however

,they do not enter . The other

detachment ascends the Fraser Lake Branch,turning off short

of that lake,and continuing its course up the large tributary

there fall ing in,called the Neja-coh

,on which i ts spawning

ounds are si tuated .

The Ta-Io , i ts van-guard reach ing Thie-et-leh in companywith the rear-guard of the K ase, do not enter the Tete-JauneBranch , but continue undeviatingly up to the Forks of Chinlacbefore mentioned

,where a separation takes place . One de

tachment, continuing up the Stuart’ s Branch

,passes through

Stuart ’ s Lake on its way towards Lake Tat-l a : the other following up the other branch does not, l ike the Ka se enter theNeja-coh

,but passing on to Fraser Lake continues through i t

,

and pu rsues its route by the tributary stream towards the Lacdes Franga is , on the inner verge of the Coast Range ,

and op

posite to the Southern heads of the Skeena .

This process,actuated by an infall ible instinct , goes on

16 GUIDE TO BRI'I‘IsH COLUMBIA .

undeviatingly from year to year : and though at times theremay occur, from inscrutable causes

,a partial failure of the

supply , the periods vary but l i ttl e , and the regulari ty of thesystem is never interrupted .

A brief notice of several other var ieties of the Salmon resorting to Fraser River

,may be made

,some of which ,

diverging up the Thompson ’ s Br anch and other ‘ributarie s , do notascend to the Upper Fraser : and Iwil l now advert to a peenliarity in the ir fate , which ,

strange as i t may appear, distinguishes the maj ority from all other known varieties of thegenus . There seems to be no quest ion that the shoals resorting to the sma l ler streams debouching upon the Coastreturn , a fter perform ing their procreat ive func tions , to the sea ,

as elsewhere . Indeed,I IIIII disposed to th ink that those

varieties which resort to the smaller tr ibutaries of the LowerFraser and the Columbia

,probabl y fulfil their course in l ike

manner . But as regards the main body,resorting to the

d istant head-waters of those great rivers,i t may be incontest

ably asserted {ba t theyn erer returu to t/zcsra . A t first incredu lou sof th is asserted fac t

,subversive of all my preconceptions on

the subj ec t, i t was only after the observation of years , underc ircumstances which seem to prec lude the possibil i ty of error ,that I was constrained to arrive at the same conclusion .

IVithout prelonging my notes by entering on the parti cularsof these observati ons

,I may confidently repeat the asser

tion that , the function of spawning over , the fish , stil l struggl ing upwards

,die of exhaustion . Upon the main , or

Eastern , branch of the Fraser,which as I have said is fre

qu ented only by th e large varie ty or Kase , the strongest ofthose fish attain as high as Tete Jaune

’ s Cache , between 700and 800miles from the sea : there their further progress is arres t ed by a steep fall . At the foot of th is fal l , and elsewherebelow , the stream swarms , in September , with dead and dyingfish . The once brill iant Salmon

,no longer recognisable save

from i ts general form,may here be seen

,the func tion o f

Spawning completed , almost torp id from exhaus tion ; its nosein many instances worn to the bone

,i ts tai l and fins in tatters ,

nay , i ts very flesh in a state of half-animated decay , e itherhelplessly floating in the eddies

,or wi th momentary ex i 'rtion

stil l struggl ing to ascend . III no case is the smallest d ispos it ion to descend perceptibl e : i ts course is sti l l onwards , until ,dying at last

,i t floats wi th myriads of others to be cast upon

the beach , attrac ting to a h ideous banquet II multitude of

Bears and other carn ivorous beasts from the adjacen tmountains . III l ike manner perish the other shoals upon thehead-waters of th e several streams to wh ich they resort .

GUIDETO ImrrIsH COLUMBIA .17

Before qu i tting thi s branch of the subj ect,I may supply

some memoranda which wil l c onvey an idea of the productiveness , in favorable years , of the salmon-fishe ries on theFraser . At the Post of Fraser

’ s Lake,in 1836

,dri ed

salmon were purchased and stored for use ; and at o ther Postsproportionate quanti ties were l ikewise secured ou t of thesuperabundant provis ion made by the natives . The year inquestion , i t is true , was one of great abundance . At FortLangley (some fifteen m iles above NewWestminster), largequantities were formerly sa l ted every year by the Hudson

’

sBay Company

,wel l for home consumption as for exporta

t ion . In some seasons between two and th ree thousandbarrel s were thus provided ; the fish procured by barter fromthe natives . For some y ears past private fisheries have beenestabl ished , where large quanti ties are annually cured : andrecently an establ ishment for preserving the fish in cans forexportation has been started

,which aromises to be very

successfu l . The ch ief markets are Sout IAmerica , the Sandwich Islands

,and Au stral ia .

We may here mention cursorily that,while the salmon , of

some particular varie ty,is common

,perhaps

,to every stream

issuing along the Coast from the Coast-range of Mountains ,as well as the many tributaries of the Fraser

,i t i s not found

upon the waters ofB riti sh Columbia tribu tary to the PeaceRiver , or indeed to any of the streams flowing eastward fromthe Rocky-Mountain boundary of the Province . Thus PeaceRiver , and its co-tributary to the great McKen z ie , theAthabasca

,as wel l as the Saskatchewan

,are desti tue of th is

valuable fish . W ith our knowledge of the habits of the genusi t would be a facil e undertaking to introduce the fish artific iallyinto these rivers

,by spawn taken from the western watershed :

but i t is questionable whether the extreme length of the twofii'stmamed streams

,at. l east

,in the ir course to the ocean ,

might not prove an insurmountable obstacle to their success .

ful propagation . Nevertheless,i t i s poss ible that the attempt

may at some future day be made .

A very valuable fish enter ing Fraser River to spawn , inth e early Spring

,i s the il lecclcichthys (or preferably Osmerus)

Ricka rdsoni i—local ly known as the Oola-han : It appears inimmense shoals

,and i s caugh t e ither with the scoop-net , or

,

l ike the Herring on the seaboard , with the rake . This simpl edevice is merely a long l ight pole

,flattened in one direction

so as to pass readily through the water,and with the edge se t

towards the lower extremity wi th a row of sharply-pointedteeth . The fisherman

,entering the shoal , passes the imple

ment repeatedly through the water , with a rapid stroke . each

18 GUIDE TO B BITIsH COLUMBIA.

time transfixing several fish . Thus a OOpious supply is soonsecured . The C ola-han is

,in the estimation Of most people ,

one Of the most del ic ious products of the sea . Smal ler thanthe Herring , i t i s Of a far more del icate flavor

,and so rich

that,when dried

,i t i s inflammable . This fish is not confined

to Fraser River, but frequents likewise the Nass , a largestream i ssuing on the frontier between British Columb ia andAl aska ; another stream debouching in to Gardner

’ s Canal ; andprobably rivers alo ng the coast . Those caught at the mouthOf the Nass are Of a qual i ty even richer than those of FraserRiver . The native s

,who assemble there in great numbers in

Spring to prosecute the fishery,besides drying them in large

quanti ties,extrac t from the surplus a fine Oil

,wh ich is h ighly

prized by them as a luxury,and forms a staple artid e of ba1 te1

with the inte i ior t1 ibes . Th is Oi l,of a wh it ish color

,and

approaching to the consistence Of th in lard,1s regarded by

those of the Facul ty who are acquainted with its properties ,as equally effi cacious with the Cod-l iver O i l so commonly prescribed : and i t is said to have the great advantage Of beingfar more palatable . “fith the excepti on Of a few scores ofcasks sal ted annually for local sale

,and a quantitv prepared

l ike the Red li er1 i11g, tth is fish has not yet, I believe , beensystematically cu1 ed , or become an artic le Of expoi tation .

The 1 e can be no question,however , that , when mo1 e widely

known and propei ly p1 epa1 ed ,i t wi l l be the Obj ec t Of much

extraneous demand .

As already remarked,al l the larger streams along the Coast

abound with Salmon . The Skeena , before mentioned , discharging at Port Essington , and the B ilwhoola , flowing intothe North Bentinck Arm OfMilbank Sound , may be special lynoted ; though equalled , doubtless , by many others . Theminor streams swai m during the season with a smal l va i ie ty,

kn own local ly to the northward as the Squaw-gnu ,infemO 1 in

l ichness to the large1 fish , and therefOIe not so well adaptedfol sal t ing , but nevc1 theless Of excellen t qual i ty . Imay herement i on as a pecul ia1 trai t that the Salmon Of th is Coast atleast those ascending the la1 ger rive i s , such as the Columbia

,

the F i aser , and othe i s—unl ike thei 1 Eu i opean congene 1 s , do

not 1 ise to the a i tificial fly . In the inle ts a1 ound VancouverIsland and elsewhere

,while they remain in the sea

,and at al l

seasons Of the ye Ir,they are 1 eadily caught by t1 oll ing . The

natives empl oy gene i ally a he 1 1 ing as the bai t : but the spoonbai t 1s found by amateurs to be equally eflicaciou s . It wil lbe inferred tliat the fish occupy continuously th e nan ow

W‘

,2Lt81 8 adj acen t probably to the enti ance Of the sti eams Of

the ir nativi ty,unti l they finallv 1 e enter the 1 ive1 s to spawn :

GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA .19

and,admi tting the apparently unquestionable fact that some

varieties,at least never return to the sea ,

i t follows a s a consequence that the whole term Of their existence

,from the time

when the fry descend the rivers until their final return tospawn

,wha tever the interval may be before they attain matu

rity,is passed in these retreats . The qual ity Of the winter

fish,caught in these local i t ies in their ful l perfection , i s in

comparably fine . The size varies,

appearently , in differentpositions . In the Saanich Arm

,for instance

,a l i ttle to

the north Of Victoria,the weight may vary from fifteen to

thirty pounds or more : but i t was mentioned about a monthago ( in March) in the B ritish Colonist newspaper , that a fishcaught with the bai t in the outer harbour Of Vic toria had beenbrought to market

,the weight Of which was fifty-five pounds .

Fish of this s ize are,however

,comparatively rare . Repeated

examination leads me to the conclusion that the Herring ishere the favori te food Of the Salmon . It i s the most suc

cessful natural bai t ; and I have almost inv ariably found one,

and frequently several,of these fish

,in the stomachs Of ordi

nary-sized Salmon ; but smelts , and occasionally prawns , arealso found . It may be added that

,while the Salmon refuses the

fly or any other bai t after entering the fresh water,the cl osest

examination of the intestines of the ascending fish does not,

as far as my experience goes,reveal upon what nutriment they

then subsist. A mucous substance alone is discernible ; andi t must be inferred that m inute infusor ia ,

the nature Of whichthe microscope might probably detect

,i s at th is period their

sole source Of nourishment .But we have dwelt sufficiently on this theme , and must

proceed to notice the other products in which these waters arenotably prol ific . And first Of the Herring . This valuable fishresorts in prodigious numbers

,at the spawning season in

early Spring,to the bays and inlets Of the Gulf Of Georgia ,

and elsewhere general ly along the Coast . The method bywh ich the natives capture them at thi s season , mentioned before while treating Of the C ola-han , suggests an idea Of theirscarcely conce ivable numbers . In appearance they do notperceptibly differ from the Eur-Opean variety , though rathersmaller . At the period in question the qual ity Of these fishis inferiOI“ but when caught during their prime , wi th the net ,on the banks which they permanently frequent , they are , tomy conception

,ful ly equal to their congeners of the Atlant ic

sea-board . This remark appl ies at least to some Of the l ocalities bordering on the Gulf Of Georgia ; and I fancy is generally true . The spawn . attached to sea-weed . or to branches


purposely sunk in the shallows for i ts rece tion,is gathered

in large quantities by the natives,and drie for food .

The Cod caught in the narrow waters are inferior to theAtlanti c fish . There are , however , certain outlying banksupon which they are found abundantly, Of a qual i ty, i t is saidapproach ing

,if not fully equal to , the last .

The Halibut attains upon th is Coast a very h igh de ee Ofperfection . On the outer shore Of Queen Charlotte ’ s el and

,

espec ial ly,i t is found Of a very large size ; frequently exceed

ing 100 pounds in weight,and not unseldom

,I am assured

,

Of twice that size . Caught wi th the hook , these fish are driedin large quanti tie s by the natives

,especially of the more

northerly parts Of the Coast .TO these may be added the Smel t, the B ock-cod , the Flounder

,Whiting

,and a host of others

,with which

,in season

,the

markets Of Vic toria are constantly suppl ied—chiefly throughthe industry Of Ital ian fishermen

,who appear here to enj oy a

prescriptive monopoly Of the trade . Oysters are very abundant .Those dredged near Victoria are of smal l size

,but wel l

flavored ; northwa1*d

,

~in the vic inity Of Comox, a larger sampleis procured . Of Cockles

,Mussels

,and oth er shel l-fish there

is a OOpiou s supply . Crabs and Prawns are not wanting ; butthere are no Lobsters

,save a small kind found in fresh-water

streamlets . O il-produc ing fish,such as the Ground-shark

and the Dog—fish,are common to the whole C oast : the latter

so abundant as to give lucrative employment to many fishermen and aflord a boundless resource prospectively to othe rs .

Of the Phocidze,the Hair-seal i s the most numerous , while the

Fur-seal,the Sea-l ion

,&c .

,are found

,ch iefly on the outer

shores .

The whale-fishery has Of late attracted much attention , andhas been prosecuted w i th a certain degree Of success ; though ,from want Of experience probably

,less than one might have

been j ustified in expecting . On the outer Coast Whales ofthe largest description are numerous ; wh ich , by the nat iveinhab itants

,who combine in parti es for the purpose , are

harpooned and captured by an ingenious rocess which i t i sunnecessary here to describe . In the inland waters of thearchipelago a variety known as the Hump-back Whale is verynumerous . These y ield from 30 to 50 barrels

,or more , Of

O il ; and so far have been killed by the whaling-parties wi ththe harpoon-gun and shel l . Many wounded victims

,however ,

through some mismanagemen t Of detail,or perhaps unavo id

ably under the system,have thus escaped . The system

,how

ever,from i ts assumed wasteful ness

,i s

,Iam informed , de

clared i l l egal by the general laws o f the Domin ion : in which



Upon the southern portion Of Vancouver Island the cl imate,

as a whole,may perhaps be compared wi th the last . saving

tha t there is a greater degree Of summer heat , with less hum idity. The maximum temperature in the shade near Victoria

,in parts Of July and August, ranges from 80° to 90° Of

Fahrenheit ; and has on several occas ions been remarked bythe writer as h igh even as careful ly noted 0 11 an excel lentthermometer

,by Dollond , placed in the shade , out Of the ii1

fluence Of reflected heat . The mercury in winter sometimesdescends as low as 100—i. e . twenty-two degrees below thefreezing-point Of Fahrenheit—in seasons Of extreme severity ;but th is very rarely

,and for a very brief period . Hence

,

though some winters may afford good skating around Vic toria ,and this occasionally for several weeks together

,more gener

al ly the ice wil l last only for a few days , or not become sufficiently strong to bear .At NewWestminster on the Mainland , as elsewhere on theLower Fraser , there i s a greater degree Of humidity throughout the year

,and the temperature , i f more equably warm in

summer,does not probably attain to the same extreme Of heat .

In winter , on the other hand , the lowest extreme , as mightbe inferred from i ts inland pos it ion , is comparatively moresevere .

In the Upper Country the cl imate i s dry,and continuously

hot in summer ; espec ially from the vicin ity Of Thompson’s

River towards the southern frontier , east Of the CascadeRange . The same characteristics , however , apply in a somewhat less degree ,to the portion lying northward , towardsAlexandria . Approach ing the Okinagan

,011 the southern

frontier,the summer

,temperature i s almost tropical in its

cha racter . The winter cold , On the other hand , i s c omparatively sharp ; but there is noth ing approach ing the continuousseveri ty experienced 011 the eastern slopes of the RockyMountains . Li ttle snow falls 011 the general surface ; and inmany parts i t i s almost entirely absent for any lengthenedperiod .

In the Upper Distri c t,beyond Alexandria

,notwithstanding

the elevation above the sea,the cl imate i s warm in summer ;

in the higher l ocal i ties , subj ec t to occasional n ight-frosts .

But as a general rule these do not affec t the lower l evels,

where modifying influences exis t . III winter,a moderate de

gree Of cold prevails ; al ternated occasional ly with severeinterval s produced by winds from the northward and eastward mountains . Thus the thermometer will

,during such

intervals,sink to 150 or 20

” below zero Of Fahrenhei t,and

sometimes even to the freezing point Of Inercurv . But such

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .23

degree of cold is exceptional,and rarely las ts more than thre e

o r four days at a time when a gcne ia l change ensues .

This,briefly

,comprises the main features of the clin

'

Ia te o f

the Province in i ts s everal d ivi sions . For such as may desi reto consul t more accurate data

,some meteorological tables

will be inserted in the Appendix ; meanwhile , i n connectionwith the general sub ject

,I subjoin brief extrac ts from the

publ ished reports Of Officers Of the Royal Engineers .

Speaking of Fort Alexandria,Lieut . H . S . Palmer says :

A t 11 A . M . 0 11 the 16th Augus t (1862) the temperature ofthe air in the shade being 700 5 Fahrenhei t , that of the Fraserwas 58° Fahrenhei t ; and at 10 A . M . on the 29th Of September ,the temperatures of air and water were respectively 58

° and46

° Fahrenheit .IVith reference to points in the vic ini ty Of Alexandria h e

says : The al ti tude of th is district i s frequently quoted asrendering i t unsuitable tO agriculture , but the highly satisfactory results Obtained at IVilliams L ake and Beaver Lake ,two Of the most advanced farms in the Colony , where at anelevation Of and feet

,varieties Of gi ain and veg

etables are yearly raised in great perfection and abundance ,indicate the ferti l i ty Of the soil

,and the absence Of influences

materially discouraging to agricul ture . There are , in thesec tion Of country under discussion

,large tracts Of unoccupied

land,where the soil r ivals that Of the farms above-men

tioned,and where much of the ground is literallv fi t for the

plough .

Of the portion lying between Alexandria and Thompson’

sRiver

,Captain Parsons writes : Bridge-Creek flows into a

large stream which is said to be a tributary Of Horse FlyCreek . Troughton

’

s boil ing-p oint thermometer showed atemperature at. the level of the house Of 206 0 0 on the 29thAugust

,and Of 206 0 40 0 11 31st August , indicating al ti tudes

Of about and feet respectively,or a mean Of

feet above the level of the sea ; nevertheless the temperatureOf the air in the shade at 8A . M . Of the 29th was 57 0 ,

and Of

the water Of the Creek 540 . On the 31st,at 7 P . M . the ai r

was 600 75,and on the l st September , at 7 A . M .

, it was 480

Of Fahrenheit . 9" "6 Lake La Hache is about feetabove the sea . The temperature of the ai r at 5 A . M . 011 the30th August was 420 5

,and at A . M . 540

,at which time

the temperature Of the water in the lake was 640 . On thesame day the thermometer (not blackened) showed 80

0 atnoon in the sun .

“7° 9“ From the foregoing description y ou

wil l see the great alti tude Of even the val leys between LakeLa Hache and the Pavill ion

,while the casual thermometer

24 GUIDE To BRITIsIICOLUMBIA .

readings mentioned will serve to indicate the temperaturesduring the month Of August and the firs t half Of September .

The whole period was excessively hot in the day t ime , w itha pleasant mi ldness at night . There was no frost except atthe head Of the Great Chasm on the occasion mentioned , bu ti t seems reasonable to suppose that about amonth later n ightfrosts would be found to prevai l . Heavy d ews w ereprevalen t

,but i t seems probable

,both from report and the

appearance Of the water-courses,that very l ittle rain falls in

this part Of the country . During six weeks , from the commencement Of August

,there were only two days on wh ich

rain fell,and then i t was accompanied by heavy thunder and

lightning .

In the settl ed portions Of Vancouver Island all the common cereal s are produced abundantly . Wheat yields ordinarily from 30 to 40 bushels per acre ; Oats produce frequentlas high as 60 bushels . Indian Corn

,though not largely on

tivated , and perhaps not an econom i cal crop for this locali ty ,ripens freely by the end Of September . Potatoes , turn ips ,carrots

,and all the usual var ieties Of cul inary vegetables

,

grow to a great size . The cl imate seems to be spec ia lly welladapted for the growth Of Hops . These are cultivated sufficiently to meet the local demand ; the surplus , if any , beingexported to San Franc isco

,where the ir super ior quali ty secures

for them a ready sale . The average yield is from lbs . inordinary years

,to lbs . per acre in favorable seasons .

On the pen insula near Victoria,and I presume in other choice

local i ties,the Musk-melon and the Water-melon attain perfec t

maturi ty in the Open air,without artific ial aid ; the Tomato

and Capsicum yield Copiously ; the Peach ripens i ts frui t as astandard

,and the Grape (Of

‘

the Isabel la variety) producesabundantly and comes to ful l maturity in a favorable exposure .

Orchard frui ts,exclusive Of the Peach which is not generally

planted,are cultivated abundantly throughout the settlements

,

and wi th marked success .

On the Lower Fraser the cl imate i s adapted generally forthe same productions , and most Of those enumerated are cu ltivated there .

About Thompson ’

s River the continuous summer heat i sspecial ly favorable for the production Of such fruits as th eMelon . Indian Corn would probably be profitable a s a general crop . Wheat and other cereal s

,w ith al l kinds Of cul i

nary vegetables,flourish . In parts

,where the nature Of the

l ocali ty demands i t,i rrigation is resorted to wi th

,as may be

supposed,the most successful resul ts . Approach ing the

Southern frontier,upon the Okinagan , the Grape , were i t

GUIDE To BRITIsII COLUMBIA . 25

des irable , might be largely cul tivated , and I do not hesi tateto say

,with success . I have already no ticed the proximity Of

th is portion of the Province to the Great Desert,the intense

heats from which extend an influence far around .

At Alexandria,long before the general settlement Of the

Province,Wheat was cultivated on a l imited scale . From

1843 to 1848, between 400 and 500 bushels were raised annually at the Hudson

’ s Bay Company ’ s Post,and converted into

flour by means Of a mill,with stones eighteen inches in di

ameter, wrought by horses . As much as forty bushels to theacre

,by careful measurement

,and Of the finest qual ity , were

raised 011 portions of the land cult ivated during the intervalmentioned . Of late years large quantities are annually raisedin the s ame neighbourhood

,as well as elsewhere in the Cen

tral District , and it is needless to add wi th the advantage Ofvery d ifferent appl iances for its subsequent manufac ture .

As before casu Illy remarked . the country from Alexandriaupwards is tO be regarded r ather in the light of a hunting andmining region than as adap ted for agricul tural settlementNevertheless , as h igh as Fraser ’ s Lake

,Barley yields abnud

antly ; and the Potatoe , with Of course other cul inary vege

tables , comes to great perfection . There are large tracts Ofthe most nutritious pasture throughout .Before quitting th is important subj ec t

,j udge i t

well to pursue i t a l ittle further than I had at first intended .

And first , preferring to quote , where poss ible , an independen t au thority

,I avail myself Of the fol lowing excel lent

remarks which I find publ ished in the B ritish Colonist newspaper , from the j ournal OfMr . James Richardson

,conducting

the Geological Survey of the Province for the DominionGovernment

“ The vege table soil wh ich has been mentioned seems to beOf a very produc tive character

,and whether in the forest , the

field , or the garden ,appears

,combined with the favorable

c limate , to y ield large returns . In the Comox distric t , about140miles from Vic toria

,as already stated

,the so il i s spread

over a very cons iderable area Of prairie country , commonlydesignated an Opening, extending from the Coast up the different branches Of the Courtenay River for seven or eightm iles . The surface of this distric t

,which i s naturally free

from timber,with the except ion of single trees and st umps ,

chiefly Of Oaks ( Qacrcas Ga rrya nna) and strips Of Alder( Alma

: Oref/ona) in the bottoms , may be some twelve squaremiles , the scenery Of which is picturesque and parkl ike . Itsmargin i s very irregular in shape

,and i t is surrounded by a

growth Of very heavy timber,among which are the Douglas


Pine (Abies Douglas ii) Often atta in ing ten fee t in d iamete rand 200 feet in he ight , half Of wh ich is free from branches,and the Cedar ( T/ug

'

a Gigantea), Often equal ly large . TheOpen country in i ts natural state is mostly covered w ith agrowth Of ferns

,wh ich sometimes attain a height of ten feet

,

w ith stems three-quarters Of an inch in diameter , and rootsdescending to a depth Of three feet . These roots the nativeInd ians prepare in some pecul iar way for winte r food , andexcavate deep trenches to Obtain them . The farmers areunder the necessity of grubbing up the fern roots before theground is ready for use , and they are Often voluntari ly assistedby their p igs in th is Operation ; these an imals , i t i s said ,reli shing the fern root as food . Iwas informed by Mr . JohnRobb and Mr . John McFarlan , two partnership settlers Ofthe d i stri c t, that the average yield of land , after i t i s clearedand thoroughly under cultivation , is , Of Wheat , from 30 to35 bushels per acre ; Barley, 40 to 45 bushel s ; Oats , 50to 60;Pease

,40 to 45 ; Potatoes , 150 to 200; Turnips , 20to 25 tons .

Some Of the Turnips exh ib i ted by Mr . Robb at the agricul

tural Show are said to have been remarkably heavy ; but thoseOf the Sweedish and yellow varieties

,seen by me , Iconsider

rather small . The season,however

,was said to be an un

usually dry one . The yield Of timothy byis said to be

about two tons per acre . Clover thrives we and rye grassis valued for i ts after crop .

The yield Of butter per cow, after cal f feeding, is about150 lbs . annually , the ordinary sell ing price be ing 40 c entsper pound . Cattle gene ral ly requ ire to be home-fed from thebeginn ing of December to the middle Of Apri l . Snow seldoml ies long . Heavy fall s sometimes occur ; but general] disapear in a few days . Once or twice snow has romaine on t eground for two months . Apples , pears , plums , cherries ,white and red raspberries , red , white and black currants , andmost kinds Of fru i t

,thrives remarkably well . Some apples

,

of which I ob tained samples , measured thirteen inches inc ircumference and weighed nineteen ounces . They wereh igh-flavou red and wel l adapted for eating and cook ing . Ofthe pears many measured eleven inches in c ircumference , andwere h igh-flavored and juicy .

At Gabriola,prai ri e land , or Open ings , such as those al

ready described at Comox , oc cur . More of them are metwi th o n Sa lt Spring Island , but in nei ther place Of the sameexten t a s at Coni ox . Mr . Griffi th , one Of the se ttlers atSalt Spring

,informed me that the fal l wheat thrives wel l

there,

and yields from 35 to 40 bushels per acre . O f othergrai ns the

”

vicld seems to be about the same as at Comox . In

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA . 27

Mr . Griffi th ’ s garden there was a large plo t of common wintercabbage , the sol id heads Of most Of which measured fromthree to four feet in c ircumference . Red cabbage and caul iflowers were equally large and sound . Carrots and parsnipswere large , as well as on ions ; and there was abundance Oftomatoes , and several varie t ies Of gooseberries , which did notseem to thrive SO wel l at Comox . Mr . Griffith informs me

that at Sal t Spring the bushes give in quantity and qual itya crop equal wi th the best Engl ish . The crops Of al l thevarie ties Of currants and raspberries in quanti ty and qualityv ied with those Of Comox .

Mr . Griffi th’ s orchard occup ies about two acres , and hasbeen set out only three or four years . I saw different variet iesOf apple , pear , peach , plum ,

and cherry trees,and the pro

prietor informed me that al l kinds bore fru i t last year . Theapples are excellent in qual ity

,and the pears

,though not

large

awere equal in flavor and juicyness to any I have ever

tasteMr . Griffith has about 300 barn-door fowls , wh ich are

fed on the grain Of the farm,and enable h im to supply a great

abundance Of eggs to the Vic toria and Nanaimo markets ,where they sel l from 25 to 40 c ents per dozen .

At Fulford Harbour,Mr . Theodore Frago shewed me a

pumkin which measured 32 inches in length,with a diameter

of 15 inches at the small end and 22 inches at the other ; andhe informed me that the larger ones had been used before Inarrival . The settlements Of North and South Saan ich , as we 1as Of other districts near and around Victoria

,Show a good

deal Of prairie land ‘Oak Openings,

’ as they are called in thatpart Of the country

,from the greater abundance Of trees Of

this Species than elsewhere . In these oak Open ings manybeautiful farms are met with

,the soi l and aspect Of them re

sembl ing those Of Comox . In addition to the grain , fru i t ,and vegetables enumerated elsewhere

,the hop vine has been

introduced in North Saanich and in the neighbourhood OfVictoria . In the former place

,Mr . Isaac Cloake and Mr .

Henry Wain,wi th some others

,have each a hop orchard , as

i t i s there termed,of several acres in ex tent . Mr Cloake ,

who spent n ine years amongst the hop fields Of Kent , England ,informs me that his hops are quite equal

,if not superior , to

the Engl ish , which , acording to h im ,was tantamount to say

ing that they were the best on the face Of the earth ; and Mr .

Wain , who likewise had practical experience , stated that inregard to aroma they were equal to the best he knew . Theyare Of the variety known as the grape hop . It was introduced

28 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMB IA .

from Cal iforn ia,and is said to have greatly improved i n

Bri tish Columb ia .

The yield Of hops is here from lbs . to lbs . to

the acre,and i t brings in the Victoria market from 22 to 60

cents per pound . When ra ilway communication i s establ ish edthe article may become one Of trade be tween the two Provinces , for if I am rightly informed , the hops imported fromEngland are superior to any raised in Canada .

O th'

er settlements Of a similar character to those describedare establ ished between Saanich and Nana imo

,which I had

no Opportun ity Of visi ting . Near and around settlementspossessing farms such as mentioned

,i n many places rocky

h ills rise up to heights Of and even feet andmore

,the surface Of which is in some parts craggy , but in

others they present patches w i th a th in soil,covered with

a firm short bunch-grass,on wh ich sheep and cattle thrive

well ; for such Of them as I saw were in good condi tion .

The temperature is cooler in such places than in the lowerand more level country

,and during the heats Of summer they

afford excellent pasture,which will much assist the industry

Of agricul turists . Along the coasts and in the interior OfVancouver Island

,as well as on those Of the arch ipelago

surrounding it,many local i t ies for farms

,S imilar to those

which have been here described,wil l be d iscovered , and

hereafter become the homes Of thousands Of a hardy and industrious people .

Wi th reference to the j udic ious remarks above quoted , Imay Observe that the winter feeding of cattle referred to byMr . Richardson does not imply the n e cessity Of continuouss tall-feeding , wh ich Of course with large herds , such as somepossess , would be an impossibil ity . The under-growth Of theadjacent forests affords

,even during the severest season

,co

pious and nutritious browsing . A supply Of fodder at night ,with the shel ter Of commodious sheds

,serves to main tain the

maj ori ty of the cattle in condition ; wh ile the m il ch-kine andyounger stock rece ive such additional care as they may re

quire . By th is winter—tendance a two-fold advantage , beyondthe mere welfare Of the herds

,is Obtained : the straw and

other offal Of the farm are converted into manure for the futureenrichment Of the soil , and the cattl e , knowing their homes ,continue in all respects more trac table . The fer n al luded tois characteristic Of most of the 0 en parts Of Vancouver Island ,and a portion Of the Lower Igraser . The highest poin t atwhich i t appears on the Mainland is at Spuz z um ,

_

a few milesabove Yale . The whole Of the Central D istric t i s free fromi t

.Though rather troublesome to erad icate entirely

,i t pre



pre-emptor on the land claimed by h im . I am not prepared to state , even approximate] what amount Of valuable land m ight thus be made avail

yable , as no ac tual surveyshave been made ; but i t may be safely set down at manythousands Of acres, bordering on navigation , and wi th prol ificsalmon-fisheries immed iately adj acent .With regard to the agriculture of the Central D istrict there

is perhaps l i ttle to add to what I have already stated . Inconnection w ith the Upper D istrict

,however

,I may make

some remarks , appl icable to it in common w i th other elevatedportions Of the vast terri tory over which the Dom inion Federation now extends . I have ment ioned

,as a drawback

,in

parts,the occurence Of summer n ight-frosts

,rendering pre

carious the cult ivation Of the less hardy cereals , and vege

tables Of the more tender growth . In qualification Of thisremark Imay new state , that by a choice of posi tion th is evilmay be greatly obviated . It wil l be found that in manylocal it ies the low bottoms , too frequently selected for thei rapparently superior ferti l i ty , are subj ect to these fros t s ,while the slopes wh ich border them are entirely ex empt .For th is condition , without wish ing to ph i losoph ize , a sat isfactory reason may, Ithink , be given . The cold air

,occas

ioned probably through rapid evaporation suddenly checkedat night-fall , w i th i ts suspended vapour , decends to the l owestlevel

,displac ing the warmer and lighter superfic ial air below

,

which in turn ascends the acclivi ty . I do not question that adue regard to th is natural law would

,in many parts where

summer frosts are found to prevail , save the farmer from frequent d isappo intment . The fertile bottoms

,meanwh ile

,

spec ial ly favorable for certain classes Of vegetati on,should

be reserved for these : such as the turn ip and other crops thatare virtual ly frost-proof .The capac ities for past urage Of the Central D istrict are veryextens ive , and of a character unsurpassed

,perhaps , in any

part Of the world . While the valleys,as shown

,are ferti le

for the production of al l the cereals and other produce inordinary cul tivation , the h i ll s wh ich bound them ,

ex tending011 al l SIdes in endless c ontinuity , sparsely dotted with woodin parts

,are covered with herbage of th e most nutritious

descr iption . Al ong Thompson ’ s River,and throughout th e

Southern portions , there i s a spec i es Of grass , called by theVoyageurs Foin B ond ,

b the Engl ish settlers Bunch-grass,

which is speciall noter for i ts valuable qual ities . Thewhole trac t i s wel watered—in the intervals between the h il lsby frequent streamlets , in the level depressions by smal llakes ; while the groves and scattered trees afford a grateful


shade by day , at n ight a shelter . Under th is conjunction offavorable circumstances i t is not surprising that the herds Ofcattle

,roaming at large in the natural pastures , attain a con

dition approaching to that of stal l-fed stock . W inter feedingis in most parts quite unneccessar and i t is found that thecattle in early Spring

,if short Of t e ir summer condition , are

s ti l l in order for the butcher . The Similkameen beef for ex

ample , when occasionally a herd is brought to Victoria ,

exci tes the attention of ep icures by its excel ent qual ity , andcommands always the highest market-price . In such parts ,on the other hand

,as i t may be found expedi ent to give oc

casional assistance to the cattle during W inter , when snow ison the ground

,an advantage is indirec tly gained , the herds

become more domestic in their hab i ts,and are gathered after

wards , when necessary , wi th less difficnlty. Horses , however,even during the severest winters

,require no such aid . Unlike

horned cattle,they instinc tively scrape through the snow for a

subsistence ; and such is the nutri tious qual ity of the herbagethat they winter well . In th is way the large herd Of horses ,some two hundred in number

,formerly mainta ined by the

Hudson ’s Bay Com any at Alexandria , were constantly keptin that v ic ini ty : an the band at Kamloops , on Thompson

’

sRiver , including brood-mares and young stock, probabl

yfrom

five to S ix hundred,in l ike manner sh ifted for themse ves at

all seasons .

There are probabl now,graz ing at large throughout the

Central D istrict,un er the c ircumstances Ihave mentioned , a

good many thousands of head Of cattle , ch iefly of superiorbreeds . Of these a large proportion belong to ermanent

settlers ; the rest to graziers resorting thither from ash ingtonTerritory and Oregon

,as to a lucrative market , and for facil e

feeding . The ca acities of the country are , however , so ex

tensive , that the herds at present scattered through i t haveno apprec iable effect upon Its resources , beyond the comparatively l imited area Of the ir feeding-grounds . It m ight besupposed that, free to wander as they are , the cattle m ightgradually become wild and unmana eable , as formerly inCalifornia , or as stil l in the Southern ampas . Ihave heard ,however , no complaint On this score . By a simpl e expedien tindeed—resorted to formerly at the interior posts , as well asby the Indians for their horses

,and practised , I do not

doubt, by the modern settlers—the herds can be readilyattracted homeward during the summer season . Wh i le thehills are free from flies at night

,during the heat Of the day

0

*Large herds are now ( 1877) regularly brought to the Victoria , New West

minster and Nanaimo markets from th e above and o ther interior se ttlemen ts .


the animals eagerly seek Iefuge from the ir attacks . Thesmoke from a smouldering fire

,maintained near the home

stead , Ieadily attracts them ,and

,once accustomed

,they

afte1wards hab i tual ly resort to i t . This,howeveI tIival the

relation may appear,i s by no means an unimpOItan t consid

cration , for the ulter 'ior effec t produced . and thus even thegad fly , pest though i t be , is not without i ts uses . On thewhole i t may be safely affirmed that there exist throughoutthe region great facil itie s for rearing cattl e On an extendedscale , so far Only very partially availed of .Sheep thrive well in the interior

,but

,so far , no large flocks

exist,but are gradually increasing . The pauc i ty of their

numbers , indeed , has prevented the establ ishment Of a wooll en factOIy which was proj ected about three years ago . Theabandonment Of thi s projec t Is to be regretted , as i ts pIosecu tion would at once have given an impetus to a branch Ofpastoral industry which

,fai l ing a conveni ent market for i ts

product, has SO far been only partial ly attended to—and thenrather for the butcher than the weaver . There are

,however ,

extensive tracts which I can recall to mind which seemspecially adapted for the pasturing Of very extensive flocks .For their successful nurture

,moreover the dry nature of the

uplands , the qual ity Of the pasture , and the charac ter Of thecl imate , would , as it seems to me , be conduc ive in a pecul iardegree .

As regards salubrity Of cl imate there is probably no part Ofthe world that enj oys greater advantages . We are aware Ofno endem ic disease that manifests i tself in any part ; and evenupon the Lower Fraser

,which from its comparative humidity

might be supposed faVOIable to the generation of fevers Of theague type

,we know of no single case

tDthat has originated there .

On the contrary,where the seeds of these tIoublesome com

plaints have been imported from abroad , the i1 effec ts havebeen re-produced

,i f at al l , with less v irulence , and the suf

ferers,we have been informed

,have gradually recovered .

O f course,as in al l other countri es , Occasional ep idemics run

the ir course : but SO far as the intrins ic heal thiness Of thecl imate

,throughout

,i s concerned , nothing is left to be de

sired . The waIm dry cl imate of the inland summer , i t maybe Observed

,i s Spec ial ly favorabl e in cases of pulmonary

disease : and in a more marked degree as we app roach theSouthern frontier . Lower down on the Columbia River

, be

yond the l imi ts of the Province , where the cl imate is analogous in character we have known cases Of the recovery Ofconsumptive patients

,Of the most signal nature

To sum the qual ifications Of Bri tish Columbia as a field for

GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA .33

se ttlement , I may succ inc tly s tate , that , though it may neverb ecome a large exporter Of cereal produc ts , l ike the Wes ternStates Of America or California

,i t possesses wi thin i tself a ll

the requis ites for success : and the power to suppor t, in con

nection with i ts varied industries and i ts external relations , apopulation

,at least of several m i ll ions

,in ease , happiness ,

and comparativ e afli uence . I would fain avoid the imputationof seeking , poss ibly , to draw a p ic ture too h ighly coloured ;but I am free

,nevertheless

,to s tate my own personal con

v ictions in all s incerity . I conceive O f no country presentinggreater sol id attractions . The varied cl imate and capabili t iesOf the several sections

,whereby d iversity of taste i s accomo

dated ; the general salubri ty and proved fertil ity Of th e whole ;the magnificent commerc ial prospec ts that loom in the notdistant future ; and , not least , the genuine h ome-feel ing whichimpresses every Engl ish settl er whose lot has hi therto b ~e h

cast within the Province al l c ombine to recommend i t as afuture home for those who

,weary of the O ld World , are

ben t 011 seeking a wider scene for the e xpansion of th eire nergies

,amid “ fresh fields and pastures new.

”

TERMS OF LAND GRANTS- BOAD8,ETC .

From the account g iven in the preceding chapter i t will beinferred that both the soi l and cl imate of a very large porti onOf British Columbia are highly-favorable to encourage settlement . We may now add that vast tracts of land , and espec iallyOf the Central D istric t

,l ie waiting for the plough . It is Of

c ourse impossible upon a mere cursory review of the subj ectsuch as this professes to be

,to state

,even approximately,

what number of cultivable acres there may possibly be : butwe may safely assert that

,i n addition to the many farms

already scattered along the main l ines Of communication , thereis immediate room for many thousands more in variousdirections

,al l more or less easily accessible .

It would be utterly fal lac ious to attempt to give an estimateof th e number Of available acres scattered over the broadsurface Of the mainland Of British Columbia . The country ,as before remarked

,i s capable Of supporting i ts several mil

l ions at least . On Vancou ver Island,an estimate made by

the Surveyor-General gives more than acres of goodland

,known to be available for agricul ture ; but th is estimate

refers only to the Districts bordering on the sea,011 the

southern and eastern shore . E lsewhere,and in th e in terior

are doubtless valuable and extens ive trac t s yet to bedeveloped . Its exhaustless gold-fields are

,however

,the great

feature of Vancouver Island—pointing to i t as the future

34 GU IDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

manufacturing emporium of the Pac ific . Its agr icul turalclaims

,though very substantia l , mu st be regarded as second

ary to those of the mainland .

The terms upon which the settlement of unoccupied andunsurveyed lands is permitted , are very l iberal . Every male

person of e igh teen years of age or oven-being a British sub] ec t , born or natural ized , may enj oy the right to pre-empt ,under certain stated condit ions , a trac t not exceeding threehundred and twenty acres in extent

,to the northward and

eastward of the Cascade Range of Mountains ; and one

hundred and sixty acre s in extent in other parts of theProvince . Personal occupati on during a period of four years

,

( interval s of absence when necessary being permitted), andimprovements to the value of two dollars and fifty cents peracre

,are necessary to complete the pre-emptive right . On

proof of this , the title is fin al ly issued by the Government,on the payment of such sum , not exceeding one dollar per acre ,as may be determined upon by the Governor for the t imebeing . Th is payment

,i f required

,may be extended , in equal

instalments over a period of four years after the pre-emptiveright is establ ished

,and the necessary surveys made . Power

,

at the same time,is reserved to the Governor in Counc i l to

make such free,or partially free

,grants of the unoccup ied

and unappropriated Crown Lands of the Prov ince , for theencouragement of immigration

, or other purposes of publ i cadvantage

,as may seem advisable .

For pastoral purposes very great fac il i ties exist,beyond

the l imits actually pre-empted . In every part of the CentralD istric t extensive ranges of hi lly or partial ly wooded landrich in the finest pasture

,are accessible . These may be re

garded as common-land : but each bona. fide pre-emptor i sperm i tted to lease

,in the vic in i ty of his farm , a tract of un

occupied land for pastoral purposes,to which

,during h i s

lease,he possesses the exclusive right . El igible portions of

such leased lands , however , are Open to pre-emption , meanwhile . by intending settlers ; the les see , of course , being eut itl ed to claim a corresponding deducti on from the trifl in gamount of ren t he may be required to paThe upset price of Surveyed Lands

,for agricul tural pur

poses , i s fixed at one dollar per acre ; subj ec t to publ ic sale inlots , at certain intervals , to the highest bidder . All landsremaining unsold after such public exposition

,can be pur

chased by private contrac t from the Government at the upsetpr i ce .

A market is constan tly available ; on the sea-board throughthe lo cal demand inciden t on the various industries of the

GUIDE TO BRI'rIsn COLUMBIA . 35

towns,with the fleet and the mercantile sh ipping ; in the in

terior through the mines . The products of the farm command

,consequently

,always a remunerat ive price .

Owing to the high rate of wages current for Europeanlabour

,Indian labourers are largely employed . These can

be obtained at a comparatively cheap rate,and for most pur

poses connected with agricul ture and fishing they are veryefficient . Being cheerful

,obedient

,and general ly industri

ous , the services of the young men are of much local value .

Ihave before noticed the princ ipal routes of commun ica

tion with the interior,and it seems needless to dwell with

minuteness on th is poin t . A brief summary may , however ,be given . There i s a regular steamer—service twi ce a week , oroftener when necessary

,between Victor ia and New VVestmin

ster ; the running time being about six hours . Thence largestern—wheel steamers navigate the Fraser as high as Yale ; theascent occupying a day or more

,according to the condition of

the water . From Yale there is a weekly mail-service bys tages , up to Barkervi lle , in the heart of the Cariboo miningregion . Transport along this line of road is performed withwaggons d rawn by mules or oxen ; rel ieved when required , bya steamer which runs from Soda Creek

,twenty miles below

A lexandria to Quesnel,forty miles above that point ; or some

twenty m iles h igher when necessary . The navigation is theninterrupted by a rapid

,the ascent of which is not attempted .

Above th is point there is a clear navigation for steamers for ad istance of s ixty miles

,to within twenty miles of Fort George ,

where another rapid,impracticable for steamers

,occur

From this point upwards,both by the Stuart and Fraser

Lake Branch,and in the direction of Tete Jaune

’s Cache ,there are stretches very favorable for steam-navigation

,but

the occasional breaks are a great drawback . Neverthless ,wi th the extension of the m in ing operations these will doubtless in time be made avai lable

,in p arts , so as to meet the

increased demand for transport ; and inducements for settlements thus arise in the upper portion of the Province wh ichdo not at present exist .The route of access to the mining region on the heads of the

Peace River,known generally as the Omineca Mines , has the

great advantage of shortness of land-travel,and consequently

of economy , to persons desiring to proceed thither fromVictoria . By th is route the first stage is

,by steamer to Port

Essington , about three days’ voyage . Thence the Skeena

River i s ascended by boat or canoe , as far as the BabineForks ; after which the remainder of the d istance to themining local i ty (estimated at from 180 to 200 miles) i s per


formed partly on foot,and partly by water on the intervening

lakes . As Ihave perhaps before remarked,both l ines of ap

proach to these mines have the ir advocates ; and each has insome respect an advantage . For the introduction of l ivestock it is needless to say that the route from the interior isthe only one at present used .

POLITICAL CONSTITUTION—SCHOOLS , CHURCHES , TELEGRAPHS , ETC .

The Government of Bri tish Columbia , as of the other Prov inces provided for under the “ British North America Act

,

1867,i s administered by a Lieutenant-Governor

,appoin ted

by the Governor-General of Canada . The gentleman nowfi ll ing th is important pos ition i s the Honorable Albert NortonRichards

, Q . C .

The responsible advisers of the Lieutenant-Governor arethree in number ; occupying respectively the ofiices of Provincial Secretary and A ttorney-General , Ch ief Commissionerof Lands and Works

,and the Minister of Finance . Provis ion

i s made by the Consti tution of the Province that the numbermay

,if found advisable

,be increased to five .

The Legislature is composed of a s ingle House , styled theLegislative Assembly

,and consisting of twenty-five members

returned by twelve Elec toral D istric ts , as under ; viz z—OuVancouver Island : Victoria City , 4 ; Victoria D istric t , 2Esquimalt

,2 ; Cowichan 2 ; Nanaimo , 1 ; Comox , 1 . On the

Mainland : New Westminster C i ty,1 ; New Westminster

D istric t,2 ; Yale District , 3 ; Lillooet , 2 ; Cariboo Distric t 3 ;

Kootenay Distric t,2 . The expenses of the members during

the sess ion of the Legislature are paid by the Province ; andthere i s an al lowance for travell ing expenses to and fro .

The franchise,confined to Bri ti sh subj ects , born or natural

iz ed,i s so l iberal as to be almost equivalent to manhood

suffrage . The elec tions are for four years ; the voting da byballot .Foreign residents may acquire all th e righ ts of Bri ish sub

jects , wi thin the Province , through a very s imple and inexpensive process of natural ization .

The Province returns s ix members to the House of Commons at O ttawa ; and three Senators are appoin ted by theGovernor-General to the Upper House . The expenses of

these Representatives defrayed by the Domin ion .

The only direc t general tax levied in the Province is for themaintenance of roads

,and is expended with in the Distric ts

where levied . This tax is an annual pol l-tax of two dollarsch on every male resident abow eighteen years of age . In

addition the owners of land are charged,for the same purpose ,


38 GUIDE TO BR ITISH COLUMBIA .

years in durat ion ; subj ec t to extension if asked for , upon satisfactory grounds , at the Governor

’ s discretion . This l icencei s obtained upon cause shown , and the payment of a trifl ingfee ; and entitles the holder to exc lus ive m ining rights of

search,meanwhile

,with in the l im its described

,other than

for gold .

2 . A Prospect ing Licence for coal al one , may include w i thin the general l imits there in defined

, not exceeding five

hundred acres to each ind ividual appl icant,of previously nu

occupied land ; or two thousand five hundred acres to anassociation or company consisting of no less than ten persons .The l icence carries with i t the right to make roads

,use tim

ber,erec t buildings , and other privileges necessary to prel im

inary explorations .

3 . If successful in the quest , the final grant is obtained onthe fol lowing terms

,viz . For any quantity up to and includ

ing one thousand acres,at the price of five dollars per acre :

provided always that on proof,to the satisfac tion of the

Government,that the sum of ten thousand dollars has been

benefic ially expended on any land held under ProspectingLicence for coal , a grant of one thousand acres of the landheld under such Prospec ting Licence shall be issued to thecompany holding it

,without payment of the upset price of

such land . In other words they rece ive,virtually a bonus of

five thousand dollars,in consideration of the prel im inary ex

penditure of the larger sum . Under certain necessary modifications , the same general rules apply to mining explorations in quest of the o ther m inerals named . I do not

,of

course,profess to go into details ; butImay venture generally

on this assurance—that the most l iberal interpretation of thepro visions of the Ordinance is always given by the Government

,whether as regards individuals , or assoc iations —A zede) :

son .

ADMIN ISTRATION OF JUSTICE .

This has always been wholesome . There is very l i ttlerowdyism ” in Brit ish Columbia . Life

,l imb

,and property

are secured by just laws well carried out . The courts do notask whether accused parties are Indians or white men . TheSan Franc isco

,Cal ifornia , B u lletin, said , lately—“ It is well

that our c i tizens should note that our neighbours in Brit ishColumbia do not deal so leniently with those who take l ife aswe on th i s s ide of the border l ine .

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT .

The peopl e of a local i ty wi th over 30 male residents may

GUIDE TO BnrrIsn COLUMBIA .39

be formed into a munic ipal i ty,and electfrom among them

selves Counc i l lors and a Warden to man age all local affa i rs .

PROVINCIAL SELF-GOVERNMENTThe old system of Government has been quite done away

with . There is now one Legislative Chamber only—electedfor four years by the voters—three

,or not more than S i x of

i ts members from the “ respons ible advisers” or “ m inistry”

of

the Lieutenant-Governor—hold office while they have thec onfidence of a maj ori ty of the chamber—munic ipal counc i l sare steppingstones to Legislative Assembly—no soc ial Obstacles whatever in any man ’ s way —nobody asks where a settlercomes from

,nor whose son he is . Among measures passed

lately were the Qual ification of Voters Bil l,which invi tes

every bonafide resident British subj ect to take an active partin the great work Of self-government ; the School Bill , whichplaces a free education within reach Of every child in the land ;the Munic ipal Bill

,which enables every settlement to manage

i ts own local affairs , and thus educate the people in the art ofself-government ; the Inheritance Bill , which divides equallyamonst the chi ldren or nearest of kin the property Of personsdying intestate ; the Road Tolls Repeal B il l , which throwsopen

,free as the h igh seas to all comers

,the main trunk road

of the Province .

The political constitution of the Province , as part of thegreat Dominion of Canada

,is impressed with the stab il i ty Of

the Bri tish system of Government,combined with the free

dom, elastici ty , and progressive energy of Republ ican in stitut ions .

HOMESTEAD ACT .

Most important Ac t . If a settler have a wife and chi ldren ,th is Act must be dear to him ; the farm and build ings , whenregistered , cannot be taken for debt incurred after the registration ; i t i s free up to a value not greater than dollars(500l. Engl ish); goods and chattel s are also free up to 500

dollars (100l. Engl ish); cattle“ farmed on shares ” are also

protected by an Exemption Act .PUBLIC LANDS .

The Land Act of 1874 makes most l iberal provis ion for theacquisition by settlers Of land

,either as Free Homesteads

, or

by purchase . Land can be secured against se iz ure .

FREE HOMESTEADS .Heads Of famil ies

,widows

, or single men'

of 18years a ndupwards , may Obtain free grants of 320 acres eastward of theCascade range of mountains , or of 160 acres in other parts ofthe Province .


ALIENS .

Al iens may hold and transmit land as ful ly as Bri tish sub

jects—may be natural ised after three years’ residence—al ien

women are natural ised by marriage .

PUBLIC SCHOOLSare in the hands of the pe01) l e~—f1'ee to al l , without distinctionof race or creed—strictly non-sectarian—highest moral i ty inculcated—no rel igious dogmas or creeds taught—uniformtext books—Publ ic School Fund voted every year by the Prov incial Chamber—General Board Of Education for the wholeProvince—a Superintendent of Education , who vis its and inspects

—School D istric ts wherever population is su fficientthe people choose every year from among themselves 3 SchoolTrustees to manage schools—Trustees get money from Publi c School Fund

, on appl ication endorsed by Superintendentof Education—Trustees may make by-laws (approved bySuperintendent)requ iring ch ildren to attend school~ Teachers

(3 grades) paid from 40 to 100 dollars (8l . to 20l. Engl ish) amonth—appointed or removed by Trustees—must have certificates of qual ification from the Board—Board fixes salaries .The settler wil l wel l know how to estimate the capabili ties

of th is school system . The St . John ’s (New Brunswick)Telegrap h newspaper says , Let us take care that the youngs ister Province on the Pacific does not lead New Brunswickin educat ion .

There are very good church schools and private schools,

for both sexes,in several of the larger towns . An education

befitting the children of gentlemen can be Obtained for bothboys and girls at Victoria and New Westminster on reasonable terms .

PUBLIC BOARDING SCHOOLS .

To meet the wan ts of some distric ts of the Province wherethe population is at present too scattered to allow of suffic ientschools being provided for the education of the ch ildrenof settlers, the Government have establ ished a system of

Publ ic Boarding Schools under the management and controlOf Trustees .

CHURCHES .

N0 State Church—no ti thes,but rel igious wants not

neglected—Sunday well kept—Roman Cathol ic,Ep iscopal ian

,

Presbyterian , Wesleyan , Congregational , and Hebrew communiti es have churches and clergymen in the larger townschurches bu il t also in some small towns and country districts—other places are visi ted by m inisters .


MONEY (COIN) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA .

The soverign current at 4 dollars 85 c entshalf-sovereign 2

half-crown 6235fiorin 37 -5shi ll ing 25

S ixpencethreepenny-piece 6

British money is not much used in British Columbia .

B usme ss IS done , and accounts kept, in dollars and cents , andthe cOIns prmCIpally used are Un i ted States co ins , as follows :

GOLD SILVER .

20 dol lar p iece 1 dollar p iece .

10 g5 i2a D ime (cal led a

“ bi t

The Uni ted States coins are more uniform in value inBri tish Columbia than British co ins

,as the United States

have a mint in Cal ifornia (which i s c lose to the Province).

HARBOURS .

On Vancouver Island : Victoria,Esquimalt

,Nanaimo

,Bar

c lay Sound . On the mainland : B urrard Inlet, Howe Sound ,Bute Inlet

,Millbank Sound

,River Skena ,

River Nasse .

These harbours , being open all the year round , and , generallyspeaking , easy of access , Sheltered and capac ious , give a d istinctive value to the Province

,which the course of events on

th e North American continent will every year make moreapparent .

EATABLE WILD FRUITS

There are hosts Of these everywhere,and they attain a s ize

and flavour such as cultivation only can impart in England .

The cranberry is an article of trade .

The cranberries grow in swampy places—plent iful nearNew Westminster and Nanaimo . Picked in the properseason ( towards the end of September) cranberries wi l l keepwell for more than a year

,by being simply put into a water

tight cask fi lled wi th water .A correspondent at Nanaimo w ri tes recently , Ith ink th is

year one of the most prol ific for w ild fru i t,every bush and

tree is l i terally weighed down ; tons upon tons of all k indsmust rot on the bush—truly our land does flow w i th m ilk andhoney .


BEASTS OF THE CHASE .

Various,and in parts very numerous—not dangerous , ex

cept the grizzly bear .

The principal ones for food are the black-tailed deercapi tal venison , sold by the j oint 6 to 10 cents (3d . to 5d . Engl ish)per lb .

—very numerous everywhere, but not north of

Fort George—come upon low lands,or near the coast in

winter . Also the Large North-Western Stag,cal led E lk”

—very numerous in interior of Vancouver and on the coastOf the mainland

,up to about for about 200 miles inland

—very good food—as b ig as a smal l horse .

The Reindeer —(CaribOO)—mountainous regions , north of

51 0 on the coast or 490 inland—plenty in Chil cotin—is alsofin e food .

Hares abound periodically on mainland east of CascadeRange—found on the Bonaparte .

BIRDS .

Grouse,of various kinds

,are found almost everywhere on

the i sland and mainland—in the th ick fern near a tiny streamperched on crab-apple or young fir-trees

,or drumming on a

p ine top . Ordinary price of a grouse i s 12% cents (6d .

English) . Packs of prairie chickens in al l the open valleysof the East Cascade region . Quails have been Introduced

,

and are becom ing numerous . Ptarmigan,

on the highmountains—a stray cock of the plains (sage hen) occasionallyabout Osoy oos . Numerous wild geese price 25 to 50 cents

(13 . to 23 . Engl ish) each . Wild ducks,25 to 37-2

1; cents (13

to Is . 6d . English) a brace . Snipe and pigeons plentifulThe mouth of Fraser River a great resort of wild fowl .Cap ital sport .Plumage birds very beautiful—song birds not remarkable .

Several harmless varieties of snakes . A few rattlesnakesin southern portion of East Cascade regi on . A rattlesnake i snot bad food

,but there is no occasi on to eat i t .

FISH

Sea fish,and lake and river fish

,most abundant—one of the

ch ief resource s of the Province for consumption and ex

portation .

Salmon,very numerous at vari ous periods , from early

spring to end Of summer . Al l the larger streams along thecoast abound wi th salmon ; they also go 700 miles up th eFraser . At the regular Shops

,salmon and other fine fish are sold

at (i to 8 cents (3d . to 4d . English) per lb . ; but the Indian sfrequently sel l salmon at to 25 cents (6d . to 13 . Engl ish)


for a good-sized fish . Salted salmon are sold at about 7 dollars (283 . Engl ish) for a barrel of 200lbs .

Sturgeon , hal ibut , cod , herrings , oysters and crabs , areplentiful in the sea-board distri cts

,and are sold at prices that

would be cons idered absurdly cheap in England . Good fishabound in the numerous lakes and r ivers of the interior .

FISHERIES .

In speaking of the fisheries of Briti sh Columbia,one may

almost be said to be speaking of something wh ich has no existence . With the exception of a few factories for putting upsalmon in tins on the Fraser River

, (now ,1877 , quite exten

s ive fishing stations for canning are in operation both on theSkeena and Fras er Rivers . and one or two whalingenterprises of a few years ’ standing

,no attempt whatever has

been made to develop the actually marvel lous resources ofth is Province in the way of fish . I wil l

,therefore

,proceed to

give a l ist of the fish that are to be found in quantities thatwould warrant the establ ishment of fisheries

,adding a

brief description of the habits , local i ty, and commerc ialutil i ty of each class of fish .

Description of fish found in Bri tish Columbia and Vancouver Island —Whale

,sturgeon

,salmon

,oolachan or

hou lican,cod

,herring

,hal ibut

,sardine

,anchovy

,oysters

,

haddock,and dog—fish .

There is no law governing fisheries in British Columb ia .

Fishing is carried on throughout the year without any restric

t ions . This state of things is well sui ted to a new and thinlypopulated country . The restrictions of a‘ close season wouldbe very inj urious to the Province at present

,and for manv

years to come .

Wha le—Ou thi s subj ec t the Hon . H . L . Langevin,C . B .

,

reportsI saw one of the whalers

,the Byzantium

,

’ in Deep Bay .

She was an English brig,commanded by Captain Calhoun ,

and on board of her was Captain Roys,the inventor of an

explosive ball,which is used in the whale fishery

,and which .

on penetrating the marine monster, explodes , and throws ou ta harpoon . The first whale against which th is proj ectile wasused was killed in 1868. In 1869 and 1870,

the companymade use of a small steam-vessel ; and their success l ast yearinduced them to devote to the trade a brig of 179 tons

,

manned wi th twenty hands .

I was assu red that,if that expedition proved a success ,

there is room in our Pac ific waters for at least fifty undertakings of a similar character . I observe that , since my re


turn, the whal ing schooner‘ Industry ’ has arrived at Victoria

with 300 barrels,or about gallons of o il

,afte r an

absence of only five weeks . One of the whale kil led duringthe expedit ion was sixty feet l ong

,and would certainly yield

nearly seventy barrels of oil .The Sturgeon abounds in the rivers and estuaries of BritishColumbia . It attains a gigantic size , over 500 lbs . in we ight .The flesh is excellent

,both fresh and smoked . No attempt,

that I am aware of,has ever been made to put the fish up for

market . Its commerc ial value is derived from the isinglass andcaviare which can be made from it . I am not aware of therehaving been any attempt made to manufac ture isinglass in theProvince . Caviare of excellent qual i ty has been produced .

At present I should be incl ined to bel ieve that there is no

person in the Province capable of making is inglass,which is

therefore,a resource entirely undeveloped as yet .

Sa t/nom—The salmon in the waters ofBrit ish Columbia areexcellen t in qual i ty

,varied in Spec ies and most abundant .

In the rivers,which they penetrate up to the ir head waters ,

they are caught by a drag-net in the deep waters , and by abag-net in the rap ids . In the sea they are general ly caugh twith hook and l ine ; a canoe at certain seasons can be fil led ina day by the latter method . The Fraser River salmon is ,

j ustly famous . They begin to enter the river in March,and

d ifierent kinds c ontinue to arrive unti l October,the successors

mixing for a time with the last of their forerunners . There isa greater degree of certainty in the periodical arrivals of eachkind in thi s r iver than at the c oasts and islands . The salmonis used fresh

,sal ted

,pickled

,smoked

,and kippered

,and for

export i s put up salted in barrels,and fresh in one or two

po und tins ; the latter process has only been commencedduring the past three years . The art icle produced is of amost excellent description

,and wi l l doubtless prove a source

of considerable export trade when i t becomes known in sui tible markets . There would appear to be no l im it to thecatch of salmon

,but the question of market must always be

considered .

Ochre/tans or Hoa lica ns .

—This small fish,about the size

of a sprat,app ears in the rivers of Bri tish Columbia and

LbO l l l‘

. certain estuaries on the coast,towards the end of

April. Their run lasts about th ree weeks,during which time

they may be captured in myriads Eaten fresh,they are

most del ic ious,and they are al so excell ent when sal ted or

smoked . Th is;fish produces oil abundantly , which is of apure and excellent qual i ty

,and which

,some think , wil l even

tu allv supercede cod l iver O il . The fish are caugh t wi th a


4G GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA .

formed , and their proper cul ture is commenced,a large

expmt will, no doubt , take place both m a fresh and canneds tate . There IS a large consumpt ion of oysters in cans on thePacific coast .

GOLD MINING .

The mining camps of Bri tish Columbia are as orderly asEngl ish v i llages . Gold claims are taken up everywhere .

(See Mining Act—ED.)

When a creek has “ prospected well for gold,i t is usual

for miners to form themselves into companies of from four toe ight

,or upwards , to take up their claims in proximity to one

another,and to work the whole ground thus cla imed for the

benefi t of the company . If rich “ pay-dirt be struck , andthe mine be in a sufli cien tly advanced s tate , companies ,anxious to obtain the greatest poss ible quant ity of gold in theshortest possible space of time

,will frequently employ addi

tiona l working-hands , and work during the whole 24 hours .

The reader will remember that the m ining season does notlast the whole year .The gold bearing districts extend over several thousand

m i les of country . Indications of gold are also found generally in Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands ; but verygood paying diggings have not yet been found there .

Wi thin twelve yea1 s nearly five mill ions sterl ing worth ofgold have been e xpo1 ted, and unles s common and scientificOpinion is entirely wrong

,the gold fields of the Province have

hardly ye t been touched .

D

(See extracts fi om B ep01 ts ,1876 7 .

—ED. In va 1 iou s spots,discovered by chance

,gold

m inerss have collec ted . These spots,generally ,

have been so

1 e,

mote that the necessaries of l ife have been very dear ; andin consequence , diggings that yielded three to five dollars

( 12s . to 20s . Engl ish) pe i day , have not been consideredattract1V 1:The condit ions of gold m ining

,however

,have changed of

late years in several importan t respec ts . The steady improvement of communications and the growth of farming se ttlements in the interior

,have reduced the price ofnecessaries at

the diggu

ings The miners themselves have long ago given upfancy min ing

,and come down to economy and hard work . It

would be too much to say that the shall ow diggings in BritishColumbia are worked out

,a s those of Cal iforn ia and Austra

l ia have long been , but i t i s true that in several importan tgold fields the more easily worked places have been1 .xhau sted .

This i s a very different th ing from the exhaustion of thegold fields It 1s simply saying that 111 th ose parti cular places

GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA . 47

in Bri tish Columbia , a stage has been reached wh ich wasreached long ago in California and Austral ia .

The deep channels and beds of streams must now be examined

,and are being examined . The era of real gold dig

ging is about to follow the era of mere gold l ifting . Adifferent kind ofmining is be ing adopted—deep mining , withmore machinery

,and consequently larger expense .

CARIBOO .

The last Cariboo season was not so good for the mass ofminers as many previous ones ; but most v igorous prospecting of deep channels is being carried on in the variouscreeks

,and suffi c ient success has been met w i th to j ustify the

confidence in Cariboo which is generally felt . Cariboo wil lfor many years be among the best paying diggings on thePacific coast .

KOOTENAY .

The miners in the south—eastern angle of the Province , onthe Kootenay and Columbia rivers

,are making good wages ,

and are pleased with their prospects . The hydraul i c claimsthere will last for years yet . The miners Show greata ctiv i ty in examining the undoubtedly gold bearing countryin their immediate neighbourhood

,and also at the head

waters of the Kootenay and Columbia . The prospec tingparties ou t in 1874

,aided by the Government appropriation ,

have done well . Good “ prospects were got on QuartzCreek which Opens into the Columbia River, 200miles V .

W . of Wild Horse Creek ; also on the Slocan Riv er , andabove the mouth of the Kootenay River . Samples of goldand silver quartz were brought in . The m ining season inth is part of the Province i s lenger than in Cariboo .

OMINECA.

Omineca , in the far north of the Province , has not yetproved to be a high paying gold field . The gold is scattered .

The country is vast,and not much prospected . Omineca is

kept back at present by the high cost of labour and suppl ies ,l ike many other gold yielding places in British Columbia .

The above are gold fields which were expected to be,or are ,

high paying diggings . The immigrant wil l understand , however , that gold is found almost everywhere , and that numbersof Chinese and Indians are m in ing in al l parts of the Province , and are making from one to five dollars (4s . to 20s .

English) per day .

At this stage of the world ’ s h istory homil ies are not wantedupon the risks of gold mining in this quarter of the globe ,or

, indeed , elsewhere . In British Columbia the work is hard ,


the season is short in the northern parts of the Province , th ereturns from the occupation are uncertain . But i t must havemany compensating advantages

,or i t would not be so attrae

t ive . One th ing may be said,namely

,that a gold m iner has

a steady market for his produce ; he has never to wai t for amarket for h is gold nor i s i t much affected by competition orover-production . The point for a settler to note is , that i t isan immense advantage to a settl er to be in a mineral country,

because the mines give work to those able to undertake 1t,and create local markets

,which otherwise might not exist for

generations .

I do not th ink that any man l iv ing will see the exhaustionof the prec ious m ineral deposi ts of Bri tish Columbia . Theh istory of the older min ing country of California Shows partlywhat may be expected in British Columb ia .

CASSIAR.

In addi tion to the above gold fields,rich d iggings have

recently been discovered at Cassiar . The distric t of Cassiar,

although more distant from the capital than the other goldregions , is real ly more access ibl e than any of them , as thej ourney involves very l ittle land travel . The route from V i ctoria is by coasting steamers to Fort Wrangel at the mouth ofthe Stickeen River

,thence up the river to Buck ’s Bar by ‘

l ight draught steamers,the remainder of the j ourney , about

85 m i les , being by a trai l . The princ ipal diggings are a t

present on Dease ’ s and Thibert’ s Creeks , and are for the mostpart shallow or placer diggings . The general resul t of thework was highly satisfactory . Cassiar i s l ikely to prove oneof the most important gold fields of Bri tish Columbia .

COAL MINING .

The presence of good coal in Vancouver Island , and i tsabsence on other porti ons of the Pacific coast

,are much in

favour of the Province A d istinguished scientific traveller,

acquainted with the north-west , Dr . Robert Brown , M . A .,

Pres ident Of the Royal Physical Society , Edinburgh , statesthat the only North Pacific coal spec ial ly fitted for steamingpurposes i s found in the Bri ti sh possessions , al l others beingof tertiary age and very inferior in qual i ty—slaggy and oftensulphurous . In her coal-fields

,

” Dr . Brown says,British

Columb ia has,within herself

,th e elements of lasting pros

perity .

DISTRIBUTION OF COAL FIELDS .

The tertiary beds of inferior coal are found in Cali fornia ,Oregon

,and

'

Washington (United States); and tertia ry croppings are al so seen here and there in the southern part of the


British territory of Vancouver Island,on part of the we st

coast of the island,and also in the southern part of the

mainland . They extend east,with some interruption

,right

across the Rocky Mountains .

The secondary beds of the North Pac ific coast,affording

very good coal,s ituated so as to be more or less capable of

being profitably worked—are bel ieved to be confined to Vancouver Island .

The coal fields in the Nasse-Skeena distric t have not beencarefully examined yet . Anthrac itic coal is found in QueenCharlotte Island

,which would be of immense value to the

whole Pacific coast could i t be worked profi tably .

The following extract from the report of the director of theGeological Survey of Canada refers to the coal fields of British Columbia :

It i s a c ircumstance that will yet be seen to have an important bearing on the future of Canada

,that on both her

eastern and western shores, one washed by the Atlantic and the

other by the Pacific,coal in quantities prac tically inexhau s

tible is found near the water ’ s edge . If th is does not in timeto come give this country a strong commerc ial posi tion on

both oceans then Buckle ’ s theory as to the influence Of naturalconditions on c iviliz ation and progress will have to be revised ,and Canadians wil l have proved themselves degenerate andshiftless sons of enterpr ising sire s . The Comox coal field ,lying between the Beaufort range of hills and the Strai ts ofGeorgia , extends for a considerable distance along the coastand includes Denman and Hornby Islands . The VancouverIsland coal i s proved to be a true bituminous coal , for themost part , and the term

‘ l ignite ’ heretofore applied to i t i sshown to have been a mistake . Anthrac ite coal

,again , i s

found on the Queen Charlotte Islands,nearly five hundred

miles from Victoria,and

,from what has already been ascer

ta ined , i t appears a reasonable inference that the CanadianPacific Shore coal fields are really of vast extent . The greatwarm oceanic current

,flowing from the Equator towards the

North Pole , washes the Canadian Shore , making the wintersmild , and carrying far north the balmy influences of a moist andwarm climate . W i th open ports in all seasons , as well asabundance of coal and of splendid timber for sh ipbui ld ingnear to the coast

,i t wil l be a contradiction of all former ex

perience i f Bri ti sh Columbia does not soon rise to somethingl ike the rank of a mari time power on the Pac ific .

Bituminous mines at Nanaimo,

on the east side of Vancouver Island

,have been worked by an Engl ish company

( the Vancouver Coal Min ing Company) successfu lly for many

50 GUIDETo BRITISH COLUMBIA .

years . Two other compan ies are now work ing successfuliy,and a flourish ing town has grown up arormd the m ines .

Nanaimo also is a market for the beautiful farming distr ic t ofComox .

The excellent qual ity of the coal of Vancouver Island iswel l e stabl ished . It is in great request for gas

,steam , and

domestic use , and as compared w ith other coals mined on thePac ific coast , i ts superiori ty is unquestioned .

The production of the mines has kept pace with the demandand the works are be ing freelv extended at several points inview of a grow ing market .As the works are being ex tended , skilled miners would be

l ikely to find employment,and able-bodied men also are re

quired to act as “runners ” and “ l oaders .

There is no fire-damp in the Nanaimo m ines .Many of the m iners and artisans occupy their own dwel

lings . The company sells town lots at moderate prices,and

is extremely desiriou s to promote the growth of a town of

independent freeholders in this el igible spot .Nanaimo is pleasantly S i tuated

,and is al ready a busy

,

thriv ing colonial town,wi th churches

,schools and a member

of parl iament . It has none of that dried-up” blackened ap

pearance wh ich col l iery v i llages so often present in themin ing d istricts of England . The cl imate i s very l ike that ofEngland—better than the climate of the north of England .

Game and fish are abundant in the neighbourhood .

Cap ital and labour are the two essentials to the almostunl imited development of coal m in ing in Bri tish Columbia .

The existence of a fine qual ity of coal on the seaboard cannot fai l to be of the very greatest importance when theCanada Pacific Railway converts British Columbia into oneof the world ’ s h ighways . By that time

,at least three trans

continental railways will connec t on the Pacific coast withl ines of coasting and ocean steamers , which will get steamcoal from the only North Pacific distric t that can supply i t

,

namely,Vancouver Island . The effec t also of a supply of

coal on l ocal manufac turing industry cannot be overl ooked as

an element of future supremacy .

IRON ANDSTONE .

About a mile from the town of Nanaimo,on Newcastle

Island,a freestone quarry i s worked . From this place the

stone was supplied to build the new Uni ted States Mint a tSan Franc isco

,California . The stone i s easi ly worked

,

hardens by exposure,and has al l the appearance of a very

fine grained gran i te .


There is plenty of marble in the Province,but i t has not

yet been worked .

The explorations of the Dominion Geological Surveyor , alongthe coast and in the interior of Vancouver Island

,gives the

most gratifying account of the vast mineral resources whicheverywhere ab aund throughout the length and breadth of thec ountry . Iron

,coal

,copper

,marble

,etc .

,exist in inexhaus

t ible quantities,and must sooner or later be productive of

untold wealth . Compared with iron and coal , the gold minesthemselves may prove to be of but minor importance . OnTexada Island alone

,the iron beds

,i f beds they can properly

be called , seeing that they towe r up h igh above the level ofthe sea . are of in calculable value , the rock assaying e ighty percent . of pure iron of the very best qual i ty . In the immediatevic ini ty of these vast iron beds are equally vast beds of excellent l imestone . Not only are iron and l imestone lying sideby side

,as if nature had spec ially intended them for man ’ s

u se and benefit at some future day,but also in close proxim i ty

to them are extens ive ve ins of b ituminous coal , which givegreatly enhanced value to those mines . That the manufac

ture of iron is destined to become a staple industry of thecountry , a source of unl imited wealth , affording in due courseof time employment to thousands of labourers and mechanics ,may be accepted as a foregone conclusion . As a matter of

fact,the people of th is country as yet know very l i tt le about

the real extent and variety of i ts m ineral resources . As thec ountry becomes settled up

,we shall of course know more

about these things .

SILVER MINING .

There appears to be really good prospects for silver m iningin British Columbia a branch of min ing wh ich would affectthe labour market in much the same way as coal min ing .

Several promising leads have been found,and men are now

searching the Cascade Range for more . Some silver quartzhas been got at Kootenay . At one silver mine near Hope ,works of a cons iderable extent have been carried on a roadis made from Hope to the mine i tself .The above si lver mine i s not the only one known to exist inthe Fraser valley

,and so soon as the Hope mine shall have

been worked more extensively,and Shall have yielded , as i s

expected,

good resul ts,there is no doub t but that other mines ,

s ituated in the same range of mountains , wil l l ikewise beworked .

The Standa rd newspaper of October , 1872 , says of theneighbourhood of the town of Hope


It is now establ ished,beyond all reasonabl e doubt, that

Brit ish Columbia i s rich in si lver Our s ilver prospects areeven better than our gold

,and we should not be surprised to

see ,not only si lver mining on an extensive scale commenced ,

but such a rush into the interior of th is country in search ofsi lver leads

,as our neighbours have witnessed in the case of

VVa shoe ,White Pine

,and other local ities .

”

COPPER MIN ING

has been begun in many places,but not been actively prose

cu ted , owing to want of cap ital . The appearances for suc

cessful Copper min ing in several parts of the Province areconsidered to be very encouraging .

TIMBER

Logging and “ saw-mill ing never will be industries to bemuch rel ied upon by newly-arrived em igrants from Europe , asthe various descriptions of labour requ ired are best carriedon by persons who have had special training .

The West Cascade region of the Province i s densely wooded , chiefly with many spec ies of gigantic conifers , but a verylarge part of the East Cascade region i s general ly unwooded

,

or but thinly wooded . Where wood exists in the East Cascade region the conifers stil l predom inate .

The settler who is near any main l ine of communicationshould not look upon h is fine timber as a valueless pos sessionwhich may be wasted improvidently . The timber on hisfarm may

,with in h is own l ife time

,be worth as much as the

so il of his farm .

In reply to many le tters from Eastern Canada as to thelumbering business in Bri tish Columbia

,I may state that

i t is already an important industry and capable of cons iderable extension . During 10 years ending 1870

, about s ixtymil l ion feet of rough and dressed Douglas fir l umber , with aquantity of sh ingles

,laths

,pickets

,and about 3500 spars ,

were exported . This export has greatly increased since .

wages to Woodmen range from 25 to 45 gold dollars a monthwi th board

,and the same in saw-mil ls

,with higher w ages for

a few of the more skilled and responsible men . The snow isnot of any u se in logging in the seaboard distric ts . Loggingroads are made through the woods

,and th e logs a re drawn

by oxen,and roll ed into the water and floated to the m il ls .

in the woods goes on th roughout the year , but time isl os t to workmen when i t rains heav ily in win ter . Rivers aregreatly used for the conveyance of logs . The business atpresen t is carried on almost entirely o n sal t water . There are



ing and house-building . It grows to the height of 150 to 200feet , and attains a thickness of five to 8 feet at the butt . Itcarries its th ickness well up . Dressed masts of 30 inches indiameter, at one-th ird from butt , and w i th proper proportionsfor the required length

,have been supplied from the Douglas

fir forests . This Bri ti sh Columbian wood is known in Australia

, New Z ealand,and Great Britain

,as Oregon pine

,

though Oregon does not export i t to these markets . A goodgrowing demand for Briti sh Columbian Douglas fir timber andsquare timber exists in South America

,Austral ia

,and China

,

and a few cargoes of spars are sent annually to England .

This Douglas fir (or“ Douglas p ine

,

”

or Oregon pinepredominates in the forests of the IVest Cascade region , butnot in the arid parts of the East Cascade region . It i s plentiful in Washington Terri tory (Uni ted States). The Douglasfir i s also found in some of the Rocky Mountain valleys , on

the Blue Mountains of Oregon,and here and there eastward

as far as the head waters of the Platte . At present the principal seats of its manufac ture for export are the coast ofBritish Columbia

,and on Puge t Sound (U. S .) The Douglas fir

1106 8

got grow in any quanti ty north of Millbank Sound , in

at . 5The principal existing m i l ls are in the New Westminsterdistric t , and probably that neighbourhood will c ontinue to bethe chief seat of the export of Douglas fir . The Nasse-Skeenadistric t looks l ike a good saw-mill ing coun try

,but the Doug

las fir,as j ust said

,i s not found so far north . The inlets o n

the mainland,or some of the outlying is lands between M ill

bank Sound and the New Westminster distric t,probably of

fer locations fo r export saw mil l s,but i t i s not known , how

ever, at present , that these places can be found readily .

Many of the inlets are almost wall—sided,with short water cour

ses or torrents emptying into them the water collec ted amongthe surrounding gloomy mountains . The rivers generallywhich flow into these inlets are not good logging rivers .

There is,however

,a vast exten t of sheltered water-l ine be

tween Millbank Sound and the New Westminster di strict , andi t is impossibl e not to beli eve that su i table places for largeDouglas fir export saw-mills are to be found where practicalsaw-m i llers would make fortunes .The West Cascade region is difficul t to traverse , and has

not been a tenth part explored by saw-mil l men . If i t shouldprove that su itable locations for large saw-mi l ls are few , th ethe value of these to the possessors will be proportionallyincreased .

The saw-mil l busines s in Bri tish Columbia would be greatly


helped if the San Francisco market were o pened by the reduction or removal of the duty on foreign lumber .

None of the other conifers in the north-west are l ikely totake the place of the Douglas fir for the export trade , unti lthe latter is completely exhausted in accessible S i tuations inboth Engi ish and American terri tory . I may

,however , name

a few Of these conifers .

Menz ies ’ fir (“ spruce fir

,or

“ black spruce i s plentiful ;smaller than the Douglas fir

,but stil l a Titan . Mer ten ’ s fir

(“ hemlock Spruce” ) i s also a very large tree , wi th a straighttrunk . The wood of these trees has l i ttle export value compared with the Douglas fir . Heml ock lasts well in the groundand makes good lathes . Another large fir i s the “ Canadafir , but the timber is inferior, though when seasoned it makesboards

,scantl ing

,and Sh ingles . The bark is useful in tan

n ing . The “ Contorted pine” —which some cal l the “ Scotchfir

”—i s found through the valley of the Fraser on the h ighgrounds

,i t grows from 25 to 50 feet high , and one foot in

d iameter . On the upper parts of the Fraser th is tree i splentiful , but of l ittle value except for its res in . The wh itepine ( the n orth-western representative of the Strobus) is afine tall tree , with wood l ike the white p ine of EasternCanada, but i t i s not known to grow s ufli ciently in roves tosupply large export saw-mills . For local uses the w ite p inewill be important .In selecting a farm

,the settler will find small cedar a most

valuable farm-wood for fencing and roofing . It is durable ande asi ly spl i t . Cedar grows scattered among the fir forests .Many fine spec imens are found on the mountains

,30 to 40

feet round at the butt,and 200 feet h igh . The Ind ians u se

cedar for numerous purposes ; Ispeak of the T/wja gigan tea .

It be comes rare as you go north , and ceases about Therei s another fine tree Of the same kind

,the yellow cypress

(Cupressus nutkaensis). This grows small in Vancouver Island and in the south of the West Cascade region

,but north

of up to about Sitka,i t i s p lentiful

,and as large as i ts

s outhern congener,the cedar . The yellow cypress i s tough ,

l ight,and fragrant

,and takes a fine pol ish . I th ink i t l ikely

that i t wil l be exported in smal l cargoes when the NasseSkeena distric t i s settled .

The alder is frequently met w ith among the fir-forest-s,

ch iefly bes ide streams,or in cool

,hum id places . It grows to

about 30 or 40 feet, wi th a straight smooth trunk . Al der land

i s generally good,and is easily cleared . Alder makes good

firewood . The large-leaved maple is our best substitu te forhard wood ; i t grows 70 feet h igh , and two or three feet th ick ,


generally on the banks of streams and in rich river-bottoms .The Ind ians make snow-shoes

,spear-handles

,&c.

,of th is

wood , and weave baskets , hats , and mats , from the inner bark .

It i s plentiful in the Nasse-Skeena distric t, but is foundscattered in the West Cascade region general ly ( includingVancouver Island). The crab-apple is common in swampy

pjaces , but of no great size . It i s hard enough to take pol ish .

irch i s found scattered in the Nasse-Skeena,and also again

in the Kootenay distric ts . Some say the ehn grows in thelast-named distri c t .The oak (Garry

’ s oak) i s too rare a tree in British Columbiato be of much value . It is found in some parts of VancouverIsland—for instance

,near Victoria—on lands over which firs

have not yet encroached . Many of the oaks in Saanich arestraight and of fair dimens ions

,say 2ato three feet through .

The wood i s useful though inferi or to the Engl ish oak .

VANCOUVER ISLAND

Area , square m i les ; length , 300 m iles ; averagebreadth , 30 to 50 miles . Surface very mountainous andwoody—flattens at both ends

,and for part of i ts eastern s ide

most mountainous region in the interior —h ighest mounta in s(6000 fee t) towards north of i sland—no “ back-bone” range

,”such as some describers say exists —width of arable val leys

,

from one to s ix mi les—whole c ountry full of lakes,streams

and waterfalls—(the water-power i s generally some distanceinl and from the coast) —sl1ores boldly p icturesque —promon

tories , clifl’

s , harbours , coves , and beachesIVest coast , cut up by arms and inl ets , margined by rugged

mountains , bearing fir,hemlock

,and cedar ; here and there

shore is skirted by lower wooded h il ls,among wh ich

,and

:

f

rlong1

streams,smal l patches of Open or wooded flat land a re

ounc .

No inlets on north and’ east coasts,but in other respects the

above desc ription appl ies also to them ; near Jolrnstone’

s

Strai ts , Shore-l ine i s even more continuously mountainousand abrupt than on west coast , Farther down east coast

,and

also in south-eastern part of island,the coast is lower

,and

the proportion of flat or gently undulating land , good forfarming, increases , some of which is open or th inly t imbered .

Prevail ing timber —fir,near the coast ; hemlock , inland ;

great cedars on the mountains ; shrubs , berries , and flowerseverywhere ; grasses—sweet grass , reed meadow , bent spear ;white cl over

,wild timothy

,wild oats

,broad-leaved rush

,

cows l ip,&c .


ESTIMATED QUANTITY OF FARMING LAN D .

Extrac t condensed from B r itish Colon is t, Victoria , August7th , 1872 .

Near Victoria —Say acres,al l occupied or owned .

Some farms can be bought or le t ; terms higher than in placesfarther from the

‘

capi ta l .Saanich Peninsula —37 square miles ; acres . 200

settlers,with farms from 50 to acres each .

Sacha—Out of five square miles , acres of fairly good,

Open land ; remainder tolerably level wood-l and .

Comic/za n—Portions surveyed ( including Slrawigan ,

Q uamiclran ,Sorn enos

, Comiken) acres,of which hal f

cons idered superior .Sa lt Spring Isla nd

—Area,90 square miles ; ac res

,

good . 80 settlers .

Nana imoDistrict (Mountain , Cranberry , and Cedar districts .) acres ; a fair proportion superior , some l igh tand sandy .

Comox . acres ; none better in the world .

The above gives suflficient area for country people ,at least

,and i t i s known that towards Albern i and in other

directions,for instance

,in the long narrow val ley of Salmon

River,there i s land available for settlement .

COST OF LABOUR ON FARMS—WITH A FEW WORDS ON THAT SUBJECT .

An ordinary unskilled labourer,such as one would employ

to dig or cu t fire-wood,receive dollar (68. English)a day ;

if he can lay claim to Skil l enough to qual ify him to attend toa garden or an orchard

,he readily commands 2 dollars (83 .

English), or dollars (103 . Engl ish) a day .

Farm servants , engaged by the month , are paid at wagesfrom 20 to 40 dollars (4l. to 8l. Engl ish) per month , withboard and lodging

,according to the work required of them ,

and the responsib il i ty of their positions . A few Indians areemployed in the seaboard districts

,at 15 to 20 dollars (3l. to

4l. English) per month ,with board and lodging

,by farmers

who understand their character . In the interior Indians arelargely employed as herders and for general farm work . InVancouver Island and the New Westminster d istric t , i t maybe said that a dollar (43 . English)a day , wi th board and lodging,i s the pay of the farm labourer . Higher wages are paid inthe interior .

However strong and active a man may be,he cannot expec t

the highest wages until he knows his work and the ways ofthe country . At the above high wages

,farmers

,of course ,

employ as l i ttle labour as possible ; indeed , the i tem of labour


is the great leak in the farming business in Bri tish Columb ia,

as it is in most young countries .

The farmer in British Columbia can get good land for

no thing , or almost noth ing ; and he gets as high prices formuch of h is produce as the Engl ish farmer gets . The BritishColumbian farmer pays no rent

,but h is labour bil l may be se t

off, to some extent , against the rent of the Engl ish farmer .If the Bri tish Columbian farmer can

,h imself and by h is

family , do a large Share of the farm work,he must make

money quickly . That is the point .

QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS

Are visible on clear days from the mainland as a hasy outl ine .

Three princ ipal islands —Graham,Morseby and Prevost ;

probably much l ike Vancouver Island ; western side morerugged than eastern s ide ; southern islands lower than northern ones ; Moresby Island high in interior ; long stretch of flatland Skirting whole eastern coast ; i slands densely wooded ,chiefly Spruce and fine cypress ; alders on the flats ; undergrowth luxuriant

,ch iefly salal ; no deer nor wolves . Natives

plant potatoes and turnips ; cl imate mild and very moist ;l i ttle snow ; l st Apri l no snow on lowlands ; during that monthmosquitoes and humming-birds .

Indians tall and fair complexioned ; both sexes good-looking ;in tell igent ; good artisti c ski ll ; courageous , but cruel and vindictive ; are becoming more used to strangers . but not to betrusted yet .AS regards the value of these islands

,i t is probable that so

long as better portions of British Columb ia i nvi te settlers ,these islands will only attrac t the attention of the hunter andminer . Gold has been found on them

,and anthrac i te coal ,

&c . Hunters m ight find i t profitable to kil l sea-otte rs , whichare numerous on the western shores . The farming capabili

ties of the islands,l ike those of Vancouver Island , wil l prob

ably prove to be greater than is now supposed . But atpresent i t is bel ieved that the fierce charac ter of the native swould render any attempts at permanent settlement

,unless in

strong parties,dangerous .

TRANSPORT ANDTRAVEL—VANCOUVER ISLAND .

The re are no real ly navigable rivers nor trunk roads in thei sland . Several distr ic t roads are good

,particularly near

Victoria . A steamer goes sem i-weekly to Cowichan,Maple

B ay , Admiral Isl and , Cheman inus and Nanaimo , and to Comoxfortnightly . The rates of fare are as fol lows :

GUIDE To BRITISH COLUM B IA .

From Vic toria toCowichan

,Maple Bay and Admiral Island ,

s ingle ticket ,two dollars and fifty cents ( 10s . Engl ish) returnd itto , four dollars (168. Engl ish).

Chemainus,s ingle ticket

,three dollars (123 . English),

re turn ditto,five dol lars (208. Engl ish).

Nanaimo,s ingle ticket

,four dollars ( l 6s . Engl ish), re

turn ditto , s ix dollars and fifty cents (268. Engl ish) .

Comox , single ticket , six dollars (243 . English), returnditto

,ten dollars (408. Engl ish).

Breakfas t and tea,50 cents Engl ish) e ach meal ;

d inner,75 cents Engl ish).

F reiyht .

—To all places b -tween Vic toria and Nanaimo ,

three dollars ( 123 . Engl ish) per ton of forty feet .From Victoria to Comox four dollars (168. Engl ish).

Al l cattle to Cowichan,Maple Bay

,and Admiral IS

land,three dollars (128. English) per head .

To Che rna inus four dol lars (168. Engl ish); Nanaimo ,five dollars (203 . Engl ish); and to Comox , s ix dollars (249 . English).

Smal l animals,such as calves

,Sheep

,pigs , &c .

, fromfifty cents English) to one dollar and fifty cents(68. Engl ish).

dfilea f/e .

—From Vic toria to Cowichan,36 m il es ; thence

to Maple Bay,9 m ile s ; thence to Adm iral Island , 5

miles ; thence to Chemainus , 7 miles ; thence to Nanaimo

,22 m il es ; and thence to Comox , 55 m il es .

A second steamer runs along the East Coast , when thetraffic seems to require an additional one .

VICTORIA (IN VANCOUVER ISLAN D ) AND NEw WESTMINSTER (ON THEMAINLAND . )

A ste amer goes regularly twice a week,at least

,between

VICtorra and New Westminster,running time

,6 hours .

NEW WESTMINSTER To YALE (HEAD OF NAVIGATION ON FRASER RIVERFROM THE SEA).

Stern-wheel steamers,which frequently take a day or more

according to state of the stream . An excel lent waggon roadhas been lately finished

,and farming lromesteads are being

made along it . The Government of the Dominion haveundertaken to make a waggon road through the Province ; buti t i s not yet located .

YALE TC) THE INTERIOR .

Stage coaches make weekly j ourneys from Yale ( head of

steamboat navigation on the Fraser) to B arkervrlle , Cariboo ,

60 GUIDE TO BRIT ISH COLUMBIA .

and coaches also run weekly from Cache Creek ( near themeeting of the Bonaparte and Thompson R ivers) to Okanagan

,in close connec tion

,at Cache Creek , wi th the above

coaches from Yale to Barkervil le . The coach-owners carrypassengers and fre ight

,del ive r parcels , make col lec tions , and

execute commissions .

NEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT—GENERAL REMARKS .

The West Cascade Region , above mentioned , is , as al soabove said

,very simi lar to Vancouver Island in i ts cl imate

and productions . Not much farming land com ared witharea ; country not explored—probably farming lan in valleysand flats (witness the Pemberton Meadows , Lake Lil looet).The rivers which flow from the Cascade Range into the greatsea inlets are comparative ly small

,and often have rocky

banks ; alluvial deposits (wi th one grand exception) are scantyin that portion of the Cascade region opposi te to VancouverIsland

,but such deposits are said to be considerable farther

north,as at Skeena and Nasse rivers -the grand exception”

above named is the low land at and near the month of FraserRiver

,and for some distance up i t , and up tributaries of the

lower portion of Fraser river .

The Fra ser river does not come from the Cascade range,

but from the Rocky range . It is the only river in Bri ti shColumbia (except in the far north-west of the Province)wh ichhas strength to cross the dry country between the Rocky andCascade ranges , and get through the latter range to the sea .

It is fed in i ts course by streams running from every po int ofthe compass—a noble r iver

,but navigable only for cons ider

able Stretches , owing to rapids . Yale is the head of steamboat navigation from the sea

.After bursting through the

mountain passes at Yale and Hope,the Fraser is a tranquil

,

steady,clay-coloured stream for th e latter part of i ts course .

The whole distance from Harrison Lake to the presentmouth of the Fraser was probably once an estuar Th isformer es tuary has been gradually fil led up by sed imentarydeposits from the river

,a work stil l going on

,protected by

Vancouver Island as a breakwater .This country on the lower portion of the Fraser is what I

may call the New Westminster D istric t . It is in general awooded distric t , but has large tracts of open arable and grazi ng land , del ic ious atmosphere

m no malaria or ague—watercarriage , facil i ties for shipmen t . Snow begins in January andis gone by March ; not continuous ; lenty of fish and gamein the district ; w il l raise anyth ing ViincouverIsland wil l rai setl ld more ; three large saw-mills , employ ing 600 peopl e ; a


62 GU IDE TO BRITISH COLUMBI A.

500 acres cul tivated ; samples of red and wh ite wheat describedas 5 } feet h igh , yielding 50 bushels to the acre ; average ofcou1 se less . Two potatoes (

“ B reely Prolific”

) yielded 67 lb s .

Timothyr hay , barley , oats , peas , &c. ,good .

Left bank of south arm,land very fertile

,easily cleared

from brush,and drained ; dyke s are being made ; buildings

erected .

Mud Bay—oyster-beds,great resort for W ild geese and

ducks .

A dist1 ict e xactly l ike th e mouth of Frase1 distric t , indeed ,pai t of i t

,within theUn i ted States teri itory,

nea1 the mou tliof the Lummi and back from Sem iahmoo

,is fil l ing up with

population Iapidly .

Ascending the Fraser,we in no long time come to forests

on each Side ; giant pine ; cedars , maple , alde 1 s , cottonwood ;real agi icultm al value of the land cannot be seen . Luxurian tv egetation in the forest—bel ry—bushes of all kinds , also ferns ,ground-creepers

,moss—the sweet-scented whi te flowers of the

wi ld apple t1 ee shine among the gi cen fol iage in summer .

Seene1 y and pi oducts al together on a gIand scale . But letthe s ettle i take heart : he 1s beside the sea l1e1 e , no 1 a iln aycarriage to the seaboa-Id ; there IS much good la iid 1 equ i1 ingl i ttl e clearing

,and plenty well worth the clearin g . There are

in parts extensive flats cov'

ered with W i ld hay,also fine

prairies with fertile soil ; excel lent crops and dairy yield ;thriving farms near the town of New W estminster , and se t

tlements also at Pi tt River , Keatsey ,Langley

,Matsqu i, the .

For instance,at Pitt River acres of good arable land

requiring no clearingm the part of it subjec t to freshets i s

good now for grazing .

At Langle a newspaper correspondent (Da ily Sta ndard ,

Victoria,November , 1872) describes farms wi th

“ severalhundred ac 1 es of alluvial soi l

,black mould with clay bottom ;

at you1 feet seve 1 al squa 1 e miles of green meadow land , thegleaming rive1 beyond

,and I1c1 oss i t the da i k Cascade Iange ;

a st1 eam ful l of t1 out Ineande 1 ing th1 ough the meadow .

”

Another fa1 n1 of ac 1 es,exe 1y pai t cu ltiv I.

,tcd dIIIined

,

and laid off into large peaks of 30 to 40 ac 1 es each . the steading in the fOIm of a squa1 e ; a fine mansion house Anotherof

o“ 800 acres

,200 cul tiva ted

,fine black soil

,all fit fOI the

plough drained by a stream which sk irts i t . Again ,

acre grass dairy farm ; cows , Durham breed ; farmer curesbutter .

” The next,

“ 300 a cres,stock and crop owned by the

bla cksm i th . Good publ ic school ; neat Presbyterian church .

”

The wri ter ascribes an e xtraOrdinIu '

y production per acre tothes e fa rms .


Between Langley and Matsqu i, eastward from south end ofL ange ly Prairie and running southward towards the boundaryis a strip of very good land—trees burnt ; undergrowth dense .

In th is neighbourhood is one Of the fines t bel ts of alder landin the distric t ; i t begins near the river , runs south sevenmiles

,three miles wide

,comparatively level

,free from under

growth and above high water ; Matsqni Prairie four mil essquare .

Higher up the r iver stil l,where the rivers Su inass and

Chilliwhack join the Fraser , are ris ing set t lements—SumasPrairie acres . Prime beef

,choice butter and cheese ,

fine cereals ; wide-spre ading fertile prairies and valleys here ,only th inly peopled yet ; 60 to 70 farms ; good dwell ings , barns ,stables

,churches

,schools

,Shops

,gri st-mill ; 600 acres wheat

raised last year,40 to 50 bushels an acre ; 200acres oats ; also

potatoes , peas , beans , heps , frui t , and even tobacco ; supplybeef to Yale and Hope (Yale gets some beef also from Nicola);extent of prairies great ; much good land also on the Chill iwhack abo ve the valley that would do well when cleared .

The country between Ch illiwhack on the west and Cheamon the east

,a distance of twelve mi les , and between the

Fras er river 011 the north and the mountains on the south , adis tance of fifteen miles

,contains a large quantity of rich

agricultural land at present unoccupied . Although nearly allt imbered

,i t i s of a nature requiring very l i ttle labour in

cl earing .

Perhaps the bes t of the whole view of the Lower Fraserd istrict—a view very extensive and beautiful—is to be hadfrom the top of Dis covery Mountain in th is neighbourhood .

The New Westminster district and Vancouver Island distriet

,already described

,are the only two portions of the

IVest Cascade region that are settled . It would appear

that another part of th is region is worthy of attention , namely ,the country in the neighbourhood of the Nasse and Skeenarivers .

KOOTENAY .

In the arid south-east angle of the Province among theflanking ridges of the Rocky range ; a well-known and promisIng mm ing regIOn .

Farming land—principally on alluvial bottoms—l i es alongKootenay river and

'

the head waters of the Columbia , say forabout 200 mi les long and five W ide ; good grass ; timber andwater privileges ; heat and cold rather extreme (for Bri tishColumbia)—November 14th ,

1872,Six inches snow on the

ground—November 19th , 1874 ,one foot snow ; facil iti es for

64 GU IDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

irrigation favourable ; capab il ities of the soil are becom ingknown after trial .Wi ld Horse Creek—fine dairy farm ; good stock , grain and

vege tables .oseph

’

s Prairie , the same ; Columbia lakes the same . A tthe Columb ia , a fine farm of acres

,rented for graz ing ;

bel ieved to be good arable—along the streams flowing by theside of mountains crowned with perpetual snow in this distriet , almost al l k inds of vegetables can be grown , qual ityexcell ent , particularly the potatoes . Every Chinaman has avegetable patch . What is produced finds ready sale in themining camps . People general ly orderly and contented ;hopeful as regards the ir future ; a number of persons takingup land for settlement ; a water-power saw-mill .Much trade done at present between Kootenay and the

American town of Walla Walla (408 m i les from Wild HorseCreek). Pack trains come in also from Montana Territory .

es in Kootenay 3 to 5 dollars (12s . to 203 . Engl ish) perday ; prices as follows : —Flour in 1874

,7 cents (3&d . Eng

l ish) per lb beef on the block,8 to 10 cents (4d . to 5d .

Engli sh) per lb. sugar,25 cents (18. Org-d . Engl ish) per lb . ;

tea,1% dollar (6s . Engl ish) per lh . ; bacon and hams , 40 to 50

cents (18. 8d.to 23 . Engl ish) per lb . ; potatoes , cabbages ,

turnips , 4 to 6 cents (2d . to 3d . English) per lh . ; beans , 33cents ( l s . 4éd . Engl ish) per lb .

The Roman Cathol ic B ishop of Oregon considers that thecountry about the sou rces of the Columbia River i s of greatprospect ive importance . It is d ivided into forest and pra iriein proportions favourable for settlement ; mining resourcesundoubted ; b irch , p ine , cedar and cypress , prevail ; c l imatedel ightful ; snow goes general ly as

‘ i t fall s ; a most desirablecountry, needing people only and road communications .

Stock-owners new drive cattle to winter in neighbourhood of

Columbia River lakes ; will by-and-bye be reached from thenorth , probably more easily than by the road from Hope .

Many prefer the cl imate of th is sec tion to the cl imate evenat Victoria

,Vancouver Island .

The weird,uncommon

,gigantic features of the country ,

the grand scale on which i ts scenery and natural products arepresen ted to the eye , make men at first feel dwarfed , discou raged ; but there are great sources

‘

of national weal th ina terri tory with such a situation

,with such harbours , cl imate ,

soil,and m ineral s . Much has to be overcome , but the future

is certain .

OKANAGAN COUNTRY .

Very fine s tock country , and wil l also produce grain ; vields

GUIDE TO BR ITISH COLUMBIA . 65

fal l wheat only w ithout irrigation ; sprin wheat to 15 tonsper acre

,w ithout irrigation ; also profuse oats , barley , Indian

corn,potatoes

,tomatoes

,musk-melons

,water-melons , grape

vine,tobacco . Summer warm

,has shown 98° in the shade ,

cold is sharp in winter,but weather c lear and sunny , snow

seldom deep,and never l ies long

,cattle

,horses , and sheep ,

as a rule,unhoused in winter ; moderate preparation , however ,

recommended .

The lake,70m iles long by m iles wide ; country to the eas t

of i t a fair sample of the best d istric ts between Rocky andCascade Ranges ; open , grassy h il ls , dotted with trees l ikeEngl ish parks

,successive h ills and dales ; lakes , ponds , and

streams ful l of fish ; so il much the same general character asthe Similkameen ; r ich sandy loam ,

substratum of clay insome valleys , stretches of “ bottom” land , some alkal i patches ;settlers com ing in fast and tak ing up land since CanadianPacific Railway survey began . Those who would have “ soldout

” a year ago are now till ing and improv ing the ir land . Iti s said that in Okanagan and adjoin ing districts , there isroom for a farming population of souls (all owing 160acres for nine persons). Roman Cathol ic m iss ion-postfeet above sea-level) on the east S ide of the lake ; fine coun tryb ehind it . On the west Side of the lake , a l i ttle distanceback

,runs a low mountain range from wh ich detached spurs

press upon the lake,and ri se above the water in precipitous

bluffs ; excellent pasture , part icularly on small spi ts j uttinginto the lake . The Cherry Creek Silver Mine has beenabandoned for the present .Near the north end of the lake is an Indian reserve of very

cho ice land .

KAMLOOPS-SHUSWAP DISTRICT .

Let us enter the district from the east . Columb ia River is44 miles from Shuswap Lake

,via Eagle Pass . Three Valley

Lake (al ti tude feet) is about 34 miles from ShuswapLake . Directly south from Three Valley Lake is a long,w ide , grassy valley, wh ich leads across a low

“ divide to thehead-waters of the Shuswap or Spillemeechene River . Th isis a gentle river flowing through a large valley , much of wh ichhas clay subsoil ; fine fall wheat w ithout irrigation ; very goodand heavy creps here ; large farm-bu i ld ings ; wel l fenced fields ;Indians at work on farms ; fine bunch grass on the high land ,round wh ich the river makes a southern bend .

A farmer on the Shuswap Prairie thrashed out 80 tons ofwheat in 1872 ; two other farmers 40 tons each . Prices here ofvery superior extra flour

,12 dollars (483 . English) per barrel

9


Of 196 lbs . ; choice bacon , 25 cents ( 13 . 05d . Engl ish) per lb . ;

j uicy beef 10 cents (5d English) per lb .

Leaving the Shuswap or Spillemeechene River at a point ,say beyond where Cherry Creek j oins i t

,there i s between that

point and the head of the Okanagan Lake a distric t of openprairie and sparsely timbered land

,abound ing in rich pas

turage and dotted wi th a few farm ing settlements .From the head of Okanagan Lake to the Thompson River

(south branch) i s about 45 miles north-west . Leaving theOpen

,roll ing

,bunch-grass val leys Of Okanagan

, you firstascend for about 20 miles through timber land ; reach GrandPrairie—fine soil

,luxuriant bunch-grass

,dotted w i th cattle ;

the prairie 16 miles by 2 miles,bounded by hills

,a river be

tween ; elevation feet) causes some danger from nigh tfrost . Grand Prairie to Thompson River—gl ittering streamthrough valley , bordered by alders and willows

,green

meadows,clumps of trees

,small lakes ; good soil ready for

cul tivation .

From the nearest po int at which you strike the SouthThompson River down to i ts meeting (forks) with its northbranch is 16 m il es Of open grass country . A t the j unctionstands Kaml oops

,a few miles from the head of Kamloops

Lake 25 miles long roll ing prairie land ; w ith fine grass,

and also some ferti le valleys on southern bank of lake .

There is an Open,or l ightly timbered bunch-grass country

along the banks of the North Thompson River,and north of

Kamloops Lake , for 130 miles .

Several Engl ish gentlemen from the American s ide havetaken a prairie of 2000 acres on the north Thompson , ashort d istance from Kamloops . and are making a long ditchfor irrigation .

In 1871 the yield of grain on the Tranqu il le and north andsouth branches of the Thompson River was a mill ion and a

quarter pounds .The whole Kamloops-Shuswap d istrict is a distric t of table

land , wi th considerable depressions—abundant pas ture , general ly free from forests

,and on ly interspersed with timber ;

summer cl imate dry, great heat ; winter frequently very cold

for a day or two,but on th e whole not very sharp ; snow gen

erally l ies a short time only ; cattl e are driven here to winterin severe seasons ; Hudson

’ s Bay Company used to winterout” 500horses h ere , including brood mares and young horses .

Thi s distric t w il l doubtless become known again as a m ineraldistric t . The first gold found in quanti ty by the natives wasfound in th is distric t

,and fair wages are still made on the


Thompson r iver . The Thompson,near i ts mouth , is too full ,

t a id , and rocky for m in ing .

Ii amlOOps i tsel f is l ikely to be a d istributing centre for thefine country around i t, even if the Canadian Pacific Rai lwaydoes not come to help the infan t c i ty ; schools , V is i tin

gcler y

men,three fine stores alread three hotels

,two blac smit s

’

sho s , &c . Hudson’ s Bay Cbmpany building a store (60 by40 cet), and go ing to keep more goods than h itherto ; sawmil l 20 miles up the north branch of the Thompson ; goodgrist-m ill , generally busy, on the Tranquille (flows from northinto Kamloops lake); the Tranqu ille Mill grinds a good dealfor the North and South Thompson districts

,and also a por

t ion Of the Okanagan country . In 1872 wheat was sold for2 and 2% cents per lb . (1d . to l id . Engl ish), del ivered tomerchants at Kamloops or to the Tranquille M ill . The higherprice was towards the end Of the year

,and arose partly from

the requirements of the Canad ian Rai lway survey .

N ICOLA COUNTRY .

D irectly south from Kamloops, 30m iles , is Nicola Lake .

The road at present from Kamloops i s a sort of natural trai lover gently undulating but h igh open country , wi th fine grass .F irst few m i les no herbage ; many rav ines . At the first heightturn and survey the magn ificent scenery of the ThompsonRiver valleys ; will g ive some idea of the graz ing resourcesof the Province . Can bring a waggon w ith l ight load acrossfrom Kamloops to N icola Lake

,if you take a guide , an axe ,

and a spade .

N icola Lake is reached also from Lytton , wh ich is on thet runk waggon-road . The post comes in from Lytton .

The road in th is direction wil l doubtless be improved . Atpresent, going from Lytton to Nicola Lake , you first s kirt andlook down on Thompson R iver .Eleven m iles on

,at a break in valle is a waterfall ; di verge ;

s teep mountain twelve m iles ; strikeNi cola River , whence 40miles to the lake . First part of river unattractive ; w ildsage bushes ; hot sand in summer . R iver winds throughmasses of alder and willow ; by-and-by plains dotted withpines ; fine l and . Rich sheltered bottoms

,where the peach ,

caste r-Oil plant,sweet almond

,w i l l grow

,and fine meadow

grass , grain , and root-crops ; grassy h il ls , good for cows .

Provincial Exh ibition prize for cheese came to th is di str ict .Irrigate from river water ; land in valley hea black loam ;no stones nor gravel near surface ; red p ine on t e mountainsCoal , i t is said , has been found in theNicola district .Nicola Lake

,thus reached e i ther from Lytton or Kamloops ,


is in a fine di strict ; cl imate dry and warm in the summer ;warm rains Apri l and May

,and again August and September .

Have to irrigate ; can grow finest wheat,oats

,barley , broom

corn,and vegetables—one experienced settler says better pro

duce than in Vancouver Island or Oregon tobacco , tomatoes

,and melons mature well . Winters mild ; two months cold

c lear weather , with snow . South w inds mel t snow and leaveground bare for weeks . Round the lake Open prairie ; bunchgrass . Year-Old steer Of 600 lbs . (dressed). Seldom haveto feed cattle on hay . On 2nd March

,1872

,after a bad

w inter,cattle fat ; grass green on h il lsides

,spring birds and

wild ducks back to the ir haunts . Good land round the lakeoccupied

,but room in the neighbourhood . Milk cows scarce ;

a few gentle cows for sale at 65 to 75 dollars (13l . to 15l. Engl ish); plenty Of cattle , but young breed ing stock dear . Beautiful Sheep-farm a mile from lake ; level plain , river on one

S ide ; S loping heights to the north , running paralle l to theriver . About 2000 sheep ; do well .A correspondent

,Observer ,

” in the B ritish Colonist, Victoria

,of 28th November , 1871 , says : Ipredic t a prosperous

future to al l who Obtain a footing in this most delightfulvall ey It i s a fact that all kinds of animals wi l l not onlythrive by what they can procure for themselves , but w il l keepfat , so great i s the quanti ty of vegetation and so moderate th eclimate .

East S ide Of Nicola Lake,up river ten m iles

,fine valley ;

home for fifty famil ies,at least . Open prairie along the river ;

very good land,eas ily irrigated ; timber scarce , except c lose

to the river ; pine on moun tains seven or e ight m iles back .

As far as the eye can see , a beautiful prair ie of grass .

HOPE,YALE AND LYTTON .

Hope,95 miles from mouth of Fraser River

,was formerly

an active l i ttle place,but the gold-bearing Similkameen

country,to the east

,having been neglected , owing to the

greater attractions of Cariboo ,Hope has not thriven as was

expected,though i t again shows signs of l ife . The sil ve r

m ine s wil l tend to increase its importance,which

, prospec

tively,must always be considerable

,as Hope is the natural

outle t to the Fr aser river from the fine farming and m iningcountry of Similkameen .

Yale,the head of navigation on Fraser river , 110miles from

i ts mouth,i s a most picturesque and thr iving li ttle town

,

si tuated in a narrow gorge of striking grandeur . Large quantitie s of goods and not a few passengers pass through i t daily

,

in the summer,to the upper country . The Fraser River



The country near the Thompson,Bonaparte

,and Hat

rivers is very attrac tive to the eye ; m i les of green hi l ls ,crown ing slopes

,and leve l meadows ; hardly a bush or a tree ;

fine grass almost to the h il l-tops . The cl imate very heal thfuland enjoyable ; rather a want Of t imber in parts , also of raingeneral ly , but there are many streams .

For grazing,the country cannot be surpassed , and i ts agri

cultural capab i lit ies , SO far as the soi l is concerned , are inmany parts very good . At Cache Creek and on the Bonaparte there is excellent arable land . The country throughwh ich the waggon road passes to Will iams Lake has somevery good soil

,with no more timber than is needed for farm

ing purposes . The farm ing land is bounded by low h il ls ,beyond which there are prairies and vall eys . These h il l s areundulating and brightly green , and their grassy carpet isdais ied over wi th coun tless wi ld flowers .

The road occasionally crosses some fresh mountain stream ,

whose cool c lear waters invi te the traveller to drink ; now i twinds by the bank of a lovely lake

,in whose glassy depth s

the trees and shrubs along the margin seem to contemplat etheir own symmetry and face . The summer frosts , however ,as above said, are rather against crop-farming in th is sect ion .

excep t on farms favourably situated ; but the frosts do not .

come regul arly,nor with equal severi ty .

The great trunk-waggon road Of the province goes throughthe d istric t

,and the farmers produ ce food for horses and

mules largely,in addition to the flour , bacon , &c, requ ired

for the min ing towns in Cariboo . The visi tor here sees irri

gation-flumes (water-course) Of great l ength , gang-pl oughs ,

and thrash ing mach ines ; also several saw-m ills , bacon andham factories

,and three flour-mil ls , which latter c ost

dol lars ( l 2 ,000l. Engl ish). The farmers themselves, to start

one flour-m ill,subscribed 8000 dollars (1600l. Engl ish).

There is a Farmers ’ Soc iety at Cl inton—the Northern Bri tishColumbia Agricul tural Soc iety . I bel ieve there are in theL illooet distri ct about horned cattle , 5000 sheep , 4000pigs

,and 400 horses . The average annual yield for the las t

five years has been about three mill ions and a half pounds ofwheat

,w ith a large yield of other cereals , and beans ,

fleas ,

on ions,pota toes

,&c, The above is not much to spea of;

but it must be remembered that the supply has been l im itedby the demand . These farming facts conclusively show theagricul tural capabil i ties of the Province

,even in a sec tion

of i t wh ich in parts is l iable to occasional summer frosts .

Let but m ining towns grow , or le t a railway be made (as i twil l be soon) to carry surplus produce to a sh ipp ing port ,

GU IDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA . 7 1

and i t w ill be seen that the agricul tural capab il i ties of eventhe northern portion of the East Cascade region Of B rItIshColumbia are very great .

CHILCOTIN,ETC .

Th is is the country on e ither side of the river of that name ,It is bounded 011 the west s ide by the range

,

cal led by somethe Cascade and by others the Coast range

,and on the

e ast by Fraser River . Ch il cotin has no t yet been throughlytested by farmers

,but the country i s a ttracting attention .

We have different accounts Of i t from travellers . The probabil i ty is . that a good deal Of the Chilcotin country i s aridand sandy

,with poor timber .

Its area , however , is immense , and may include also greattracts Of good grazing land . Near its numerous rivers andlakes we might expect to find superior arable land . Thesurface is Open in parts

,and timbered in others , generally

presenting either roll ing prairies or forest table-lands . Thereare many lakes and rivers

,and a great vall ey through which

the Chilco tin flows . The average elevation Of the distric t i scons iderable

,say feet ; but the al t itude of the surface

varies considerably . The h ighest po int of the trail , from~

Bentinck arm,i s to feet high . From that sum

mit on the plateau,looking west

,you see the Cascade Range ;

to the south,lonely massive heights ; to the east an expanse

Of forest,broken by lakes and marshes . Reindeer are nu

merous 011 the great mountain plateau near the head of theChilcotin River .Soil probably l ight on the h igh land

,and rich near some of

the rivers and lakes .

Climate hot i n summer , and very sharp in winter ; theslopes Opposi te depressions in the Cascade Range

,probably

will be found the most suitable for crops,as far as c limate is

c oncerned .

Another large secti on of the Province , east of the CascadeRange , , i s not much known yet

,namely

,the section extending

to a great distance north and west from the elbow which theFraser River makes to get round the Cariboo Mountains .

Hudson ’s Bay Company Officers describe th is northernregion as a hunting and min ing region

,containing

,however

,

large tracts of good pasture ; and probably a good deal of

winter fodder for cattle would be required here .

Wheat has been raised at Fort George ; barley and vegetables at Fraser ’ s Lake potatoes on the lake l pes atStewart

’

s Lake (the be llows are l iable to . n ight frosts)Humming-bird common at Stewart ’s Lake in summer .


A fine countr is also Spoken Of as ex isting between FortSt . James and ation R iver ;

” good land also between Bab ineand the “ forks of the Skeena . On the whole

,though much

Of the above section of the country north and west from thegreat elbow Of the Fraser is known to be mountainous andswampy , i t robably i s as hab i table as some inhabi tedcountries Of orthern Europe .

Under the st imulus Of a demand for stock or produce , suchas m in ing camps would produce

,the d istric t doubtless would

Show cons iderable even farming resul ts .

ROUGH SKETCH OF EAST CASCADE REGION .

The general features of i ts surface may be described in afew words ; rugged Alp ine masses , wooded on the ir slopesand hold ing lakes, swamps , and moist meadows in the ir embrace ; arid mountain ranges and ridges crossing and recrossing ; grol l ing wooded h ills and grassy h illocks ; table—lands .general ly of high elevation

,Often of great ex tent , w i th and

wi thout forest ; l onged terraced river channels or val leys ; w ideOpen valleys ; deep , na1 row,

wooded val leys ; short valleys(Often ce lled

“ prairies” ) a land also of lakes ; innumerablenarrow ; elongated lakes of all S izes , from the bright pond tothe lake 100 m i le s long

,Often l inked by streams ; some lakes

steepsided right round their margins , others wall-edged withinterven ing swamps

,but Ofter wi th gently Shelving rims

backed by Open grassy h il ls . Rivers , smaller than the drainersof such mountain sy stems might be supposed to be ( the l igh tsoi l absorbs them); general ly deep-grooved and rap id ; threading the whole country

,bursting through rocky walls

,seeking

lake after lake , turning and twisting to find a way to theOcean , but for the most part unable to do so , nearly al l be ingfinally swallowed up by the Fraser and Columbia rivers .

Trees , an immense are a in the southern part of the EastCascade region , say from the Horse Fly d istric t south to th eAmerican bounda ry

,i s generally unwooded . There are wide

expanses of Open land wi thout trees,or only with bel ts ,

clumps , and dots Of cone-bearing trees w ithout underbush ,extending, however , into forests as the Rocky Moun tains orthe ir flanking ridges are approached

,and again towards the

northern and north-western portions Of the region , say beyondthe l ine of the Horse Fly distric t and \Villiams Lake . Remotel y , in the north-west , the country again becomes . in manyparts , th inly wooded , and the firs are rarer , In the neighborhood of the Skeena

,the maples and cottonwood in many

parts contrast cheeringly wi th the sombre hues Of the conifersthat abound in the Valley Of the Fraser .

GUIDE TO nnI'rIsH COLUMBIA . 73

To attempt to sum up the capab i li ties of th is great region

( i tself but a portion of the Province of British Columbi a)would

,in the present condit ion of our knowledge of i t, be an

offence against common sense . IVe know a l i ttle about partsof the region , and may offe r a few remarks accordingly .

Taking into consideration the heal thfulness of the climate,

w ith its short winters and long,bright summers

,the fertile

soil,vast extent of grass pasture

,s treams fi lled with fish

,

the abundance of minerals,and grand mountain and valley

scenery,adding to these cons iderations the quantity of vacant

public land open to settlement,and the comparatively smal l

expense required to form a settlement,I know of no region on

the continent ofNorth America that holds ou t equal inducements to suitable settlers . It will be peopled by a happy andprosperous commun ity w ith in a few years after the opening of

the rai lway through i t,which shall supply cheap transportation

for immigrants and their suppl ies,and for mining machinery .

The main drawback to th is fine country at present i s thewant of quick and cheap transportation . This drawback w il lbe removed by the construc tion of the Canad ian Pac ificRai lway .

Farmers have produced,by the aid of a simple process of

i rrigation,wheat

,barley

,oats

,Ind ian corn

,timothy h

potatoes , carro ts , turnips , cabbages , tomatoes , muskmelons ,watermelons , grape-vine , tobacco , broom corn , sweet almond ,castor-oil plant

,peach

,and almost al l other fru its .

Fern is seldom seen in the East Cascade region . A fewmosqu itoes only are found along wooded water courses . Insome parts

,fl ies trouble the animals .

NEWSPAPER ACCOUNTS .

A correspondent of the Standard ,a Victoria newspaper

,

writes of the southern portion of the East Cascade Region asfollows Having travell ed twice through a large portion ofthe farming districts of British Columbia

,I am very strongly

impressed with the great advantages the country offers to anyyoung man who may take unto h imself a better half , andsettl e down in any of those lovely green valleys , and theregrow his own pork and beans

,with none to make him afraid

while watching h is chuckle-headed calves and big spottedsteers bounc ing over the hill s . It is a fact that all the countrywhich I am about to mention is covered with abundance of

bunch-grass,pea-vine

,and rye—grass , from two to six feet

high . It is a pi ty that people who are looking for peacefuland prosperous homes

,such as our Government can offer , do

not know more about th e coun try . Upon each side of the10


North and South Thompson Rivers,for m iles above Kam

loops Lake—45 m iles from the trunk waggon-road—there arethousands of acres of good prairie land

,with plenty of timber

for building and fencing purposes . Here al l k inds of rainand vegetables can be raised s imply by going to a ittle

trouble in irrigating . This can be done by rai sing water fromthe river wi th a wind-mill attached to the top of a lofty firtree . There is quite strong enough wind every day in theyear for the purpose . Here passes a good waggon-road leading from the trunk road to what i s known as the immenseOkanagan country . My pen fails me to do j ustice to i t as afarming and stock-raising country—plenty of fish in the lakesand rivers .

Another gentleman wri ting in 1872 to the B ritish Colonist,(Victoria newspaper), after travel l ing by the coach from Cach eCreek to Okanagan , says The country is for the most partopen

,dotted with trees , giving i t almost the appearance of

an old country park . It i s so free from wood as to enablethe horseman to canter at will in almost every directi on , andin some instances no obstruc tions are presented to the freeprogress of a carriage . The face of the country is beautiful—relieved by ever ' changing succession of hill and dale . Thewater system is excellent , the surface of the country beingindented by numerous lakes and rivers or smaller streams ,everywhere teeming w i th fish of excel lent qual ity . A mildcl imate wil l have already been inferred . It may be addedthat snow seldom fall s to any depth

,and never l ies l ong .

Horses,horned cattle and sheep

,pass the winter unhoused

and uncared fer,and

,as a rule

,come out in good cond ition

in the spring . On most of the grass ranges cattle sh ifting forthemselves through winter are in prime condition for beef inthe spring . In the country thus roughly and very imperfectlysketched

,there are a few hundred settlers—we really do not

know how many . In the valleys of the Thompson,Okanagan

and Cache Creek , there are about one hundred ch ildren .

There is the making of happy homes for tens of thousands .In truth no more desirable country can be found , and i t isnot unreasonable to hope that the open ing of a coach roadleading through the heart of i t , and the fac il i ties for travelpresented by a weekly l ine of sta es , may lead persons insearch of homes to go and see for t emselves .

”

SIMILKAMEEN VALLEY

This vall ey extends fifty-five miles from Princeton to thefrontier . Mountains bordering the river are gran ite

,green

stone,and quartz

,capped w ith blue and brown clay slate ; clay

GUIDE To Bm'

n su COLUMBIA .

of slaty texture stained wi th iron ; smal l quanti tie s of him

clay ; bed of river fi lled with boulders of grani te , greenstone ,and trap of al l sizes ; fordable except during f reshets , an d theni t rises very rapidly ; grass very good ; timber scarce ; sharpbends of river generally wel l wooded ; underbrush of willowand wild cherry ; near base of mountains sufficient timber forsettl ers ; so il somewh at sandy and l ight ; free from stones ,and generally excellent for e ither grazing e r farming ; dry in

summer ; i rrigation necessary ; many large portions al readywell watered by streams from the mountains

,with fall sufficient

to faci l i tate any further irrigation found necessary ; grass mostluxuriant

,also

,on the l ittle tributary streams . Valley very

pic turesque . Similkameen beef ” i s talked of as Engl ishmentalk of Southdown mutton . A settl er introduced a Durhambull in 1872

,which cos t him 1000 dollars (52008. Engl i sh) :

another wrote lately,“ We have a good mining and good farm

ing distric t and one of the best stock-ranges on the Pac ificcoast : numbers of cattle

,horses

,sheep and pigs . The Indians

go into farming ; quite quiet ; keep cats .

”

It is unfortunate that th is fine Similkameen distric t has notan easier western outlet in the d irec tion of the NewWestmin

ster distric t , but such an outlet possibly may ye t be found .

OSOYOOS LAKE .

Close to the boundary l ine —connec ted with Okanagan Lakeby a chain of lakes and rivers . Open land between Osoyoosand Boundary Creek . Famous Rock Creek d iggings were inth is neighbourhood

,and no doubt all this country will be

again worked by miners . Good cattle-grazing country ; grainand all kinds of vegtea tien splendid , and cattle in fine condition .

One settler had 200 fat steers to sel l . Mosquitoes troublesome .

Trade wi th Indians good ; they seem to have plenty ofmoney .

W ith the exception of a few miles,the entire road from Rock

Creek to the great prairie at the head of Kettle river is though ta fine roll ing prairi e country

,thinly wooded

,and abound

ing in bunch-grass . Gold and Selkirk ranges then intervene .

Fort Shepherd is a wild barren spot—rough t °ail thence overthe “ divide between Columbia and Kootenay rivers to theKootenay Valley (south from Kootenay Lake) ; ri ver broadand sluggish ; portion of val ley quite level ; rich alluvial soi las on Pitt river (New IV

estminster distric t); overflowed

probably ; swamp grass ; rich vegetation ; going still east upthe Mooyie river to the lake

,there is th ick timber—Pur cel l

range intervenes—beyond this range country Opens out ; thirtvor forty m iles farther

,the travel ler reaches the Kootenav

asgain ; grand scenery approach ing the B ockv Mountains .

proa t.


For add i tional information on the Province the followingworks may be consul ted :Vancouver

’

s Voyage on N . W . Coast of America , 1790-95 .

Voyage of Portlock and Dixon on N . W . Coast of America .

Voyage ofMeares on N . W . Coast of America .

Voyage a la Cote da Ne id Ouest dans les Annces 1810-15,par Gabriel Franchere .

Travel s of S ir A lex . McKen z ie to the Pac ific Ocean , &c .

,

in the years 1789-93 .

B e ss Cox ’s Columbia River .

Jewett’

s Narrative of a capt iv i ty at Nootka Sound in 1804 .

An Essay on Vancouver Island,by Dr . Charles Forbes ,

R . N.,1862 .

A work on Vancouver Island,by J . D . Pemberton

,Esq .

,

Surveyor General of the former Colony—London 1862 .

Travels of Lord Milton and Dr . Cheadle .

A work on the West Coast of Vancouver Island , by GilbertM . Sproat

,Esq .

Overland Route through British North America,by A lfred

Waddington .

—Longmans,London . 1868.

Offi cial Report on British Columbia of the Hon . H . L .

‘

Langevin , Min ister of Publ ic Works of Canada , 1871 .

Vancouver Island and Bri tish Columb ia,by Dr . Rattray

,

R . N .

Prize Essay on Bri ti sh Columbia , 1863 , by the Rev . R . C .

L . Brown,M . A .

Prize Essay on Bri tish Columb ia,by A . C . Anderson , Esq .

Vancouver Island Explorations and Papers , relating to theBrit ish Columbia Botan ical Exped i t ion .

Stud ies of the Forest and Forest Life Of North WestAmerica

,by Robert Brown

,M . A .

,F . L . S .

, F . R . G . S .,

P . L . D.,Pres ident of the Royal Physical Society , Edin

burgh .

Vancouver Island and Bri tish Columb ia,by MathewMcFie

,

Esq ., F . R . G . S .

Four years in Bri tish Columbia,by Capt . R . C . Mayne ,

R . N C . B .

Report on Bri tish Columb ia,by the Hon H . L . Langevin ,

C . B .,M inister of Public Works of the Dom inion of Canada .

British Columbia,by Gilbert Malcolm Sproat , Esq .


78 GUIDE To BRITI SH COLUMBIA .

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT .

See Post Offi ce Report .

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT .

Resident Engineer . B . W . PearseSuperintendent of Telegraphs

,R . B . McMicking

SAVINGS BANK DEPARTMENT .

See Report .

0. P . RA ILWAY DEPARTMENT .

See Report .

LIST OF OFFICIALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Prem ier,

Hon A C . E ll iottAttorney General ,Prov incial Secretary

,

M in ister of M ines,

Minister of F inance and Agricul ture , Hon . W . Sm i theCh ief Comm issioner of Lands and Works , Hon . F . G . Vernon

Private Secretary to Lieut . Governor , Capt . G . R . Layton

EXECUTIVECOUNCIL .

Presiden t Hon . A . C . El l iottHon . F . G . Vernon

Hon . Wm . SmitheClerk

,Hon . Wm . Smi th e

Deputy Clerk,

J . J . Y oung

ATTORNEY GENERAL’ S OFFICE .

Attorney General,

Hon . A . C . E ll iottSolic i tor

,Clerk

,Henry S . Mason

TREASURY .

Minister of Finance, Hon . Wm . Sm ithe

Treasurer,

J . J . Y oungAudi tor

,W . C . Berkeley

GUIDE To BRIT ISH COLUMBIA . 7 9

PROVINCIAL SECRETARY ’S DEPARTMENT .

Provinc ial Secretary,

Hon . A . . El l iottDeputy Provinc ial Secretary

,Charles Good

Acting Deputy Provinc ial SecIetary, Thos . E lwynSupeIintendent of Education , J . J . Je ssopDeputy Supt . of Educat ion

, (on Mainland) F . C . Clementson

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

Superintendent ,Printer

,

C‘

Ass istant Printer,

Messenger,

Asst . Mes senger,

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY .

Mr . Speaker,

Hon . James TrimbleClerk

,J . Roland Hett

L aw Clerk,

El i Harri son,Jr .

Sergeant-at-Arms,

J . DwyerMessenger

,T . Deasy

LANDS ANDWORKS DEPARTMENT

Chief Commissioner,

Surveyor General,

Accountant,

.Clerk of Records ,Draughtsman

,

Assistant Draughtsman,

REGISTRAR .

Registrar General of Titles,

H . B . W . A ikmanof Births

,Death and Marriages

,

of Bills of Sale,

of Je int Stock Companies ,of Agricul tural Soc iet ies

,

Under “ The Cattle ExemptionAct of 1871

,

SUPREME COURT .

Registrar,

Chas . E . PooleyDeputy Registrar

,Henry S . Mason

Usher James Irving

Richard VVolfendenGeorge W ill iamsRobt . Butler

John H . MurrayChas . L . Swanson

D DeasyT . Deasy

Hen . Forbes G . Vernon

A . S . FarwellJ . J . AustinJ . G . VinterW. S . Gore

F . G . Richards , Jr .

80 GUIDETO BR ITISH COLUMBIA .

ASSAY OFFICE, CARIBOO .

W . H i tchcockA . J . Mouatt

ASSESSORS AND COLLECTORS UNDER THEASSESSMENT ACT,1876 .

Richfield, W . Stephenson

L ightn ing Creek,

Quesnell e ,W il liams Lake

,

L il looet,L ten ,

0 anagan ,

N icola LakKamloops ,Rock Creek ,Cache Creek

,

Kootenay,New Westm inster and theVictori a ,

Clerk,

D istrict of V ictoria,

Esqu imalt, Sooke , Metchosin and H ighland ,Cow ichan and Salt SpringIsland ,Nanaimo

,

Comox,

COLLECTORS ANDREVISORS OF VOTERS .

Cariboo ,

Lillooet,

Yale,

Kootenay,

New Westm inster,

B urrard Inlet,

Victoria,

VictoriaDictrict,Esqu imalt and Metchosin

,

Cowichan,

Nanaimo,

Comox,

REGISTRAR OF BIRTHS,DEATHS AND MARR IAGES .

Cariboo,

J . BowronWill iams Lake

,M i chael O Connor

Lil looet,

E . Al l enGeorge CexonC . A . Vernon

J . Clap ertonJ .UssherB . PriceG . Cexen

C . BoothJ . C . HughesJ . E . McM illanC . WallaceR . F . JehnJ . Pe ttingerJ . Morley

T . L . FawcettJ . Redello

J . B owrenA . W . Smi thW . Teagu eC . B ooth

E . D ick insonJ . W il l is

E . R . WoodsS . Rebarts

E . R . WoodsJ . Morley

T . L . FawcettR . H . Pidcock

GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Canoe Creek,

Cl in ton,

Kamloops,

Yale Distric t,

Kootenay .

New \Ve stminste rCassiar

,

Victoria,

Nana imo,

COURTS OF APPEAL UN D ER ASSESSMENTCariboo

,

Lillooe t,

Yale , Kamloops , Lytton ,Hope

,

Okanagan,

Nicola Lake,

Rock CreekKootenay

,

Cassiar,

New IVestminster,

Victo ria,

Esquimal t , Sooke , Metchos in ,

Cowichan and Salt Spring Island ,

Nanaimo,

Comox,

CORONERS .

Cariboo,

Lillooet .Yale

,

Kootenay,

New IVe stminster,

Langley,

Chilliwhack,

Coast Distri ct,

Omineca,

Ca ss iar,

Stickeen,

Victoria City and Distric t,

Esquimal t , Sooke , Metchosin ,Cowi chan and Sal t Spring Island .

Nanaimo,

Comox,

GOL D COMMISSIONERS .

Michael O’

Co nno r

H . Fry

\V. R . SpaldingR H Pidcock

J . ChippF . W FosterJ . Clapperte n

C . Booth

IV . DuncanA . Graham

A W . VowellJ . B . Lovel l

A . F . Pemberton

J . MorleyIV

. R . SpaldingR . H . Pidcock

H . M . BallE . H . SandersP . O

’

Reilly

JohnUssherW

'

. TeagueC . Booth

E DickinsonA . IV. Vowell

H . B . A ikmanT . L . Fawcett

ACT,

H . M . Bal lE H . Sanders

M . LumbyT . \Voodward

J . C . HaynesC . B ooth

A . W'

. Vowel lP . O

’

Re illyA . T .D. McElInen


Osoyoos ,Okanagan

,

Kootenay ,New Westminster

,

Cassiar ,Victoria

,

Esquimal t,Sooke , Metchosin ,

Nanaimo,

Comox,

GOVERNMENT AGENTS .

Cariboo,

Clinton,

Lil looet,

KamloopsLytton

,

Yale,

Kootenay,

NewWestm inster,

Cassiar ,Cowichan and Salt Spring Island,Nanaimo

,

Comox,

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE .

Andersen A . G . ,

Armstrong W . JAll ison J . FAlexander R . H .

,

Ball H . M .,

Brown R . H .,

Brown G . H . Wilson ,

Barlow A . ,

Bate M .

,

Bryden Jehn ,

Bulkley T . A.,

Booth C . ,

Cornwal l C . F .,

Cornwal l H . P .,

Clapperton J .,

Coney B . G .

,

Chambers Coote M .,

Chipp J .,

Cunningham JClarkson W .

,

Chadwick W .,

Campbell W . M . ,

J . C . HaynesC . A . Vernon

C . BoothE . DickinsonA . IV. VowellF . G Vernon

IV. R . Spalding

J . BowronM ichael O

’

Connor

A . IV. SmithJ . UssherG . CoxonIV . TeagueC . Booth

E . DickinsonA . IV. Vowel lJ . Morley

T . L . FawcettJ . Redello

Provincedo

El ectoral Di stric t of YaleElec toral D istric t of NewWestminster

Provinc edododo

dododo

E lec toral D istrict of KootenayProvincedodo


Courtney H . C .

,Province

Coul thard J . H .,

Duncan IV.,

DewdneyE.

,

Douglas B .

,

Drabble G . F .,

Deighton R .,

DeB eck H . L .,

Dunsmuir R .

,

Diggle IV . N .

Drake M . IV. T .

,do

Dick inson R Elec toral Distric t of New IVe stminsterE ll iott A . C .

,Province

Elwyn T .

E ll is T .

,

Egerton F . IV

E lford W .

Edwards J . TFoster F . IV

Finlay son RFe e rd F .

,

Ferris W . D.,

Fisher IV . (Esquimalt)Fisher W .

, (Metchosin)

Findlay G . J . ,

Galbrai th J . T .,

Graham A .,

Gray A . B .

,

Haynes J . CHoughton C . F . ,

Helmcken J . S .

,

Holbre ok H .,

Higman F . G .,

Hoey R .,

Hughes J . G .,

Harris C‘

. R .

Innes J . H .,

Langley A . JLindsay DL eneveu D.

,

Ladner W . HLindsay A .

L andvoigt G .,

Lovell J . B . ,

do

doE lectoral D istri c t of Cowichan

E lec toral Distric t of YaleProvincedo

dododododo


M ilby IV. C .,

Morley JMacdonald W . JMara J . A .

,

McLean A .

McMillan J . E .

Morrow W . H . ,

Mackie JMcG ilvery DM il ler D . IV. ,

McNaughtonD.,

Muir J . L .,

McMicking R . B .

,

Muir J .,

Manson W .

,

Marshall T .

Muir M .,

McKay J . IV.,

McAllister JMcIlmeyle J . ,

Mea son IV. Laing , CanoeMcHugh H . ,

McInnes A . D.

,

Murray John ,Nutt JNelson H .

,

Nagle J .

O’

Reilly PPemberton A . F . ,

Pidcock R . H .

PearsonE.,

Pemberton J D.,

Powell I. IV.,

Prenti ss A .,

PrattD.,

Pringle A .,

Planta J . P .,

Puetz JRaymur J . A .

,

Rithet R . P . ,

Rogers J.

Robb JRobertson J JRitch ie R . PRobertson IV. H .

,

Robson J

Creek P . D., E lec .

Lillooe tdo Vic toriado Cariboo

do YaleProv ince

( to

Vancouver IslandProvinc edodododo

dodo

Elec toral D istric t of LillooetYale

NanaimoCowichanProvince



Nanaimo,

( C

REGISTRARS UNDER MARRIAGECariboo

Lillooet,

Kamloops .

New IVestminster,

Cassiar,

Victoria,

Nanaimo,

RETURNING OFFICERS .

Cariboo ,

Lillooet,

Yale,

Kootenay ,New IVe stmInster,Victoria

,

CowichanNanaimo

,

Comox ,COUNTY COURT JUDGES .

Cariboo ,H . M . Bal l

Lil looet,

E . H . SandersYale and New Westm inster

,P . O

’

Re illyVictori a

,A . F . Pemberton

Nanaimo, IV . R . Spalding

REGISTERS COUNTY COURT.

Cariboo,

Cl inton,

Lillooet,

Lytton,

Yale .

Kootenay ,New Westm inster andVictoria

,

SHERIFFS .

Cariboo ,G . .Byrnes

L illooett,

Ya l e , H . V . EdmondsNew IV

estminster and CoastDistIict,Kootenay

,

Vic toria,

T . Harris

A . E . B . DavieC . J . Leggatt

R SmithC . N . YoungTheo . Davie

ORDINANCE ACT .

H . M . Bal lE . H . SandersJohnUssherE . DickinsonA . IV . Vowell

T . Harri sIV

. R . Spalding

H . M . Bal lE . H Sanders

J . UssherC . Booth

A . JacksonC . PrevostJ . Morley

T . L . FawcettG . F . Drabble

J . LindsayM . O

'

Connor

A . W . Sm ithG . Ce xon

IV. TeagueC . Booth

J . A . R . HomerC . J . Prevos t

GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA.6 7

LAND COMMISSIONERSCariboo ,

Kamloops,

Nicola ValleyOkanagan .

Yale ,

Kootenay,

Cowichan and SpringNanaimo

,

VICTORIA GAOLGaoler , Phill ip IVoo la co ttAssistant Gaoler

,John IV. Hutchison

Senior Convic t Guard , Edward TruranConvic t Guard

,Edward Giffen

Convic t Guard,

A . IV . RodgersTurnkev ,

'James RobsonNEW WESTMINSTER GAOL .

Gaoler,

A . H . McB ride

Assistant Gaoler,

IV . MoresbySenior Convic t Guard

,James McNamara

Junior Convic t Guard . Wm . Edwards

POLICE FORCE .

Superintendent for the Province , IVIII. Bowden

LUNATIC ASYLUMSuperintendent , J . J . DowneyKeeper , M . J G e ode

Assistant Keeper,

J . Phill ipsMatron , Mrs . F . RossMedical Officer

,J . B . Matth ews

[We are indebted to th e courtesy of th e offi cials ofi

different departments for th e foregoing ofiicial l ists of J . P .

’

s . &c .—ED.]

PROVINCIAL REPRESENTATIVES IN THE DOMIN

ION PARLIAMENT .

SENATE .

Hen . R . W . IV. Carra ll .

C . F . Cornwall .W . J . Macdonald .

COMMONSVancouver Island Distric t

, Hon . A . B unste r

Victoria D istrict, Hon A . DeCosmOs

J . BowronJohnUssherJ . Clappe rton

C . A . VernonW . TeagueC . BoothJ . DIO I‘ley

T . L . Fawcett


Victoria Distric t,

F . J . RoscoeYale Distric t

,EdgarDewdney

Cariboo Distric t,

J . Spencer ThompsonNew IVe stminste r D istric t , James Cunningham

REPRESENTATIVES IN PROVINCIAL PARLIAMENT .

Vic toria C ity D istric t,

Vic toria Distric t,

New Westminster D istrict ,

New IVestmins ter Ci ty D istric t ,Comox Distric t ,Lillooet Dis tric t

,

Cariboo Distric t ,C

Esquimalt Distric t,

Kootenav Distric t,

Nanaimo District,

Yale Distri c t ,

Cowichan D istric t,

M I N E S .

Extracts from the report of the Minister of Mines for they ear 1875

,ofmInIng Opera tIe ns for gold , coal , etc :

In reviewing the m in ing Opera tIons c onducted III B ritIsh

Columb ia during the year 1875,It W i l l be found that no new

mining l ocal it ies have been d iscovered . The work done ha sbeen in fields already known ; and although much newground

Robert Be.wenHon . James TIImblc (Speaker)He n . Andrew Charles Ell i ott

IVilliam James DouglasHen . Thomas Basil Humphreys

IIilliaIn F raser TolmieIVilliam James Armstrong

Ebenezer BrownRobert Dick inson

John AshW i ll iam M . BrownIIilliam Morrison

George Anth ony IValkemA l exander Edmund Batson Davie

John EvansIVi ll ium Fisher

Fi eileIick IV IIilliams

ChaIles GallagherWi ll iam (

7

. MilD . IV. Gordon

John Andrew MaraHon . Forbes G . Vernon

Robert Sm i thHen . Wi l l iam Smi the

Edwin Pimbury



claims early III th e spring for the future , more espec ially onMcDame

’

s , where the water subsides into a very smal l streamduring the season .

Extracts from G . B Wright ’ s report :

Iam firmly of the Opin i on that the Cassiar mines are intheir infancy . It Is now well establ ished that Dease , Thibertand McDame Creeks have yielded In two seasons nearly twom il l ions of dollars , and the two latter stIeams will , undoubtly,produce far more in the future than they have yet done .

Three other s treams have been prospec ted , tributaries of

Dease river andDeL aird , and gold in paying quantities hasbeen found upon each . The last discovery

.(Sayyea

’s Creek)Offers such inducements that hundreds of m ine rs will visi t itduIing the present season . Its discoverers report that therew e deep deposits of auriferous gravel which will

,probably

,

enable the mIners to prosecute the ir work In tunnels and shaftsduring the win ter season

,thus removing one principal objec

t ion to the claims in this extreme northern region , viz .

,th e

shortness of the min ing season .

I bel ieve that rich and profitable si lver-bearing leads Ofquartz and galena exist

,and will be worked extensively dur

ing the next two seasons .

If my antic ipations of the extent of the mining d istric ts,

and the richness of the quartz ve ins,are real ized , another

season will see the necessity of the introduction of heavymachinery for m il l ing ore and for steam navigation . The DeLiard and Dease R ivers united

,will offer 250mi les of un

interrupted navigati on .

”

THE DISCOVERY OF THE CASSIAR GOLD FIELDS .

As the gold fields of Cassiar seeml ikely to beCOIne of considerable importance to the future of the Province

,i t may be

of some interest to trace the circumstances wh ich led to thei rdiscovery and developmentFair prospects of gold had been from time to time discov~

ered on the banks and bars Of the Stickeen River , and severalparties had been formed for the purpose Of visi ting and eu

deavoring to establ ish that part of the Province as a gol dfield . But no defini te results fol lowed the endeavors made inthis direc tion from the sea-board

,i t was reserved for an ex

kle rer entering Bri tish Columbia through the portals of th eocky Mountains to discover th is importan t tract Of country

,

and i t i s to the in trepidi ty and perseverance of Mr . Thibertthat attention i s now call ed .

Leaving Minnesota In June 1869, wi th one companion and a

small supply of necessari es , chi efly consisting Of ammuni tion ,


Mr . Thibert started on a long and perilous journey , intendingto pass two or three winters in trapping in the North-WestTerritory

,and finally penetrate through the Rocky Mountains

a nd British Columbia to the Pacific . They passed theirfirst winter at Great Slave Lake ; during 1870 they resumedhunting and prospecting

,and passed the winter about seventy

five m iles up the McKen z ie riverD uring 1871 they passed through the Rocky Mountains and

wintered on the Ure orDe loire river at an Old Hudson BayFort by this time the ir suppl ies had run very short , only asmall supply of ammunition and tobacco remaining . In thisdreary , sol i tary , and inhosp itable region , they suffered tremendons hardships

,be ing entirely dependent on their guns

for the means of l iv ing .

In the course of th is year they met with another intrepidtravel ler

,the well known McCu llough ,

who wintered withthem . Up to this time , they had heard or knew nothingabout Dease river . By following the course of theDeloire riverduring 1872

,they reached Dease Lake

,where they parted

with McCullough . The first gold struck by the party,was in

a place known as Devi l ’s Portage,where the river crosses the

Rocky Mountains . On reaching Dease Lake in 1872 , theypassed three weeks in fish ing and hunting

,and then pre ced

ed down to the Stickeen as far as Buck’s Bar

, McCullou hproceeding to Victoria

,wh ile they wintered there ; being tie

fourth year they had wintered alone,far from the hab itation of

man . On the 14th Of February,1873 , they started for Dease

Lake,prospec ting the creeks that empty into i t , and shortly

s truck rich prospects,as much as two ounces of rough gold

a day,on Thibert

’

s Creek,at a depth of from one to three

feet,working with a rocker ; the gold was found on state bed

rock,in what in mining parlance is known as “ black rock .

”

Here they remained and worked three claims during theseason . In July some more men

,th irteen in all arrived .

Towards the Fal l some twenty men arrived,all wintering

on Thibert’

s Creek .

Having left on a prospecting tour they discovered paying

ground on Dease Creek,and Will iam Moore started work

there at Mr . Thibert’s instance .

Thibert’

s Creek enters the lake close to the ex i t of DeaseRiver. It is from twenty-five to th irty m iles in length , andalmost fifty feet wide , with occasional flats covered withdeciduous trees .

Tunnels have been started in the h il l sides,and are be ing

worked on the head of Thibert’

s Creek , the resul ts of wh ichare not vet apparent .


During the year 1874-5, prospecting was carried on in the

v ic in ity Of Dease Creek in every d irection , and up theDeloireRiver

,resul ting in the di scovery of McDame

’

s Creek , TroutCreek , Quartz Creek , and Sayyea Creek , all of which havebeen more or less successful ly worked .

During these years over one thousand men have visited th i sl ocal i ty ; and although the season is very short , the estimateof gold preduced

‘

is a l i ttle short of two m il l ions of dollars .

The area of the gold field of Cassiar, thus far developed ,comprises a tract of country of at least three hundred milessquare .

It i s almost impossible to forego the conclusion that for thediscovery of th i s most important gold region

,the Province is

almost entirely indebted to the intrepiditv and pers everanceof Mr . Thibert .

CARIBOO .

Turn ing from Cassiar to the old establ ished m in ing reg ionof i t is necessary to give the firs t place to LightningCreek

,which has continued throughout the year to give rich

yie lds of gold from many claims .

The wealth taken from thi s creek has been so great that i twas considered that a description of i ts d iscovery would beh ighly interesting . Captain Evans was therefore employedto prepare an account of the creek

,which is as fol lows :

Early in 1861,Bill ’ Cunningham

,Jack ’ Hume

,and

J im ’ Bell,three gold hunters , started southward over the

mountains from Jack of Clubs Creek on a prospecting tour .

They found the trip exceedingly rough and laborious, especi

ally in descend ing the steep banks of the creek they came to ,the former called out to h is companions , Boys , this is Lightn ing

,

’

i t be ing a favourite express ion wi th him in meetinganything difficult to overcome .

In July of the same year,

‘Ned ’ Campbel l found gold inpaying quanti ties a few hundred yards above the min ing townof Van W inkle

,in the second canon . It was estimated that.

no less than was taken ou t of Campbell’

s discover)"

and the adj oin ing one ,the ‘Whi tehall ’ claim . These two

claims form part of what is now known as the S ruc i~ Cempan ’

s ground . This d iscovery brought hundredj

s of minersto t e creek and tributaries .

“ The following will give an idea of the money taken out

from some of the most prominent claims on Ligh tning Creek :

Dutch and Siegel (new Perseverance)DunbarDiscoverv and Butcher



Product for n ine monthsTo wh ich , for the product of the remain ingthree months

,al lowing for the fact of the

hydraul ic claims do ing but l i ttle work,add 1,

say

Be ing an approximate yield for 1875 (wh ich hebel ieves to be a fair estimate)

As the al luv ial d iggings on the various creeks , now beingworked

,have become gradually exhausted

,attention is being

drawn to quartz m ining . Quartz ledges are found in abnudance throughout the Distric t

,on some of which prospecting

has been done at various times,but

, so far , unsuccessfully ,th ough in some instances good paying prospec ts were ob tained .

Failure , no doubt, was occasioned by not possessing properappl iances for working the same . The ch ief drawbacks towards develop ing this most important branch of min ing wh ich

,

i t i s bel ieved,must eventually become the great source of

wea l th of Cariboo ,are the diffi culties of access , owing to i ts

remoteness from navigation or rai lways,and the absence of

mill s for crushing purposes .

“ Several assays have lately been made at the GovernmentAssay Office here , some of which show very good resul ts asregards both the yield of gold and si lver

,and were the ledges

,

from wh ich the spec imens were taken,s ituated where mach in

ery for reduction at any reasonable rates was avai lable , theywould, no doubt , be eagerly sought after by cap ital ists . Aquantity of rock from the vicin ity of Soda Creek , from wh icha very favourable assay of si lver was obtained

,I understand

is about to be forwarded to San Franc isco for reduc tion anda practical test of i ts value

,which

,i f found satisfactory . wi ll

lead to extensive mach inery being at once erected on theground .

The rate of freight from Yale , the head of navigation , toBarkervi ll e , averages from 7 7} to 8 cents per lb . in the spr ing ,and about cents per lb . in the fall .

OMINECA .

Amid the exc i tement,consequent on the wealth developed

at Cassiar,th is d istric t has nearly faded out of view . Though

mining i s sti l l carried on here,there i s no doubt that the ex

pectations formed about i ts weal th have fal len far short ofwhat was antic ipated . The agent reports that the estimateof gold produced in th i s section

,i s only The total

population amounts to 68.

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .9 5

Mining in Omineca for the year,l ike that of the other d is

tricts , was , in 1875 , much affec ted by cl imatic influences , andsevere freshets disappointed the reasonable anticipations of theminers . The agent ’ s report points to the fac t that al thou

gh

mining in th is section is not at the present time very flouris 1

ing,there are sufficient ev idences to warrant hopeful expecta

tions in the future .

liUO '

l‘ENAY .

In turning attention to the southern gold fields of Bri tishColumbia , there is l ess reason for congratulation .

Kootenay , during the year 1875, has barelv held i ts own .

The total population was only 144,of which 40whites and 50

Chinese were engaged in mining,with a total yield of

The Government Agent th ere,however

,considers that there

are manifestations of more energy on the part of our peop leth is year .

”

He says From all I can l earn,I am of opinion that

Quartz Creek and other tributaries of the Columbia river wil lprove a good section of country for miners .

Arrangements are being made to prospec t the deepground on W i ld Ho rse Creek this fall and win ter . A numberof new hil l claims have been Opened ou t on Wild Horse Creekthis season .

FRASER RIVER .

The only portion of our gold mines to which allusion nowremains to be made

,are those situated on the banks of the

Fraser,between Yale and Soda Creek . Mining is ch iefly con

fined in these local i ties to Chinese and Indians,and it is esti

mated that ‘ about was produced by thei r operations in 1875 .

The Government Agent at Yale , W ill iam Teague , Esq ., in

reporting on the diggings in his neighbourhood , makes thefollowing observati ons

,wh ich are not devoid of interest , as

there is not the smallest doubt that ve ry large depos its ofgold sti ll remain undeveloped in the extensive flats , borderingon the Fraser river

,in this region ; and which , though not

suitable to remunerate individual labour,would return a large

harvest to united effortsY ou will observe that mining industries in these divisi ons

are comparatively small ; and that mining Operations on thebars of the Fraser

,in these local itie s are not so numerously

or extensively worked as formerly . The fall ing off is partlyattributed to the alluvial deposits on the bars of the Fraserhaving ceased to be remunerative

,after having been success


ful ly worked and yielded gold in large quantities for a numberof years .

High benches , which flank the course of the river,and

bear large deposits of wash gravel on ei ther side, and which

can be seen in considerable numbers , stretch ing mos t extensively along the Fraser , with every appearance favourable , andgiving indications of c ontaining rich depos i ts of gold

,yet re

main unexplored ; and prac tical men are of the Op inion that,if the same skil l and capital were employed in working thes eas is employed in work ing the California mines

,the resul ts

would be,no doubt , as satisfactory . In conj unction there

w i th I might add that S iwash Creek,si tuated about three

miles above Yale , and the Que-que-halla , which r ises in theSimilkameen range , and empties into the Fraser about a mileabove the town ofHope , are known to contain gold in suffic ientquantit ies to y ield a fair remuneration for labour . Thesestreams

,probably

,would have had a goodly number of

Chinamen work ing on them , with a certain amount of success ,had i t not been for the exc iting news caused , some short t imesince

,by the richness of the newly d iscovered gold mines of

Cassiar, on which account large numbers of m iners left theselocal i ties to try their success in the m ines of that d istrict .Two si lver mining l icences have also been issued during .

the year for these local i ties , and the l odes are located onSilver Creek

,a short distance south-east of Silver Peak

,

where the stream runs through the valley at the foot of SilverPeak Mountain . The lode is supposed to be a continuationof the Van Bremer , and runs parallel with i t .

Operations at the Eureka and Van Bremer m ines havebeen at a stand-still , although from each of these mines , spec imens have bee n assayed wi th such results as would j ustify avi orens development of the m ines .

t is satisfactory to remark that the ac tual known returnsof 1875, viz .

,i s larger than for any year s ince

1867 ; the average yearly earn ing being greatest of any yearsince gold was discovered .

An average has also been struck,shewing that the number

of men employed in each year was and their averageearnings per man

,per year

, $658.



Returns from the several companies engaged in th is industry have been obl igingly furn ished , and are appended toth is report

,from which the fol lowing general s tatement is

p1 epa1 ed

The coal mines actual ly in operation are al l at or in theimmediate neighbourhood of Nanaime Vancouver Island .

RETURN OF COAL RAISED ANDSOLD,1876 .

lActual out iNo . of tons No . of tons No . of tona lNo . of tonspu t of Coa l , sold for so ld for ex on hand Jan . unsold ,1876 . Tons . home con portation . l st , 1876 . Jan . 1 , 1877 .

sumption .

Harewood . 3 550

Vancouver Company .

We l lington M ine (1875)

Th e returns for 1876 have not been furn ished by the We l lington and Vancouver mines .

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING AMOUNT OF COAL RAISED ANDSOLD IN 1874 AND1875 RESPECTIVELY .

No . of tons No . of tons :Tons . for home for exportaf Total Sales .

consumption tion .

Total output , 1875 Sold in 1875Do . 1874 81 547 8 cwt Do . 184

Increase , 1875 l

It i s satisfactory to observe that in one year the output ofcoal from these two mines should have increased from to

tons,and that the home consumption increased over

6,000 tons

,while the export sale increased 10

,000 tons . The

increase in home consumption indicates Increased vital i ty In

manufac turing and home steam shipping in terestsThe retu i ns from the Vancouver

,\Vellington and Harewood

mines are wel l worth consul ting,1 11 view

De f the inte i esting

particulars given as to the workings,hands employed

,rates of

wages , mach inery In use,value of

0

plant,&c .

,&c .

Wi th refei ence to explorations for coal and the devel opmentof thefomines , i t is wel l to state that the Vancouver Coal Co .

has been engaged in searching for fresh seams of coal byaid of a idiamond dri ll . An engineer has been spec iallyengaged from England to conduct the opei a tion ,

and In

less than Zthree months the hard Nanaimo rocks liave beenpierced to a depth of 500 fee t . A description of thi s mostuseful machine

,by J . Ker Gulland

,i s annexed .

The boring of rock in a rap id and efi’icacious manner mustbe deeply interesting and of great value to all engaged inwresting from mother earth the treasures and secre ts which

GUIDE To BRITISH COLI’

MBIA.99

She h ides beneath the surface,whether the work be under

taken for profit or for sc ientific research .

Perhaps there is no branch o f mechanica l engineeringwhere more rapid strides have

, of late years , been made thanin machinery for boring rocks . Rocks are bored ei ther bysteel through the medium of percussive dril ls

,or by diamonds

ac ting without percussion,by reason of the ir extreme hard

ness . Many of the percuss ive dri lls now made have reacheda high standard of perfection ; but i t i s fore ign to my s ubj ectto speak of them

,and I will confine myself to the diamond

rock-boring mach inery of Messrs . Beaumont and Appleby ,now extensively worked by the D iamond Rock Boring ComanI)

“yTli e drawings Show two views of a prospecting machine ,

and although recent improvements have been made in themechan ical details

,yet in all essential particulars the machin

ery remains unaltered .

It consis ts of a frame,shewn of wood in the drawing , but

now,for the sake of strength and durabil ity

,made of H shaped

wrought i ron . The power to drive the machine i s transmi ttedby means of a belt

,and the hollow quill which carries and re

volves the boring rods is driven by suitable shafting .

The quill i s given a rise or fall of about and is guidedby a cross head working in sl ides attached to the two uprigh tS ide frames of machine .

On the under s ide of the quil l are placed three gripsworked inwards and

’

outwards by means of a scrol l and nut ;these grips on being screwed up grasp the rods firmly andcompel them to revolve with the quil l .

On the top of the quil l there are also steel set Screws tosteady the rods and keep them in the centre of the hole in the(111 i ll .The boring rods are hollow

,and on the tOp end of the

boring rod is placed a water union j o ined up to a force pumpby means of flexible hose and wrought iron p ipes . The forcepump being driven by su itable gearing

,on the lower end of

the rods i s placed the crown,which is merely a piece of steel

tube set with carbonate (or diamonds in an uncrystall izedstate) in the fol lowing manner—Ho l

,

es are first bored in theend of the crown of a size a l ittle l ess than the d iamonds tobe inserted

,and then out exac tly to the shape of the piece of

diamond,which is then placed in the hole and the metal of

the crown drawn round it on every side by means of a punch ,leaving only a very small portion of the stone proj ecting be

yond the surface of the crown . Hollows are then out betweenthe stones to allow the water to pass freely wh ile the crown is


at work ; the water answering the double purpose of keepin gthe crown cool while boring and wash ing the debris resul tingfrom the boring to the surface of the ground .

Balance weights are attached to the cross head by meansOf chains and pulleys for the purpose of regulating the pressure put on the crown while boring . This pressure dependson the nature of the rock to be cut

,and varies from 400 lbs .

to 800 l bs .,when the dril l should penetrate at speeds ranging

from 2 to 4” per minute ; gran ite and the hardest l imestoneare readily cut at 2 ‘ to 3 “ per m inute

,sandstone at and

quartz at 1 per minute .

These Speeds are obtained when the drill i s making 250

revolutions per minute,and they may be increased if neces

sary ; but the increase of Speed wh ich migh t be obtained beyond the figures already quoted would throw such a s ti ain 0 11

the machine as would not be compensated for by the Increaseof we i k done .

A power 01 ab is also attached to the machine for the purpose of l ifting and lowering the rods by means of a chairpass ing ove 1 a pul ley placed direct ly ove 1 the l1e 1 e hole andcar1 ied by shear legs .

For speed of boring th i ough the hardest rocks , and givinga ti ue and rel iabl e sample of the strata passed through , thi s.mach ine fa 1 outstrips any that have h itherto been inveh ted ;a sol id core being produced and brought to the surface 111 thefollowing manner“ The bOIIng rods and crown being tubular ,i t follows that only an annular space is cut ou t of the stratapassed thi ough ,

l eaving a piece in the centi e uncut whichpasses up the inside of the boring Iods In the fe i m of a cylinde1 and by means of a proj ecting ring 0 1 sl id ing wedges attached to the CIown

,i t is j ammed ins ide the bO 1 ing Iods

,and

i s i emoved when the Iods aIe drawn up to the sq ace .

“ In addition to thi s,when the mach ine Is in motion the

wate r from the source force i s sent down the inside o f the

boring rods and rises on their outside to the surface of theground

,thus washing up all the debris formed by the

diamonds wh ilst boring th e rock . This debris alone wouldenable any one to judge exactly of the strata wh ich i s beingpas sed through .

”

WELLINGTON COLLIERY,1876—DUNSMUIR

,DIGGLE Co .

This Coll iery is si tuated three m iles west from Departureflay ; the sl ope i s 600 yards ; the depth below the surface is120 feet

,and the seam ave i ages a thickne ss of 9 feet 6 inches .

No . 1 shaft Is si tuated about ya i ds from DepartureBay

,180 fee t deep

,the seam being foui feet 111 thi ckness

,and

rathCI soft at pi esent.



Vancouver Island,in the commencement of active Oper

ations , by the Baynes Sound Coll iery Company, on theirproperty

,situate in the Gulf of Georgia

,between Nanaimo

and Comox , and Opposi te Denman Island .

As considerable interest has been evinced in reference toth is section of our coal fields

,i t would be as wel l to republ ish

the follow ing extrac t from Mr . Richardson ’s descripti on of

the Baynes Sound Coal Seams,which was given in ful l last

yearFive m iles along the coast , in a bearing S . 18

° E . fromthe trail to the Perseverance Claim

,a path runs inland

,in

general bearings S . 70° W .

,and leading

,in a distance of a

l ittle over two miles,in a straight l ine

,to the Baynes Sound

Coal Mines . Here,in a deep gorge

,through wh ich a smal l

stream of water finds i ts way in its course to Fanny Bay onBaynes Sound

,occurs th e following descending sectio

Ft. Ins .

Brownish-gray or drab , modera te ly fine grained sands tone,

s lightly ca l ca reou s, with sca les of white mica . and in layers of from six inches to two fee t , ho l ding fragments of

the s tems and leaves of plants .

Coal , clea r and h ardBrownish gray or d i ab sands tone , in beds of f1om six inchesto four fee t thick . ho l ding fragmen ts of p lants 48

B lack , soft , a rgil laceous sha le,with short thin lenticular

patches of coa l . 5

Brownish-gray drab sandstone , in beds of from s ix inches5

B lack . sof t , a i gillaeeou s shal e , witho

obsecure imp ression sof p lants 2

Coa l , which appears tovary in its thickness being In some

parts not ove r five fe e t two inches and In o th ers sevenfee t , wh ile th e lower two fe e t sh ew o ccasiona l ly thinseams of carbonaceous shale with obsecu re impressionsof p lants , say “ 6 O

Brownish-gray or drab, moderate ly fine grained , s lightlyca l careous sands tone , with s ca les of white mi ca 5 0

0

05

°

C

107 4

The dip of the strata i s here N . 86”E.

,gradual ly

increasing to and the two coal seams are seen descend ingin both sides of the ravine , the edges of the lOwer one meet inthe bottom of the stream ,

but while those of the upper on eare stil l about twenty ft . above the water , a faul t occurs cuttingthem Off. The underl ie of the faul t i s S . 62 ° W . andthe dip of the strata on the other or eastward side of i t i s N .

64°E.,( 4 30 . The strata 011 that side , after an interval in

which seven ty feet of the base are c oncealed , consist of

seventy—two feet of brownish-gray sandstone , holding a fewfragments Of plan ts

,overlaid by ten feet of black argillaceou s

shale . As these beds are not recognised on the west side of


the dislocation , the amount of i t , on the side on which thestrata are thrown down

,cannot be determined with certa int

unless a smal l mass of coal wh ich i s caught in the fan t ,and l ies lower than the extremi ty of the upper seam , bederived from it . In that case the down-throw would be onthe east side . In a position

,which appears to be close to the

east s ide of the faul t,a shallow shaft has been sunk in search

of the upper seam ; i t penetrates the measures on that side ,but sandstone alone appears to have been excavated .

”

The following reports from the Vancouver,Harewood ,

Baynes Sound and l 'Vellington Colleries , carry the information 0 11 this subj ec t up to date

VANCOUVER COAL COMPANY .

NANAIMO,January

,1877 .

Vancouver Island is renowned as possess ing rich stores ofcoal of a qual ity unequal led by any yet found in the AmericanPacific States or Terri tories . Beginn ing at Fort Rupert andreach ing to Koskeemo , thence leading south to Nanaime ,

nearly the whole East Coast of the Island from the mountainsto the water i s underlaid with coal.It was at Fort Rupert that the Hudson Bay Company first

exp lored coal , where they planted mach inery , sunk bores , andshafts and carried O 11 various other operations preparatory to asystematic m ining of coal . While these workings were goingon ,an important discovery was made at Nanaimo , of coal , in

thicker seams . more easi ly obtainable and much better si tuatedwith regard t o harbor accommodation . The company perceiving the advantages of the Nanaimo coal distr ict , dis

mantled the machinery at Fort Rupert and removed the wholewith al l the m iners

,to Nanaime ,

where they turned ou t coalup to 1862

,at which time the Nanaime Coal Mining Company

acquired the valuable property by purchase .

Al though,as before stated

,coal i s embedded all along the

East Coast , i t is only in the Nanaimo distric t that i t i s successfully extracted .

Nanaimo then,as the princ ipal and most valuable field of

coal under development,claims special notice . There are

three prop rie taries operating in the distric t—the VancouverCoal Company ; Dunsmuir , Diggle Co .

,and Harewood

Mine .

The Vancouver Coal Company’s mines comprise : 1 , theDouglas Pit

,situated in the c ity i tself ; 2 , F itzwilliam Mine ,

upon Newcastle Island ; and 3 , New Douglas M ine near ChaseRiver .


THE DOUGLAS PIT .

The surface arrangements at this famous pit strike the eyeat first s igh t as being wel l designed

,and much more perfec t

than a stranger might expec t to see in a place so remote fromother and older m ining countries

,where everything can be

made and Shaped to order . The large winding engine and i tsfurnaces and boilers are models of the ir kind . This engin ehauls a train of n ine tons of coal up an incl ine nearlyyards in length at an angle of 13 degrees from the horizontal .The winding rope is of the best steel wire

,and weighs 2 7} tons .

On arriving at the top of the incl ine the train of cars i s im

pelled along the tramway by its own gravity to the weigher ,from whom an empty train is drawn by the full one

,and who

carefully notes the weight of coal each car contains , and sets i tdown to the miner whose number i s shown by a token fixedon the car . The coal is then tipped on the screen , at thebottom of which a large waggon is placed to rece ive thelumps

,wh ile the small

,which passes through , is caugh t

u nde i neath by a second screen which makes chestnuts .

”

All that goes through the under screen is dre ss and i s consumed at the engine furnaces . While the one train i s undergo ing the process of screening

,another is ascending the in

cl ine from the mine,and so the winding , we ighing and screen

ing methodical ly goes on .

The underground workings and plan t are very extensive,

substantial and effic ient .The Douglas seem of coal has an average th ickness of

feet,the main level s and roads be ing heightened , where neces

sary,for mules to trot along

,and to allow a person to walk up

righ t . The mine is drained by three pumps working at the bottom of the incl ine and branches

,one a steam pump , the other

two plungers,respectively

,of 5

,711; a nd 85, inch working barrels .

These pumps,the last named —two of which are driven by the

large winding engine after th e day ’s coal is hauled—del iverthe water to the pump at the foot of a vertical shaft 120 feetdeep . III the shaft two 8-inch l i fting pumps are placed forrais ing all the water to the surface . The latter pumps areworked by an engine stationed at the head of the shaft .Reverting to the arrangements above ground—when the

waggons holding 4 tons each,are filled at the screens , they

a re taken down the rai lway to the wharf by a locomotive .

The le ad ing shutes are quickly reached , being only one th irdof a mi le from the mine . Arriving at the shipping point

,over

a vessel’

s hatch,the door in the bottom of the waggon is ex

peditiously opened and the coal is deposited in a ship’

s hold .

The sh ute , a nd the apparatus by which i t i s suspended are


106 eumn TO‘

BRITISH COLUMBIA .

p it for gas manufacture . A substantial railway of 4 ft . 8 ins .

gauge,of steel reversible rails weighing 52 lbs . to the yard has

been laid down from the Douglas Pi t to Chase r iver , and in afew months to come the new Douglas mine is l ikely to be th emost largely produc tive in th e distric t .The sales of the Vancouver Coal Company , for the year

1876,exceeded tons ; more than two-th irds of which

wen t to San Franc isco .

M . BATE .

Hmnwoon COAL MINE .

NANAIMO,January 20th

,1877 .

Op era tions 1876 .

Outpu t of Coa l ]So ld for homeI So ld for In hand . i In hand .

1876 . consump tion . Exporta tion .

IJan . 1 , 1876 Dec . 3 1 , 1876 .

tons . I tons . tons . l 800 tons . I tons .

Regular work of mining and shipping only commenced in

Number 0"Ha nds emp loyed .

Whites . Chinese .

82 00 to $3 50 $1 00 to $1 25 $1 25

The seam at present worked is commonly known as theHarewood Seam ; average about six feet th ick , and yields acoal excellent for steam

,household

,and gas purposes—be ing

entirely free from sulphur , i t is found to make gas of an un

usually pure qual i ty . The mine continues to be carried onon th e “ level free plan

,the coal be ing all hauled out by

mules , without the aid of engines . The mine requires nopumping machinery .

The main level i s now in a distance of 600 yards,and a c

cording to i ts present course,wil l give a large supply of coal

for many years to come without going any deeper .

A bore i s being sank bel ow the present seam to prospec tfor the lower seam I t i s now down a distance of 280 feetwithout being through the shales . From the mine to theshipping point in Nanaimo Harbor

,the coal is carried a dis

tance of three miles by means of an elevated wire tramway ,at the rate of 10 tons per hour . As bus iness inc reases , thi swil l be replaced by a rai lway or tramway of more substantialcharac ter and greater carrying capaci ty .

GUIDE TO BnIrIsH COLUMBIA .107

Regular mining and shipments were not commenced untilMay

,and owmg to the depressed state of the c oal trade , the

m ine has been worked da i ly about hal f time .

T . A . B .

nam es SOUND COLLIERY COMPANY,LIMITED.

The property of the Baynes Sound Coll iery Company iss ituated on Baynes Sound

,about ten m i les south-east from

Comox , and consists of acres of coal lands .

The company in i ts pres ent form was organised in Oc tober1875

,and commenced ac tive operations for developing the

property in Apri l 1876 . Since then it has construc ted anarrow-gauge tramway three and a half miles in length

,from

the mine to tide water ; a wharf wi th shutes and to aecommodate two large vessels and two smal l steamers andschooners at the same time and a nine—ton locomotiveand trucks or cars suffic ient to enable i t to del iver 300 tons ofc oal on ship—board per day .

The m ine i s opened from the bank of a small river , adit . orl evel free

,from whence the coal is del ivered into bunkers

near the mou th of the adit ; from the bunkers i t is le t into thecars and del ivered on ship-board without being again handled .

The b unkers already construc ted have a capac ity of

tons . There are two coal s eams be ing worked , one overlying the other ; tl e lower seam i s 7 feet thick , and the upperone 6 feet . The coal in the upper seam is very simi lar to theDouglas seam of Nanaimo

,while that in the lower seam ap

pears to differ from all the other coals as yet discovered onthe Island . It is a dense hard coal

,free from sulpher ; gives

a dense hard coke,and requires a strong draught to ign ite it,

and promises to be an excellent coal for steam and smeltingpurposes .

The output of coal at present (January 1877) i s 50 tons perday , which wil l be largely increased in a short t ime , as thelevels are extended . There is a steam saw mi l l on the prope rty capable of cutting feet of lumber per day , whichhas suppl ied the material for the company’ s works . Thereare also build ings erected to accomodate the miners andothers , employed . The company have had a town si te surv eyed on the ir property which they hav e named Quadra ,(after the original discoverer of Vancover Island). It contains a dozen settlers

,post office

,hotel

,store

,saloon

,&c .

, andis fast becoming a center for the districts of Denman andHornby Islands

,as well as for Comox . The steamer from

Victoria to Comox stops at the company ’ s wharf each trip ,going and returning .


This company’ s undertaking prom ises to be one of the mostimportant industries carried on in the Province

, and has alreadyhad a benefic ial influence in developing the resoures of th esurrounding distric t

,and furnishes the settlers with a market

for the ir produce at the ir own doors .

February l st,1877 . H . G .

WELLINGTON COLLIERY .

DEPARTURE BAY,February 6th ,

1877 .

We employ 150white men and 90 Chinamen ; have 3 7}m iles of railway ; three locomotives . Output of coal from themines per day about 300 tons ; three wharfs ; engine on one to

heave ou t ballast from sh ips ; three winding engines . Miners ’

wagers from $3 to $4 per day ; blacksmiths’ and carpenters ’

wages from $3 to $3 50; labourers’ from $2 to $2 25 . Seam

of coal about 9 feet th ick .

”

Coa l Shipments for the S ix Mb nths EndingDec. 31,1876 .

NANA IMO COLLIERY—( Vancou ve r Coa l Company00

To talFor th e p revious s ix months

To ta l for 1876

WELL ING TON CO LLIERY ~ €Dun smuir, D iggle CO . )

3 840 00

To ta lFor the previous six months

To ta l for 1876 .

HAREWOOD COLL IERY—( Thomas A . Bulkley . )

Foreign 00

Domes tic 1 049 00

For th e pre vious 2 months .

To ta l fo r 1876 (8mos . )

Grand To ta l for 1876 00 Tons .

1875 00

1874 00

The la rge de crease in the sh ipments from the We l lington Col lie ry was causedby the s trike and th e fi re in the mine—“ F ree P ress , ” February 7 th , 1877 .


1 10 GUIDE TO BR ITISH COLUMBIA .

of the l imestone exhibi ts interstratifications of ore Similar tothose described at i ts summit in the first exposure . An overturn dip is probably the cause of the apparen t differences inthe arrangement of the beds . In a north-easterly d irec tionfrom the first noticed exposure for a quarter of a m il e no orei s seen

,after which i t i s again found

,at first in irIegular

patches mixed with epidotic rocks,and then

,its course be

coming more northerly,for more than half a mi le th e bed

presents an irregular surface exposure of from 600-900feet ofnearly pure ore . In thi s part the dip could not be ascertainedwith certainty , and I am therefore unable to estimate theth ickness of the ore . Loose p ieces of l imestone

,with inte r

stratified ore-bands,were found on the west s ide , while to the

east the ore is bounded by grey and green diorit ic rocks .

Circumstances did not admit of my remaining on theisland long enough to h ace the continuation of thi s valuabl edeposi t of iron ore . Mr . Henry Trim ,

of Howe s Sound,

however,who has expl ored the island , iiIfOImed me that the

ore is to be seen occasionally in considerable exposures tonear the north-east coast of the island , a further distance of

more than three m il es .

These iron ores could scaIcely be more favourably s ituated than they are

,ei ther as regards mining, smelting or

sh ipment . There i s deep water close to the Shore,and

wharves might be easily and cheaply constructed,at which

vessels could always load III safety , except during the heavysouth-east winds which occur occasionally fIom th e middle ofSeptember to the end of March . But during these . Gill iesBay

,only three miles distant

,would afford

o

a safe and convenient harbour of refuge . There i s al so another harbour atthe north end of the island , about seven miles distant whichwould afford shel ter in al l weather . The si te of the ore i se igh teen miles r ui Comox harbour , twen ty-one miles r ui

Deep Bay,and about twenty thIee miles from Fanny Bay .

These are al l good and safe haIbouIs , and me only a short distance fIom the pIoductive coal seams of the Comox mm . Inthe event of charcoal being required for smel t ing the ore

,

abundance of wood suitable for making i t can be procured 0 11

the i sland .

COPPER .

In the remarks made upon the HOpe s i lver leads , i t wil lhave been observed that one of the ores there , In wh i ch Si lverexIsts

,i s described as argent i ferous “ grey copper ; there is ,


however no assay of th is ore available from which the pe rcen tage of coppe i could be estimated .

The i c Is no doubt that copper is widely distributed tlIIouglIou t the PIovince , the CIysta llin e Iocks be ing Invariably mom

or less stained with coppeI, while the submaIine cable l l OIIlVancouveI Island to San Juan , on being l ifted , is always discoveIed to be corroded and encrusted WItlIdC1)os 1ts of Copper .

CoppeI m e,in site , has been found In va 1 ious pa i ts of the

PIov ince,notably at the entIance of Howe Sound . Here

, awell-defined lead of excel lent copper pyri tes

,giving some 30

per cent was discovered in 1865,and worked for some time

,

with excellent prospects of success . Want of capital hascaused the Operation to be suspended

,if not abandoned .

Copper was found near Sooke in 1864,and efforts were

make to develop thi s industry in that locali ty,but no defined

lead could be d iscovered .

Copper has been found also on Knight ’ s Inlet . IVlIite men

trading at the head of th is Inlet,have obtained

,by gift or

purchase , considerable quantitie s of excel lent Copper ore fromthe Ind ians , who , there is reason to b el ieve , are aware of theexistence of valuable leads . Parties of wh ite men have fromtime to time endeavored to discover the exac t local i ty

,but

hi therto without success . The Indians cannot be induced topo int ou t to the White man the lead from which they havetaken the specimens.The following extracts are from the Minister ofMines ’ re

port,1876-7 :

A discovery of s ilver and Copper has been made on SalmonArm , Jarvis Inlet , which ,

to j udge from the report hereto ann exeil

, promis to be of conside i able value to the Province .

Veins of great richness have already been discovered in thisvic inity .

An important d iscovery of copper o re was made abouttwo years ago OII Salmon Arm

,a branch of Jarvi s Inlet

,by

Mr . Al exander Donaldson . Competent j udges have declaredthe lode to be a true fissure vein

,for the following reasons

1 st. The ve in stone does not l ie parra llel to the cleavage of

the surrounding rocks . 2nd . The blossom of quartz on thesurface or hat of the lode indicates that the matter has beeninj ected into the fissure

,and no t separated from the mass of

Idjacen t formation by chemi cal ac tion , as in the case of asegregated vein ; also , the smoothness of the walls showingattrition by inj ection of quartz .

The profile of the lode can be examined to the depth of

200 feet from the surface,as i t crops ou t in the face of a cl iff

,

having doubtless been laid bare bv some convulsion of nature .


The lead is thus clearly defined from the base of the prec ipiceto the top ,

and may be stil l further traced along the surface ofthe ground for at least a mile from where i t firs t makes i tsappearance . The vein i s wedge-shaped

,being thickest at its

base,where the ore i s also richest .

A company has been organized for the purpose of workingth is extensive depos ite . and a test tunnel has been run intothe hill for about 30 feet 011 the vein . At the end of thetunnel the seam or vein of mineral is 3 feet 9 inches at theroof

,4 feet 2 inches at the base . Assays of the ore Show that

i t c ontains 60 per cent . copper and 91 oz . of silver to the ton .

“ The mine Is S i tuated about 23 miles from the shore of theInlet

,and the faci l i ties for shipp ing the ore are excellent .

The water is deep enough alongside the rocks to float a vesse lof tons .

Experienced quartz miners from Californ ia , Nevada andCornwall

,have pronounced the mine to be the richest they

have ever seen,the ore being so easi ly got out, and wood for

smel ting purposes being plentiful and conven ient .There is also good water power on the ground , suffic ient

to run a m i l l of any capac ity '

SILVER .

About six years ago seve 1 al aIgentife i eu s galena le { (lS We i ediscovered In the Omineca district . The leads are well defined

,and by assays made at the GoveInment assay office at

B aIkerville,and In San Fran ci sco , Iesulted as follow zs

One ledge,15 feet wide , 72 oz . silver

, pei cent . lead .

8 45 oz , 37 .

20 4 oz . s ilver .

Owing to the then existing law regulat ing silver leads,no

steps were taken to develop them . But as a b ill more l iberalin its charac ter

,and better sui ted to the mines

,has been in

troduced by MI. A . E . B . Davie,Member fo i CaIiboo

,which

wil l In all probab il i ty become lav’

v,the leads will be developed

,

and if,on examinati on , prove as valuable as they appea l they

wil l no doubt give employment to a large numbeI of men .

TheIe are numeIou s o theI ledges Inb

the same vic in i ty thathave never been examined

,which may equal those ah eady

assayed . It 18 well known that a large quanti ty of pure silvcIhas been found in the Omineca d istric t , and it has alwaysbeen the opinion that Iich silver mines abound In that secti on .

April,1877 . W . H , W .



EXTRACTS FROM PUBLIC WORKS REPORTS,

BRITISH COLUMBIA,1875-76 .

The extent of Publ i c IVorks undertaken by authori ty of theL egislatuIe ,

duIing the year 1875 ,has exceeded that of any

similar peIiod subsequent to Confederation .

The principal buildings commenced th is y ear are , the

Publi c School House,Victoria ; the Lunat ic Asylum ,

NewIVe s tin inster I the exte ii sion of the Board ing School , at Cach eCreek ; extensive additi ons to the Royal Hospital , Victoria ;the Royal Columbian Hospital

,New IVe s tminster ; and th e

building of an Assay Office at Cariboo . The GovernmentPrinting Offi ce at Vic toria , has also been enlarged and itseffic iency inCIeased by the addition of a steam engine

,con

ne e ted wi th the presses and numbering machine .

The Publ ic School House,Victoria

,i s placed upon the

School Reserve of ten acres at the head of Fort street,and is

designed on the Ital ian style of archi tec ture ; i t forms thewest wing of a bl ock of build ings devoted to education alpurposes

,thus provid ing separate wings for the education of

the younger boys and girls,wi th the centre bui lding for th e

purpose of a High School .These buildings are located on the ground in such a manner .

as to leave a good si te foI a Provincial University , at suchtime as the Legislature deem i t advi sable to erect such astructure .

SURVEYS .

The Townsh ip system of survey,inaugurated two yea1 s ago ,

has been carried forward during the pas t season throughoutthe principal se ttl ements of the Province , and i t i s w ith muchpleasure that I am now able to report that not only have th e

pro-emption claims of settlers who recorded lands 15 years

ago been sat isfac tori ly adjusted in the prin cipal centres of

settlement,but that the G ove 1nment have a l so at thei r dis

posal,for incoming settlers

,a large extent of surveyed lands ,

the nature and clIar '

acteI of wh ich are minutely des cribedupon the maps in the Land Offi ce , thus enabling intendingse ttlers to obtain as much rel iabl e infOIIn ation in reference tothe lands as i t is possibl e to gain wi thout personal Inspection .

The l iberal i ty of the Pr I

ov inCe III deal ing wi th its lands far

exceeds th at of any o tlIeI Province or State on th i s con tinenta s s e ttlers now coIIIing in ( an recO Id 160 acres IVest of th eC Is cados and :3 20 acIe s Eas t of the same ran n 'e

,i n any part of

the M ainl and po rtion of the Province , and c an eventuallyobt Iin the l and a s a Free G ran t , simply by residence andiIIIpI

I

o ve IIIeIIt. The question,therefore

,a s to whe ther indis


criminate Free Grants have a tendency to quickly s ettup the Province has had

,for the last two years , a practic al

test . Many settlers and others who have given the subj ec tconsideration

,are strongly of the Opinion that i t would event

u ally be more benefic ial to the Province i f the“ Free G r ant

system was confined to certain surveyed townships,ins tead of

virtually giving away the Crown Lands throughout the ProV ince , and having subsequently , in al l probabil i ty , to resortto a direct tax to make up the loss to the Provinc ial revenue .

The machinery of the present Land Ac t , in reference to theadj ustment and proving up of claims

,has worked admir

ably,and saved the Province a cons iderale expenditure , in

ascertaining the exact local i ty of the different claimants , whoin many instances

,are absent

,and the improvements under

which they have obtained their certificates,years ago , having

become obli terated .

Extracts from report of 1876 :A large area of land has been survey ed in the New IVest

minster and Yale Distric ts—the distric ts afford ing at presentthe largest quantity of good soil available for agricul tural andpastoral purposes .

These surveys have not only been the means of settl ingnumerous difficulties ex i sting among the present settlers inthese local ities

,but will also be instrumental in fac il i tating

the acquisi tion of land by intending immigrants .

It is not,however

,contemplated to continue the expense of

surveying large distric ts upon the same scale until the influxof population and the financial circumstances of the Provincewarrant the expenditure .

In New Westminster D istric t,during the past season ,

Messrs . Stephens,Turner

,and Jemmett

,have been engaged

adjusting settlers ’ c laims and sub-dividing townships .

The claims on the North Arm of Fraser river , and themaj ority of those sui table in Chilliwhack and Sumass , havebeen satisfactori ly defined .

Probably during the ensu ing season one survey party willbe able to survey al l the land that i t wil l be advisable to subdivide and settle

,and enclose al l the claims that are not at

the present time included in the official surveys .

Large tracts of land have be en surveyed in the OsoyoosD ivis ion of Yale Distric t

,and the settlers ’ claims adj usted bv

Mr . John Jane .

It is estimated that another season ’ s work will j oin the surveys in Nicola Valley

,Thompson river

,and the Okanagan and

Mission Valleys,and place this department in possession of


suffi c ient information to prepare a map of these importantsettlements .

BRIDGES,ROADS

,BUILDINGS

,ETC .

The year 1876 will ever remain memorable to the inhabitants of the Province of Bri tish Columbia

,from the disasters

occasioned to a large number of im ortant publ ic works onthe mainland by the unprecedented re shets that occurred inthe months ofMay and June .

The main trunk road from Yale to Cariboo suffered veryseverely

,a number of valuable bridges were swept away , and

for some l ittle t ime the commerce of the interior almost entirely ceased .

The damage sustained could only be repaired at anunavoidably heavy expenditure

,and in order to avoid a re

currence of the calamity,an experienced engineer was em

ployed to inspec t and report upon the prac ticab il i ty and probable cost of raising the road in places

,above high water

mark .

This thoroughfare is now in an excellen t state of repair,the

bridges carried away having been reconstruc ted and the roadin many places raised and widened . The work has been performed by day labour under the supervision of the RoadSuper intendents

,as i t i s obvious that to have pursued the ‘

contrac t system would have consumed much valuable time andthereby caused serious loss to the commun ity at large .

Wi th reference to the Graving Dock at Esqu imalt,Ihave to

report that h is Excell ency the Earl of Dufferin , upon the 9thof September last

,most k indly ' inaugurated th is importan t

enterprise by driv ing the first of the sheeting piles for theCoffer-dam . The construc tion of the Golfer-dam has sinceproceeded satisfactorily

,and promises completion during the

early part of the approaching summer .

Several important works commenced last year have beencompleted in a satisfactory manner

,viz : Thompson River

Bridge,the HOpe

-Nicola trail,the Okanagan Miss ion road

,

etc .,etc .

A c onsiderable quanti ty of new road work has been performed

,and where advisable by contract

,throughout the

different d istric ts . A l ine of road has been Careful ly surveyedfrom Kamloops to N icola Lake

,distance some 30miles , but

the first section only has been placed under contrac t th is year .

An exhaustive survey of the Li llooet and B urrard Inlettrail has been made by a competent eng ineer

,and a practical

route l ocated .

After considerable d iffi culty a feasible l ine for a wa gonroad has been d iscovered between Goldstream and Cowie Ian .


1 18'


Cheam to Sumass mountain,Ipropose to divide into two sec

t ions,as

,al though they both suffer from the same causes , viz .

,

freshets Of Fraser river,works of an independent charac ter

would have to be carried out to recla im them .

The boundaries of the Sumass District , and wh ich for thepurpose s of th is report I propose to call ‘ Reclamation D istrie t No . are as follows : Commenc ing at the mouth of theChilliwhack river , and fol lowing that stream to the mouth of

the Atehelitz ; thence along the western bank of that branchto a point near Edward Hall ’s house ; thence to the Chill iwhack river as i t emerges from the mountains ; thence alongthe base of the mountain range to about three miles belowCampbell ’ s farm

,crossing the val ley

,about the point that

would be affected by this scheme , to the range of mountainson the north side of the valley ; thence along i ts base to themouth of the Sumass river ; and from thence following the

bank of Fraser river to the starting point .The interior of thi s d istric t might be described as a large

basin,c ontain ing acres

,of which ,

at the present time,

Iestimate acres as covered by Sumass Lake .

This basin is fed by numerous streams , the largest of

which to-day,i s a branch of the Chilliwhack river ; and as th i s

presents the most formidable obstacle to the successful carrying out Of th is scheme

,I shall refer to i t more fully subse

quently .

The Noot-s ack , a stream that heads ne ar a river of thatname south of the boundary l ine

,enters the lake on i ts west

ern side,and i s the next in size .

Besides these,there are a few small streams fed by

springs,but they are of l i ttle importance .

The only outle t th is basin has, or wh ich is po ssible to

obtain,is the Sumass river , which flows into the Fraser river

about a mile below M i ller ’ s Landing . It i s about five milesin length

,and in th is channel the tide ebbs and flows .

“ The distric t has been flooded more or l ess every yearsince i ts settlement ; i t is only , however , with in the last twoyears that the entire farming portion has been inundated .

This summer’ s flood left but one or two houses,wh ich are

buil t on the highest ground,out of water ; the others had from

a few inches to three and four feet in them .

This has usually been caused by the high water of Fraserriver finding ingress by the Sumass river and up the numeroussloughs

,flooding the low lands in the vic ini ty of the lake as

well as that adj oining the sloughs , and as the Fraser rose sodid the water in th is interior basin .

Some seasons th is distric t has suffered only from the rise

GUIDE TO BnI'rIsn COLUMBIA . 110

of the Fraser rive r forcing i ts waters up the Sumas s rive r andsloughs , high water not having reached the top o f the banksof Frase r river between the Chilliwhack and Sumas s mountains . In that case the d istric t d id not appear to suffe r verymuch , and i f the difficul ty stepped the re , a gate at the Sumassr iver

,with a short dam in a few places

,would be all that

would be requ ired,provided the mountain or back water was

not too great .The last few seasons have

,however

,shewn that Fraser

rive r has risen three to four feet over the h ighest poin t between thes e two mountains . \Vhen that is the case , thewhole force Of the Fraser rushes over the bank towards theSumass Lake

,where i t meets the wa ter al ready backed up

the Sumass river,form ing a vast lake

,the deepest part of

which , las t summer , was feet,while at the present time

i t is only four feet .Imay here state that this summer the amount of water

was considerably increased by reason of the Chilliwhack riverbe ing at i ts he ight at the same time as the Fraser freshet .This is not usually the case

, the former river subsiding beforethe latter rises .

As directed in your instructions,Ipaid particular atten

tion to the portion between the Chilliwhack and Sumassmountains .

In the first place,I examined the banks of the Fraser

r iver and the nature of the subsoi l . Th is was easily aecom

plished on account of the numerous sloughs that permeatethe distric t

,and from the settlers in different l ocal i ties having

sunk wells . Isank holes in places which indicated soft foundations , and invaribly found clay from 18 inches to 2 feetfrom the surface .

I found both the banks of Fraser river , and of thesloughs along which Iwould propose to build levees , mostfavorable

,as far a s foundation and material for construction

i s concerned . The subsoil of the whole val ley , as far as Icould gather

,was also good

,there being a substratum of stiff

clay underlying the top vege tabl e mould ; and Icould find nofoundation for th e report that Fraser r iver water seepedthrough an underlying stratum of loose material , and so foundi ts way to the prairie .

There are low spots of ground that , after the river subsides , hold water for a conside rable time ,

even unti l dried byevaporation

,in fact Ifound several myself

,and as these were

many fee t above the level of Fraser river , i t demonstrates thatthe bottom of these depressions must be of good water-holdingproperties . Mr . M iller I may mention , has a well sunk in


his flour mill , the water Of which feeds h is boilers . This iswith in fifty feet of the Fraser bank ; the water in i t is not influenced by the rise or fall of the river .

“ Having satisfied myself on th is point, Iturned my attention to the Chilliwhack river . Ihad been informed by someof the old settlers , that i t i s only very recently that Chil l iwackwater has fo und i ts way to the Sumass Distric t , that i t wasfirst noticed three years ago

,and has increased in volume each

succeeding year .

On vis i ting Vedder ’ s Creek,through wh ich the Chill i

whack water finds i ts way into Sumass Lake,Ifound from

the high water mark , pointed out to me by Mr . Vedder,that

at times a stream 200 feet w ide and 12 fee t deep,with a mod

erate current , flowed through i t . This at once c onvinced methat

,unless the water could be re turned to i ts old channel or

diverted from the Sumass District,it would be useless to eu

quire further into the prac ticabil i ty of reclaiming this portionOf the co untry . Itherefore immediate ly vi si ted that part of

the Chilliwhack river where the break is said to have occurred .

Where the Chilliwhack river issues from the mountain,

the original channel is dry almost as far as the Skew-kal eIndian Ranch

,being blocked for a distance of over half a m ile

wi th drift t imber,packed tightly together

,and bound wi th a .

deposi t of gravel and sand,forming a close

,impenetrable dam .

This has been the means of causing the water to find freshoutlets

,which i t has done through Vedder ’ s Creek

,the Luck

a—kuek , and Atchelitz . These las t j oin the old Chilliwhack

bed near i ts mouth ; the former, as 1 have already mentionedbears its portion of the water in to the Sumass .

On th is,my first exam inati on

,Icame to the conclusion

that,al though almost impossible to Open the original channel ,

i t would be feasible,though very costly

,to make a new one

,

or util ize e i ther the Luck-a-kuck or Atchelitz .

“ Wi th th is impression I commenced the survey for thelevees

,as re commended by the peti tioners for the reclamation

of the distric t . Chilliwhack Mount ain to the eastern end ofMil ler

’

s Menn tain ,is feet in length

,with an a verage

height above the ground of 8 feet 7 inche s,6 fe et top

,slopes

of 2 to 1 on the water s ide and 1312 to 1 on the land side ,

cont aining cubic ards . Three flood-gates would be necessary i n this levee , wffere i t crosse s the differen t stre ams .

A second levee from the wes tern end ofMiller’ s Mountain

to the Sumass Mountain is fe e t i n length ,with an

average he igh t above the ground of 14 fee t,6 feet top

,contain

ing cubic yards ; the only g ate required would be inthe Sumass River . This presents the most formidable p art


122 GUIDE To BR ITISH COLUMBIA .

Ihave no doubt Mr . Wells spoke feel ingly on the subj ec t,for i t i s very easy to see that he as wel l as others in thatvic in i ty have suffered considerably from the water . Iassuredh im that the Governmen t would not do an inj ustice to anysettler .

The clearing ou t of the Luck a-kuck,and turning the

water into that channel,will be a very expensive under taking .

I inspected i t c losely,following i t up on one S id e and down

on the other .

From a short distance above Mr . IVells’ house to

the mountain,the channel is almost covered with fall en tim

ber of the largest s ize—cedar , fir , pine and maple ,—and asthe banks are continually wash ing away , undermin i ng freshones

,and al tering the channel , the bottom is studded with

the roots of these giant trees , thus form ing a su cccession of

dams,

one l ot forcing the current against on e side of thecreek

,and others throwing i t back .

To carry ou t th is work successfully , i t would be n eces

sary to commence clearing ou t the channel of the Luck a

kuck near the presen t bridge,and so work upwards unti l the

break near th e mounta in i s reached , making the channe l asdi i ec t as possible . Some of the trees might be placed andsecured in a favorable posi tion to protec t the banks

,but the

maj ori ty would have to be removed from the bed of the creek .

This should be done undeI the superintendence of a responsible party

,who thoroughly understands the work

As a rule , when an indiv idual finds h is bank is be ing carried away by the sudden rising of a stream ,

he e rects worksto throw the water off from himself

,not cons idering what its

effect might be on the opposi te bank , and thus causes equaldamage to that wh ich is sough t to be prevented .

The whole volume of the stream should be directed into amid-channel

,where i t w il l cut a deep bed for i tself ; thi s wil l

kee p i t from running against the bank and tear ing away theland .

“ Before closing my remarks on this subj ect,I may state

that,if i t is the intention of the Government to keep that por

tion of the waggon re ad Open from Sumass Lake to the Lucka-kuck

,someth ing must be done to d ivert the Chilliwhack

wate r from the Sumass , as i t i s that which has caused the

breaks on that section of the road ; and I pre sume y ou havethe report of the road superintendent on that poin t .

Also,that unle ss the Chilliwhack water i s confined and

kept to one channel, no farm on the Chilliwhack i s safe ; th ebanks of that stream are so low near th e j am that a freshet

GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBI A. 1231

might at any time turn the water o ve r the mos t unexpec tedpoint .With reference to Reclam ation Distric t No . 1 s itu ated

between Cheam Moun tain and the Atehe litz,

and which in

cludes the acres appl ied for by Me ssrs . A . (J. a nd D .

We l ls,Ifind i t does not pre sent the same fac i l i tie s for ke ep

ing the water of the Fraser out that Distric t No . 2 doe s .

In the first place the banks of the r ive r , from CheamMountain for som e d istance down are ve ry l ight and grave l ly ,and Idoubt whethe r materi al to construct a tight leve e couldbe obtained wi thout great cost .

It has been sugge sted that a dam thrown across the headof Hope slough wo uld he lp that portion of the Districtbordering on i ts banks

,bu t Ifail to see that i t would answer

the expectations of i ts advocates,as a short distance below

Hepe slough,another

,cal led Camp slough

,of almost equal

capac ity,leave s the Fraser

,j o in ing Hope slough about three

fourths of a mile from its he ad . This of necessity wouldrequire a dam, and as the banks of the Islands in th is vic ini tyare low they would require a levee .

These dams if built alon e would be useless,as the water

during extraordinary freshets would find its way over thelow banks of the islands into Hope slough as before

,whil e at

ord inary freshets the dams would not be necessary . Ith inkhowever that on the mainland

,that is on the south bank of

Hope slough,a levee in some of the lower places , i f bui lt ,

might be of some service to settlers in that ne ighbourhood .

The portion of th is D istric t applied for by Messrs . WellsIhave already reported on . It only remains for me to giveyou my ideas of how the work should be carried ou t, with anestimate of i ts probable cost.

“ The work of build ing the leve es should be commenced byremoving all the vegetable mould

,fallen timber

,roots

,&c .

,

from its si te , and thus no t only ensure a tight foundation , buti ts base being two feet be low the su rface of the ground , i t willbe supported by a shoulder or prep of earth behind i t ; th iswi ll prevent sl iding and will render i t sol id and immovable .

The dimensions of the levee will vary with the inequ alities of the ground . I should recommend that the slopes on

the side exposed to the water should be two feet of base toone of height

,and a slope to the land of one and a half of

base to one of height .The Slope to the water should be covered with turf , the

grass from the prairie would answer admirably,and is the

best of all material s on which waters roll without doing damage .

124 GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBI A.

The points where the levees butt on the mountains wouldrequire to be constructed wi th great care

,and their j unctions

protected wi th brush and rocks

,or some other artific ial de

ence .

Three gates would be required at Levee No . 1,the one on

Wilson’

s Creek be ing the largest .In Levee No . 2

,the only gate ne cessary w i ll be in Sumass

r iver,and , as I mentioned before , would require a careful

survey to determine the nature of the foundation upon whichto build the walls of the gate . They should be of sol idmasonry . The height of these wall s will be 40 feet above thebottom of Sumass river . What depth below that i t will benecessary to go depends on further examination .

Sol id rock appears on the face of the mountain close tothe river

,and may possibly cross at no great depth

,but under

any c ircumstances i t will be very costly .

In the levee near the Atehelitz three small gates will berequ ired , as well as one at the mouth ofMcG illivary

’

s slough .

Besides these works i t would be advisable to secure th ebank ofFraser river at Miller’ s Landing .

For the last ten years this has been continual ly crumbl ingaway . An expenditure of a few thousand dollars , wi th theaid of a good pile driver

,would save i t going any further .

The levees should be commenced as se en as the Fraserfall s , and completed before the succeeding freshet . Thiswould probably be a difficulty here where labor is so scarce ,but a half fin ished work having to face high water would certainly be greatly injured , possibly swept away .

Every care should be taken to guard against the possibili ty of future breaks from defective work or the want of closewatching for a time after the completion of the levees .

Settlers would crowd into th is d istric t if the land was reclaimed

,and where one home now stands , covering in some

instances 1200 acres,there would possibly be a dozen , making

i t one of the most valuable and thr iving in the Province .

(Maps and plans were issued by Government with the abovereport—ED.)



the contractors, and W . Bennet,Esq , engineer for the local

Government .Nearly up to the present t ime has beenexpended on th is work .

PUBLIC SCHOOLS .

8Extractsfrom report on the Publ ic Schools of the Province ,

1 75-6 :

It is my pleasing duty to state that substantial progress hasbeen made in educational matters during the past year . At

tendance in the publ ic schools is rap idly increasing,which ,

of i tself,i s a fair proof that these Colleges of the People

are apprec iated,and that the number of school-going ch i ldren

i s becoming larger from year to year .The increase in attendance in the publ ic schools for the

year,as reported , is 282 , or more than 20 per cent—nearly

double that of 1874-5—while 121 have been added to theaverage .

Number of ch ildren reported,

Attending publ icschools for longer or shorter per iods during the year 1875

,—boys,907 ; girl s, 778. Not attending school anywhere

,

358.

The number of certificated teachers employed in the Province

,i s 40.

Al l the schools are suppl ied w ith maps and terrestrialglobes . With one or two exceptions they are all furnishedw i th blackboards . The authorized text books are new exelusively used throughout the Province .

The amount paid for salaries was 75 . Expenditurefor improving , repairing and furnish ing school houses

,

33 . The outlay in al l the districts for the year ending3l st July

, $37 ,978 71 .

The average cost for the year of each pupil attending thepubl ic schools In the Province 1s $22 38If the parents of children not attending any school could onlybe made to apprec iate fully the irreparable inj ury they are

infl ic t ing upon their offspring by depriving them of educational advantages , the absenteei sm at present existing , if note ntirely prevented

,would soon be reduced to a minimum .

During the five years now nearly exp ired since our presentschool system was es tablished ,

the number of publi cschools has increased from 14 to 40—nearly 300 per cent . In

the same time the number of teachers has incr ze rsed from 13to 50 almost 400per cent . The amount paid for teacherssalaries has nea1 ly quadrupled during the five years under


consideration,i t having increased from to 75 .

The average annual salary in 1872 was $523 43 . In the fo l

lowmg year , after salar1es had been regulated by th e Board of

Educat1on , the average increas ed to $7 13 10. Last yearshows an increase in the average salary of $ 12 12 over pre ceding ye ar . The amount expended for teachers ’ salarie s give san average for the five years

,of $651 05 per annum.

School accomoda tion has kept pace wi th the increase in at

tendance . Commencing with twe lve school house s in 1872,

most of them ve ry much out of repair,there are now forty ,

nearly all in good order and tolerably wel l furn ished .

RULES ANDREGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLSIN THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA .

1 . The hours of teaching in each school shal l be from 9A . M . to 12 M .

,and from 1 P . M . to P . M .

,from Apri l to

September,inclus ive ; and from A . M .

,to 12 M .

,and from

1 P . M . to 3 P . M .,from October to March

,inclusive .

2 . Every Saturday,Good Friday

,Easter Monday

,Queen

’

sBirthday , Dominion Day , and Prince ofWales

’ Birthday shallbe a hol iday in each school . There shall be a recess offifteenminutes ln the middle of each morning’ s work .

3 . There shall be two vacations in each year ; the first , orSummer vacation

,shal l continue for one month from the first

Monday in July or August,at the option of the Trustee Board

in each School D istrict ; the second for two weeks , at Christmas and New Year .

4 . Young children,not being pupils of the’ school , shal l not

be allowed to accompany teachers or pupils,as such a practice

tends to the interruption of the regular business of the school .5 . No teacher shall be deprived of any part of h is or her

salary on account of observing allowed holidays and vacations .

LIST OF DULY QUALIFIED TEACHERS , AND DATES OF CERTIF ICATES .

FIRST CLASS , GRADE A .

Va lid until revoked by Board ofEduca tion .

Co l in C . McKen z ie ,M . A . ,

Ju ly ,1873 . Le ti t ia M . Ca l dwe l l , Ju ly ,

1874 .

James A. Ha l l iday , 1874 Fran ces E . Herring , 1876 .

Sarah Hayward ,

F IRST CLASS , GRADE B .

Va lid u ntil revoked by B oa rd ofEduca tion .

Robert M . Clemitson ,Ju ly , 1873 Joseph P . P lan ta , Ju ly ,

John F leece ,John Munde l l ,

Margare t J . Baxter , George Pe t tingerJames Kav e . Samue l F . Crawford ,Joseph T. Jones ,


SECOND CLASS , GRADE A.

Va lidfor three years .

Archena J . McDougall, Ju ly, 1874 John F . Smi th , July, 1876

Sarah Redfern , Mary E. Po l leyJames Thomson, Ade la ide C . Ba i ley ,

Donal d McMillan , Jane E . Trenaman ,

John Lane Ph i l l ips , Christ ina Irvine ,El i z abeth Young , Jane Cou tts ,

SECOND CLASS, GRADE B .

Va lid for three yea rs .

Thomas H . Mathers,Ju ly, 1875 A l ice R ichardson ,

Ju ly, 1876 .

ane M i l ls , Abb ie J . POIIey ,

Catherine Cord iner, James W . S incla irArch ibald Irwin , Caro l in e Ba leyJohn N ewbury, A . M . Rob insonJohn Bri tton Emi ly A . Stark ,

THIRD CLASS,GRADE A .

Va lid for one year .

Thomas McKenna,Ju ly , 1876 Henry W . Hugh e s , Ju ly ,

1876

Jane Anne S co tt F lorence Coul thard

THIRD CLASS,GRADE B .

Va lid for one year .

Joseph ine McDon ald ,Ju ly , 1876 .

BOARD OF EDUCATION .

W . F . To lmie , Esq . , A . M unro , Esq . ,

M . W . T . Drake , Esq . , R . W i l liams , EsqA. J Langley , Esq . , E . Marv in , Esq .

* R es igned .

DOMINION SA GVIN S BANK,B . C .

AUDITOR AND ASSISTANT RECEIVER GENERAL S OFFICE .

JOHN GRAHAM, (Auditor and Manager

COOTE M . CHAMBERS,

Acco untan t Savings Bank BranchROWLAND E . GREEN

,Clerk Audit Branch

V . B . TAIT,Agent

,New Westminster

JAMESHARVEY,

Nanaimo

Statement of the Balance at Or. of Deposi tors in Government Savings Bank

,on 30th September , 1876 .

B a lance lDeposits W ith B a lanceB ank . on 3l st for To ta l . drawn Tota l

|210th Sept .

Aug . 1878. Sept . 1876 Sept . 1876 1876 .

Victoria 58 3oi 00l80'

2 ,959 Bill 46 ,

‘276 73l 46 276 73 756 682 57

Nanaimo 84 ,238 53‘

3 ,787 00 88.075 2 .3 31 6 1 2 331 9 2

New Westmins ter 08 00 08 90 90 88576 18



GENERAL ABSTRACTS

Showing the average amount of the Liab il i ties and Assets,

within the Province of Bri tish Columbia,of the Bank of

Bri tish North America,and the Bank ofBri ti sh Columbia

,

taken from the usual weekly statements during the Quarter ending 30th December , 1876 :

BANK BRITISH NORTH AMERICA

L iabilities . .

filssets .

Notes in circu lation not hearing ln L ega l Tender Com in go ld or si lver 25

terest . 00 Go ld Bu l l ion 37

Ba lances d ue to other Banks and Notes and Cheques of other Banks 00

Branches 13 L anded and o ther property 18000 00

D eposits on ca l l not bearing int . 3 B a lanc u s due from other B an i s and

Deposus not on ca l l bearing 00 Branches .

Am'

t of al l o ther D ebts du e to th eTo ta l amount of L iabi lities 56 Bank .

Total amoun t of Asse ts

Amount of Capita l Stock paid up at th e c lose of th e Quarter ending 3oth

Dec . , 1876

Rate of th e last D ividend declared to the Shareho lders . . 6 p er cent per annumAmount of lastDiwd end dcclared for halfAmount o i th e Reserved Profits at th e time of dec laring said

(Signed)VICTORIA ,

B . C 3oth Dec , 1876 .

J . G OODFELLOW,M anager .

( No s ew B . RITCHIE. Act 'g Accountant .

BANK BRITISH COLUMBIA

Notes in Circu lat ion “269 547 48

Balance due to o ther B anks and

BranchesDeposxts not hearing int .$704 ,821 97

D epos i ts bearing interest 51 00

To ta l amount o f L iabil it ies 63

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

886 244 81

Tota l amount o f Asse ts

Amount of;Cap itul Stock paid up at c lose of Quarter ending 3 l stDec , 1876 00

Rate o f last‘

,l) iv idend dec lared to th e Shareho lders .

Amount of last D ividend dec lared . .

Amount o f Re se rved profit a fte r de c l aring such d ividend

(Signed )

8per cent . per annum3 00

00

WM . C . WAR D , Manager .CHAS . S . JONES , Accountant .

L ega l Tender Coin in gold and

s i lverGo ld and Si lver Bul l ionL anded and other PropertyBa lance du e from other Banksand BranchesAll debts du e to th e Bank , ihc lud ing Note s , B i l ls ofExchangeand a l l Stock and Funded D ebtso f every descri ption . exceptingNotes , Bi l ls and Ba lances due

from o th e r Banks and Branches


EXCISE .

The duties of Exc ise collec ted w ith in the Inland RevenueDivision of Briti sh Columbia

,from the l st January to 3 l st

December , 1876 , were as follows , viz . :

On spirits , $2 658 57 on mal t,

08 on tobacco,

80 ; other receipts , 44. Total, 59 .

There are in the Province 8Brewers,4 Malsters

,and 4 To

bacco manufac turers .

Comparative Return of the Revenue of Bri tish Columbiarece ived in the years 1875 and 1876

,shewing the increase

or decrease under each head for 1876 .

Heads of Revenue . Increase . D ecrease .

D ominion Subsidy 09 72

Land Sa l es . 84 73

Land Revenue 70 91

Rents ( exclu sive of Land) . 855 00 165 75

Free Miners ’ C ertific ates . 50 50

M ining Receipts G enera l 50 00

Licences 27 69

Fines , Fo r feitures and Fees 56 99

Fees of Office 35 45

Sale of G overn’

t P roperty . 12 46

Misce l laneous Receip ts 248 73 165 05

R eimbursements in aid of

Expenses 80

Road Tax .

Inte rest .Marriage Licences .

Land Tax 630 69

B ridge To l l s . 91

Road To l lsSchoo l TaxR eal P roper ty TaxPersona l P rope r ty TaxIncome Tax

A rrears :K eep of Dom ’n Prisoners 25 00 15 75

Rea l Es ta te Tax ( late VI ) 277 01 251 14 25 87

To ta l s . 54 65 2 1 10

Difi’

erence ( Increase ) 11 11


ADDITIONAL REVENUE , 1876 .

Amount obtained under B . C . Loan Act , on account of G ravingD ock

Do . for o the r Pub lic Work sTo ta l revenue ob tained du ring 1876

REVENUE or BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR 1877From all sources other than loans and re fundsDominion G overnment re fund on account of Dry D ock .

Unde r Loan Act . 1874

Do . do . proposed to be raised

00

ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE

Of Bri tish Columb ia for the year ending Sl st December , 1877 ,together wi th the sums granted for the year ending 31stDecember

,1876 .

Compa red with 1876 .

Se rvices . 1876 .

Increase . l Decrease .

ESTABL ISHM ENTS . S cts . S cts . S cts . S cts .

Sa laries . 00 00 00

Adminis tration of Jus t106. . 00 00 00

SERVIC ES (EXCLUSITEOFESTABL ISHM ENTS . )

Legis lationA s say Office .

P rinting OfficeAdmin is tra tion of Jus tice . . 950 00

Po l ice and G ao ls .

R evenu e s ervices .

Lunatic A syl um .

Charitab le A l lowances .

EducationSurveys . 00

R ent 240 00

Tra n sport . 600 00

Immigra t ionIn te re s t . .

Works and Bu il dingstoads , s tree ts and bridges .

G rav ing DockM isce l laneou s

20 50 00 70

00

500 00

00

00

00,

00

00

00

00

00

384 50

00

00

00

00

00I

00

00

00

00

00

00

00



CUSTOMS TARIFF OF THE DOMINION OF CANADAAS IN FORCE MARCH 1

,1877 .

MEMO .

—On entry papers , quant ities must In all cases be givenas set down 111 the Tariff

,al though the duty may not be

spec ific ; 0a 1 e should also be takeno

to state In what countrythe goods were purchased .

Al e Beer and Porter In wood , 12 cents per Impl . gall on galsin bottl es

,18

GOODS PAYING SPECIFIC DUTY .

Ac id—Sulphuric c t . per lbButter ,Cheese

,3

Chicory—w aw or green,

3

roasted or ground,

4

Coffee—m green ,2

ground and roasted,

3

Fish—salted or smoked 1

Fruits preserved 1n Brandy or other Spirits , $1 50 per galHops

,5 cts . per lb

Lard,

1

Meats —fresh,sal ted or smoked 1

Malt 25Molasses for refining purposes

,73 cts . per 100 lbs

O i l—Coal Kero,

sene &c .,Naptha

,Benzole refined

Petroleum,

6 c ts . per gal . W ine MeasureProducts ofPetroleum ,

&e .,

Crude PetroleumRice

,1 cent per lb

Soap—common 1

Starch,

2

Spiri ts—A lcohol, $1 00per gal . “fi ne Measure

B1 andy,

1 00

Cologne Water and Perfumed Spiri ts,not in

Flasks $1 50per gal . lVine MeasureCordials , 1 50

Gin,

1 00

Rum,

1 00

Tinctures,Essences

,Extrac ts

,1 50

Whiskey,

1 00

Unenumerated,

1 50

Tallow,

1 ct . per lb

GUI D E To BRITISH COLUMBIA .135

Tea—green and Japan,

6 cents per lbblack

,5

Vinegar an dAcetic Ac id,

10 per gal“f ines—Containing less than 20 per cent . of alcohol

and not worth more than 40 cents pergall on 30 cts . per gal

Al l o ther except Sparkl ing,imported in

60 cts per galAll o ther except Sparkl ing

,imported in

bottle, $1 50per doz

Sparkl ing,

3 00

SPECIF IC ANDADVALOREM .

Sugar above No . 13 Dutch Standard,1 ct . per lb .

,and

25 per c ent . ad valorem,

Sugar equal to No . 9,and not above No . 13 Dutch

Standard, 52 c t . per lh .

,and 25 per cent . ad valorem ,

Sugar below No . 9, Dutch Standard , 6 ct. per lb .

,and

25 per cent ad valorem,

Melado e; ct . per lb .

,and 25 per cent . ad valorem

Cane Juice , Syrups , &c .

, 3 ct. per 1b . and 25 per cent .ad valorem

Sugar Candy and Confectionary,1 cen t per lb . and 25

per cent . ad valoremTobacco—manufac tured

,and Snuff

,25 cts . per lb .

, and123 per c t . ad valorem ,

Cigars,including Cigarettes

,50 c ts . per ih .

,and 20per

cent ad valorem,

GOODS PAPING 25 PER CENT . AD VALOREM .

Mace and Nutmegs,

Molasses,other than for refining purposes

,

Patent Medic ines and Medic inal preparations,

Perfumery , not elsewhere specified ,Perfumed and Fancy Soaps

,

Play Cards ,Spices , including Cassia , Cinnamon , Ginger , Pimento ,

and Pepper—Ground,

Cologne Water and Perfumed Spirits when in flasks orbottles . not more than 4 oz .

,

GOODS PAYING 17 7} PER CENT . AD VALOREM .

Agricul tural Implements,not el sewhere specified 35

Arrowroot,

lbsAxles of all k inds

,except Locomotive and R . R . Car Axle s , cwt

Bagatelle Boards and Bill iard Tables,and furnish ings ,


Baking Powders,

Bath Bricks,

Biscuit ,Bicarbonate of Soda

,

Blacklead,

BlackingBricks for Bui ldingBone Crushers and parts thereof

,

Boot and Shoe making Machines,

Brooms and Brushes,of all kinds

,

Cabinet Ware and Furni ture,

Candles and Tapers of Tallow ,

of wax or any p ther material ,Carpets of any material

,

Carri ages,

Cement . Marine or Hydraul ic—ground,Coach and Harness Furniture

,

Chandel iers, G irondoles , Gas Fittings ,

Chafl'

Cutters and parts thereof ,Cheese Vats

,Presses and Factory Heaters

,and

thereof,

China IVare,

Crockery and Earthenware,

Churns,

Cider,

Clocks and parts thereof,

Cocoa and Chocolate,

Cordage—Ropes not elsewhere specified ,Twines

,

Corks,

Corn Huskers and parts thereof ,Cottons

,viz :Bleached and unbleached ,Printed

,painted or colored ,

Ginghams and Plaids,

Jeans,Denims and Drill ings ,

Cloth ing or Wearing apparel,

All other not elsewhere spec ified ,Cotton Thread in Spools

,

in hanks ,IVarps not coarser than 40,

Cul tivators and parts thereof .Dried Fruits and Nuts of all kinds , viz :

Curran ts,

Dates,

Figs,


138 GU IDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Ginger Al e,

Glue ,Grease -axle ,Grind Stones and Scythe Stones ,Gum—Arab ic , Chewrng,

and other not elsewhere specifiedGunpowder and explos ive substances , viz :

Gunpowder ,itrO-Glycerine

,Fulminating Powder and

Explos ive substances used for blasting,&c

Guns , Rifles , and F ire Arms of al l k inds ,Glass—Plate and Silvered

Window,stained

,painted or colored ,

Plain,

Ware,

Hats—Beaver , Silk , and Felt,Straw

,Chip

,Grass or other material

,

Caps and Bonnets all otherHosiery

,

Inks of all k inds,except Printing Ink

,

Jewel lery,

Lampblack,

Lumber—Sawn and plank,not be ing of Mahogany ,

Rosewood,Walnut

,Chestnut and Cherry

,Pitch

P ine,Boxwood or not imported from B .N A . Prov ’ s , M . ft

Leather lbsSheep

,Calf

,Goat

,and Chamois Skins- dressed ,

Lime,

Lime and Lemon Ju ice,

Linnen,

Linen Machine Thread,

Liquorice Juice and Paste,

Locomotive EnginesMaccaroni and Verm icel l iMachine Twist and Silk Twist

,

Maps,Charts

,and Atlasses , not elsewhere mentioned ,

Manufactures of Cashmere,

Caoutchouc or India Rubber or Gutta Percha ,viz .

,Boots and Shoes ,Bel ting

,

Cloth ingHose and Tubing,All other ,

Brass,

CoppeFur

,or

r i

of wh ich Fur IS the princ ipal part,


Gold . Silver,E lectro Plate

,Argentine

,Al bata ,

Nickle and pl ated and gilded ware. o f al lkinds , not el sewhere specified ,

Manufac tures of Grass,Osier

,Pa lrn le af, Straw ,

“

Whalebone

,or W

'

i llow not elsewhere spec ified ,

Hair or Mohair,not elsewhere specified

,

Iron and Steel , viz .,Axes

Cutlery of all sortsEdge ToolsFil es and Rasps

,

Hoes,Rakes

,Forks

,

Locks,

Screws forWood,

Scythes and Snaths .Spades and Shovels

,

Spikes,Nails

,Tacks Brads

and SprigsStoves and all other Iron castings ,

Surgical InstrumentsA l l o ther

Lead,v iz .

,Shot

,Pipin o ‘

. &c .,

Leather,or imi tat ion of Leather

,

Boots and Shoes ,Harness and Saddlery ,

Marble or imitation of Marble,other than

rough slabs or blocksPapier Machie

,

Pewter,Platina

,Japanned and planished tin

,

Britannia metal ware,

Slate,viz .

,Ch imney pieces

,Mantels

,Pencils

,&c .

Roofing Slate prepared ,

Stone,not elsewhere spec ified

,

Metal and M e tal Composi tion,not el sewhere

spec ified,

Manufactures ofWood,viz :

Hubs , Spokes and Fell oes for Wheels ,Handles for Tool s

,Brooms

,Brushes

,&c .

,

Staves for Pipes,t S .

,Erls .

,&c . ,

Al l other not elsewhere SpecifiedMineral and fErated WatersMowing

,Reaping and Threshing Machines

,

Musical instruments not el sewhere specified,

Music —sheet,

Mustard,

Machinery not e lsewhere mentioned,

Ochres ~ -ground or calc ined,


O i l Cloths,

O il,Cod Liver—Med icinal preparation not elsewhereSpecified

,

O il,fish —other

,Medic inal preparation

,

O il s,rectified or prepared

,viz :

Castor,

Flaxseed or Linseed,

Hemp and Rape Seed,

O l ive and Salad,

Vege table not otherwise spec ified,

Volatil e or Essential,

O i ls of all kinds —crude —excep t Whale O i ls and otherselsewhere spec ified

,

Opium,

Organs,Melodeons and Harmoniums

,

Packages,

Paints and Colors,

Paintings in O i l and Chromos not elsewhere spec ified ,Paper—Print ing

,

Wri ting,

Wrapping,

Al l other not el sewhere spec ified,

Paper Hangings,

Parasol s andUmbrel lasPeas

,Spl i t

Photogpaphic Materials ,Plaster of Paris—ground and calc inedPloughs and part-s thereofPianos

,

P ickles and Sauces,

Portable Hand Printing PressesPreserved Meats and Poul try

,

Printed,Lithographed or Copper Plate Bill s , &c .

,

Railroad Cars—Passengers,

Freight,

Platform,

Sail s,ready made

,

Satinets,

Sausage Casings,

Shawls .Sewing Machines and parts thereofSilks

,Satins and Velvet

,

Silk,Wooll en

,Worsted and Cotton Embroideries and

Tambour Work,

Silver Coin ofUni ted States ,Soap—Casti le ,



Leather—Sole and UpperLocomotive Engine Frames

,

Axles,

Hoop Iron or Steel for ties of wheels,

and welded,

Cranks and Crank Axles,

Crank Pins and Connec ting Rods,

Piston Rods,Guide and Sl ide Bars ,

Machinery for Mills and Factories,&c .

,

Plush for Hatters ’ use,&c.

,

Prunella,

Seeds—other than Cereals,

Trees,Plants and Shrubs

,

Vegetables , v iz : Potatoes ,o ther

,

Woollen Netting,for India Rubbers and Gloves

,

Woollen Yarn,

GOODS PAYING 5 PER CENT . AD VALOREM .

Books , Printed—Periodicals and PamphletsIron

,v iz—Bars

,Puddled

,

Bars, Rod ,

Blooms and B il lets—puddled or not ,Boi ler Plate and Rolled Plate

,

Bolts and Sp ikes,Galvan ized ,

Canada Plates,

Tinned Plates,

Galvanized,

Nail and Spike Rod,round , square , fiat,

Scrap,

Wire—whether Galvanized or not , exceptfor wire rigging

Ships ’ Materials,viz : Cables

,Hemp or Grass ,

Cordage,

Knees and Riders , IronPumps and Pump GearSail Cloth or Canvas ,Varnish

,Black and Bright

,

Al l other,

F R E E G O O D S .

ARTS AND SCIENCE .

Anatomical Preparations,

Busts , Casts and Statutes .Drawings—not in Oil ,

GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA . 143

Gems and Medals , and Cabinets o f including An ti

qu itie s , Coins , &c .,

Paintings in O il , by Artists of well known meri t , orCopies of the old Masters by such Artists

,

Specimens of Botany,Mineralogy , Natural History ,

Sculpture and Models,

DRUGS,DYESTUFFS

,O IL S ANDCOLORS

,NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED .

Alum,

Anil ine Salts for dye ing purposesAntimony ,Argo]

,

Bark,Berries

,Drugs

,Nuts

,Vegetabl e and Wood used

ch iefly in dye ing,

Baril la,

Bichromate of Potash,

Bleaching Powders,

Blue black and Chinese blueBorax

,

Brimstone and sulpher in roll or flour,

British G um,

Cream of Tartar in Crystals,

Indigo ,Kelp

,

Kryolite ,Lakes—Scarlet and Marone in pulp ,Lead

,red and white

,dry

,

Lead,sugar of

,

Metall ic,Oxides and O chres

,dry

,ground or unground ,

washed or unwashed,not calcined

Nitre and SaltpetreO i ls—Cocoa Nut , Pine and Palm in their natural state ,O i l—Heavy or Carbol ic

,

Paris and permanent greens,

Phosphorus,

Precipitate of Copper ,Roots—Med ic inal in their natural state ,Satin and fine washed white ,Sal . Ammoniac

,

Sal . Soda and Soda Ash ,Soda—Caustic

,Ni trate and Sil icate of

,

U ltra Marine,

Umber raw,

Vitrol , blue


IVhiting or Whiten ingZ inc , white , dry ,

MANUFACTURES ANDPRODUCTS OF MANUFACTURES .

Ashes—Pot,Ashes—Pearl and Soda

,

Biscuit and Bread from Great Britain and B . N . A .

Pi ovinces,

B e lting Cloth ,

Bookb inders Tools and Implements,Mill Boards and

Binders Cloth,

Burrstones,

Canvas for Manufacture of Floor O il Cloth s ,Cotton Wool

,

Candle-Wick,

and Flax Wa ste,

Cement—Marine or Hydraul i c , unground ,Church Bell s and Communion Plate ,Cloth ing

,Donations of

,for Charitable purposes ,

Cocoa paste from Great Britain and the B . N . AProvinces

,

Collar Cloth,paper—Un ion or other

Drain Tiles,

Duck for belting and hose,

Farming Implements and Utensils imported by Agricul tural Societies

,

Fire Brick,

Fish ing-hooks,Nets and Seines

,Lines and Tw ine s

,

Gold Beaters ’ Brim Moulds and Skins,

Hoop Skirt Manufacture,Articles for,

Junk and Oakum,

Lithograph ic StonesLumber

,plank and sawed

,of B oxwood , Mahogany ,

Rosewood,Walnut Cherry , and Chestnut , and

Pitch Pine,

Nails,composi tion or sheath ing and composi tion sp ikes

,

O i l CakePackagesPi inter

’ s Implements,&c .

, viz : Presses ,Elec trotype and stereotype blocks for

printing purposes,

Printing Ink,

Philosophical Instruments and Apparatus for Collegesand Schools

,&c . ,

Ra s,

Straw Plaits,Tuscan and Grass , Fancy ,



Bulbs ,Caoutchouc or India Rubber and Gutta Percha

,un

manufac tured,

Citrons,Lemons

,and Oranges

,and rinds of

,in brine

for candying,

Coal —Anthrac i te,

Bituminous,

O ther and Coke ,Cocoa

,bean and shell

,

Cork-wood and Cork-wood barkDiamonds and Prec ious S tones

,unset

,

Earths Clay and Sand,

Eggs ,EmeIyFibrilla

,Mexican fibre or Tamp ic o

,whi te and black

,

and other Vegetabl e fibres for manufacturing purposes ,

F ire C lay,

Firewood, COIdS

Fish—including Cod Haddock Ling and Pollock—Fi e sh ,lbs

Dry Salted,

Wet Salted,

Pickl ed,

Smoked,

Mackerel,

Fresh,

Pickled,

Halibut,

Fresh,

PickledFresh

,

Pickled,

Smoked,

Sea Fish,other

,Fresh

,

P icked ,Preserved

,

Fresh in shel l,

Fresh in cans,

cwt( C

brls

lbsbrls

C ZLDSShelled—in bulk

,gals

Lobsters , Fresh ,Pre

’

vd in cans,

Fish,

Clams or other,

Fresh,

Smoked,

Canned,

Pickled,

Fish , al l other , Fresh,

brls

cansbrls

( 6


Fish,al l other

,

Fish O i l,

Flax,Hemp and Tow—undressed

,

Flax Seed ,Furs or Skins , the produce of Fish or Marine animals ,Furs

,Skins . and Tails , a l other , undressed ,

Gravels,

Grain,and products thereof

, viz :

Barley,

Oats ,Pease and Beans—WholeRye

,

Indian Corn,

Wheat,

O ther,

Flour ofWheat,

cc Rye ,

Indian Meal,

Oatmeal,

Meal—al l other,

Grease and Grease ScrapGum

, COpal, Damar , Mastic , Sandarac and ShellacGypsum

,and Plaster ofParis

,not ground or calc ined

,

Gypsum ground,not calc ined

,for Agri ’al p urposes ,

Hair—Buffalo,for the manufacture of Fel t

,

Curled,

Horse and HogHuman

,

Mohair , Goat , Angola , Thibet ,Hides

,Horns and Pelts

Ivory,unmanufactured

,

Ivory Nuts ,Manilla Grass and Sea Grass

,

Manures,

Marble—unwrought,

Moss , for upholstery purposes ,Ores of Metals of al l kinds

,

Osi ers or W'

il l ow,

Pipe Clay,

Ratan , for chair makers and whip manufacturers ,Rennet

,

Rosin,

Salt,

Silk—raw or as reeled from the cocoon,


Slate ~ unwrought

Stone , unwrought ,Tanner ’ s Bark

,

Tar and Pi tch,

Teasels,

Turpentine,other than spiri ts

W’

ood , unmanufac tured ,“7001

SPECIAL EXEMPTIONS .

Animals for improvement of Stock ,Apparel of British Subj ects domic iled in Canada but

dying abroad,

Articles for the use of the Governor—General,

Articles for the publi c uses of the Dominion,

Article s for the use of Fore ign Consuls General,

Articles following for the use of Army and Navy , viz :Arms

,Clothing , Musical Instruments for Bands

and Mil itary Stores,

Settlers ’ Effects ,Ship StoresTobacco—Leaf

,for Exc ise purposes

,

GROWTH ANDPRODUCTS OF NEWFOUNDLAND .

Animals of al l k inds,

Butter,

Cheese,

Coal and Coke,

Fresh,Smoked and Salted Meats and Poultry ,

Flour and Meal of al l kinds,

Grain—all kinds ,Green and Dried Fru its

,

Gypsum,

Fish and Products of Fish , and Fish O il ,Lard and Tallow

,

Timber and Lumber,

Hay,Straw and Bran ,

Salt ,Seeds—of all kind s

,

Vegetables ,Plants . trees and shrubs ,Hops

,


150

IMPORTS

Into the Province of Bri tish Columb ia for the year ending

30th June , 1876 .

Dutiab le G oodsFree G oods

To ta l Imports . .

Tota l

Imports .

IMPORTS

Into the Prov ince of British Columbia for the half-year

ending 3ISt December , 1876 .


Entered for Home

Consumption .

Va l ue .

6 3500 00

00 00

00 00

652

52

En tered for Home

Consumption .

Va l ue .

3 8 "it

G oods paying Specific Du ties . 00 00 75

and Ad Va lorem 00 00 25

25 per cent 00 00 34

17 % 00 00 51

10 00 00 63

5 00 00 48

To ta l D u tiab le C0 00 96

F ree G oods 00 00

Lea f Tobacco for Excise purposes . 551 657 00

To ta l Free 00 00

G rand Tot-a] 00 00 96

EXPORTS .

Export O f goods the produce of British Co lumbia for the yearend ing 30th June , 1876 00

DO . of goods not the produce of B ritish Co l umbia .00

Tota lExports 00


EXPORTS .

Export of Goods,the Produce of British Columbia

,for the

s ix months ending 31st December , 1876 ,

R emitArticles . of Quan tity . Va lu e .

QuantityTH E M INEG o l d in D us t and Ba rsCoa l Tons .

Tota l the Mine .

THEFISH ER I ESSa lmon , canned

Tota l th e Fish eries .

THEFORESTP lank and B oa rds . M Fee tSpars No .

Laths and Picke ts . . Mil le .

Shingles . Mil le . 239

Total th e Fores t 00

ANIMAL S ANDTH E IR PRODUC EFurs undressed V a l u eH ides and SkinsHorns and Hoots

Woo l .H

To tal Anima l s and their P roduce .

M ANUEACTURESLeathe r Va lue .

Fruit , prese rved

To ta l Manufactures .00

AG RICUL TURAL PRODUCTSHops .

C ranberri es .

To ta l Agricul tura l Products 00

RE CAP I TULAT ION .

Th e Mine .

Th e Fishe ries . .

Th e Fores t .

Anima ls and o the r Produce .

Manufactu resAgricul tu ra l Products .

To tal G oods , th e product of B . C

DO . not th e product of B . C .

To ta lExpor ts .


PILOTAGE .—BY—LAWS

THE DISTRICT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA,ESTABLISHED BY THE

COMMISSIONERS OF PILOTS ‘EOR THE SAI D DISTRICT UNDER THEDOMINION ACT

,36 we

,CAP . 54

,INTITULED “

AN ACT RESPECTING PILOTAGE

,1873 . AMENDMENT STH APRIL

,1875 ;

ORDER IN COUNCIL,5TH MAY

,1875 ; ORDER IN COUNCIL , 19TH

FEBRUARY,1877 . ALL PILOTAGE DUES ARE COMPULSORY .

LICENSES .

1 . Every person now holding a l icense as a Pilot underthe Bri tish Columbia Pilotage Ordinance

,1867

,shall

forthwith surrender the same to the Pilotage Authori ty of

B ri t ish Columb ia,and shall

,if ent itled thereto

,rece ive a

License as a Pilo t for the Distric t of Bri tish Columb ia,on the

payment of a fee of Fifty Dollars .

2 . Every person not already l icensed,applying to be

l i censed as a p il ot for the D istric t of British Columbia,must

make a written appl ication tO ‘ tll e Pilotage Authori ty, he mustb e a British subj ect

,and a resident of Bri t ish Columbia , not

less than 21 y ears of age , and must produce certificates fromthe Masters of the vessels in which he has served as to hiscapabil i ty as a seaman ; and before being appointed , he shal lbe examined before Examiners appointed for th at purpose bythe Pi lotage Authori ty touching his qual ificati ons and practical knowledge of the management of square-rigged vessels andsteamboats

,and of the navigation of the said Pilotage D istric t ;

and if after such examination he shall be deemed qual ified ,

and Shal l be found to be of good moral charac ter and temperate habits

,he shall rece ive a l icense to act as a p i lot , on pay

ment Of $20 for the expense of such examin ation , and a l icensefee of Fifty dollars .

3 . Pilotage certificates may be issued by the PilotageAuthority of Brit ish Columbia to Masters and Mates of vessels plying regularly wi th in the wateIs of B IitislI

"olumbia ,

or of steame i s plying regularly once a week or oftener be twee i iVietOIia and any of the var ious ports on Puge t Sound onappli cat ion 111 WIiting to the Pilotage Au thOIity . Such appli

cants must be of not less than 21 yearss of age , and on paymentof 820 for the expense of their examination , and a w aIly feeof $100,

a certificate to ac t as pil ot for a te im of 12 monthswi ll be granted

,such certificate to specify the name of the

vessel and the ports to and from which such vessel shal l ply ,and such certificate may be renewed from year to year on



of an ord inary Engl ish education,and be approved of by the

Pilotage Authori ty . At the end of such apprenticesh ip saidapprentices shal l be el igibl e

.to be l icensed as p ilots , providedthey have served at

,least s ix months as seamen on board a

square-rigged sail ing vessel .

PORTS .

11 . The ports of the Pilotage d istric t of British Columbiashal l be as fol lows :

(I. ) Port of Vic toria and Esquimal t shall be inside a l inedrawn from Trial Island to Race Rocks l ight

,bearing N . E .

by N . and S . W . by S . (magnetic . )Port of Fraser River shal l be ins ide l ightship .

(3 ) Port of B urrard Inlet shall be inside a l ine S . E . andN . W . (magnetic) from Passage Island to Point Gray .

Nanaimo and Departure Bay shall be inside a l inedrawn from Entrance Island IV. (magnetic) to a point on

Vancouver Island,one mile W . of the West Rocks , and a l ine

drawn from Sharpe Point N . E . by E . E . (magnetic)to Gabriola Island .

Por t of Baynes Sound , Eastern entrance Shall be insidea l ine drawn from Qual icum River to the N . E . point ofHornby Island

,bearing N . by W . i, “7 . and S . by E . E.

~

(magnetic). Western entrance Shall be ins ide a l ine drawnfrom Cape Lazo to the N . E . point of Hornby Island, bearingW . N . W . and E . S . E . (magnetic).

O ther Ports to be defined by the Pilotage Authori ty asoccasi on may arIse .

DUES .

(A .) For vessels entering the Pil ot D istri ct of Briti shColumbia through Fuea Straits and coming to anchorin Royal Roads

,the Pi lotage shall be . . Free

But when the services of a pi lot are required and em

ployed,the rate of pilotage shall be $3 per foot

For vessel s entering into or clearing from the undermenti oned ports

,the rates of pi lotage shall be a s fol

lows :

Esquimalt Harbor $3 per footVictori a . $3 per foot under 10 feet draugh t

$4 per foot for 10 feet and overNanaimo and Departure Bay ,

”63 per foot under 10 feet draugh t$4 per foot for 10 feet and over

B urrard Inle t $3 per foot'

under 10 feet draugh t$4 per foot for 10 feet and over


Baynes Sound 63 per fe e t under 10 fe te d i a ught

64 per foo t for 10 feet and overNew IVestminster

,rates to be subject to agreement ,

bu t not to exceed . 66 per footAl l vessels under steam

,or in tow of a ste amer , to be

one fou i th less thari above Iates .

(C .) For sail ing vessels proceedn from Roy al Roads toNanaimo

, OII B urrard Inlet

,or the Sand Heads of

Fi aser River or Baynes So iind or 7 11 8 z' I ' Imsa 63 per

foot .But for steamers or sail ing vessels 1 11 tow of a steamer ,the pilot Shall Iece ive 610

0

per day Of twenty-four hours ,or any fraction of the same .

(D . FOII vessel s proceeding from Esquimal t to Victoria , or1166 6 776 180, and having discharged or received a portionof the ir cargo in ei ther harbor

,and having paid pilot

age in to either harbor if proceeding under or with theassistance of steam 61 50 per footAnd for vessels proceeding from Nanaimo to Depa i tureBay

,or vice 06 7866

,and having discharged or received a

portion of the ir cargo In ei th er harbor , whethe i withor without the assis tance of steam

,and having paid

pilotage into e ither harboi . . 61 50 per foot

(E.) But 110 sail ing vessel OII steamer or sai l ing vessel intow of a steamer

,shall pay more than 612 per foot

pilotage , on any one voyage,that Is to say 66 per foot

on her inward draught,and 66 pe i foot 011 her outward

draught .Any frac tion of a foot no t exceeding si x inches shall

be paid for as half a foot,and any fraction of a foot exceed

ing six inches sha ll be paid for as a foot .

REGULATIONS .

14. The pilot next in turn o n board a pilot vessel mus tboard the nearest vessel signall ing or asking for a pilot , o r

exchan O'

e turns with one who wil l do so .

15 . Every l icensed p ilot who shall p il ot any ves s el inw 11 ds

shall,with in one day afte i his arrival , r '

epOIt to the PilotageAuthori ty the arri val of such vessel and the amount of pil otage due thereon

,and every l icensed p ilot shall l ikewi s e

reportt al l vessels pi loted outwards by h im .

16 . Captains of vessels must make appl i cation to thePilotage Authori ty for outwa rd p ilots , or for pilots to removevessels from one port of Briti sh Columbia to another , and theP ilo tage Au thoritv shall di rec t the pilot first in turn 0 11 a li st

156 GUIDE TO BR ITISH COLUMB IA .

to be kept at the office to take charge of such vessel , andsuch pilo t shal l take charge accordingly .

17 . Al l p il otage dues shall be paid to the order of thePilotage Authority by the Masters of al l vessels

,or in their

default , by the agents or consignees thereof . A book shall bekept for the entry of al l sums received and al l sums paid outto the p ilots , or on any other account .18. Each l icensed p ilot shal l be entitled to receive from

the Secretary the amount of h is earnings,less a deduction of

ten per cent , to be appl ied as provided for here inafter, andevery l icensed pilot shal l be entitled to rece ive one-half of thep ilotage dues received by the Commissioners under sections57

,59 and 60 of the said Ac t

,in cases where such p il o t’ s ser

vices are not accepted when offered .

19 . Al l funds rece ived on behalf of the Pilotage Authorityfor al l l icenses issued by the Pilotage Authority

,fines and

penalties , and 10 per cent . on the p ilotage fee s of the District

, and receipts under the foregoing section shal l be appl iedin payment of such necessary expenses as the Pi lotageAuthori ty may duly incur , and for the purpose of making upthe earnings of the captain of the p ilot boat to a sum equal tothe average earnings of the other pilots

,and the balance , i f

any , to form a spec ial fund to be cal led the Bri tish ColumbiaPilot Fund

,

” which is to be devoted to the rel ief of superanuated or infirm l icensed pilots

,or of their wives

,widows

,or

ch ildren , or to the assistance (by way of l oan) to compan iesfor the support of pil ot boats .

20. The Pilotage Authori ty shal l adj ust al l accounts,and

pay to each pilot the amount due him at the exp iration ofevery three months .

21 . In cases where a vessel shall be in tow of a steamvessel , the p il ot on board the vessel towed shal l have thecommand and direction of both vessels so l ong as the steamershall be fast to the other vessel .22 . Every l icensed p ilo t shall

,when in charge of any

vessel,exerci se the utmost dil igence and attention in the

prosecution of his duty .

23 . No l icensed pil ot shal l be absent from duty , nor beotherwise employed than as a pilot

,wi thout leave , previously

obtained in writing from the P ilotage Authority .

24 . “lhenever any acc ident shal l occur to or be caused byany vessel wh il st in cha rge of a p ilo t

,i t shal l be the duty of

such pilot forthwith,after he shall have ceased to be in ac tua l

charge of such vessel,to repair to the office of the Pilotage

Authori ty and there report in writing the acc ident that hasoccurred , and in defaul t of h is so doing , such pilot shal l for



PILOTS .

Captain F . Revely,James Mcl ntosh ,

James Ramsey,

John Ramsay,

James Christiensen ,

Wm . Scott,G eo . Rudlin ,

John Sabiston,

Nanaimo .

HARBOR DUES .

Al l ships d ischarging OII tak ing in cargo

,ballast

,stores

,

wood OII water

,shal l pay the following fees ; that i s to say

For every ship of fifty tons register or under, fifty cents ;For every ship over fifty tons and not over one hundred

tons register , one dollar ;For every sh ip over one hundred tons and not over two

hundred tons register,one dollar and fifty cents ;

For every ship over two hundred tons and not over threehundred tons register

,two dollars ;

For every ship over three hundred tons and not over four‘

hundred tons register,two dollars and fif ty cents ;

For every ship over four hundred tons and not over fivehundred tons register

,three dollars ;

For every ship over five hundred tons and not over sevenhundred tons regi ster

,four dollars ;

For every sh ip over seven hundred tons register , fivedo l lars .

Such fees as aforesaid shall not be payable for any shipmore than twice in each calendar year ( that is the year commencing on the first day of January and end ing 0 11 the last ofDecember

,) whatever be the number of ports OII harbors at

which she may arrive or pass through,

OII the number of

times of her so arriving or passing through them , o r any of

them ; such fees shal l be payable by the master of the ship toth e Harbor Master immediately 011 her entering OI

I arrivingat the first and second ports OI

I harbors where there is aHarbor Master

,and the collec tor OII principal officer of cus

toms thereat shal l not grant any clearance,transire OII le t

pass to any sh ip on which they are payable,unti l the master

thereof produces to him a certificate of the payment of suchfees OII certificate of the payment of fees under th is Ac t twicewithin th e then prese nt vear .

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUM BIA . 159

MARINE DEPARTMENT,PROVINCE OF BRITISH.

COLUMBTA.

The ligh thouse erected b y the Domi n ion e e rnmcnt at

Cape Beale , th irty mi l es to the westward Of ( lape Flattery ,shows a revolving l igh t which attains its greatest bril l iancyevery 30 seconds .

It IS elevated 1114 feet above sea level,a nd can be s een in

clear weather e ver 20m iles distan t .The Race Rocks Ligh thouse was bu il t in 1860 by the Van

couver Island Government,assisted by the Imperial Gov

ernment. The l ight is a flash l igh t every 10 seconds ,and i s

considered to he a good ligh t of the second 01 der . A move

ment Is on foot praying the Dominion Government to erec ta steam fog whi tl e on th is sta ti on . The whis tle 1s much re

quired .

Fisgard Lighthouse . s i tuated 011 the i sl and bear 111g i tsname

,at the entrance of Esquimal t Harbor shows a briO ht

fixed l ight to vessel s approaching from sea but the l ightshows red as vessel s approoaeh too closely the Victoria shore .

Victoria Harbor Ligh t exh ib i ts a blue l igh t . Thi s l ight i sintended only for the guidance Of vessels de snmg to enter theharbor at nightEntrance Island Lighthouse is s ituated five mi le s from

Nanaimo,and Six miles from Departure Bay . The light i s a

fixed bright light and can be seen in clear we at IheI for a distance of 16 mi les .

Poin t Atkinson Ligh thouse,s ituated at the Nor

ItheIn e n

tran ce of Engl ish Bay,leadirig to B urrard Inl et , shows a re

volving l igh t once in every minute , and can be s een at a distance of 17 m i l es .

A L ight Sh ip is moored off the Sand Heads of Fras erRiver , exhib it ing a brigh t fixed l ight , and can be seen at adistance of miles . The hul l of the vessel is painted redand shows a ball at the mast~head

BUOYS ANDBEACONS .

Brofclne Ledr/e, off VIfI I

'

tOIIa Ha t r11 .

—A Ied coni cal beaconis moored Off the S . W . extremi ty of thi s l edge In eight fathomsof water .L ewis Reef, 07min Isla nd s—A stone beacon i s buil t on thisef painted black and ha s a pole with slats across .

Kelp Reefi A beacon painted red,buil t 1 11 a coni cal form

was placed on thi s reef 111 1873 ; i t has since broken adri ft , butwil l be replaced In the low Spriii g tides 111 June , 1877 .

A stone beacon painted black . i s buil t OII Canoe Rock ,

1 60 GUIDE TO BR ITISH COLUMBIA .

IV 1~ N . nearly half a mile from the N . IV. point Of Moresby

Island .

Gabrie l a Reefs , in the Strai ts of Georgia , are a dangerouscluster Of rocks

,lying two miles Off the eastern end ofG abrie la

Island . On the largest reef an iron beacon is erected wi th abal l 8 fee t diameter at top . The navigati on Of the Straits isnow,

however,rendered easy wi th three lights wi th in S ight

from the reefs .

An iron beacon was erected on Walker Rock,Trincomalie

Channel,but has been e ntirely carried away . It will b e re

placed a t as early a date as poss ibl e by a stone beacon .

Fraser River B uoys—Ou entering the Channel over the

Sand Heads,Red Nunn Buoys are to be left on the starboard

hand ; while Can Buoys ,painted blaclg, black and white , and

red and white,are to be l eft on the port hand . Vessels Of

l ight draught require no further instructions , but a pilot wouldbe necessary for vessel s Of 10 feet draught and upwards .

An iron Nunn Buoy , painted red , i s moored Off Span ishBank

,in Engl ish Bay. By giving the Buoy a berth Of a cable

ve ssels can round in to the anchorage in Engl ish Bay .

Nanaimo Buoys are Of two forms,built Of wood . Buoys

pain ted red wi th a triangle,are passed on en tering on the

port hand,while those painted black have a ball

,which

should be passed on the starboard hand . It is recommendedthat strangers take a pi lot .Victor ia Harbor has small iron Buoys painted red and

wh ite . It is,however

,imprudent for a stranger to attempt

to enter Victoria wi thout the help Of a pilot .

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT , CANADA—PROVINCEOF BRITISH COLUMBIA .

POST OFFICE INSPECTOR ’ S OFFICE,VICTORIA .

Post Offi ce InspectorAsst . Post Office Inspec tor

MONEY ORDER OFFICE .

R . Wallace,

Act ing SuperintendentW . H . Dorman

,Ass t . Superintendent

VICTORIA POSTOFFICE.

R . Wallace,

W . G . Reynolds,

R . Jamie son ,



Maple Bay and Somenos,sem i-weekly . Distance 7

miles .

Metchosin and Vic toria,weekly . Distance 25 miles .

Saanich and Vi c toria,weekly . Distance 24 miles .

Sal t Spring Island and Wharf,sem i-weekly . Dis

tance 3 miles .

Sooke and Vic toria,weekly . Distance 26 miles .

Spence ’s Bridge and head Of Nicola Lake,fortn ight

lv . Distance 6 0m i l es .

B urrard Inlet and Granvil le,dai ly by water . Dis

tance 8miles .

Skeena and Vic toria,Occas ionally per Hudson Bay

Co .

’

s s teamers . Distance 514 Imi1es .

SUGGESTIONS TO THE PUPLIC .

(From th e Canada Posta l Offi cia l Guide . )

The fol lowing suggestions are Offered,which

,i f Observed

,

will give fac il ity to the Postoffic e in the discharge Of itsduties

,and afford greater securi ty to the Pub lic

1 . Post all correspondence as early as poss ible , espec iallywhen sen t in large quanti ty .

2 . IVhen a number Of c irculars are posted , tie them up in abundle

,with the addresses all arranged in one direc tion .

3 . Place postage stamps On the right hand upper cornerof the address side Of all le tters

,papers

,and packets .

4 . Every letter should contain the ful l name and addressof the writer

,in order to ensure i ts return if the person to

whom i t is directed eannnot be found .

5 . Fa sten the c overs of le tters , newspapers and packets ,firmly .

6 . When dropping a letter or newspaper into a Postofiicebox

,always see that the packet fall s into the box , and does

not stick in i ts passage .0

7 . Never seal le tters for East and IVe st Indies , and otherho t cl imates

,with wax . Use ei ther wafers or gum .

8. On posting a registered le tte r or packet , always Obta ina receipt for the same

,and use the regis tration stamps pro

vided for that purpose .

9 . In the event of the delay or loss of, or abs trac tion Of

money from a letter , at once communicate the fac t to thePos toflice Inspector , to whom should also be furn ished everyinformation in the power Of the appl icant regard ing the ci rcumstance s under wh ich the l oss o r delay occurred .

10. To fac il i tate the del ivery of l e tters , box-holders shouldhave th e ir correspondence addressed to the number Of thebox .

GUIDE TO BR ITISH COLUMBIA .

11 . United States silver is not a legal tender at any rate ,and a Postmaster can be expec ted to rece ive i t only at therate at which a Bank wi l l take i t on depos it .The Postoffice i s a Department which admits of cons tant

imp rovement and expansion . The publ ic,by sending to the

Postmaster-General c lear and correc t information respectingfaulty arrangements

,or suggestions in regard to the carrying

ou t of any change,may material ly benefit the service .

MONEY ORDER BRANCH .

Money orders are issued at every Money Order Offi ce inCanada on every other Money Order O ffice in Canada

,as well

as on any Money Order Ofiice in theUnited Kingdom, . New

foundland and British India,and theUnited States of America .

Money orders are also issued at any Money Order O ffice , inany of the above-named countries

,payable at any Money

Order Offi ce in Canada .

NO single order for more than $100 on Canada ; £10 on

United Kingdom ; £20 on Newfoundland ; £10 on BritishIndia ; $40 on United States , can be issued ; but as manyorders may be Obtained as necessary to make up the amountdesired by the rem i tter .

In procuring orders,i t would be advisable

,as far as pos

s ible , to adhere to the following suggestions :

1st. To be careful that the ful l name and address Of bo thremitter and payee is made known . In the case af a

'

married

woman being ei ther remitter or payee,her own christ ian name

must be given,and not that of her husband , thus : Mrs . Mary

Brown , and not Mrs . John Brown .

2md . When poss ible,procure orders on the day preceding

the departure of mails,or sooner if conven ient . Current

money wil l in al l cases be exacted . Cheques will not be received unless markec good” by the bank drawn upon .

In the event of an order being lost,the payee wil l rece ive

a dupli cate, on appl ication to the head offi ce Of the country

in which the order is payable .

Orders remaining unpaid at the exp iration of the twelfthmonth after issue

,become lapsed

,and can only be repaid to

the remitter .

ORDERS ON BRITISH INDIA .

Full particulars must be given . If the payee should be anative of India

,h is tribe or caste , and his father

’ s name , mustbe suppl ied .


Money orders may be Obtained at any of the followingOffices in Brit ish Columbia :

Barkerv il le,

Clinton,

Nanaimo ,New Westm inster ,

Victoria , Yale .

The comm iss ions on orders are as follows :

Money Orders on Onta rio and Quebec , New B runswick, Nova

Scotia ,Prin ceEdward Island

,.Manitoba

,and

B ritish Columbia .

On orders up to 4 00

over 4 00 and up to 10 00

10 00 20 00

20 00 40 00

40 00 80 00

80 00 100 00

Money Orders on the United Kingdom .

On orders up to £2Over 2 and up to 5

5 7( C

7 10

Money Orders on Newfoundland .

On orders up to 5

over 5 and up to £10( I 10 cc 15

15 20

Money Orders on B ritish India .

On orders up to £2over 2 and up to 5

5 7( C

7 10.

Money Orders on the United States .

On orders up to $20 00over 20 00 and up to $40 00


GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMB IA .

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167GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

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168 GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

TABLE of Rates Of Postage on'

al l matter transmissable byPost not of the charac ter Of a letter

,the postage on which

must be prepaid by postage stamps .

D escription O f Ma tter . TO France .

Book s "

13 4 oz . 2 cts 71952 o z . 4 cents 213 o z . 1 c t . fig 4 o z .

Car tes de VisiteC ircu larsHandbil lsN ewspapers . 2 cts . 35954 o zPamphle ts 1 c t .Packages ( parce l pos t) 12 % 8oz . can not be sen t .Pe riodica ls 1 c t . 712 4 oz . 2 ce nts each . 4 cents as oz . 10 cents eachBook and Newspaper

manuscript 2 cts 2 o z . 1 ct 4 o z .

Samp lesSeeds

REGISTRATION .

Book packages and newspapers posted in Canada for del ivery within the Domin ion cannot be rece ived for registration .

Books addressed to the Uni ted Kingdom may be registeredon payment Of the fee of 8 cents .

Parl iamentary papers,books to and from the Library Of

Parl iament at O ttawa ; petit ions and addresses to ProvincialLegislatures ; Vote s and Proceedings , and other papers printedby order Of such Legisl atures

,are entitled to pass in the

mails free Of charge .

Book packets must be Open at both ends or both sides .

DENOMINATION OF STAMPS ISSUED BY THE DOMIN ION OF CANADA .

c ent,1 cent

,2 cents

,3 cents

,5 cents , 6 cents , 10 cents ,

12% cents , 15 cents , 2 cents Registered letter stamps , 5 centsdo .

, 8 cents do .,1 } cents Newspaper Wrappers ,

1 cent PostCards

,2 cents Post Cards for Un ited Kingdom .

RATES OF POSTAGE TO UN ITED KINGDOM ANDUNITED STATES .

On letters to the United Kingdon, 5 cents per half oz

a

gi stration fee , 8 cents .

On letters to the United States,3 cents per half o z . ; regis

I

ation fee,5 cents .

For rates on newspapers and miscellaneous matter,see

bove Table .


170 GUIDE TO BEITIsa COLUMBIA .

BRITISH COLUMBIA LAND LAWS .

Whereas i t i s expedient to amend and consol idate the Lawsaffec ting Crown Lands in British Columbia :Therefore

,Her Maj esty

,by and wi th the advice and con

sent of the Legislat ive Assembly of the Province of Bri tishColumbia

,enacts as fol lows

1 . The “ Land Ord inance,1870

,and all Proclamations

,

Statutes , Ordinances , and Ac ts thereby repealed,and the

Land Ordinance Amendment Ac t, 1872 , the Land Ord inance Amendment Ac t

,and the Land Ac t

,1874 ,

shal l be and are hereby repealed ; bu t such repeal shal l notprejudice or affect any rights acquired or p ayments due , orpenalties incurred

,prior to the pas sing of th is Ac t

,in respec t

of any land in th is Province .

2 . In the construction and for the purposes of this Act ( i fnot inconsi stent with the context or subj ec t matter), the following terms shal l have the respective mean ings here inafterassigned to them

Chief Commissioner of Lands and‘

Works or SurveyorGeneral shall mean and include the Chief Commissionerof Lands and Works or Surveyor-General , and any per5son for the time being lawfully acting in that capac i ty .

Commissioner shal l mean,

the Ch ief Commiss ioner ofLands and Works or Surveyor-General of this Province ,or the person act ing as such for the time being , and shal linclude every Stipendiary Magistrate for the time beingin charge of any Distric t

,and every person duly author

iz ed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Counc il to act as andfor the Chief Comm issioner of Lands and \Vorl{ s or Surveyor

-General as Assi stant Commissioner of Lands and

Works in any Distric t in whi ch the land that may be referred to l ies

,other than that in which the chief offic e of

the Lands and Works Department i s s ituated , and anyother Distric t or D istric ts for which no such Ass istantC ommissioner of Lands and “forks as aforesaid has beenappointed .

Supreme Court shal l mean the Supreme Court of BritishColumbia .

The Crown shal l mean Her Maj esty , Her he irs andsuccessors .

Crown Lands shall mean al l lands of this Prov ince heldby the Crown in fee simple .

Ac t ” shal l mean any Proclamation or Ordinance havingthe force of l aw in thi s Prov ince .


Words import ing the s ingular number shall include morepersons , parti es , or th lngs than one , and the converse .

UNSURVEYED LAND .

3 . Any person being the head of a family,a widow , or

single man over the age of eighteen years . and being a Britishsubj ect , or any alien upon his making a declaration of his ihtention to become a British subj ect

,before a Commissioner ,

Justice of the Peace,or other officer appointed therefor , which

dec laration shall be in the Form No . 1 in the Schedu le hereto ,and upon his fil ing the same with the Commissioner , may re

cord any tract of unoccupied,unsurveyed

,and unreserved

Crown Lands ( not being an Indian settlement)not exceedingthree hundred and twenty acres in extent

,in that portion of

the Province s i tuate to the northward and eas tward of theCascade or Coast Range of Mountains , and one hundred andsixty acres in extent in the rest of the Province . Provided ,that such right shal l not be held to extend to an y of the Aborigines of this Continent

,except to such as shall have obtained

perm ission in writing to so record by a spec ial order of theLieutenant-Governor in Counc il .4 . Any chartered or in corporated company may acquiresuch right

,by obtaining permission in writing by a spec ial

order of the Lieutenan t-Governor in Counc il .Any person desiring to record such unoccupied , nusar

v eyed ,and unreserved land as aforesaid

,shall first place at

each angle or corner of the land to be appl ied for , a stake orpost at least four inches square

,and standing not less than

four feet above the surface of the ground ; any stump of a treemay be used for a post , provided i t be squared as aforesaid ,and of the required height and dimensions ; and upon eachpost a notice in the fol lowing form shall be affixed :

A . B’

s land,N . E . post (meanin g north-east post); A .

B’

s land,N . W

'

. post (meaning north-west pos t); and soon

, as the case may be .

And if such land shall no t be so s taked off and marked , thetpplicant shall not have the right to record the land intendedby him to be recorded ; and if such land ,

not having been sostaked and marked

,shall nevertheless be recorded in favor of

the appl icant,he shall have no right at law or in equity

there in or thereto . After the land is so staked and marked ,the appl icant shall then make appl ication in wri ting to theCommiss ioner of the D istric t

,in wh ich the land i s si tuate , to

record such land ; and in such appl ication the appl icant mus tenclose a full description of the land intended to be record e d ,and enclose a ske tch plan thereof , and such description andplan shall be in dupl icate ; the appl icant shal l also make , be

72 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBLA.

fore a Jus tice of the Peace or Commiss ioner,and furnish the

Commissi oner wi th,a decl aration in dupl icate

,in the Form

No . 2 in the Schedule hereto : and if the appl icant shall , i nsuch declaration

,make any statement

,knowing the s ame to

be false,he shal l have no right at law or in equity to the land ,

the record of wh ich he may have obtained by the mak ing ofsuch declarati on .

6 . Every piece of such unoccupied,unsurveyed

,and unre

served land as afores aid , sought to be recorded under theprovisions of th is Ac t

,shal l

,save as here inafter i s provided ,

be of a rec tangular or square shape,and 160 acres shall e ither

measure 40 chains by 40 chains (equal to 880 yards by 880yards), or 20 chains by 80 chains (equal to 440,

yards by 1760yards), and 320 acres shall measure 40 chains by 80 chains

(equal to 880yards by 1760yards .) In the event of any of

the fol lowing lesser quantities only be ing staked andmarked as aforesaid

,40 acres shal l measure 20 chains by 20

chains (equal to 440 yards by 440 yards), 80 acres shallmeasure 20 chains by 40 chains (equal to 440 yards by 880

yards), and 120 acres shal l measure 20 chains by 60 chains

(equal to 440yards by 1320 yards . ) Al l l ines shall be run

true north and south,and true east and We st .

7 . Where such land is in whole or in part bounded by anymountain

,rock

,lake

,river

,or other natural b oundary , or b

yany publ ic h ighway, or by any pre-empted or surveyed land , suc I

natural boundary,publ ic h ighway

,pre-empted or surveyed land

may be adopted as the boundary of such land ; and i t shal l b esuffi cient for the appl icant to show to the Chief Commissionerthat the form of the land conforms

,as nearly as c ircumstances

permit,to the provis ions of th is Act ; but al l oth er boundary

lines,except as mentioned in th is section

,shall be run as

nearly as may be true north and south,and true east and

west .8. The Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works o r Survey

or-General may,however

,in carrying out any G overnment.

survey, or any survey authorized by th is Ac t , or by h im ,

i f,in

his Opin ion,c ircumstances require i t , survey pre-emption

claims or purchased lands recorded previous or subsequentto the date of th is Act

,and also unsurveyed , unoccupied ,

and unreserved land as aforesaid , recorded under theprovis ions of th is Act

,by such metes and bounds as he

may think proper ; and every survey so made and certifiedby him in wri ting

,shal l be binding upon all parties

affected thereb and the survey so certified , shall be deemedin any Court of

,

this Province to have been done in compliancewi th the prov isions of thi s Act ; but noth ing in th is clause



shal l be open for record by anyone else complying wi th theprovis ions hereof .15 . Any such settler may have the land recorded by him

surveyed at his own expense (subj ect , however , to a rectification of boundaries) by a Surveyor approved of and actingunder instruc tions from the Chief Commissioner of Lands and“forks . W i thin three months from the completion of anysuch survey

,and a deposi t of a map thereof in the office of the

Commissioner,and notice thereof publ ished in the British

Columbia Ga z ette, such settler shall make and fil e wi th th eCommissioner a wri tten and dated statement

,describing the

land se ttled upon,and the local ity of h is improvements

,

based upon the survey made ; and shall also make and fil ewith such Commissioner a declaration in dupl icate , in theForm No . 4 in the Schedule hereto

,s igned by himself and

two residents in the loc al i ty of such land, or two persons

acquainted wi th the facts ; and unless two or more parties arec laimants of the same land

,the Commisioner

,

at the expirationof such three months

,shal l record such land , so rectified by

such survey , in the name of such settler as a homesteadsettler of surveyed lands , wi thou t any further decla ration bysuch settler .

16 . If,w ith in three months after the making of such

survey and a deposi t of the map of such survey in the offi ceof the Commissioner , and a notice thereof publ ished in theBri tish Columbia Ga z ette, the settler shall fai l to make andfurnish the

.written and dated statement and declaration re

quired as aforesaid,or if such declaration shall be fraudulently

obtained,or if i t shal l con tain wilfully false statements

,the

land recorded by such settler,with all improvements thereon

,

shal l be forfeited to the Crown,and such settler shal l have no

further righ t there in or thereto ; and the Chief Commissionerof Lands and Works may cancel the record of such land in thebooks of the Land Ofiice ,

and the certificate of such record,

g iven to the se ttler on the making of such record,shall thence

forth be deemed null and void to al l in tents and purposeswhatsoever .

17 . Where any offic ial survey shall be made,in which shall

be included the land recorded by any settler,and a map of

such survey shal l have been deposi ted in the office of theCommissioner

,and notice thereof shal l have been publ ished

in the Brit ish Columb ia Ga z ette, such settler shall , with inthree months thereafter

,make and file w i th the Comm issioner

a written and dated statement,describing the land settled

upon by such settl er,and the local i ty of h is improvements

thereon,based upon the survey made , giving the number of

GUIDE TO Bum s” COLUMBIA .175

the Township,Section

,Quarter Sec tion

,or fraction thereof,

i f any,as the case m ay be ; and shall also make and file with

the Commissioner a declaration in the Form No . 4 in theSchedule hereto

,s igned by h imself and two res idents in the

l ocal i ty of such land or two persons a cquainted with the fac ts ;and unless two or more parti es are claimants of the same 1md ,

the Commissioner shall,at the expiration of such three

months,record such land so rec tified by such survey in the

name of such settler,as a homestead settler of surveyed l and ,

withou t any further declaration by such settler .

18. If,within three months after the making o f such survey

md a depos it of the map of such survey in the office of theCommissioner

,and a notice thereof publ ished in the Brit ish

Columbia Ga z ette , the settle r shal l fai l to make and furnishthe wri tten and dated s tatement and declaration required asaforesaid ; or i f such declaration shall be fraudulently obtained,or if i t shall contain wi lfully false statements

,the land recorded

by such settler,with all improvements thereon , shall be for

fe ited to the Crown,and such settler shall have no further

r ight therein or thereto ; and the Chief Commis sioner of Landsand VVerks may cancel the record of such land in the booksof the Land O ffice

,and the certificate of such record given to

the settler on the making of such record , shal l thenceforthbe deemed null and void to al l inten ts and purposes whatsoever .

19 . hen the land shal l have been surveyed ,and in the

event of two or more parti es claiming the s le a ] subdivis

i on or fraction thereof,the Ch ief Commissioner 0 La n ds and

Works shal l have power to hear,settle

,and determ ine the

r ights of the adverse claimants,and to make such order in the

premises as he may deem just ; and for all or any of the purposes aforesaid he shal l have full power to summon and examine , under oath ,

the parties and witnesses . and such decisi on and order ( if any) shall be final .20. When any settler shal l d ie ,

his heirs shal l have s ixmonths , from such death , in which to record in their favor theland recorded by such settler ; and the right of such heirs toso re-record shall be a prior righ t to that of any one else in suchland ; but if no such re—record is made wi th in the time aboveprescribed

,the land shal l thereafter be open to be recorded

by any one complying wi th the provisi ons of th is Ac t as torecording unsurvey ed

,unoccupied

,and unreserved land .

21 . Where any official survey shall be made , in which shallbe included the land the r ight to which has been acqui redprevious to the passing of this Ac t , but for which a CrownGrant has not been issued

,and a map of such survev shal l

176 GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA.

have been depos ited in the office of the Commissioner , andnotice thereof shall have been publ ished in the Bri tish Columbia Gaz ctlc, the lawful claimant of such land shall , withinthree months thereafter

,make and file wi th the Commissioner

a writ ten and dated statement,describing the land claimed

and the local i ty of his improvements thereon , based upon thesurvey made

,and fully describ ing the legal subdivision

claimed,and shall al so make and file with the Commissioner

a declaration,in such form as may be required by the Com

missioner,signed by himself and two residents in the local i ty

of such land,or two persons acquainted wi th the facts ; and

unless two or more parties are c laimants of the same land ,the Commissioner shall

,at the expiration of such three

months,enter such land so rectified by such survey in the

name of such c laimant in the distric t register .

22 . If,within three months after the

cD

making of such survey and a depos it of the map of such survey in the office of

the Commissioner and a notice thereof published in theBri tish Columbia Ga z ette , the claimant mentioned in the preceding clause shal l fail to mak e and furnish th e written and

dated statement and declaration required as aforesaid ; or i fsuch declaration shall be fraudulently obtained

, or i f i t shal lcontain wilfully false statements

,the land so entered , with al l

improvements thereon ,shal l be forfei ted to the Crown , and

such settl er shall hav e no further righ t there in or there to ; andthe Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works may cancel therecord of such land in the books of the Land Office

,and the

certificate given on the making of such record shall thenceforth be deemed null and void to al l in tents and purposeswhatsoever .

SURVEYED LAND .

23 . The land described as fol lows shall be deemed,for the

purposes of this Act,to be Surveyed Lands

( a . Land surveyed into sec tions of one mile square,or

640 acres,or fractions thereof

,with quarter section

posts placed upon the sec tion l ines every forty chains :( b.) Land surveyed into se c tions of 160 acres , or fractions

thereof,wi th all exteri or l ines run :

( 0 . Land which may hereafter be declared surveyed landby Publ ic Notice 111 the British Columbia Ga z cltc :

( cl ) Land In New Westminster Distric t which has beensurveyed into irregular lots exceed ing or le ss than 160acres :

(c.) Land 1 11 Vancouver Island which has been surveyedinto 100 acre sections or frac tions thereof :

(f . ) Land 111 Vancouver Island which has been surveved in


178 GUIDE TO BIrITIsII COLUMBIA .

shall make before a Justice of the Peace or the Commissionerand furnish the Commissioner with a declaration

,in dupl i

cate , in the Form No . 5,in the Schedule hereto ; and if th e

appl icant in such declarat ion shall make any statement,know

ing the same to be fal se,he shall have no right at law or in

equity to the land,the pre—emption of which he may obtain

by the mak ing of such declaratio27 . Upon compl iance with the provisions of the precedingSection the Commissi oner

,upon payment by the appl icant of

a fee of two dollars,shal l record such land in the name of th e

applicant (he re inafter cal led the“ homestead settler

,and

shall g ive to such homestead settler a certificate thereof ac

acceording to the Form No . 6 in the Schedule hereto ; andsuch record shall be made by the Commissioner in tripl icate ,one part to be handed to the homestead settlers

,another part

to be retained by the Commi ssioner for local reference,and

the th ird to be forwarded forthwi th to the head office of theLands and Works Department

,to be finally registered in the

Land Offi ce Pre—emption Register .

28. The homestead settler shal l,with in th irty days there

after, enter into occupation of the land so pre-empted ; and’

rf

he shall cease to occupy such land,save as is here in provided ,

the Commissioner may in a summary way,upon being satis

fied of such cessation of occupation,canc el the claim of th e

homestead settler so ceasing to occupy the same , and all im

provements and buildings made and erected on such land shal lbe absolutely forfei ted to the Crown

,and the said land shal l

be open to pre-emption and may be recorded anew by theCommissioner as a pre-emption claim

,i n the name of any

person satisfying the requirements in that behalf of th is Act.

29 . The occupation herein required,shal l mean a continu

ous bona fide personal residence of the homestead settler , hisagent , or family , on the land recorded by such homestead.

settler , but Indians or Ch inamen shall not be consideredagents .

30. Every homestead settler,as well as his agent and family

( i f any), shall be enti tled to be absent from the land recordedby such homestead settler for any one period not exceedingtwo months during any one year . He shall be deemed to haveceased to occupied such land when he shall have been absen tcontinuously

,for a longer period than two months .

31 . Any such land shall be deemed to be abandoned whenthe same shall have been unoccupied by the homestead settler , h is agent , or family , for more than four months in theaggregate in one year

,or for more than two months con sec

u tive ly .


32 . Any number of persons,not exceeding four , uniting

in partnersh ip for the purpose of pre-eru pting,holding , and

working land , shal l be el igible to pre-empt , as a firnr, an areaof land to the extent to each partner in the firm of onehundred and sixty acres west

,and three hundred and twenty

acres east , of the Cascades . Each partner in any such firmshall

,by hinrse lf or agent

,represen t h is in terest in the firnr

by actual residence upon some portion of the land so held bysuch firm ; but i t sha ll not be necessary in such case thateach partner or his agent shal l reside on his particular preemption . Partners in such firm

,or the ir agents

,may res ide

together on one homestead ; provided such homestead besi tuated upon some portion of the land pre-e ru pted andcupied by such firm . For the purpose of obtain ing a Certificate of Improvement to land so pre-empted

,i t shall be

srrfficient to show to the Commiss ioner that improvementsamounting in the aggregate to two dollars and

,

fifty cents peracre 0 11 the whole land

,has been nrade on some portion

thereof .

33 . A homestead settler sha l l be entitl ed to rece ive fromthe Commi ss ioner a certificate , to be cal led a Certificate ofImprovement

,

”

in the Form No . 7 in the Schedule hereto ,upon h is proving to the Comm iss ioner

,by the declarations in

wri ting of hims elf and two other persons , or in such othermanner as the Comnrissioner may require , that he has beenin occupation of his pre-emption claim from the date of therecord thereof

,and has made permanent improvemen ts

thereon to the value of two dollars and fifty cents per acre ,and has occupi ed such land for two years , and such declaration shall be in the Form No . 8in the Schedule hereto . Suchcertificate shall be in triplicate

,one part to be handed to th e

homestead se ttler,another part retained by the Commissioner

for local reference, and the th ird part transmi tted forthwi th

to the head office of the Lands and “forks Departmen t ; and

i t shall be th e duty of the Comm issioner to note the is sue ofsuch certificate on the original pre-emption record , whichmust be produced to him at the time of applying for the certificate by the homestead settl er

,and on the dupl icate there

of retained in the Comm is s ioner’

s O ffice .

34 . All declarations authorized to be made under theprovisions of thi s Act shall be subscribed by the personmaking the same

,and shall be fil ed with the Commi ssioner

,

who is hereby fullv authorized and empowered to take. th esame ; and shall be made before such Cormrriss ioner , or b e foreany Justice of the Peace

,under and sub j ec t to the provis i ons

and penal ti es Of the Oaths Ordinance , 1869 .


35 . No homestead settler shal l be entitl ed to hold,at the

same time,two claims by pre-emption ; and any person so

pre-empting more than one c laim shall forfe i t al l right,ti tle ,

and interest to the prior claim recorded by h im and to al limprovements made and erected thereon ; and the land included in such prior claim shall be open for pre-emption .

36 . After the grant of a Certificate of Improvem e nt ' asaforesaid to the homestead settler , a Crown Grant or Conveyance , in the Form No . 9 in the Schedule hereto

,of the fee

s imple of and in the land mentioned as recorded in such certificate shall be executed in favor of the said homestead se t

tler,upon payment of the sum of five do llars therefor , and

without any payment for the land ; but no such Crown Grantshal l be executed in favor of any al ien who may have declaredas aforesaid h is intention of becoming a British subj ect

,until

such al ien shall have become,according to law

,a natural ized

Bri tish subj ec t .37 . No transfer of any surveyed or unsurveyed land pre

empted or recorded under th is Ac t shal l be val id,until afte r

a Crown Grant of the same shall have been i ssued .

38. In the event of the death of any homestead se ttlerunder th is Act

,his he irs or devisees (as the case may be) i f

resident in the Province,shall be enti tled to a Crown Gran t

of the land included in such pre-emption claim,i f lawful ly

held and occupied by such homestead settler at thetime of his decease

,but subj ect to the issuing of the

Certificate of Improvement as aforesaid ; but if such he irs ordevisees be absent from the Prov ince at the time of suchdecease

,the Ch ief Commissioner of Lands and \Vorks or

Suveyor-General is hereby authorized and empowered to

make such d ispos i tion of the pre-emption claim,and such

provision for the person ( if any) enti tled thereto , or interestedtherein

,as he may deem j ust and proper .

LEASES .

39 . Leases of any extent of unpre-empted and unsurveyedland may be granted for pastoral purposes by the LieutenantGovernor in Counc il

,to any person or persons whomsoever

,

be ing bona fide settlers or homestead settl ers , pre-emptors ,or purchasers of l and in the v ic in i ty of the land sought to beleased

,at such rent as such Lieutenant-Governor in Counci l

shall deem expedient ; but every such lease of

1pastoralland

shall,among other th ings

,contain a condi ti on ma ing such land

l iable to settlement,pre-emption

,reserve for publ i c pu

rposes ,

and purchase by any ersons whomsoever , a t any time uringthe term thereof

,wit out compensation

,save by a propor

tionate deduction of rent ; and to a further condition , that the



Governor in Counc il,who shall alone dec ide on any such

lease .

43 . Before any lease is granted for pastoral,hay

,or timber

purposes,the appl icant shal l give to the Commissioner of the

D istric t In which the land l ies,th irty days notice in wri ting

of his intenti on to apply fo1 such lease . Such notice shal lspec ify

(a . ) The local i ty and number of acres appplied for'

The name of the applicant ;(0 ) The date of the notice .

A copy of such notice shal l be posted at each of the undermentioned places :On a consp icuous part of the land referred to ;

(6 )Upon the walls of the office of the Commissioner of th eDistrict ;

(In) On the Court House of the Distric t , i f any ;(d . ) On the nearest publ ic Inn or Tavern ;(e On the outer door of the Post Offi ce of such District44. Any pei sou desirous of obj ecting to such lease , shal lg ive h is wri tten reasons therefor within the time spec ified inthe above notice

,addressed to the said Commi ss ioner ; and

the said Comm iss ione r shal l,as soon as possible

,forward the

same,wi th his report thereon

,to the Chief Commissioner of

Lands and Works .

45 . If no obj ec tion i s made,as aforesaid

,to the issue o f

such lease before the said notice expires,the lease applied

for may be issued,if advisable .

46 . Persons who havee -pre-empted lands,or shall heIeafter

record or pre empt any lands here tofore leased , or wh ich mayhereafteI be leased for any of the purposes aforesaid , shal lhave the right of passing and repassing over such leased landswithout being deemed trespassers : Provided always , thatsuch persons shall not commit wi lful waste or damage in pass ing over such lands . Any person who records or pre-emptsland held under a pastoral l ease

,and who bona fide cul tivate

at least ten acres thereof per annum,shall have the pri vil ege

of pasturing not mo i e than fifty head of his own stock on thesaid leased land In the winteI time

,that Is , between the firs t

day of November and the first day of April following , ,upon

h is pay ing to the lessee named in the pastoral l ease , on ao

count of the actual expenses incurred in and about the leasehold , an annual sum proportionate to the number of cattl egrazed upon the land .

47 . It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant G oveInoI in Counci l to grant leases to any person foi any purposes other thanfoI p asto ral

,hay,

and timber pq oses , upon such teIms and


c onditions as the Lieutenant-Governor in Counci l shall th inkfi t : Provided always . that, every such lease shal l contain ac ondition making such land l iable to settlement , pre-emptionor purchase by any persons whomsoev er

,at any time during

the term thereof,with such compensation for improvements

made thereon , to be paid to the leaseholder , as shal l be fixedby the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works , or h is a s

s is tant for the time being,in the Distric t where the l a nd is

si tuated : Provided,that if the lessee be dissatisfied with the

dec is ion of ei ther of the aforesaid parties,he shall be entitled

to submi t such dec is ion to arb itration,under the provis ions

of the Pu bl ic Works Amendment Ac t,1873 .

48. Every person lawfully entitled to hold land under th isAct , or under any former Ac t , Ordinance , or Proclamation ,and lawfully occupying and bona fide cu ltivating lands , maydivert so much and no more of any unrecorded and un ap

propriated water from the natural channel of any stream ,

lake , or river adjacent to or passing through such land , foragricul tural or other purposes

,as may be reasonably neces

sary for such purposes,upon ob taining the wri tten authority

of the Commissioner of the Distric t to that effect , and a record of the same shall be made with him

,after due notice , as

here in mentioned,specifying the name of the applicant , the

quantity sought to be diverted,the place of diversion , the ob

j cet thereof , and al l such other particulars as such Commiss ioner may require

,for every such record the Commissioner

shal l charge a fee of two dollars ; and no such person shal lhave any exclusive right to th e use of such water , whether thesame flow naturally through or over his land , except suchrecord shall have been made .

49 . One month previous to such authori ty being given , theappl icant shal l post up in a conspicuous place

,on each per

son ’ s land to be affected by the propos ed diversion of any

stream , lake , or river , and on the D istric t Court House ,n otices in wri ting

,stating h is intention to take , and convey ,

and divert such water (as the case may be), spec ifying allparticulars relating thereto

,including direction , quanti ty ,

purpose , and term .

50. The owner of any water privi lege , or right acquired byrecord , shal l have no exclusive right to the water privilegeso recorded

,until he shal l have constructed a ditch for con

v eying the water to the place where i t Is intended to be used .

And in case any such ditch shall not be of sufficient capac i tyto carry the quanti ty of water recorded by the ow ner of suchd itch , then the exclus ive right of such owner shal l be l imitedto the quanti ty which such ditch mav be capabl e of carrv mg,

184 GUIDE TO BRITIsa COLUMBIA .

notwi thstand ing such record,until such ditch shall be en

larged so as to be capable of caIrying the quanti ty of waterIecOIded by such person .

51 . PIio i ity of right to any such water pr ivilege , in case Ofd ispute , shal l depend on priori ty O f record .

The right of entery on and through the lands of others ,for carrying water for any lawful purpose upon

,over

,or

under the said land ,may be claimed and taken by any person

lawful ly occupying and bona tide cul tivating as aforesaid , and

( previous to entIy) upon paying or secuIIng payment Of com

pensation ,as aforesaid , for the waste OI damage so occasioned ,

to the pe i sou whose land may be wasted OI damaged by suelientry or carrying of wat er .

53 . In case Of d ispute,such compensation

,or any other

question connec ted with such water privilege,entry ,

or carryIng,

may be ascertained by the Commissioner Of the D istrie t in a summary manner , without a j ury , or , if desired byei ther pa i ty ,

with a jury of five men .

54 . \Vater privileges for mining or other purposes,n ot

otherwise lawful ly appropriated,may be claimed , and th e

said water may be taken upon , under , or over any land so

pre-empted,or recorded

,or heretofore purchased

, by Obta ining a grant or l i cense from the Commissioner Of the D istric t ;and

,previous to taking the same

,paying Ieasonable compen

sation for waste 01 damage to the person whose land may bewasted or damaged by such water privilege

,OI carri age Of

water .

55 . Any owner of any ditch or water privil ege who shal lwilfully waste any quanti ty Of water hereto fore or hereafteracquired by record or otherwise , by d iverting any more Of i tfrom its natural course

,through any ditch or otherwise

,than

the quantity actually required by him for irrigation or anyother purpose

,shal l be punished by a fine not ex cee eding one

hundred dollars for each such offence,to be recovered before

a Justice Of the Peace, StipendiaIy l\

’IigistIate ,or Commi s

sioner , in a summary manner , and in defaul t of payment bydistress

,or by impIisonmen t foI any period not exceeding s ix

months ; and no owner Of any fii st IeCOId to any ditch OI waterright shal l have any Iight to inteIfe re wi th or pIe ven t the construc tion of any d :I

,ms breI -Ik waters , or otheI improvements

made or hereafter to be made foI the pq ose of sav ing oreconomizing the water of any creek , lake , or water-course of

my kind : Provided , that the construction or use Of suchdam or break-water does not nor wil l d iveIt such water fromits proper channel

,at the point or place u lIeIe such Owner

takes the water used bv him into his ditch OI channel : PIO



until after securi ty,to the satisfaction of the Comm issioner

,

shall have been g iven for the due prosecution of such appeal ,and submission thereto .

RESERVES .

GU. The Lieutenant-Governor in Counci l shall . at any time ,by notice

,s igned by the Chief Commiss ioner of Lands and

“forks , and publ i shed in the British Columb ia Ga z ette, reserve any l and s no t lawful ly held by record

,pre-emption

,

purchase,lease

,or Crown Grant

,for the purpose of convey

ing the same to the Dominion Government,in trust

,for the

use and benefit of the Indians , or for railway purposes,as

mentioned in Art ic le 11 of the Terms ofUnion , or for suchother purposes as may be deemed advisabl e .

SALE OF SURVEYED LAND .

6 1 . Unappropriated,unoccupied

,and unreserved lands

, the

surveys of wh ich have been duly made,and confirmed by

notice in the Bri ti sh Columbia Ga z ette, and which are not thesites of towns or the suburbs thereof

,and not Indian settle

ments,shal l be open for purchase at the rate of one dollar

per acre Provided that whenever so orde1 ed by the Lieutenan t Gove1 n01 in Counc il , such surveyed lands as may bedeemed expedient f1om time to t ime may be put up at publ icsale (of which sale due and suffic ient noti ce shal l be given)atthe upse t pr ice of one dollar per ac re ; and all surveyed landspurchased under the provis ions of thi s Ac t shall be paid forin full in one payment

,or fifty cents per acre shal l be paid a t

the time of purchase , and the remain ing fifty cents per acreat the expiration of two years .

SALE OF UNSURVEYED LAND .

62 . Persons des iring to purchase unsurveyed,unoccupied

,

and unreserved Crown Land , mus t first have the land requiredsurveyed

,at the ir own cost

,by a surveyor approved of and

acting under the instruc tions of the Chief Comm issioner ofLands and Works or Surveyor-General ; and such lands shal lbe surveyed on the rectangular or square system now adoptedby the Government

,and all l ines shall be run due north and

south,and due east and west , excep t where from the nature

of surveys made i t would be impossible to conform to theabove system ; and the said survey of the said land shal l beconnec ted wi th some known point in previous survey s , or withsome other known point or boundary

,unless otherwise ordered

by the Ch ief Commiss ioner of Lands and “forks or SurveyorGener al ; and the regulations as to the sale , purchase , andprice of said land shall be the same as are here in providedfor in the case of the sale of surveyed land ; but no ti tle can


be acqu ired to any such land until after such land shal l havebeen surveyed

,and such survey shall have been accepted

by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works or SurveyorGeneral in wri ting

,and payment made for the said land :

Provided further,that when there are two or more appl icants

for the same trac t of land,and a prior right to e ither or any

of the appl icants is no t establ ished to the satisfaction of theChief Commi ssioner of Lands and Works or Surveyor-General

,the same may be tendered for bv the applicants , and

sold to the h ighest bidder .

UNPROVIDED CASES .

63 . Unless otherwise spec ial ly notified at the time of sale ,a ll Crown Lands sold shall be subj ect to such publ ic rights ofway as may at any time after such sale be spec ified by theChief Commiss ioner of Lands and lVorks or Surveyor-Genera] , and to the right of the Crown to take therefrom ,

withoutcompensation

,any stone

,gravel

,or other material to be used

in repairing th e public roads,and to such private .rights of

way,and e f leading or using water for an imals

,and for mm

ing,engine ering

,or irrigation purposes

,as may at the t ime

of such sale be exi sting .

6 L. Pre-emptors who have recorded land as a pre-empt ionpurchase

,under the “ Land Ordinance

,1865

,prior or sa bse

quent to the 20th October,1870

,and who have paid a dep081 t

of two shil l ings and one penny per acre , shall complete thepurchase of said land under the provisions of the “ LandOrdinance

,subj ect

,however

,to al l the provisions of

thi s Ac t , as to the rectificati on of boundaries upon offic ialsurve

'

.

65 .

3Persons who have purchased unsurveyed lands under

O rder in Counc il,dated 5th September

,1873

,at two dollars

and fifty cents per acre shall be enti tled , upon complying withthe provisions of thi s Act as to the purchase of unsurveyedland , to purchase said land at the rate of one dollar per acre .

66 . The Crown Grant of any land sold under the provisionsof th is Act shall not be issued unti l full payment thereof shal lhave been made

,and such Crown Grant shal l be in the form

No . 9 in the Schedule hereto .

67 . All agreements,contracts

,and leases

,heretofore entered

into between any person and any offi cer acting on behalf of

the Government shall,notwithstanding any defects there in

,

be val id and effectual to all intents and purposes,and cove

nants , provisoes , and agreements there in contained may beenforced by action

,sui t

,or other proceeding at law or i n

equity insti tuted in the name of Her Maj esty’ s Attorney-Gen

eral for the Province .

188 GUIDE TO BRITIsn COLUMBIA .

68. Al l Ce i tificates of Imp i ovement l1e 1 e tof01 e i ssued toany we emptor shall be val id and effec tual , no twithstandingany defec t therein

,0 1 in the evidence on which the same was

issued .

69 . Al l surveyed land here tofore pre-empted , shal l be heldto have been legally pre-empted and as i f the same had beenunoccupied

,unsurveyed

,or unreserved Crown lands ; pro

v ided that the requirements of the Ac ts and Ordinances re gulat ing the pre-emption of land have been otherwise compl iedwith .

7

All sales heretofore made of reserved land shall be heldto be val id

,and the L e iutenant-Governor in Counci l shal l

have power to sel l any land heretofore reserved .

HIGHWAYS .

71 . Al l roads,oth v 1 than private roads

,shall be deemed

common and public h ighways .

72 . Unless otherwise pIovided for , the soil and freehold of

eve1y public h ighway shall be vested in Ha Maj esty,Her

heirs and successors .

73 . It shall be lawful for the Chief Commi ssi oner of Landsand Works in his discretion , to make public h ighways , andto declare the same by notice in the B IItish Columbia Ga z ette,setting fOIth the dii ection and extent of such highway

,and

by himself or h is agents to enter and take possession of anyprivate roads and any lands 1 11 the Province

,and the timbe i

thereon,for the purpose of laying out publ ic roads of any

width not exceeding 66 feet,and to vaIy and alteI any exist ing

Ioads ; also to enter and take any g0

“

1 avel , timber , stone , andother matei ials 1 equired for the const1 u ction of any b1 Idge orroad

,and also to enter upon any land for the purpose of

cutting any drains that the Chief Commissioner of Lands andWorks mav think necessary .

DRAINAGE ANDDYKING74 . It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Counc i l

to se ll any vacant lands Of the C 1 0wn . 01 make free g1 antstheIeof

,to any pe1 son 01 company

,fOI the pu i pose of dyking ,

d1 aining,01 iIrigating the same , sub jec t to such Iegulations

as the Lieutenant G oveInOI in Counc il shall see fit .

SCHOOL SITES .

75 . It shal l be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Councilto se t apart in each School D istric t in the Province a piece ofland not exceeding 160 acres , for School purpose

TIMBER IN TOWNSHIPS .

76 .In the subd ivis ion of townsh ips

‘

which may consist


19 0 GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

prior to so doing , shal l give ful l satis fac tion or adequatesecurity

,to the satisfac tion Of the Commissioner , to the pre

emptor or tenant in fee s impl e , for any loss or damage he maysustain by reason thereof . If the amount Of compensat ion

( i f any) cannot be agreed upon , the Stipendiary Magistrate orGold Commissioner of the distric t where in the land l ies

,with

the assistance,i f desired by ei ther pa rty , of a jury Of five

persons to be summoned by him , shall decide the amountthereof

,and such dec i sion and award shall be final . If there

be no such Stipendiary Magistrate or Gold Commissioner inthe said distric t

,the Supreme Court sha l l have j urisdiction in

the matter .

81 . Noth ing in th is Act conta ined shall be constructed soas to interfere prej udic ially wi th the rights granted to FreeMiners under the Gold Mining Ordinance

,1867

,or any

subsequent Acts or Ordinances rel ating to gold mining .

82 . The Schedule hereto shal l form part Of th i s Act .83 . Each Comm iss ioner appointed under th is Act

,shal l

keep a book or books , in wh ich he shall enter the date andticu lars Of every record

,Certificate Of Improvement

,or

other document relating to or in any manner affecting anypre—emption c laim with in h is distric t .84 . Al l fines and fees payable under th is Act shal l be

deemed to be made payable to the use of the Crown .

85 . Any person who previous to the passing Of this Ac t hasacquired a right to any Crown land in th i s Province (except bypurchase) shall , except as here in provided , complete h is t itl ethere to under the provisions Of the Land Ordinance

,

and the Land Ordinance Amendment Act,1873

,i n the

same manner as if the said Ac ts were in force .

86 . This Act may be c ited for al l purposes as the “ LandAct

,1875 .

SCHEDULES .

FORM NO . 1 .

Declara tz'o : z of Intention .

I . Of a subj ect ( or c i tizen) of do solemnly and since1 ely decl : tr ,e that i t i s honestly my intention tobecome a B 1 Itl sh subj ect , and to 1 enounce ,

f01 ever, all otherallegiance and fidel i ty to all and any Foreign Prince , Poten


tate,State , and Sovereignty whatsoever ; and I make this

declaration by virtue Of the Oaths Ordinance,1869 .

Declared and signed before me,

this day Of 18 by theDeclarant . S ignature Of Declarant .

Commissioner or J . P .

FORM NO . 2 .

Declara tion .

Distric t of

solemnly and s incerely declare,That

the land for the Iecord Of which I have made application ,dated the day of , 18 i s unoccupied , unsurveyedand unreserved Crown land

,with in the meaning of the

Land Act,

and is not an Indian Settlement , or anyportion thereof ; that I have staked of and marked such landin accordance with the provisions Of the Land Ac t , 1875 ;that such land has not

,nor has any portion Of i t

,beei1 here

tOfOIe recorded, occripied ,

held,or pre empted by me

,nor

has the same been abandoned by me or any other person forthe purpose of my recording the same under the provisions ofth is Ac t , nor is my present appl ication to record the samemade In trust foI, on behalf Of , or In collusion with any otherperson or per

,sons but honestly on my own behalf for settle

ment and occupation,and Ialso declare that I am duly qual i

fied under the said Act to record the said land,and I make

this solemn declaIation consc ientiously bel iev ing the same tobe true , and by virtue Of the Oaths Ordinance

,1869 .

Declared and subscribed bv thewith in named on the dayof A . D . 18 before me

,Signature of Declarant .



FORM NO . 3 .

Certifica te Of Record Of Um arveyed L and .

ORIGINAL ( to be retained by settler .) [NO . in D istric t Register .

Distric t ofName Of SettlerDate Of RecordNumber Of AcresIVhere s i tuatedDescription Of boundaries Of Land

The above boundaries are subj ec t confirmati onrectifica tlon upon Officl al survey .

Signature Of Commissioner .

N . B .

—Plan of the Land to be drawn on the back of th isSheet .

FORM NO . 1 .

Declara tionDistric t of

\Ve,

of of Ofseveral ly declare ; and first I , the said for myself say :1 . That the land in respec t Of

,which I have fil ed a wri tten

statement,dated the day Of 18 with

the Commissioner for the Distric t Of i s the land whichI claim by virtue Of a Record dated the day Of 18

2 . That I have occupied,in manner prescribed by the

Land Ac t,1875

,the land recorded by me 011 the said

day Of 18 from the time Of the said record up to thepresent time .

3 . And I make this sol emn declaration,conscientiously be

l i eving the same to be true , and by v irtue Of the“ Oaths

Ordinance,

4 . And I,the said for myself

,declare and say , that

the statement of the said contained in paragraph 2 Ofth i s declarati on is true , and I make th is solemn declarationconsc ientiously bel ieving the same to be true , and by v irtueof the “ Oaths Ordinance

,

5 . And I,the said for myself

,declare and say , that

the statemen t of the said contained in paragraph 2 of


101 GUI D E TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

FORM NO 6 .

Certificcte Of Pre-cmp lioa of Surveyed L a nd .

O rigin Il ( to b e re ta ined by Homes tead S ettler .) [Na inDistr i e t Re g is te r

D istric t OfName Of Homestead SettlerD ate of Pre-emptionNumber Of Acres\Vhere situatedDe scrIptIon Of boundaries Of Land

Signature Of Commi ssioner .

FORM NO . 7 .

Certifica te of Improvemeul .

Distric t of

I hereby certify that has satisfied me,by th e evidence

of (”it that of has b een in Occupation , as

requ ired by the L and Act,

Of his Pre-emp tion C laim,

recorded as NO . in this D istric t,from the date of such

pre-emption to the present time,and that he has made im

provemen ts to the extent Of two dollars and fifty cents anacre on such Pie -empt ion Cla im .

Signed th is day Of A . D . 18

Commiss ioner .

*Naming the witnesses and d escrib ing the ir and an y o th e r e v idence upo nwh i ch the C ommiss ione r h as Come to h is judgment .

FORM NO . 8.

De Iaration .

Distric t Of

We,

do solemnly and sincerely declare asfoll ows :And firstly

,I,the said for mysel f declare that I

have been in the occupat ion of my Pre-emption Claim fromthe date Of the record thereof

,and hav e Occup i ed the said claIm

for the space of two years , and have made permanent 1m


provements thereon to the value of two dollars and fifty centsper acre .

( He re s et ou t fu l ly in de ta il th e na ture of th e improvements . )

And secondly,we

,for ourselves

,declare that the

above named has been in the occupation Of h is Preemption Claim from the date of the record thereof , and hasmade permanent improvements thereon to the value Of twodollars and fifty cen ts

'

per acre , the detai ls whereof are correc tly se t forth above by the saidAnd we make this solemn declaration , consc ientiously

bel iev ing the same to be true,and by v irtue of the Oaths

O rdinance,

Declared and signed by thewi thin named

,on the day Of

A . D . 18 before me ,Signature of Declarant .


Declared and signed by thewi th in named

,011 the dav Of

A . D . 18 before me,

Signature of Declaran t .


Declared and signed by thewi th in named

, 0 11 the day of

A . I) . 18 before me,

Signature of Declaran t .

Commissi oner or J . P .

EXTRACT FROM LAND ACT,1875 .

.llea '

n'ing of Occupa tion .

The occupation here in required,shall mean a continuous

bona fide personal res idence of the homestead s ettler,his

agent , or fam ily , on the land recorded by such homesteadsettler

,but Indians or Chinamen shall not be considered

agents .

E very homestead se ttl er,as well as h is agent and family ( if

any), shall be entitled to be absent from the land recorded bysuch homestead settler for any one period not exceeding twomonths during any one year . He shall be deemed to haveceased to occupy such land when he shall have been absent

,

c ontinuously ,for a longer period than two months .

Any such land shall be deemed to be abandoned when thesame shal l have been unoccupied by the homestead settler

,

h is agent or family,for more than four months in the aggre

g ate in one y ear , or for two months consecutively .


FORM No. 9 .

Province of Bri tish Columbia .

Victoria , by the Grace of G od of the United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Ireland

,Queen

,Defender of the Faith

,and

so forth . To all to whom these presents shall come,greeting :

Know ye that We do by these presents,for Us , O ur heirs

and successors,i n consideration of the sum of to Us

pa id,gi ve and grant unto h he irs and ass igns

,

Al l that parcel or lot of land s i tuate and numberedon the official plan or survey of the said

in the Province of Bri tish Columbia,To have and to hold the

said parce l or lot of land,and all and singular the premises

hereby granted,with the appurtenances

,unto the said

h heirs and assigns for ever .

Provided,nevertheless

,that it shal l at al l t imes be lawful

forUs,Our heirs and successors

,

or for any person or persons acting in that behalf by Our or their authori ty , to resumeany part of the said lands which i t may be deemed necessaryto resume for making roads

,canals

,bridges

,towing paths

,

or other works of public util ity,or convenience , so , neverthe

less,that the lands so to be resumed shal l not exceed one

twentieth part of the whole of the lands aforesaid , and thatno such resumption shall be made of any lands on which anybuildings may have been erected

,or which may be in use as

gardens or otherwise for the more conven ient occupati on of

any such bui ldings .Provided

,also

,that i t shall at al l times be lawful for Us

,

Our heirs and successors,or for any person or persons acting

u nder Our or their authori ty,to enter into and upon any part

of the said lands,and to raise and get thereout any gold or

s ilver ore which may be thereupon or thereunder si tuate , andto use and enj oy any and every part of the same land , and of theeasements and priv il eges thereto bel onging , for the purposeof such rais ing and getting

,and every other purpose connec t

ed therewith,paying in respec t of such raising , getting , and

use , reasonable compensat ion .

Prov ided,also

,that i t shal l be lawful for any person duly

authorized in that behalf by Us,O ur heirs and successors , to

take and occupy such water privileges , and to have and enj oysuch righ ts of carrying water over , through ,

or under , anypart of the heredi taments hereby granted

,as may be reason

ably requ ired for mining or agricul tural purposes in thev ic in i ty of the said hereditaments , paying therefor a reasonable compensation to the aforesaid h hei rs or

ass igns .


198 GUIDE 10 BRITI SH COLUMBIA .

substi tuted copy is p rima fa cie evidence of al l matters conta ined in i t .A Free M iner has the right to enter and mine upon

any w as te land s of the Crown not occupied by any o therperson , but in the event of such entry upon lands alread yl awfu lly occupied for o ther than min ing p urpo ses , previouslyto en try , ful l c ompensation must be made to the occupant orowner , such comp ensation to be determined by the nearestS tipendiary Magistrate or Gold Commissioner .

No p erson except a Free Miner can have any right or inferest in any mining claims .

REGISTRATION OF CLAIMS,ETC .

Every miner locating a claim must rec ord i t at the offi ce o fthe Gol d Commissioner

,or offic er appo in ted for the purpose ,

wi th in three days,if wi th in ten miles of the office ; but one

addi tional day i s all owed for every ten m iles or frac tion often miles . The cla im must b e re-recorded annually

,unless

it was orig inal ly recorded (as i t may be) for two or

more years . On applying for th is record the miner mus tproduce h is certificate . In case of d ispute

,the title to

claims w i l l be recogn ized according to priori ty of regisfration , subj ec t to any question as to the val idity of therecord .

No transfe r of any claim or of any interest there in i s enforceable unless the same or some memorandum thereof bein wri ting signed by the transferror or h is lawfully authorizedagent , and regis tered wi th the Gold Commissioner within thet ime prescribed for recording pre-emption c laims ; and if anyowner of a b ill of sal e—i. c. any transferee—wilful ly neglec tor refu se so to register, he is l iable to a fine of $50 or 14 daysimprisonmen t .Every Free Miner or c ompany of Free M iners i s entitled to

record h is or their mi ning in teres ts in one re cord .

The fee charged for registering or recording any documen tor matter is $2 50.

The books of record are open to inspec tion free of chargeduring reasonable hours .

A copy of or extrac t from any record is,when certified

under the hand of the Gold Commiss ioner or person en

trusted to keep the record,good evidence . Each copy or ex

trac t costs 50 c ts .

A Free Miner may acquire any number of c laims by purchase ,but can only hold two by pre-emption , namely , one quartzcla im and one o ther cla im ,

in addition to a pre-emption claim


on e ach (but not the same) h il l , creek , rav ine , or bench ; andhe may sel l or mortgage his claims .

A miner’

s interest in a claim is equivalent to a lease for theperiod recorded

,renewable at th e end

,but subj ec t to the

condi tions for the t ime being in forc e in respec t of such claim .

He has the exclus iv e right of entry upon h is cl aim for m iningpurpo ses and for c o nstruct ing a residence

,but has no surface

rights . The Gold Commiss ioner,however

,may al low ad

j acent claim-holders such right of entry as may be necessary,

upon such terms as he deems reasonable . The miner mayu se so much of the water flowing through or past h is c laim a s

i s necessaryIf the supply of water becomes insuffic ient to work any

cla im, the c laim i s therebyr laid over during such insuffic iency ,

A claim recorded with in 14 days of the claims in the d istrie t being la id over for the season is not deemed laid overunless the Gold Comm issmner be satisfied that the holderhas bona /£616 expended sufficient work on i t to entitle h im tohave i t laid over .

A claim i s deemed abandoned when i t has remained n u

worked for 72 hours,unless s ickness or other reasonable cause

be shown ; but Sunday s , and holidays proclaimed by the GoldCommissioner

,are omitted in reckoning the time .

The Gold Comm iss ioner has power to regulate the numberof m iners required to work in prospect-ing a claim or se t ofclaims .

If a ny interest in a co mpany be claimed by a F ree Min erby reason of any defec t in the ti tle or representation of su ch

interes t,which defec t has been establ ished before the Gold

Commissioner,the company must e ither admi t the

claimant as a member or stake off for h is use a portion of

the ir ground equal to the defective interest, and must pay all

costs unless the Gold Comm iss ioner orders o therwise .

Every miner or company owning a claim,interest

,or part

of an interest,and having expended in cash or i ts equivalent

on each ful l interes t. o r a propor tionate amount on eachpart of an interest

,withou t receiving any re turn , i s entitled to

one year’ s leave of absence on due appl ication .

Where auriferous land i s d iscovered in a part so s ituatedthat the provis ions relating to Free Min ers ’ Certificates andrecords of interests cannot be j us tly applied ,

the m iners mayhold a mee ting . and by a two-th irds vote , make rules for theirgovernmen t not confl icting wi th the laws

,and may elec t one

of their numbs ' to issue Free Miners ’ Certificates and toenter records of Mining Propertv

200 GUIDE TO BRITIsIICOLUMBIA .

NATURE ANDSIZ E OF CLAIMS .

The s iz e o f claim s is as follo zvs : For “ Bar D iggings , 100

feet wide at h igh-w ater mark,and extend ing into the river to

its l owe st water leve l ; fo r Dry Dig gings and “ BenchCla ims, 10) fe e t s-l a Ire ; fo r Creek O la im i

,100 fee t along

the s tream ,au l fro m b i sc to bas e o f the h il l O IA bench o n

each s ide ; for“ H il l Claim s

,

” a fr I gO Ita J OI100 feet to thestream or rav ine at the bottom

,runn ing b:ick to the summit of

the h ill ; and for Ou Irtz Cla ims , fee t along the l odeC I

A ve in an'l n o t m Ire than 2 90 fee t o n each s ide . Where

“ B ench Cla im s are narrow the Gold Commiss ioner maym ark them so as to include an adequate claim .

No one is al lowed to tunnel und er a h il l from an angl e soas to interfere with p Irtie s tunnel ling from the m a in frontage .

The Gold Commis sioner In Iy refuse to record a h il l OIA tun

nel c laim on any creek wh ich c laim comes wi th in 100 feet of

any gulch OIA tIibutary of such c i cek .

Tunnels and sha fts are merely appurtenances to cla ims .

The Gold ( .omzn iss ioner may perm i t owners of b .Ick claimsto drivee a tunnel thIough the front claimsIn qu Irtz cla ims and reefs each cla imant must leave a threefoot wall between h is claim and the previous one .

The d iscoverer of a new mine i s enti tled to a c laim doubleth e nearest establ ished s ize . If the discovery party cons is to f three m en they are en title l col lect ivel y to five claims ; i f offo .1 1

‘

0" m Ire m to twe cl Iim 5 p 3 1 m In Thes e c laims are

in addition to any other c la ims legal ly held,and extend 1 030

feet on e :A A

Ich side of the cIe ek .

Cl Iims m us t b e as n sa i ly as poss ible rectangular andm II

A

IIe Il by four p Ag ; at le Is t four Inch A.s squ t i e and four fee t

h igh . They are measured horizontal ly irrespective of inequalities of surfa ce .

Th e Gold C am zn issioner may mark o ut a sp ec for d epos iting leavings

,&c .

BED-ROCK FLUMES .

The Gal l C ommis sioner m iy g" rant to a Iy b Ad I

A

cII fiumec ome my for any term no t e x ee AAd ing fi ve ye u s , e xclu siver ig It; of w Iy tli ii A

o a rh an l en try upm any In in in ’

; gIound for

the parp ose o f construeting b AIl roock flames . Thre e OI more

Free Miners may form a company .

The appl ic ation fo A a gran t must state the names of the app licants and the nature and exten t of the privi leges sough t .Ten d ays ’ notice th e reof must

i

be g iven before June and

November,and one month ’s notice between November and

June , by affixing the same to some consp icuous part of the



and fiume with those of the company ,and taking an in terest

proportionate to that wh ich th ey cede . If they abandon theirc la ims the company gets the benefit .E very bed-rock fiume company must construc t at least 50

feet of flame per member during the lirs t year and 100 fee tper member annually thereafter .

Any holder of a cla im where a bed-rock flume i s construc ted may tai l h is sluices in to the fiume

,but so as not to obstruc t

i t.

A ll bed-rock fi ume compan ies must regis ter the ir grants,

and pay an annual rent of $12 50for each i m il e righ t of way .

Their in terests and fixtures are personal property .

DRAINAGE OF M INES .

The Gold Commiss ioner may grant to any Free Miner ,company of Fre e M iners

,or j oint s tock comp my,

[ or 10yearsor less

,exclus ive righ ts of way through and entry upon any

m in ing ground for the purpose of draining i t .The appl ication for such grant must state the names of th e

appl icants , the nature and extent of the proposed drains , thetol ls ( i f any) to be charged , and the privileges sought . Itmust be accompanied by a deposi t of 51825 which will be refunded if the appl ication be refused .

Notice similar to that required on appl ication for a bed-rockflume grant must be given .

The grantees must construc t the ir drain large enough tomeet al l requirements

,and keep i t. in working order ; upon

receiving three days ’ notice they must cons truct a tap-drainfrom or into any adj acent c lai m ; and they must make goodany damage done to adj acent claims

,

-such damage to beascerta ined by the Gold Commissi oner alone . or if desired bye ither party with a j ury of five F ree Miners .

The grant must be registered,and an annual rent of $25

for each m ile paid by grantees col lec ting toll s .

Any Free Miner or company of Free Miners i s entitled to

run a drain through occup ied land upon compens ating theowner such compensation

,i f not agreed on

,to be se ttled by

the Gold Commissioner,and—if e i ther party desire it—a

j ury .

MINING PARTNERSHIPS .

All mining companies are governed by the fol lowing ru les .

unless they have p i i'tnersh ip articles d uly recorded :1 . The p i rtnership slrd l no t c ontinue for more than one

Year unless agreed in mining .

2 . The business must be confined to wri t ing .

3 . Each partner may vote at any meeting of the company

1 90?xUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

e i ther personally or by agent , and a majori ty of the interes tsvoted upon dec ides the manner of working . the number of

workmen , and the a ssesments,they choose a foreman , who

may sue and be sued in the name of the company , and wi ththe consent of the maj ori ty

,bind the company by contrac t .

4 . The partnersh ip name must be recorded .

5 . Any par tner or h is agent may represent h is interes t byl abor , if performed to the foreman

'

s satisf acti on ; and i f theforeman d ischarge such a laborer

,the Gold Comm iss ioner mav

d z cide the dispute .

6 . No p artner is bound to work during the close seasonunless so dec ided by a two-th irds vote .

7 . Al l ass essments made during the time of working arepayable within five days . After receiving notice the defaulteri s personally l iable to the company

,and h is interest therein

may be sold by the company for the amount due up to theday of sale with costs . If the proceeds o f the sal e are iusufficien t, th e Gold Commissioner may order the Sheriff to le vy

the deficiency on the debtor ’ s personal property . Ten days’

notice of sale must in e ither case be posted up near theproperty and at the nearest Court House . If the debtor beabsent from the d is tric t

,th e notice must be 14 day s , and

must be inserted in the newspaper,i f one is publish ed in the

distric t . The sal e must be by publ ic auction to the bidder ofthe sum required for the smalles t portion of property . A bi llof sal e fr an the auctioneer confers such title as th e ownerhad .

8. A written notice of abandonment served on th e foremanby a partner is absolute

,and discharges the member from all

subsequent debts of the company .

LIMITE D LIABILITY

If a mining company fil e with the Gold Commis sioner orrecording offi cer a statement containing the name of thecompany

,the area of ground claimed ,

the l oca t ion of theclaim , and the particular interest of each member , and al s oplace on a conspicuous part o f the claim in larg e letters thename of the company ,

followed by the word Regis ter ed .

”

no member will be liabl e fo any subs equent debt of thecompany exceed ing an amount proporti oned to his interes tthere in .

No member of such a company mus t hold les s than i of on efull in terest of 100 feet

,except in gold qu artz mimn O

' claims .

E ach company so constitued must keep an accoun t of as s e tsand l iab il i ties

,with the names of th e shareholders and the

interest held by each . and make out a monthlr balan ce sheet

204’


showing th e names of the cred itors and the amounts due toeach , and the balance sheet and books of the company maybe inspec ted by any cre ditor .

N0 such company can declare a dividend unti l al l l iabil i tiesare paid .

Every such company fail ing to comply with any of theseprovis ions is l iable to a fine of $125 .

Al l o ther matters respecting gold min ing companies aregoverned , as far as prac ticable , by the Mining Join t StockCompan ies Ac t

,1864 .

A shareholder in a company registered under the lastmentioned Ac t need not be a Free Miner .

ADMINISTRATION .

On the death of a Free Miner holding mining property,h is

c laim is not open to occupation by any other person , but theGold Commissioner i s to take possession of the property ande i ther represent or dispense with it, and to sel l i t by auctionor private sale . The Gold Commissioner i s also to take possession of all the property o f deceased miners

,pending the

obtaining of proper letters of administration .

LEASES .

Al l grants for mining ground,ditch privi leges

,or otherwise

,

LTG in the form of a lease s igned by the Gold Commiss ionerand lessees .

E xcept where o therwis e provided , appl ications for a lease ,accompanied by a plan

,must be sent in dupl icate to the

Gold Commiss ioner who wil l forward i t to the Governmen t for sanc tion

,except where the lease is not to

exceed five years . Pending th is appl ication,the ground is

reserved . The ground must be previously marked by posts,

and notice of application must be affixed to the post nearestthe c laims then being worked

,and at the Gold Comm issioner ’ s

office . The appl ication must be accompanied by a deposi t of$125 .

D ITCHES .

The Gold Commissioner may grant to any person for any

term not exceed ing five years,the right to d ivert and use the

water from any creek,stream

,or lake

,and to convey such

water by ditches or fiumes through any mining ground .

Ten days’ notice of the appl ication must be affixed to someconsp icuous part o f the ground and upon the wal ls of theGold Comm issioner’ s office

,and within that time any Free

Miner may protest against th e appl ication .

A deposit of $25 must accompany the appl ication , whichmust sta te the names of the appl icants , the stream or lake to


2011 11111111: To 11111'

1‘

1s 11 13111. 11 111111 .

sion er that a person was authorised so to interfere , and hascompl ied with the terms imposed ,

may be 1 ec0 1 ded and isthen evidence 111 any court of the matters therein referred to .

On the appli cation of any party i11te 1 ested ,afte1 notice to

al l co 11ce1 ned ,the Gol l Commiss oner wil l dec ide al l 1natte 1 s

connecte d with any such inte1 le 1 ence ; and if the amoun t 01

value of the matter at i ssue does not exceed $500, h is dec isionis fina l ; but if i t exceeds that sum any

.party aggi iew d ,may

appeal to the S ap 1 eme Court upon g i 1 i11g too

th e Commiss 1on wi thin fou1 days of such dec ision a writtm notice of ap

pe 1l and s ecurity f0 1 the c os ts of such appeal .The o 11 i1e 1 of any di tch , water privilege 01 mining 1 ight,

must at h is own expense construc t and maintain all culvb

e1 t snecessary for the passage of waste water through or over i t

,

except where a suffic ient natural stream exists near .

Ditches and wa te r p riv ileges mus t be construc ted in a securemanner, and ma in ta ined in good repair , to the satis faction ofthe Gold Commiss ione r; and in defaul t thereof the owners arel iable for all damage that may ensue .

The publ ication of a no tice in two consecutive numbers ofth e Ga ‘

f'

e-‘

le o r any n ewspaper c i'“c ula ting in the Province , or

by Lt ifi i l i13 s a c 1 11 1 1: 13 e ten day s on som e conspicuous p trto f any premises referred to in such notice , and at the offi ce ofthe Gold Commissioner , i s suffic ient for all purposes .

MINING BOARDS .

Upon pet it ion s igned by 101 Free Miners in any d istric t ,the Gold Commi ss ioner may consti tute a M in ing Board forth at d is tr ic t , c ons ist ing o f n ine members

,who retire annu

al ly,and are elected by the Free Miners inhab i ting the dis

trict. Every registered owner of a min ing interest in thedistric t for th 1 ee months p1 e vious to the elec tion i s el igibl e asa ca t1 ;l id tte . E tc .1 vo ter h i s nine vo tes

,but canno t give

m ore than one to each cand idate . The Gold Commissioneris the Return ing Officer and decides al l questions; of qualification .

If any m ember cease to be a registered Free Miner,or i s

c onvic ted of a m isdemeanor or felony , or o f any wilful andm tlicious cont1 avention of the gold mining laws or by-l aws ,h e ip so facéo l oses h is seat and

b

qu 11ifica tio 11 ; but if he hasmc 1 ely ceased to be a 1 egiste1 ed F1 ee Miner he mav at anyt ime regain that qualific.1t ion . If a member abscnts h imselffrom three consecut ive m eetings of the B oai d ,

th e B oard in 1yby ree solution

,declare h is seat vacated . The Gold Com

missioner fi l ls up all such vacanc ies .

The Mining Board has power to make by-l aws subj ect toe app roval of the Gold Commissioner ; and such by-laws are

GUIDETo BRITI SH COLUMBIA .207

binding until dis 11pp1 oved by the Government The Boardmay al so sugges t a lte 1 a tions of the mining l aws &c . Resolutions me p 1ssed by a majm ity of the membersof the Boa 1d .

The Boai 1l meet a t such times as a 111 11j01 ity of the membe1 s

d ec ides , or when called togethe1 by the Gold Commiss ioner .

O ne hal f o f the 111 ambe1 s cons t itute a qu0 1 11m. The v vo te 0 11esolution s by word of month . A ll questions of o 1de r, &c

1t 1 e dec ided by a m 1j0 1 ity of the Board .

The Governmen t have power to dissolve the Board at anyt ime .

GOLD COMMISSIONERS .

The Governmen t appoint Gold Commissioners , and mayrevoke al l such appointments .

Wi th in every d istric t there is z Mining Court in whichthe Gold Commissie 1 '

1 e 1 presides as judge . B ut the Government may 0 1 der by p 1oclamation that The County Courts Ex~

tension Act,1873 , shal l have force 1 11 any distric t ; i n which case

the Mining Court of that d istric t i s merged in th e County“ca rt

,and the County Court Judge will have the same juris

d ic tion and powers as the Gold Commi ssioner in such Min ingCourt ; but the County Court laws do not otherwise al ter thegold m in ing laws .

The “ Mining GouIt (0 1 the County Court in to which i tmay be me i ged) has original j urisdic tion as 11 Court of lawand equity to hear and determine al l min ing disputes arisingwith in its distric t

, ( including actions a i ising upon cont1 actsbe tween any Free M iner or company of Free Miners , andany o ther person

,for the supply of goods used in min ing , ex

c ept cloth ing and is a Coui tofRec01 d with a seal ; and with inth is q isdiction the j udge has all the powe i s of a j udge of theSupreme Cou 1 t

,except that he shall

,if desired by both parties

in a cause of l iquidated damages,or by either party in a cause

of unl iqu id ated dam ages,summon a. jurv to assess the

damages .

No prescribed forms a i e necessary, pi ovided the substance

o f th e co n plamt be properly exp1 essed 1 11 1v1 1ting ,and em

bo zlied 1 11 1 1 summons to be Issuee d f1 om the Court and servedon the Oppos ite party or a s may be d i1 ected . The summonsmay be amended b y leave of the Gold Commissioner on suchte1ms as h e may impose . $10 i s cha 1ged f0 1 each summons .

IVhe i e d isputes a1 is e conce i ning mining p iu

ope i ty , p01 tionswhe i eof a i e s ituated 111 different d i st1 Icts the Gold Commiss ioner of e i tl1e1 distric t bef01 e whom the dispute i s £11 stbrought shall determine i t .When prac ticable , the Gold Commissioner must dec ide the

question at i ssue upon the ground in dispute .


The Gold Commiss ioner may,in cases of disputed bound

ar i es or measurements,employ a surveyor to ma rk and define

the same,and cau se the expens e th ereof to be pa id by e i ther

or both parti es .

He h as power to lay over any or a ll cla ims with in h is d istric t, for such perio l and 11 11 le r such c ircum st: 1nccs as he mayth ink p10pe 1 ,

andl

to 111 1111 1 1111) m in ing 11 01 11 s to be so car1 i ed0 11 as t ) e 11 su 1 1 1 s 1 ef t

.

1 o : the p abl ic ,o i pi otect the 1n

t z re sts o fc laim-1101 le rs o r lu d—ro cl: d ra ins ; and any abando nedwo rks 111 1y by h is order b ) e ither fi lled up o r guard ed

,at the

c o st of the pa rt ies who have cons truc ted the sam e,or in the i r

abs ence , then upon such terms a s he sh al l deem exped ien t .H 3 111 _ 1y, upon req 1e s t, m trh o ut for bus iness purposes or

gardens,

o r ne w a ny mining ground , 11 plo t of groundsubj ec t to al l the ex ist ing righ ts of Free Miners . And anyb u ild ing erec ted

,o r im 1 1 o vements m 1de

,thereon for any such

p urposes,wil l be e 1 e 1. t1 d and made at the 1 isk of the p1 i

‘

sonse i ecting and m 1kin1 the 8 on e ; and they 11 i ll no t be entitledto any compensat ion foi dam 1ge done the i cto by such l1 1 ee

Miners in working thei1 claims bona fide .

He may,upon reques t

,m trh out for b us iness purposes or

g11 1 dens , on or nea i any m ining g1ound not p1 e 1 io us ly pi e

empted,a plo t of land of such size as he shall deem advisable ,

to be held subject to the 1 i1>hts of F i ee M ine i s to enter uponand use such lands fo i m in ing pu i poscs , upon reasonablenotice to quit be ing given to the occ 11p i e 1 , such notice to besubj ect to the approval of the Gold Commiss ioner

,and upon

payment of compensation for any creps ,build ings and i11i

provemen ts thereon ; such compensa tion to e as sessed bythe Gold Commis s ioner previous to entry, with or without aj ury of not les s than threeA monthly ren t of $5 is payable by the grantees of such

plo t,or the ir ass ignees , to the Gold Commiss ioner .

Any Judge of the Supreme Court may,with the cons ent of

the Gold Commiss ion er of a ny d is tr ic t , m the rul es for th ec onduct o f the business before such Gold Commiss i oner

,and

the costs inc iden t thereto .

\Vli ere any min im.

r c rus e,wh e re in the damages cl aimed are

under $250,i s brough t in the firs t ins tance before the Supreme

Court , the Court a fte r iss ue jo ined 111 1y d i1 ec t the c 1use to betried beforec anv Gold Commis s ioncir , upon such terms as theCourt shal l th ink fi t .Jurors and witnesses are entitled to such compensation as theCourt may d irec t .When 111 c ivil cases the n1 1tte1 in d ispute exceeds $250, 11 11

appeal l i es f1om the dec is ion of the G old CCommissione i t o


2 10 GULDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

regards gold (and other minerals) found in ve ins or l odes ,in troduces a system of mining entire ly d ifferent from thatwhich we have been describ ing

,was passed through the Pro

v incial Legislature .

Under th is Ac t,mining claims upon veins or lo des may

equal fee t in length,measuring along the ve in or lode

,

and five chains or 330 fee t on each side of the middle of th eve in at th e surface . The end l ine must be parallel .Any Joint Stock Company incorporated according to

law in Brit ish Columbia,or any person

,i s enti tled to locate

a claim of minerals under the Act .The appl icant must place a post on the claim required , at one

end,wi th a notice thereon containing the name of the elec toral

distric t in which the location i s proposed to be made,the

length in feet c laimed on the ve in or lode , the direc tion of thel ine on which such length is measured

,the date of the notice

,

and the names in full of the applicant .The applicant must then forward appl ication in dupl icate

to the Commissioner of the distric t, or to the Chief Commis

sioner of Lands and “Yorks,for the purchase of the c la im in

the form given in the schedule of the Ac t , and also forwardtherewi th a copy of the notice .

Afterwards the appl i cant must have the claim surveyed a t

his own cos t by a Surveyor acting under the instructions of

the Chief Commissioner of Lands and “forks .

After such survey as afore said,and a fter such notic e as is

after men t ioned,and upon payment of $5 per acre , a Crown

Grant of the claim will be issued to the appl icant .The notic e last mentioned must set forth the name of the

electoral distric t,and describe the local i ty in which the claim

is s ituate,the offi ce in which a plan of the claim is depos ited

,

the area of the claim,and the ' full names of the appl icant

,and

must be publi shed for th irty d iys in the British ColumbiaGa z ette .

The appl icants complying with the provisions of the Ac thave the exclusive righ t and posse ssion of al l the surface included with in the l ines of the ir l ocations , and of all ve ins

,

l odes,and ledges throughout their entire depth

,the ml) or

apex of which l ies inside of such surface lines extendeddownward vertically

,al though such veins , l odes , or ledges

may so far depart from a perpendicular in the ir coursedownward as to extend outside the vertical side l ine s of suchsurface locations ; but thei r right of posse ssion to such out

side parts of such veins or ledges i s confined to such portionsthereof as l ie between vertical planes drawn downwards asabove described through the end l ines of the i r lo cati ons so


continued in the ir own direction that such planes wil l intersect such exterior parts of such ve ins or ledgeIn case any dispute arise between appl icants for the same

claim or any portion thereof,any Supreme Court Judge

,

County Court Judge,or Gold Commissione r

,has power to

hear and dete rmine the dispute,and the procedure and prac

tice will be analogous to that in the Min ing Court .III the event of any appl icant neglecting to comply wi th the

provis ions of the Ac t within twelve months from the ac tuallocation of the claim

,or such extended time as the Chief C om

miss ioner may certify to be reasonable,not exceeding six

months , the claim located by the applicant will be deemedvacant .The Crown Grant mentioned include s the absolute owner

sh ip of the land conv ifi

yed ,and of all minerals there in except

gold not in lodes or ve ins .

The Act only applies to unoccupied and unreserved CrownLand , and doe s not apply to that portion of the electorald istri c t of Cariboo lying east of the Fraser River unti l apetition of two-th irds of the persons holding Free . Miners ’

ce rtificates in that distric t shal l have been forwarded to theLieutenant-Gove rnor in Counc il

,and a proclamati on thereof

p ublished in the British Columbia Ga z ette .

THE LAWS RESPECTING INDIANS

Are consol idated by “ The Indian Ac t,1876

,of Canada .

Space only permits us to give a summary of the se provisionswhich should be known by all Bri tish Columbians .

The Minister of the Inte rior is Superintendent-General ofIndian Affairs .

An Indian woman marrying a non-Indian ceases to be anIndian within the meaning of the law ,

except that she i s en

ti tled to share with her tribe in the distribution of thei rmoney s .

The half-breed head of a fami ly is not (with a few exceptions) accoun ted an Indian .

No person except an Indian of the tribe may settle uponor use an Indian reserve ; and all mortgages by an Indian ,

andall lease s and contracts whereby persons other than Indiansof the tribe are permitted to reside or hunt upon such reserve ,are void . Persons persisting in settl ing or trespassing uponIndian reserves are l iable to a fine

,and in some cases

,to ar

rest and imprisonm e nt .Al l sheriffs , gaolers , and peace offi cers must assist theSuperintendent-General or hi s deputy in enforcing the law .


Every band of Indians must keep the roads , br idges ,ditches

,and fences

,with in their reserve

,i n proper order .

NO portion of a reserve can be sold until i t has been surrendered to the Crown ; but the Superintendent-General may ,wi th the consent of the tribe , l icense any person to cut andremove trees

,wood

,and hay

,or to quarry and remove stone

and gravel, on and from the reserve .

If any person without authority cuts,or is impl icated in

cutting,timber on Indian lands or reserves

,or i s impl icated

in removing any timber from such lands,he acquires no

right to the timber,nor any claim in respec t of i t ; and when

i t i s found impossible to se ize the same,he i s l iable

,in ad

di tion to the loss of h is labor and disbursements,to forfe it

$3 for each tree , besides the costs Of prosecution . The Superintendent-General or h is deputy has power

,on rece iving a

sworn information,to se ize any timber so cut without

authori ty , wherever i t i s found ; and where such timber hasbeen so mixed up with other timber as to render i t impossibleor difficul t to distinguish the one from the other

,the whole is

l iable to se izure and forfei ture , unless sati sfactori ly separatedby the holder .

Any person se izing timber under the Ac t may,in the name

of the Crown,cal l in any assistance necessary for securing

and protecting the timber so seized ; and eve ry person resisting or obstruc ting any person in the d ischarge of his dutyunder the Ac t

,i s guil ty of felony .

‘Vhosoever,whether pretending to be the owner or no t

,

takes or causes to be taken,wi thout permission , any timber

se ized as subj ect to forfei ture,i s deemed to have stolen i t , and

is guil ty of felony ; and whenever any timber is se ized for nonpayment of Crown dues

,or for any other cause

,or any prO

ca tion is brought for any penalty or forfe i ture , the burden of

proving payment,or on what l and the timber was cut , l ies on

the owner or cl aimant . Al l t imber se ized is deemed to becondemned unless the owner with in one month gives notice tothe seizing Officer or nearest Officer or agent Of the Superin tendent—General that he c laims or in tends to claim the same ; andfail ing such notice , the Superintendent-Gene ral may orde r thetimber to be sold . Any j udge

,having compe tent jurisdic

t ion,may try and de term ine such se i z ure s

,and may order th e

del ivery of the t imber to the alleged owner on rece ivingsecurity by bond

,to be approved bv th e agent , to pay double

the val ue in case of condemnation .

Eve ry person avail ing himsel f of any false statemen t or oathto evade payment of dues

,forfe i ts the timber on which due s

a re attempted to be evaded .



The receptacle or vessel whence or where in any intoxicanthas been sold

,exchanged , bartered ,

suppl ied , or given , andthe Iemaining contents thereof , and any intoxican t importedor manufactii i ed OI bi ought into and upon any reserve

,or into

the tent or place of abode of any Indian,may be se ized by

any constable and,by orde r Of a Justice Of the Peace , des

treyed ; and the person in whose possess ion they were found ,i s l iable to a penal ty Of $100 and costs , and In defaul t of payment to imp risonment with hard labor for s ix months .

Any vessel or c onveyance employed in carrying any intoxicant to be suppl ied to Indians may be seized , declared forfeited and sold

,as in the last pai agraph ; and so also may

eve 1y thing In the purchase,acqu is i t ion

,exchange , trade ,

o r

ba i teI of “

o

’ il lCll In contravention of the Ac t the cons ide i a tion

e ither wholly or in part may be any intoxicant .Intoxicated Indians may be arrested and imprisoned by any

constable unti l they become sober . When sober , they mustbe brought before a j udge or j ustice

,and

,i f convicted of

being found intoxicated,are l iable to one month ’s imprison

ment .Every Indian admitted to a universi ty degree

,or to prae

tise law , or l icensed by any denom ination as a Chr ist ianmin ister

,becomes ipsofacto enfranch ised .

The wife and minor unmarried ch ildren of an enfranch isedIndian are also enfranchised . But these provis ions as to enfranch isement wi ll not apply to B ri t ish Columbia until extended thereto by proclamat ion Of the Governor-General .

INDIAN DEPARTMENT .

Lieut .-Colonel,I . W . Powell

,Superintendent

J . Lenahan , Asst . , on MainlandH . Moffatt

,Provinc ial Asst

INDIAN RESERVE COMMISSION .

Alex . C . Anderson , Dominion Commiss ioner ChairmanO ffice

,Government street ; residence , Saanich .

Al ex . McKinlay,Provinc ial Commissioner .—Residence , Lac

La Hache , B . C .

G . M . Sproat,Joint Commissioner . -Residence

,Vic toria .

George B linkinsop ,Commissary Officer and General Asst .

,

V ic toria .

Edward Mohun,C . E.

,Surveyor .

—Residence , Victoria .

INDIANS .

This population is numerous ; and as the Indians are prOducers as wel l as consumers , thev form an important element

GUIDE To BRIT ISH COLUMBIA . 215

in the consideration of the commerc ial relations of the Province . For the I e st

,i t may be remaIked that they a i e stric tly

u ndeI the law,and that

,with the appl iances at command

,no

diffi cul ty Is expeIieIIced III exacting obedience . III sayingthat the nat ive population i s numerous IOught to confine theIemai k to the immediate v ic ini ty of the Coast . III the inteIiOI they are comparatively few

,and sparsely dis tributed . In

many points,too

,the Indians of the interior are faI mOIe

engaging in character than those of the sea-board . Theselast

,however

,are Of a more ingenious turn . They exce l in

many simple manufactures,and are not a l i ttle advanced in

divers mechanical arts . The services of the young menamong the native s w e turned to good account in agriculturaland other pu 1 suits . Imay add that

,beyond th is , l i ttle has

been done fOI the i1 improvement,save through the efforts

of pIiva te individuals , and the ee t ions of the Miss ionariesO f various denominations who am in the field . The Government has been unpaIdonably sup ine : and i t is gIatifying toknow that

,under the new pol itical relations of the PIOVInce ,

the mm of this bIanch Of the population devolves upon theDominion .

At the outse t of the general colonization Of the country,in

1858,i t i s not improbable that a good many concealed mur

de i s of white men took place,for the sudden influx of some

twenty OI tlIiIty thousand men , ere yet the mach inery of

gove i nment was fa iIly OIganiz ed ,l ed natuIally to many dis

O Iders . Wi th the mul titude,among a majOIi ty Of well dis

posed persons no small leaven Of the WOIst char '

acteIs fromabi oau

, as might be supposed , was ming zled and i t cannot bedoubted that In c erta in cases the aggressions

,or q tal ex

cesses,of such led to retal iation

,sometimes upon innocent

vic t ims . Previous to th is the Hudson’ s Bay Company

,w ith

whom the administration of the affairs of Vancouver Island atthat t ime rested

,under charter from the Imperial Govern

ment,had successful ly restrained the natives from molesting

the few se ttlers who then occupied a portion Of the nascen tcolony . T he j udic ious administration Of the Chief Factor ,the pre sent Sir James Douglas

,K . C . B .

—then Governor ofVancouver Island

,and afterwards

,when disconnected from

the Company,Of both sections Of the present Province

,at

first for some years separate—fl co-operated with the admirablesystem which pIe va iled thIoughou t the country , in the management of the Company

’ s affa iIs,to maintain an OIder unin

terrupted by any ser ious out eak . Kindness and consideration , tempered by j udic ious fiImness , were the chief secretso f th is marked success : and when an exigency demanded the


occasional e xerc ise of severi ty,punishment was confined to

the guil ty alone,and nece ssary j ustice in al l cases tempered

by mercy . No wonder,then

,that the sudden inundation of

the country by a flood Of adventurers,unhab i tuated to inter

course with the native races,and whom they regarded as

strangers , disorganized previous restraint . But Brit ish lawsoon asse rted i ts sway . The excesses of the evi l-disposedamong the immigrants were checked with the strong hand .

Detected culpri ts among the nat ives suffered punishmentunder due legal process ; and thus order was restored . Subsequently i t be came necessary to employ severe measures uponthe IVe st Coast of Vancouver Island . One or two village swe re bombarded by the vessel s of Her Maj esty

’ s Squadron,

in order to compel the del ivery of offenders guil ty of cr imesagainst a Ship-wrecked crew—and a salutary dread was e stablished in all parts along the Coast , which the peri odicalvis i t of a gun-boat serves to maintain and strengthen .

In the interior of the Mainland,the Indi a ns are mo re

sparsely distributed,and are al together a race moral ly superior

to those of th e Coast,order has been successful ly maintained

by the C ivil Power . The native s,long habituated to our

customs , through intercourse wi th former trade rs , harmonisewel l with the present occupants ; and the kind trea tment generally extended to them by the well-disposed , secure s goodwill . It i s in the Debatable Land alone , s ituatedbetween the frontier Of the settled region of the Inte rior , andthe mainland Coast

,that any danger of col l i s ion , however

remote , i s to be apprehended . The natives along this l ine,

seated near the rapids which interrupt the navigation of theminor rivers disemboguing along the Coast—the points mostfavorable for the i r salmon-fisheries m are numerous ; and ,owing to the ir seclus ion

,comparat ively more rude and nucul

tiva ted than the rest . Through th is cause,partly

,and partly

from causes that have never been sat isfac tori ly explained ,some years ago

,a party of men in the employ of the la te Mr .

\Vaddington los t the i r l ives near the head of Bute Inlet , uponthe l ine Of road now under exploration for the CanadianPacific rai lway ; and recently a minor misunderstand ing tookplace at the Forks of the Skeena

,but unattended wi th loss of

l i fe or pe rsonal molestation . The first was se ttl ed by thelocal Government

,though at great pecuniary cost , by the

punishment of the murders : the second ,originating in the ac

cidental burning of a vil lage,through the negligen t ac t Of

some travell ing party OII the ir way to the Peace River mines ,has been arr anged by Governor Trutch

,on the part of the

Dominio n Government,by a trifling money payment for the


218 GUIDE TO BRITI SH COLUMBIA .

present,at different points there are m ission stations con

ducted by clergy of the various denominations,whose labors

,

i t may be hoped , are more or less encouraged by success .

I have thought i t proper to d I11 at some length upon thistopic . in order to d ispel the impression that appears to havegone abroad , that the natives of British Columbia are in acondi tion of unmitigated barbarism—than wh ich no statem entcan be more fal lac ious . That the large maj ori ty of the CoastIndians are morally , in a very degraded condition , may notbe concealed ; but there is nothing in the ir conduc t to j ust ifythe fabulous tales of wanton blood-thirst

,as against the

wh ite s,that have been promulgated . Thiev ish

,and deplor

ably l icentious in the i r habi ts , a s they doubtles s are , theyhave been Over-awe d by the law ; and the seeds , a t l east

,of

moral improvement —tardy and remote tho ugh the growthmay be

,and impeded by the corrup ti ons promoted by the

lower grades of the c ivi lized race—have been cast amongthem . Nor le t this c onsideration be received with sneeringincredul ity . Precept and example are never without effect

,

albe it slow,and at first imperceptible . The good is percei ved ;

and though ,as with the heathen Poet of old , i t may not at

once be practised,the leaven has been introduced wh ich

,

with time,must operate .

Upon the supe rior character of the interior tribes I havealready remarked

,and need no t expatiate . Yet even to these ,

i n common with the others,the most groundless charges have

been appl ied—even that of cannibal ism . The revol tingcharge may be unhesitatingly contrad icted ; the brave andblood-th irsty cann ibal

,

” the bug-bear held out to unfortu

nate s tray se ttlers,does not exis t here . The only instance

that might in any way countenance the shameful accusationthat Iever knew ,

took place , or was reported to have takenplace

,many y ears ago at Fort Georg ) , in the remote interior ;

where an Indian,was sa id to have had recourse to the he r

rible exped ient,to save l ife wh ile s tarving in the mountains .

The Indian thus accused , however , was regarded as a kind of

par iah by the rest ; and by the voyageurs , with a p ious horror ,was designated the .Ma ngeur dc mondc, and scrupulouslyshunned . O ther cases may possibly have occurred under similar c ircumstances ; but th is i s the only one that ever cameunder my individual notice—and Ihave wi tnessed at times

,

and sometimes haply had it in my power to alleviate, mise ries

of fam ine which,i f augh t m ight questionably excuse the re

volting e xpedient,might indeed have j ust ified it. But

,for

the h onor of human nature in i ts prim itive s tate , Iam proudto say the vile temptation was resis ted , with a pers istency of


physical endurance wh ich,witness the records of h istory , i s

not too strongly charac teristic of our own boasted c ivil ization .

Nevertheless , there was formerly a superstitious customamong the natives of the Coast

,not yet

,possibly

,quite ex

tinct in par ts , wh i ch , under an exaggerated or malevolentview , might be urged to countenance the charge . Thiscustom is analogou s in charac ter

,if not identical with , a prac

tice of which we read,whether fabulously or not Ido not

profess to determ ine , as having existed among certain European nations—the Lyca nflw'

op ia of the Anc ients , the L e upga roa o f France , the Pers ian G/IOIIZC, the Teutonic lVehr wotf—all , probably the result Of a simulated ecstacy of supersti

tious origin , resolv ing itself , at times . into a real phrensy . In

the case immediately referred to the obj ect was to consti tutepowe r as “

a Man of Medic ine —equivalent to the Africanfetish, or the l ike .

-In the Southern parts of VancouverIsland this assumed wolf-madness took the shape of tearingl iving dogs to piece s with th e tee th ; among the Bella-bellas (IfM ilbank Sound of b i ting pieces of flesh from the arms of theunres ist ing bystanders dur ing the progress of the r ites ; andfarther North , as Ihave been assured but ne ver myse l f wi tneesed , of tearing to pieces and even partially devouring asacrific ed slave . Revolting as the statement may appear , i twill be estimated at its full value

,i f employed to sustain a

charge which , ignorantly or presumptuously advanced , hasbeen only too credulously accepted .

The difference to which Ihave adverted as existing betweenthe natives of the interior distric ts and the occupants of theCoas t, ind icates unmistakably a diversi ty of origin . Thenatives of what I have termed the Debatable Land —thoseoccupying the l ine intermediate between the Coast and theinterior—are obviously of mixed extrac tion through intermarr iage , and partic ipate in the charac teristics of both races .

It is , however , aside from my purpose to enter into particulars regarding this que st ion

,which i s one rather for the

e thnolog is t than the general enquirer . Nevertheless,as re

gards the several tribes that fringe the Northern Coast of theCont inent , from the borders of Cal iforn ia up to Cook

’ s Inlet ,whe re they interlock with the Western Esqu imaux

,I may

state the conclus ion at which we may,Ith ink legitimately

arrive ; namely , that they originate from the westward—fromJapan , the Kuriles , and elsewhere . There are many pointsof phy s ical resemblance

,with probably remote traces of

cus toms , which indicate the Origin of some of them,at least ,

from Japan . Whe ther the immigration in the remote past


has been voluntary or fortu i tous,i t is of course vain to con

jecture ; bu t the possibil i ty Of the latter supposi t ion has beenconvincingly establ ished , even wi thin the l imit of my own ex

perience . For in 1834, in consequence OfIndian rumourswhich had reached the Columbia River during the preced ingwinter

,a vessel was despatched from Fort Vancouver to

Queen-ha—il th , south of Cape Flattery,to enquire into the

c ircumstances of a reported wreck . The late Captain McNeil],

commander , on arriving there , found the remnants Of a Japanese j unk , and purchased from the natives a quan ti ty ofpottery and other artic les that had formed portions of her

cargo . He l ikewise brought away three Japanese, the sur

vivors Of a crew originally cons isting , as we under stood , of

forty ; the rest having perished at sea Of hunger . It appearedthat

,having been dismasted in a typhoon and lost the ir

reckoning,the j unk had drifted for many months until a t

length stranded . Since then frequentmention has been madeof disabled j unks having been encountered at sea in the NorthPacific

,by whalers

,and the survivors Of the crews rescued

from the ir perilous condition . Al l these were more or lessadvanced in the ir drift towards the American contin ent . Onboard of one of them was found , among other merchandise ,about pounds of beeswax . This c ircumstance affordsthe clue whereby the national i ty of another j unk wrecked longago upon the coast

,near the mouth of the Columbia river

,

can be inferential ly establ ished . A trad ition of th is existedwhen the first traders se ttled there in 1810; and some of thecrew were said to have reached the Shore al ive . This trad i tion

,however

,derived direc t corroboration from the fac t

that quant ities of beeswax were cons tantly found in the sandsat Clatsap ,

on the southern Shore of the estuary—the indicatedpoint of Shipwreck . As late as 1855, indeed aft-er violentstorms

,cakes of wax retaining the ir original form and quite

uncorroded by time,were stil l occas ionally d iscovered—the

sole difference observable between i t and the recent substancebeing

’ tha t i t was of a finer qual ity ,harder

,and partial ly

bleached by exposu re .

Wi thal,the race has greatly dimin ished in numbers s ince

their contac t with Europeans . One tribe,the Chinooks of

the lower Columbia r iver—numerous when first Iknew them—has almost entirely vanished ; and along the northern coasta constant d iminution is perceptible , more espec ial ly amongthose who have immediate intercourse w i th the whites . For

this,divers Obvious causes may be assi ned . The occas ional

devastation by ep idemics,such as sma l—pox , is one : of th is

las t mentioned disease however , the spread has been much


222 GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA.

DICTIONARY OF THE CHINOOK JARGON.

Indian Trade Language of the NorthPacific Coast.

PART I . CHINOOK—ENGLISH .

Ah-ha, adv . Yes .

Ahn-kut-te,or Ahn-kot-tie . Formerly ; before now. Wi th the

accent prolonged on the first syllable , a long time ago .

Ex . Ahnkutte lak i t sun , four days ago ; Tenas ahnkutte ,a l ittle wh i le S ince.

Al—ah . Expression of surprise . Ex . A lah m ika Chahko l ah,

you’

ve come !Al-kie . Presently ; in a l i ttle wh ile ; hold on ; not SO fast .Ai-ta . Now ; at the present t ime .

A-mo-te . The strawberry .

An-ah , interj . An exclama tion denoting pain , d ispleasure ordeprec iation . Ex . Anah nawitka mika halo Shem ; ah

,

indeed you are without shame .

Ats,n . A sister younger than the Speaker .

A-yah-wha l , v . To lend ; borrow .

B .

B e-be . A word used toward children ; a kiss ; to k iss .Bed

,n . A bed .

B it or M i t . A d ime .

Bloom,n . A broom . Mamook bloom , to sweep .

Boat . A boat,as d istingu ished from a canoe .

B OS-ton ,n . adj. An American . Bos ton illahie , the United

States .Bur-dash . An hermaphrodi te .

Cal-l i-peen,n . A rifle .

Ca-n im ,n . A canoe . Can im stick , the cedar , or wood from

which canoes are usually made .

Ca-po . A coat .Chah-ko z To come ; to become . Ex . Kansih m ika chaco?

when d id you come? Chahko kloslIe , to get well .Chack-chack . The bald eagle .

Chee . Late l j ust now; new . Chee nika ko ,I have j ust ar

rived . Igfyas chee , entirely new .


Chet-lo or Je t-l o,n . An oyster .

GiIe t-Ivoot. A black bearChiek-a-min

,

fa . adj. Iron ; metal ; metall ic . T ’

hope c lIIkIImin , s ilver ; Phil Ch ikam in ,

go ld or Copper. Chik amin

lope , W ire ; a chain .

C lIik-Chik . A wagon or cart .Chil-ch il . Buttons .

Chitsh ,II. A grandmother .

ChOpe ,II. A grandfather .

( llIO-tu l) , n A fle a.

Chuck ,l l . \Vate r ; a ri ve r or stream . Sal t chuck , the s ea ;

Skookum chuck,a rapid ; Solleks chuck , a rough sea ;

chuck Chahko or kalip i, the tide rises or falls ; saghIllI

Ind keekwillie Chuck,high and low tide .

lhuk-kin . To kick .

C lose . Se e Klo se .

Cly ,If. To cry .

Cole , adj. Cold . Cole illahie,winter ; Icht cole , a year ;

Cole Si ck waum S ick,the fever and ague .

Comb . A comb . Mamo

'

ok comb,to comb ; Mamook comb

illahie , to harrowCoo-ley . To run. Cooley kiuatan ,

a race-horse ; Y ahkahyas kumtuks cooley

,he can

,i . c. k nows how to run

we l l .Coop-coop , I

n . Shell money . See Hykwa .

CO-sho , n . A hog ; pork . Siwash cosho,a seal .

Cultus , adj. Worthless ; good for nothing ; without purpose .

Ex . C ul tus man,a worthless fellow ; cultus potlatch , a

present or free gift ; cultus heehee , a j est ; merely laughing ; cultus nannitsh ,

to look around ; cul tus mitlite , tos it idle ; cul tus klatawa ,

to stroll . Ques . What do youwant? Ans . Cultus If. 6 . noth ing .

DDe-late . Straight ; d irect . Ex . Klatawa delate , go straight ;

delate wauwau,tell the truth .

Di-aub . The devil .Dly . Dry . Chahko dely , to become dry ; mamook delv , to

dryDoc-tin . A doctor .

DOl-la . A dollar ; money . Chikamin dolla , s i lver ; p il dol la ,gold ; dolla Siaghost, spectacles .

E

Eh-kah-nam,72 A tale or story .

Eh-ko-l i,n . A whale .

224 GUIDE To BRITI SH COLUMB IA .

Ee-na , 71 . A beaver . B ena stick ( l i terally beaver wood),the wil low .

Ee-na—poo or In-a-poo . A louse . Sopen inapoo , a flea .

Ek-keh . A brother-in-law .

E-la-han . Ai d ; ass istance ; alms . Mamook elann , to help .

E-l ip . First ; before ; el ip lolo chuck , in the first place carrywater ; el ip kloshe ,

best ; el ip tillikum,the first people .

E—l i-te . A Slave .

E—sal t ’h . Indian corn or maize .

G e t-up . To ge t up : rise .

O lease . Grease . Hyiu glease , very fat ; too-toosh glease ,

butter .

Hah-lakl . Wide ; Open . Ex . Mamook hahlakl la pote , Openthe door .

B aht-haht, «

n . The mallard duck .

Hak-at-shum . n . A handkerch ief .Ha-lo . None ; absent . Q . Halo salmon mika? have you no

fish? A . Halo,none . Q . Kah mika papa? where i s your

father? A . Halo,he is out . Halo wihd ,

breathl ess ;dead . Halo glease ,

lean . Halo ik tas , poor ; destitute .

Haul,I) . To haul or pull .

Hee-hee . n . Laughter ; amusement . Cultus heehee,fun ;

mamook heehee , to amuse he ehee house , any place ofamusement

,as a tavern

,bowl ing all ey ,

&c .

Hoh-hoh,III

,

”

0 . To cough .

HOOl-hool,II. A mouse . Hyas hoolhool , a rat .

House,a . A house . Mahkook house , a store .

Howh . Turn to ; hurry .

How-kwu tl . Inabil i ty . Ex . Howkwu tl nika klatawa? howcould Igo?

Hul-l el,v .

,II. To Shake .

Hul-o-i-ma . O ther ; another ; d ifferent . Ex . Hulo ima t ill ikum

,a different tribe or people ; hyas hu loima ,

verydifferent .

Humm, v . A stink or smell ; to stink . Humm opootsh ,

a skunk .

Hunl-kih . l urled or c urly ; knotted ; crooked .

Huy-huy, v . To barter or trade . Ex . Huyhuy la s il le ,

change the saddle ; huyhuy tumtum ,to change one ’ s

mind .

Hwah . Surprise or admira ti on ; also earnestne ss .

Hy-ak . Swift , fast , quickly ,hurry

,make has te .



Kah-kwa , adv. Like ; s imilar to ; equal w ith . Ex . Kahkwa

n ika tumtum , so Ith ink ; kahkwa hyas nika , as large as I;kahkwa spose , as if ; kloshe kahkwa ,

that is right ; good

Kah-na-way , n . Acorns . Kahnaway s tick , the oak .

Kahp-ho . Brothe r

,sister or cous in .

Kah-ta . How; why . Kahta mika ‘

ma inook okook? why doyou do that? kahta mika chahko? .how did you come?kahta mika? what is the matter with you? pe kahta? andwhy so?

Kal-ak-a-lah-ma,n . A goose .

Kal-a-kwah-t ie,n . The inner bark of th e cedar ; the petticoat

or skirt formerly worn by women and often made o fstrands of bark . Kalakwah tie stick

,the cedar tree .

Ka-l i-tan,n . An arrow ; shot ; a bulle t . Kali tan le sac , a

quiver ; a shot pouch .

Kal-lak-a-l a . A b ird .

Ka-mas . A bulbous root used for food .

Kam-ooks,n . A dog . Kahkwa kamooks , l ike a dog ;

beastly .

Ka-mo-suk,n . Beads . Tyee kamosuk (ch ief beads) the

large blue glass beads .

Kap-swal-la . To steal . Kapswalla klatawa ,to steal away ;

kapswalla mamook,to do secre tly .

Kat-suk . The middle or centre of anything .

Cau-py . Cofl'

ee .

Ka-wak,v . To fly .

Kaw-ka-wak . Yellow or pale green .

Kee-kwil-l i e . Low ; below ; under ; beneath ; down . Mamook

keekwillie ,to lower . M itlite ke ekwillie , to se t down ;

put under .

Keep-wot . A needle ; the sting of an insec t ; a thorn . Shoeskeepwot, an awl .

Keh-loke,a . A swan .

Keh-see . An apron .

Keh-wa . Because .

Kel-a-pie,v . To turn ; return ; overturn ; upset . Kelap i

can im . to upse t a canoe ; hyak kelapi , come back qu ickly;kelapi kopa house

,go back to the house ; mamook kelap i ,

to bring ,send or carry back ; kelapi tumtum , to change

one ’ s m ind .

Kes-ch i . Notwithstanding,al though .

Ket-l in . A kettle,can

,basin

,&c .

Kil-it-sut, n . Fl int,a bottl e

,gl ass .

GUIDE To B IuTIsH COLUMBIA .227

Kim ia . Behind,afte r

,afterwards

,last

,since . Klatawa

kimtah, go behind ; nika el ip pe yahka kiintah ,

Ifirst andhe afterwards ; okook k imtah , the one beh ind ; k imtahnika nann itsh mika

,s ince I saw you .

King George . Engl ish . King Goa rgo man , an Engl ishman .

Ki-moo tl . Tobacco .

Kish-kish ,v . To drive

,as cattle or horse s .

Kin-a-tan ,n . A horse . Stone kintan

,a stal l ion .

Ki-wa . Crooked .

Ri-yah . n . Entrai ls .

Klah ,adj . Fre e or clear from ; in sight . Ex . Chee yahkaklah , now he is in sigh t . Klatawa klah , to escape .

Chahko klah , (of seed) to come up ; (of the woods)to Open out ; (of the weather) to clear up ; mamook klah

,

to uncover .Klah-hanie . O ut of doors

,out

,without . Ex . Mamook

klag-han i e okook,put that out ; kla tawa klaghanie ,

to goout .

Kla-how-ya . How do you do? good bVe . EX . KlahowyaSikhs , good-bye ,

friend .

Kla-how-yP oor

,miserable

,wretched

,compass ion .

Hyas klahowyum nika , Iam very poor ; mamook klahow

yum , to take pity on ; give alms ; be generous .

Klah-wa ,adv . Slow

,slowly . Klatawa klahwa

,go slowly .

Klak adv. Off. Ex . Mamook klak stone kiu tan ,to castrate

a horse ; mamook klak l’a ssiette,take off the plates ; klak

kopa wayhu t, get out of the road .

Klaks-ta . Who . Klaksta mamook okook? who madeor did that? halo klaksta ,

no one .

Klak-wun or Kleh—kwan . To wipe or l ick . Klakwun l’ass1

ette , to wipe a p late .

Klale or T’

kale . Black or dark blue or green .

Klap ,v . To find . Ex . M ika na klap mika kiuatan? did y ou

find your horse? klap tenas,to be wi th child .

Kla-pi te,7 1 . Thread , twine .

Klas-ka or Klus-ka . They,th ine

,them .

Klat-a—wa , v . To go . Klatawa teahwhit, to walk ; go on

foot . Klatawa kopa kiu atan,to ride . Klatawa kopa

boat , to sai l . Mamook klatawa ,to send .

Kla-whap . A hole . Mamook klowhap ,to d ig a hole .

Klem-a-hun ,v . To stab

,to wound

,to dart

,to cast as a

spear , to hook or gore as an ox . Nika klemahun samun,

Ispear salmon .

Klihl or Klilt, adj. Bitter .

Klik—a-muks,n Blackberries or more properly dewberries

Klik-wal-l ie . Brass .

228 GUIDE TO BRITIsB COLUMBIA .

Klim-in-a-whit , n . v. A l ie ; to l ie . Hyas kumtuks kl im inawh i t

,he is a great l iar .

Kl im-min . Soft ; fine in substance . Ex . Klimmin sapoleel ,flour . Klimmin illahie , mud ; marshy ground . Mamook

klimmin ,to soften as by dressing 3. skin .

Klip . Deep ; sunken . Kl ip chuck,deep water . Kl ip sun ,

sunset .Klis-kwiss . A mat .Klogh

-klogh . OysterKlo—nass . Uncertainty ; doubt ; I don

’t know ; may be so ;who knows? Ex . Klonass nika klatawa , pherhaps Ish al lgo . Q . Kah mika kahpho? where is your brother? A .

Klonass,Idon ’ t know .

Klone . Three .

Klock . Crooked . Klook teahwit,broken legged ; lame .

Klootch-man . A woman ; a female of any animal . Tenasklootchman

,a girl . Klootchman kiu tan

,a mare .

Kloshe . Good ; well ; enough . Kloshe nannitsh ,l ook out ;

take care . Hyas kloshe,very well .

Klose-spose . Shall or may I; le t me . Ex . Klose-sposenika mamook pia okook? sha ll Icook that? ( l i teral ly , [ i si t] good that Imay cook that?)

Klugh . To tear . Mamook klugh illahie,to plough .

Kluk-u lh . Broad or wide , as of a plank .

K0 . To reach ; arr ive at . Ghee klaska ko ,they have j us t

come . Kan sih nesika ko kopa Nisqually?when shall wereach Nisqually

Ko-ko . To knock . Koko stick . a woodpecker .

Kok—shut . To break ; broken ; to beat . Hyas kokshu t,

broken to pieces .

Kon-a-way . Al l ; every . Klaska konaway klatawa ,they

have all gone . Konawav til ikum,everybody . Konaway

kah,everywhere .

Koo-sah . The sky .

Ko-pa . To ; in ; at ; wi th ; towards ; of about ; concern ing ;there or in that place . Ex . Kopa nika house

,at my

house . Lolo okook kopa mika , take that home wi th you .

Cul tus kopa nika,i t i s noth ing to me .

Ko-pet . To stop ; leave off; enough . Kopet wau-wau,stop

talking . Kopet ikt, only one . Kopet okook ,that ’s all .

Wake siah kopet,nearly finished . Kopet tomalla , day

a fte r to-morrow .

Kow. To tie ; to fasten . Kow mika kiuatan ,tie your horse .

Ikt how,a bundle .

Kul-l agh . A fence ; corral or enclosure . Kullagh stick , fencerails .



La-bleed . A bridle .

La-boos . The mouth ; the mouth of a river . Moxt leboe s,

the forks of a river .

La-boo-ti . A bottle .

La-cal-at. A carrot .La-ca-set . A box

,trunk or chest .

La-clo—a . A cross .

Lagh . To lean : to ti as a boat ; to stoo ; to bend over as atree . Wake m ika lagh kopa okoo house

,don ’ t lean

against that house .

La-gome . Pitch ; glue . La gome stick,l i ght-wood ; the

pi tch pine .

La-gwin . A saw.

La hal . See Slahal .

L ahb . The arbutus .

La-hash . An axe or hatchet .Laki t . Four ; four times . Lakit tahtlelum, forty .

La-kles . Fat ; oil .La-lah . To cheat ; foo l ; to practice j okes . Mamook lalah

,to

make fun .

La-lahm . An oar . Mamook lalahm,to row.

La—lang . The tongue ; a language .

La—l im . A file .

La-messe . The ceremony of the mass .

La-mes-tin . Medic ine .

Lam-m i-eh . An old woman .

La-mon-ti . A mounta in .

La-peep . A tobacco-pipe . L apeep kullakala , the p ipe b ird .

La-pehsh . A ole ; the setting pole of a canoe or boat .La-pel-lah . Igoast. Mamook lapellah , to roast before the

fire .

La-pell e . A shovel or spade .

La-pe-osh . A mattock ; a hoe .

La-p iege . A trap . Eena lapiege , a beaver trap .

La-plash . A board .

La—po-el . A fryin pan . Mamook lapoel, to fry .

La-pome . An app e .?La-pool . A fowl ;ppoultry . S iwash lapool, the grouse .

La—poo-shet . A fork .

La-pote . A door .

La-senj el . A girth ; a sash ; a bel t .La—see . A saw.

La-Sel l . A saddle .

La-Shal-loo . A plough .

La-shan-del . A candle .


La-shase . A chair .

La-shen . A chain .

Las-siet . A plate .

La-sway . Silk ; silken .

La-takh . A table .

La-te t . The head . P i l late t,red-headed .

La-tlah . A noise . Mamook latlah ,to make a noise .

La-ween . Oats .La-west . A waistcoat .Lazy . Lazy .

Le-bah-do . A sh ingle .

Le-bal . A bal l ; bullet . Tennass lebal, Shot .L e—bis-kwie . Biscuit ; crackers ; hard bread .

L e-blau . A sorrel horse ; chestnut colored .

L e-clem . Cream colored ; a cream colored or l ight dun horse .

Le-cock . A cock ; a fowl .L e-doo . A finger .

L e-gley . A gray horse ; gray .

L e-j auh . See Diaub .

L e-kleh . A key . Mamook le kleh ,lock the door .

L e-klo . A nail ; nail s .

L e-koo . The neck .

L e -kye . A spot ; spotted or speckled . L ekye salmon , thespotted or winter salmon .

Lo-lo-ba . A ribbon .

L e-loo . A wolf .L e-mah . The hand ; the arm . Kloshe lemah , the right hand .

Potlatch lemah,shake hands .

L e-mah-to . A hammer .L e-mel . A mule .

L e-mo-l o . Wild ; untamed .

L e—mo-to . Sheep .

L e-pan . Bread ; raised or l ight bread .

L e-pee . The feet .L e-pish-e-mo . The saddle

,blankets and housings of a horse .

L e-pet . A priest .L e-pwau . Peas .

L e-Sak. A bag ; a pocket .L e-sap . An egg ; eggs .

L e-see-blo . Spurs .L e-see-z o . Scissors .

L e-sook . Sugar .

L e-tah . The teeth .

L e—whet . A whip . Mamook lewhet, to wh ip .

Lice . Rice .

Lik-pu-hu . An elder Sister .


Lip-l ip . To boil . Mamook l ipl ip , to make or cause to boil .Lo-lo . To carry ; to load . Lolo kopa chikchick ,

to carry ina cart . Mamook lolo kOpa can im ,

to load into a canoe .

Lo-wul-lo . B ound ; whole ; the entire of any th ing . Lowu llo

sapeleel, whole wheat . MamOOk lowu llo . to rol l up .

Lope . A rope . Tenas lope,a cord Skin lope , a rawhide .

Lu in . Rum,or any Sp irits .

Luk-u t-chee . Clams .

Mah-kook . To buy or sel l . Kah mika mahkook okook cal ipeen? where did you buy that rifle? Hyas mahkook

,

dear . Tenas mahkook,cheap .

Mah-kook-house . A trading house or store .

Mah-l i e . To forget .Mash . To leave ; to turn ou t; to throw away ; to part wi th ;

remove . Ex . Mahsh chuck kopa boat,bai l the boat out.

Mahsh okook salmon , throw away that fish . Mahsh mikacapo

,take off your coat . Yaka maheh tum-tum kopa

nika,he has given me his orde rs .

Mah-sie . Thank you .

Kaht-l in-nie . Ofl'

shore .

Maht-wil-l i e . In shore ; shoreward ; keep in .

Ma—lah . Tinware ; crockery ; earthenware .

Mal-i-eh . To marry .

Ma-ma . A mother .

Mam-ook . To make ; to do ; to work . Ex . Mamook tes’

ick,to

paddle ; mamook i l lahee , to dig .

Man . A man ; the male of any animal . Ex . Man moolock,

a buck elk . Tenas man,a young man or buy .

Mel-a-kwa . A mosquito .

Mel-ass . Molasses .

Mem-a-loost. To die ; dead . Mamook memaloost, to kill .Me-sah-chie . Bad ; wicked .

Me-si—ka . Y ou ; your ; yours .

Mika . Thou ; thy ; th ine.

Mi-mie . Down stream .

Mis t-ch i-mas . A slave .

Mit-ass . Leggings .

Mit-l i te . To Sit ; sit down ; stay at ; reside ; remain . Ex .

Mitlite n ika hyiu salmon kopa , si t down Ihave plenty of

salmon . M itlite keekwillie,to put down .

Mit-whit . To stand ; stand up ; mitwhit stick , a standing tree ;a mast .

Mokst. Twice .

MOO-l a . A mill . Stick moola , a saw-mill .



O-pitl-kegh . A bow.

O-p it-sah . A knife . Opitsah yahka S ikhs , ( the kn ife’

s friend ,)a fork . This word is also used to donate a sweetheart .

O-poots . The posterior ; the tai l of an an imal . Boat opoots ,the rudder . Opoots

—sill,a breech clout .

O te-lagh The sun .

Ow . A brother younger than the speaker .

P .

Pahtl . Full . Pahtl lum or phat-lum ,drunk . Bahtl chuck ,

wet .Pent . Paint . Mamook pain t

,to paint .

Papa . A father .

Pa-see-S ie . A blanket ; woollen c loth .

Pa-si-ooks A Frenchman .

Pchih or Pit-chili . Thin in dimensionsPe-chugh . Green .

Pee . Then ; besides ; and ; or ; but . Pee weght, and also ;besides which . Pee nika wauwau wake

,but I say

,no .

Peh—pah . Paper ; a letter ; any writing . Mamook pehpah , to

write .

Pel-ton . A fool ; fool ish ; crazy . Kahkwa pe l ton , l ike a fool .Hyas pel ton mika , you are very sil ly .

Pe-shak . Bad .

Pe-what-tie . Thin , l ike paper .

P i-ah . Fire ; ripe ; cooked . Mamook piah , to cook ; to burn .

Piah sh ip,a Steamer . Piah olillie ,

ripe berries . Piahsapolill, baked bread . Piah sick

,the venereal d isease .

Saghillie p iah , lightning .

P il . Red ; of a reddish color . P il illahie , red clay or vermill ion . Pil dolla

,gold . P il Chikamin ,

copper . Pilkiu tan

,a bay or chestnut horse .

Pil-p il . Blood . Mahsh p ilp il,to b leed .

P ish . Fish .

Pit-lilh . Th ick in consistence,as molasses .

Piu-p iu . To stink ; a skunk .

Poh . To blow . Mamook poh ,to blow out or extingu ish , as

a candle .

Po-lak-l i e . Night ; darkness ; dark . Tenas polaklie , evening .

Hyas polaklie , late at nigh t ; very dark . S it-kum polakl ie

,midnight .

Po-lal-l i e . Gunpowder ; dust ; sand . Polallie illahie , sandyground .

Poo . The sound of a gun . Mamook poo , to Shoot . Moxt

00 ,a double-barrel led gun . Tohum poo , a six-Shooter .

Poo-Tie . Rotten .


Pot—l atch . A gift ; to give . Cul tus potlatch , a presen t or

free gi ft .Pow-itsh . A crab apple .

Puk-puk . A blow with the fist ; a fist-fight. Mamook pukpuk , to box ; to fight with the fists . Pukpuk solleks , tofight in anger .

Puss-puss . A cat . Hyas pusspuss , a panther or cougar .

S .

Sagh-a-l ie . Up ; above ; high . Saghalie Tyee ( l i teral ly thech ie f above) God .

Sail . A sail ; any cotton or l inen goods . Mamook sai l , tomake sail . Mamook keekwillie sail , to take in sai l .Tzum sai l , printed cloth or cal ico .

Sa—kol-eks . Leggings ; trowsers ; pantaloons . Keekw flll e

sakoleks,drawers .

Sal-lal . The sallal berry .

Salmon . The salmon . Tyee salmon,i . e . ch ief salmon , the

Spring salmon .

Salt . Salt or a salt taste . Salt chuck,the sea .

San-de-lie . Ash colored ; a roan horse ; roan colored .

Sap-o-l i ll . Wheat ; flour or meal . Piah sapolill , bakedbread . Lolo sapolill, whole wheat .

Se-ah—host . The face ; the e es . Halo seahhost, bl ind . Ichtseahhost

,one-eyed . Lakit seahhost (four eyes) spec

tacles .

Se-ah-po . A hat or cap . Seahpo olillie ,the raspberry .

Shame or Shem . Shame . Halo Shem mika? arn ’ t youashamed of yourself?

Shan-tie . To sing .

She-lok-um . A looking-glass ; glass .

Ship . Ship or vessel . Stick sh ip,a sai l ing vessel . P iah

Ship , a steamer . Ship man,a sailor .

Shoes . Shoes . Stick shoes,boots and shoes made of

leather .

Shot . Shot ; lead . Shot ollillie ,huckleberries .

Shu-gah . Su ar .

Sugh . A rattIe . Sugh Opoots , a rattl esnake .

Shut . A sh irt .Shwah-kuk . A frog .

Si-ah . Far ; far off. Comparative distance is expressed byintonation or repetition ; as siah-S iah , very far . Wakesiah , near , not far .

Si-am . The grizzly bear .

Sick . Sick . Cole sick , the ague . S ick tumtum,gr ieved ;

sorry j ealous unhappy .


Sikhs . A friend .

Sin-a-mext. Seven .

Si-pah . Straight , l ike a ramrod .

Sis—k i-you . A bob-tailed horse .

Sit-kum. A half ; a part . Sitkum dolla,half a dollar . Sit

kum sun,noon . Tenas Si tkum , a quarter or smal l part .

Si t-lay . Stirrups .

Sit-Shum . To swim .

Si-wash,An Ind ian .

Skin . Skin . Skin shoes , moccasins . Stick skin,the bark of

a tree .

Skoo-kum . Strong ; strength ; a ghost ; an evil spiri t or demon . Skookum tumtum , brave . Skookum chuck

,a

ra id .

Skwak-wal . A lamprey eel .Skwis-kwis . A squirrel .

Sla-hal . A game played wi th ten small d isks, one of which

is marked .

Smoke . Smoke ; clouds ; fog ; steam .

Snass . Rain . Cole snass , snow .

Snow . Snow .

Soap . Soap .

So-le-m ie . The cranberry .

Sol-leks . Anger ; angry . Mamook solleks , to fight . Tikeghsolleks , to be host ile . Kumtuks solleks , to be passionate .

So-pe-na . To j ump ; to leap .

Spo-oh . Fadded ; any l igh t color , as pale blue . drab , &c .

Chahko spooh ,to fade .

Spoon . A Spoon .

Spose . Suppose ; i f ; supposing ; provideded that ; in orderthat . Spose mika nanitsh n ika canim ,

if you see mycanoe . Spose n ika klatawa kopa Victoria

,i f or when I

go to Victoria . Kahkwa spose,as if

Stick . A stick ; a tree ; wood ; wooden . Stick skin , bark .

Sh ip stick,a mast . Mitwhit stick , a standing tree . Icht

stick,a yard measure . Stick shoes , leateer shoes or

boots . Isick stick , the ash .

Stock-en . Stock ings or socks .

Stoh . Loose . Mamook stoh,to unt ie ; unloose .

Stone . A rock or stone ; bone ; horn ; the testicles . Stonekiu atan , a stal l ion . Mahsh stone

, to castra te .

Stote-k in . E ight .Stutchun . The sturgeon .

Suk-wal-al . A gun or mu sket .



To-mol-la . To-morrow . Ikt tommolla,the day after .

Tot. An uncle .

To-to . To shake ; sift anyth ing ; winnow .

To-toosh . The breasts of a female ; milk . Totoosh lakles ,butter .

To-wagh . Bright ; sh inning ; l ight .Tsee . Sweet .

Tsee-pie . To miss a mark ; to make a blunder . Tseepie

wayhu t, to take the wrong road .

Tshi-ke . Directly ; soon .

Tshish . Cold .

Tsi—at-ko . A noc turnal demon,much feared by the Indians .

Tchik-tchik . A wagon ; a cart ; a wheel . Tchik-tebikwayhu t, a wagon-road .

Tsil-tsi l or Chil-chil . Buttons ; the stars .

Tsish . Sharpen . M amook tsish , to sharpen .

Tsole-pat . A shot—pouch .

Tso-lo . To wander in the dark ; to lose one’s way .

Tsugh . A crack or spl i t . Mamook tsugh ,to spl i t . Chahko

tsugh ,to become spl it or cracked .

Tuk-a—mo-nuk . A hundred . I t i s,l ike ten

,comb ined with

the digi ts ; as icht , mokst,klonetukamonuk , one hundred ,

two hundred,three hundred

,850.

Tuk-wil-la . The hazel nut ; nuts in general .

Tum-tum . The heart ; the wil l ; Opin ion . Mahsh tumtum , togive orders . Mamook tumtum

,to make up one ’s mind .

Mamook kloshe tumtum , to make friends or peace . Sicktumtum , grief ; j ealousy . Mokst tumtum nika , Iam un

decided . Q . Kah nesika klatawa? where shall we go?Mika tumtum ; wherever you please ; as you will . Ikta

mika tumtum?what do you think?Tum-wa-ta . A waterfall

,cascade or cataract .

Tup-sh in . A needle . Mamook tupshin ,to sew ; to mend ; to

patch .

Tipso . Grass ; l eaves ; fringe ; feathers ; fur . Tipso illahie,

prairie . Dely tipso ,hay .

Tyee . A ch ief .’

Saghalie tyee , the De itv . Tyee salmon,the

spring salmon .

Tzum . Mixed colors ; spots or stripes ; a mark or figure ; writing ; paint , painted . Tzum sill

,printe calico . Tzum

pehpah ,writing . Mamook tzum

,to wri te . Tzum illihie ,

blazed or surv eyed land .


WVVagh . To pour ; to spill ; to vomit . Mamook wagh chuck

,

pour out some water .

Wake . No ; not .\Va-ki . To-morrow .

VVap-pa-to . A potato .

Wash . Wash . Mamook wash,to wash .

I' Vaum . Warm . Hyas waum

,hot . VVaum illahie ‘ summer .

Mamook waum, to heat . IVaum-sick-cole-S ick,fever and

ague .

IVau—wau . To talk ; speak ; call ; ask ; tell ; an swer ; talk or conve rsation . Cultus wauwau

,idle talk ; stuff ; nonsense .

Hyas wauwau,to shout .

Way-hut . A road or trai l . Chickchick wayhu t, a wagonroad .

Weght . Again ; also ; more . Pe nika weght, and I too .

Potlatch weght, give me some more . Tenas weght, al ittle more yet .

Whim . To fell .'

Whim stick . a fallen tree . Mamook whimokook stick , fel l that tree ; also to throw in wrestl ing .

Win-a-pie . By-and-bye ; presently ; wai t .

W ind . Wind . Halo wind,out of breath (dead )

Y .

Yah-hul . A name .

Yah-ka . He ; his ; him ; she ; i t , &c .

Yah-kis-i l th . Sharp,or cutting .

Yah—wa . There ; th i ther ; thence ; beyond .

Yak-so . The hair of the head ; hair general ly .

Yak-wa . Here ; hither ; this S ide of; th i s way . Yakwa kopaokook house , th is side of that house .

Y a-kwah-tin . The belly ; the entrails .Y i-em . To relate ; to tel l a story ; to confess to a priest a

story or tale .

Y ou tl . Glad ; pleased ; proud ; (of a horse) spiri ted . Hyas

you tl yahka tumtum ,his heart is very glad .

Y ou tl-kut . Long ; lengthYout-sku t . Short ( in dimension . )


PART II. ENGLISH—CHINOOK .

Above,sagl i-a-l ie .

Absolve,mam—ook stoh .

Acorns , kah-na-way .

Across,in-a-ti .

Admiration,hwah .

Afraid , kwass .

After,Afterwards

,kim-ta .

Again,weght .

Al l,kon—a-way

Alms,e-la-han or e-lann .

Also,weght .

Al though,kegh—tch ie .

Always , kwan-e-sum .

American,Boston .

Amusement . he—hee .

And,pee .

Ange r,Angry

,sol-l eks .

Anothe r , aallyma .

Ant-s , ku ckwalla .

Apple,le pome .

Apron , keh-su or ki—su .

Arbutus uva ursi,lahb .

Arrive at, ko .

Arrow,ka-l i-tan .

Ash,is ick sti ck .

Ass istance, e-l a-han .

As if,kah-kwa spose .

At , ko-pa .

Aunt . kwal ’h .

Awl,shoe s kee p-wot .

Axe,la-hash .

Bad,me sahchie or peshack .

Bag,le sak .

Ball,16 bal .

Bargain , mahkook ; huyhuy .

Bark,stick skin .

Barley,la reh .

Barre l, tamoli tsh

Basin , ke tling .

Baske t,Opekwan .

Beads,kamosuk .

Bear (black)chet-woot itswoot(grizzly) S iam .

Beat to,kokshu t.

Beave r,e e-na .

Because,kehwa .

Become to,Chahko .

Bed,bed .

Before,e-l ip or cl-ip .

Beh ind,kimta .

Bel l,tintin .

Belly , yakwahtin .

Below,keekwillie .

Bel t,l a sanjel .

Berri es,olillie ; olallie .

Best,el ip kloshe .

Between , pa tsuck .

Beyond, yahwa .

Bird,ku lakula .

Biscui t , lebiskwee .

Bit or D ime,bi t .

Bitter,klihl .

Black,klale .

Blackberries,klikamuks .

Blanket , pase e sie .

Bl ind,halo se ahhost.

Blood,pilpil .

Blow ou t, mamook pol) .

Blue (light) spooh .

(dark) klale .

Blunde r to,tse e-pie .

Board,l a plash .

Boat , boat .B ob-tailed

’

t a bol t-tai led horse ,kiyon .

Boi l to , l iplip .

Bone,stone .

Borrow to,ayahwhu l .

Bosom (female ), totoosh .

Both ,kunamox t.

Bottle,laboo ti.

Bow, opitlkegh

Bowl,oo skan .

B ox,lacase tt.



Cup , ooskan .

Curly,hunlkih .

Cut to , tl’

kope .

D .

Dance to,tanse .

Dark,darkness

, polaklie .

Day,sun .

Dead,memaloost.

Deaf,ikpooie kwillan .

Dear,hyas mahkook .

Deep,klip .

Deer,mowitsh .

Demon,Skookum .

Devil,diaub yaub ; lejaub .

Differen t,hu loima ,

Difficul t,kul l .

Dig to,mamook illahie .

Dime,bit or mit .

Directly, tshike .

Dirty, paht illahie .

Displeasure,anah .

Do to,mamook

Doctor , doctin .

Dog. kamooks .

Dollar,dolla or tahla .

Door,l a po ’ te .

Doubtful , klonas .

Down stream,mi-mie .

Drawers , keekwillie sakoleks .

Drink to,muckamuck chuck

Drive to,kish kish .

Drunk, pahtlum .

Dry,dely .

Duck , (mallard) kweh kwehand hah l-hahl .

Dust , polallie .

Eagle , chack chack .

Ear , kwolann .

Early , tenas sun .

Earn to,tolo .

Earth , illahie .

East, sun chahko .

Eat to,muckamuck .

Egg,le sap ; le zep .

E ight,stotekin

E lk, moolock .

Enclosure,kullagh .

English,

Englishman,

Enough,h iyu ,

kopet .Entrails , kiyagh .

Even ing,tenas polaklie .

Every,konaway .

Exchange,huyhuy .

Extinguish , mamook poh .

Eyes, seahhost.

jKing George .

Face,seahhost.

Faded, spooh .

Falsehood,klimiuawhit.

Far,siah .

Fast ( quick), hyak .

Fast (t ight), kwutl .

Fasten to,kow .

Fat, glease .

Father , papa .

Fathom,itlan .

Fear,kwass .

Feathers,tipso .

Fel l to , (as a tree) mamookwhim .

Fence,ku llagh .

Fetch to,mamook chahko .

Fever,waum sick .

Few, teanas .

Field,klackan .

Figh t to,mamook solleks .

Fight , with fists, mamook

pukpuk .

Figured ( as cal ico), tzum .

File,l a leem .

Fil l to , mamook pahtl .

klap .

Fingers,le doo .

Finish,kopet .

Fire,piah ; olapitski .

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA

First,e-l ip or el-ip .

Fish,pish .

Fish-hook , ikkik .

Five,kwinnum .

Flea , sopen enapoo ,chotub .

Flesh,itlwillie .

Flint,kilitsut.

Flour . sapolill .Fly to

,kawak .

Fog,smoke .

Food , muckamuck .

Fool,pelton .

Fool ish,pelton .

Foot,le pee .

Forever , kwahnesum .

Forget to,mahlie .

Fork , la pooshet .

Formerly , ahnkutte ; ahnkottie .

Four,lakit or lokit .

Fowl,la pool .

French , Frenchman , pasiooks .

Friend , S ikhs or shikhs .

Frog , shwahkuk .

Fry to,mamook lapoel .

Frying-pan , lapoel .

Full, pahtl .

Fundament . Opoots .

G .

Gallop to ,kwalal kwalal .

Gamble,mamook itlokum .

Gather to,hokume lh .

Get to , iskum .

Get out,mahsh .

Get up,get up or ke tOp .

Ghost,Skookum .

Gift,cul tus potlatch .

Girl , tenas klootchman .

Give to,potlatch .

Glad , kwann .

Go to,klatawa .

God , saghali e tye e .

Gold,pil chikamin .

Good,kloshe .

Good-bye , klahowya .

Goods,iktah .

243

Goose, whuywhuy, kulakula-ma

Grandfather,chope .

Grandmother,chitsh .

Grass , tupso .

Grease,lakles ; glease .

Green, pechugh .

Grey,a grey horse , le gley .

Grieved,s ick tumtum ,

Grizzly bear,S iam .

Ground,illahie .

Grouse,S iwash la pool .

Gun,musket

,sukwalal .

Gunpowder,poh—lall ie .

H .

Hair, yakso .

Half,Si tkum .

Hammer,lemahto .

Hand,le mah .

Hand, (game of), itlokum .

Handkerchief,hakatshum .

Hard,kull .

Hare,kwitshadie s

Harrow to,mamook comb

illahie .

Hat, seahpo ; seahpu lt.

Haul,haul .

Hawk,shak-Shak .

Hay,dely tupso .

He,h is

, yahka .

Head,la tet .

Heart,tum-tum .

Heaven,sagh ilie illahie .

Heavy,ti ll .

Help to,mamook e lann .

Hen,la pool .

Here,yakwa .

Hermaphrodite,burdash .

Hide to , ipsootHigh

,saghalie

Hit to,kwu l

’

h .

Hoe,1a peosh .

Hog,cosho .

Hole,klawhap .

Holiday,Sunday .

Horn,stone .

GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Horse , kiuatan .

Horse shoes,chikamin shoes .

House,house .

How,kahta .

How are you ,klahowya .

How many,kunsih ; kunjuk .

Hundred, tukamonuk .

Hungry , olo .

Huckleberries,Shot olillie .

Hurry,howh ; hyak .

I

I,nika .

If,spose .

In,kopa .

Inabi l ity,howkwu tl .

Indeed, whaah .

Indian , S iwash .

In shore,mahtwallie .

Iron , chikamin .

Island,statejay .

It,Y ahka .

Jeal ous,Sick tumtum .

Jump to , sopena .

K .

Kamass-root , lakamass .

Kettle,ketling.

Key,la kley .

Kick to,chukkin .

K iss , to kiss , bebe .

Kn ife, opitsah .

Knock to,koko .

Knotty,hunl-kih .

Kn ow to ,kumtuks .

Lame , klook teahwit.

L am rey eel,skwakwal .

Lan il lahee .

Language , l a lang .

Large,h as .

Lately, cfiee .

Laughter,heehee .

Lazy,lazy .

Lead,kal itan .

Leaf, tupso or tipso .

Leap to , sopena .

Lean to,lagh .

Leave to ,mahsh .

Leave off,to

,kopet .

L eg , teahwit.

Leggings,mitass .

Lend to,ayahwhu l .

Lick to klakwun .

Lie to, kliminawhit.

Light, towagh .

Lightn ing , saghallie p iah .

Like . kahkwa .

Like to, tikegh .

Little , tenas .

Long, youtlkut.

Long ago , ahnku tte or ahnkott ie .

Look to,nanitsh .

Look here ! nah .

Look out ! kloshe nan itsh .

Looking-gla ss, shelokum .

Loose,stoh .

Lose the way , to ,tsolo ; tseepie

wayhut.

Louse , enapoo or inapoo .

Love to, tikegh .

M .

Magic , tamahnou s .

Make to,mamook .

Man , man .

Many,byin .

Mary to , malieh .

Mass (ceremony of), l a messe .Mast

,ship stick .

Mat,kliskwiss .

Mattock,la peosh .

Measure to, tahniin .

Meat , itlwillie .

Medic ine,la mestin .

Mend to , mamook tipshin .

Menstruate to , mahsh p ilpil .



P

Paddle a , isick .

Paddle to,mamook isick .

Paint, pent .Paint to

,mamook pent .

Paper, pehpah .

Pantaloons,sakoleks .

Part,s itkum .

Panther,swaawa .

Peas,le pwau .

People ; t il ikum .

Perhaps,klonas .

Pett icoat,kalakwahtie .

Piebald,le kye .

Pin,kwekwiens .

Pine,la gome stick .

Pipe,la peep .

P istol,tenas musket .

Pitch,la gome .

Plank,la plash .

Plate,las sie t .

Pleased, youtl .

Plough,le shalloo .

Plough to,klugh illahie .

Pole,l a pehsh ;

Poor,klahowyum ; halo ikta .

Pork,cosho .

Porpoise,tu iceco .

Posteriors,opoots .

Potato,wappatoo .

Pour to , wagh .

Pot, ke tling .

Powde r, pola llie .

Prairi e wolf,talapus .

Presently,alkie ; winapie .

Pre tty,toke tie .

Priest,le plet .

Proud, you tl ; kwe tl

’

h .

Provided that , spose .

l’ull,haul .

Sack,le sak .

Saddle,la sell .

Saddle housings,le pishemo .

Sai l . sai l .

Q . Sailor,ship-man .

o

Quarter , tenas S itkum . Salmon , salmon .

Q uarte r (of a dollar) kwahta .

Salmon berr ies,salmon oli llie .

Q uick , hyak .

Sal t , sal t .

Q uills , tepeh .

Sand, polallie .

R .

Rabbi t,kwitshadie .

Racehorse , cool ie kiuatan .

Rain,snass .

Raspberries , seah ul t olillie .

Rat,hyas hoolhoo

Rattl e,shugh .

Rattlesnake, shughopoots .

Razor-fish , ona .

Reach,ko .

Red,pil .

Relative to, yiem .

Remain , mitlite .

Remove,mahsh .

Return to ,kel-i-pi .

Ribbon,le loba .

Ribs,etlinwill .

Rice,l ic e .

Rifle,calip een .

Ring a,kweokweo .

Ripe,p iah .

Ripe berries,piah olillie .

River,chuck .

Rooster,la pool .

Road,wayhu t.

Roan colored, sandelie .

Roast,mamook la pel lah .

Rock , stone .

Rope,lope .

Rotten , poolie .

Round , l olo .

Rudder,boat opoots .

Rum,l um .

Run,cool ie .


Sandwich Islander,C i l)ec .

Sash,la sanje l .

Saw,la gwin ; l a sc ie .

Say to,wauwau .

Scissors,la see z o .

Sea,sal t chuck .

Seal, olhiyu ; Siwash cosho .

See to,nanitsh .

Sel l to,mahkook .

Seven,s inamox t.

Sew to,mamook tipship .

Shake to,toto ; hu llel .

Shame,Shem .

Sharp, yahkisilt

’

h .

Sharpen to,mamook tsish .

She,Her

, y ahka .

Sheep,la mooto .

She l l money (the small size)coop-coop ; ( the large) hykwa .

Shingle,lebahdo .

Shin ing,towagh .

Ship,ship .

Shirt,shut .

Shoes,shoes .

Shoot to,mamook poh .

Short vu tesku t .

Shot pouch,kal itan le sac ;

tsolepa t.

Shot,shot ; tenas le bal .

Shout to,hyas wauwau .

Shove l,la pell .

Shut to,ikpooie .

Sick,S ick .

Sift to,toto .

Sight in,klah .

Silk,la sway .

Silver , t’

kope chickamin .

Similar,kahkwa .

Since , kimta .

Sing to, shantie .

Sis ter,kahpho ,

if older thanthe speaker ; ats , i f younger .

Sit to,mitlite .

Six,taghum .

Skin,sk in .

47

Skunk,hum opoots ; piupiu ;

skubeyou .

Sky,koo sagh .

Slave,e letie ; mistshimu s .

Sleep,moosum .

Slowly,klahwa .

Small,tenas .

Smel l a,humm .

Smoke,smoke .

Snake,oluk .

Snow,snow ; cole snass .

Soap ,soap .

Soft,klimmin .

Sorrel-colored,a sorrel horse

,

le blau .

Sorry,sick tumtum .

Sour,kwates .

South,stegwaah .

Spade,la pell .

Speak to,wauwau .

Spill to,wagh

Spirits,lum .

Spl it, tsugh .

Spl it to,mamook tsugh .

Spectacles , dolla seahhost,or laki t seahhost .

Spi t to , mamook toh .

Spl i t to become,Chahko tsugh .

Spoon , spoon .

Spotted,le kye ; tzum .

Spurs,le seeblo .

Squirrel,Skwiskwis .

Stab to,klemahun .

Stand to,mitwhit.

Stars,tsiltsil .

Stay to , mitlite .

S teal to , kapsualla .

te am,smoke .

Steamer,piah Ship .

Stick a,stick .

Stink a,piupiu ; humm .

Stirrup,sitlay .

Stockings,stocken ; ku shis .

Stone , stone .

Stop to , kopet .Store

,mahkook house

O


Story , ehkahnam,

Straight, delate or delet ; S ipah .

Strawberries,amotee .

Strong,Skookum .

Sturgeon , stutchin .

Stubborn , howlkult.

Sugar , le sook ; shugah ; Shukwa .

Summer, waum illahie .

Sun,sun ; otelagh .

Sunday,Sunday .

Sunset . kl ip sun .

Suppose,spose .

Surprise , hwah .

Swan,kahloke .

Sweep to,mamook bloom .

Swee t,tsee .

Swim , sitshum .

Table,la tabb .

Tail, opoots .

Take to,iskum .

Take care ! kloshe nanitsh !

Take off or out,mamook klak ,

mahsh .

Tale or story , yiem ; ehkahnam .

Talk to , wauwau .

Tame,kwass .

Tea,tea .

Teach to,mamook kumtuks .

Tear to,klugh .

Teeth,le lah .

Tell to,wauwau .

Ten,tahtlelum .

Testic les,stone .

Thank you ,mahsie .

That,okook .

That way, yahwa .

There, yahwa ; kopah .

They,klaska .

Thick ( as molasses), pitlilh .

Thin (a s a board), p’

chih ; pe

whatie .

Thing, iktah .

Think , pittuck .

This,okook .

This way ,yukwa .

Thou,Thy

,Thine

,m ika .

Thread,klapite .

Three,klone .

Throw away,mahsh .

Tide,see chuck .

Tie to,kow .

Tight,kwutl .

Tinware,malah .

Tip to ,l agh .

Tired , till .To , Towards , kopa .

Tobacco,kinootl ; kinoos .

To-morrow,tomolla .

Tongue,la lang .

Tough,kull .

Tra il,wayhut.

’

Trap,l a p iege .

Tree,stick .

Tree fal len,wh im stick .

Trot to, tehteh .

Trout,tzum salmon .

Trowsers , sakoleks .

True,delate .

Trunk,daessett.

Truth,delate , wauwau .

Tub,tamolitsh .

Turnips,la moo-ow.

Tw ine,tenas lope ; klapite .

wo,Twice

,mokst.

Uncle , tot.

Under,keekwillie .

Understand to , kumtuks .

Unhappy,sick tumtum .

Untamed ,le molo .

Untie to , mamook stoh ; mahshkow .

Up,saghalie .

Upset to , kelipi .

Us,nesika .



THE LORD ’S PRAYER IN JARGON

Nesika papa klaksta mitlite kopa saghalie , kloshe kopaOur fa ther who stayeth in the abo ve , good in

nesika tumtum mika nem ; kloshe mika tyee kOpa konawayour hearts [ be ] thy name ; good thou ch ie f among a ll

t il ikum ; kloshe mika tumtum kopa illahie,kahkwa kopa

peop le ; good thy wi l l upon earth as in

saghalie . Patlatch konaway sun nesika muckamuck . Sposethe above . Give every day our food . If

nesika mamook masahchie , wake mika hyas soileks , pe Sposewe do i l l [ be ] not thou very angry , and i f

klaksta masahchie kopa nesika , wake nesika solleks kopaany on e ev i l towards u s. not we angry towards

klaska . Mahsh siah kopa nesika konaway masahchie .

them . Send away far from us all ev i l .KL O SHEKAHIIWA .

THE TERMS OF UNION OF THE PROVINCE OFBRITISH COLUMBIA WITH THE DOMINION

OF CANADA .

COPY OF A REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF THE HONORABLE THEPRIVYCOUNCIL .

The committee of the Pr ivy Counci l have had under consideration a Despatch , dated the 7th May , 1870,

from theGovernor ofBritish lolumbi 1

, together wi th certain resolut ions submitted by the Go ve rnmen t of that colony to the Legislative Council thereof bo th hereunto annexed

,on the subj ec t

of the proposed Union of Bri tish Columbia wi th the Dominion of Canada ; and after several in te rvi ews between them andthe Honorable Messrs . Trutch

,He lmcken

, and Carrall , theD elegates from Bri tish Columbia

,and full d is cus sion wi th

them of the various que s tions connected wi th that importan tsubj e ct . the Committee now re spectfully submit for yourExcel lency ’

s approval the foll owing Te rms and Conditions, to

form the basis of a Pol i tical Union be tween British Columb ia and the Dominion of Canad a :

1 . Canada shall be l iabl e for the Debts and Liabil i ti es o f

tri ti sh Columbia existing at the time o f the Un i on .

2 . Bri tish Columbia not having incu i red debts equal totho se o f the othe r Province s now cons ti tuting the Domin ion


shal l be enti tl ed to receive,by hal f-yearly payments in ad

vance from the General Government,interest at the rate of

five per cent . per annum on the d ifference between the actualamount of its indebtedness at the date of the Union , and theindebtedness per head of the population of Nova Scotia andNew Brunswick the pop ulation of British Columbiabeing taken at3 . The following sums shal l be paid by Canada to British

Columbia , for the support of its Government and Legislature ,to wit

,an annual subsidy of and an annual grant

equal to 80 cents per head of the said pop ulat ion ofboth half yearly in advance

,such grant of 80 cents per head

to be augmented in proportion to the increase of population ,as may be shewn by each subsequent decennial census , unti lthe population amounts to at which rate such grantshall thereafter remain , i t being understood that the firstcensus be taken in the year 1881 .

4 . The Dominion wil l provide an eflicient mail service ,fortnightly, by steam communication between Vic toria andSan Franc isco

,and twice a week between Victoria and

O lympia ; the vessels to be adapted for the convevance offreight and passengers .5 . Canada wil l assume and defray the charges for the fol

l owing services :A .

’ Salary of the Lieutenant-Governor ;B . Salaries and all owances of the Judges of the SupremeCourts and the County or District Courts ;C . The charges in respec t to the Department of Customs ;D . The Postal and Telegraphic ServicesE . Protection and e ncouragement of Fisheries ;F . Provision for the Mil itia ;G . Lighthouses

,Buoys

,and Beacons

,Sh ipwrecked Crews

,

Quarantine and Marine Hospitals,including a Marine Hospital

at Victoria ;H . The Geological Survey ;I. The Penitentiary ;And such further charges as may be inc ident to and con

nected with the se rv ice s which by the British North AmericaAct of 1867 appertain to the General Government

,and as are

or may be allowed to the other Provinces .

6 . Suitable pensions,such as shall be approved of by Her

Maj esty ’ s Government,shall be provided by the Government

of the Dominion for those of Her Maj esty ’ s servants in thecolony whose position and emoluments derived therefromwould be affected by pol itical changes on the admission of

British Columbia into the Dominion of Canada .


7 . It i s agreed that the existing Customs Tarifi’

and Exc iseDuties shall c ontinue in force in Bri tish Columbia until therai lway from the Pacific Coast and the system of railways inCanada are connec ted

,unless the Legis lature of British Col

umbia should soone r dec ide to accep t the Tariff and Exc iseLaws of Canada . When Customs and Excise duties are

,at

the time of the Union of Bri t ish Co lumbia wi th Canada,

l eviable on any goods,wares

,or merchandizes in British

Columbia, or in the other Provinces of the Domin ion , those

goods,wares

,or merchandizes may

,from and after the Union

,

be imported into Bri ti sh Columbia from the Pro v inces nowcompos ing the Dominion , or from either of those provinces intoBritish Columbia , on proof of payment of th e Customs or Exc ise Duties l evi able thereon in the Province of exportation

,and

on payment of such further amount ( i f any)of Customs or Exc ise Dutie s as are leviable thereon 1 11 the Province of importation . This arrangement to have no force or effe ct after theassimilation of the Tariff and Excise D uties of Briti shColumbia with those of the Dominion .

8. British Columb ia shal l be entitl ed to be represented inthe Senate by three members

,and by six members in the

House of Commons . The representation to be increasedunder the provisions of the Bri tish North America Act

,1807 .

9 . The influence of the Dominion Government will be‘used

to secure the continued maintenance of the Naval Station atEsquimalt .10. The provis ions of the British North America Ac t , 1867 ,

shal l (excep t those parts thereof whi ch are in terms made , orby reasonable intendment may be held to be Spec ial ly appl icable to a nd only effec t one and not the whole of theProvinces now compris ing t h e Dominion ,

and except so fara s the same may be varied by th is m inute ) be ap p l icable toBri ti sh Columbia

,in the same way and to the l ike extent. as

they apply to the other Province s of the Dominion,and as if

the Colony of British Columbia had been one of the Province soriginal ly uni ted by the said Ac t .11 . The Gove rnment of the Dominion undertake to secure

the commencement simultane ously,with in two years from the

date O f the Un ion,of the construction of a rai lway from the

Pac ific to the Rocky Mountains , and from such point as maybe selec ted

,East of the Rocky Mounta in s

,towards the Pac ific

to conne c t the Seaboard of British Columbia with the railwaysystem of Ca nada ; and further , to secure the completi on of

such railway wi thin ten years from the date of the Union .



14 . The Constitu tion of the Executive Authori ty and of theLegisl ature of Bri tish Columbia shall

,subj ec t to the provi s

i ons of the British North America Ac t,1867

, continue asexisting at the time of the said Union until al tered under theauthority of the said Ac t , i t be ing at the same time understood that the Gove rnment of the Dominion wil l readily con

sent to the introduction of Respons ible Government whendesired by the inhabi tants of Bri tish Columbia

,and it be ing

l ikewise understood that i t i s the intention of the Governorof British Col umbia , under th e authori ty of the Secre tary ofState for the Colonies

,to amend the existing Consti tution of

the Legislature by provid ing that a maj ori ty of its membersshal l be elective.

The Union shal l take efi'

ect according to the foregoing te rmsand condi tions on such day as Her Maj esty by and with theadvice of Her Most Honorable Privy Council may appoint

(on addresses from the Legislature of. the Colony of BritishColumbia

,and of the Houses of Parl iament of Canada , i n the

terms of the l 46th Sec tion of the British North America Act,

and British Columbia may in i ts addresses spec ify theEl ec toral D istric ts for wh ich the first elec tion ofmembers toserve in the House of Commons shall take place .

Certified,\VM . H . LEE

,

Clerk Privy Counc il,Canada .

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY—BRITISHCOLUMBIA .

H . J . Cambie,

D istrict EngineerJohn Robson , Paymaster and PurveyorR . H . Young

,

T . R . Pearson ,Clerks

DEPUTY PURVEYORS.

Wil l iam Ross,

John Y . Creighton .

Charles R . Macdonald , And rew Fisher ,A . E . McKay, R . N . Burton .

WalterDewdney.

ENGINEERS IN CHARGE .

O . E . Perry , G . A . Keefer,

D . McM illan,

W . T . Jennings,

H . P . Bell,

A . B rnnnel,

C . H . G amsby, J . Hunter .


TRANSITMEN .

D . R . Harri ss,

H . S . Langton ,W . Hammond

,C . H . Hannington ,

J . H . E . Secre tan,

T . H . Whi te ,J . H . Gray

,G . Hargreaves ,

Robinson .

LEVELLERS .

A . Wallace ,R . E . Cridge ,

IV. Pinder,

J . P . Howe ,A . McL ennan Simpson .

R . Hompray ,

TOPOG R APHERS .

E . McNicol . H . D. Tiedemann,

G . R . Marwi ck,

Storekeeper and Messenger

In British Columbia (the Western D ivision) the Engineer ,ing Department i s pre sided over by Marcus Smith

,C . E

and the Commissariat Department , by John Robson , who i sa l so Paymaster .

The surv ey s were commenced in the summer of 1871 , immediately after thi s Province entered the Dominion

,and

have been continued with more or le ss vigor ever since . In

1873 the re we re only three survey parties put in the field .

In 1874 they were increased to five,and in 1875

,to e ight

,

with an aggregate of three hundred men of all grades . Lasty ear there we re the same number of parties and considerablyover three hundred men employed . Last season ’s operationsinvolved a gross expenditure in this Province of about thre ehundred and fifty thousand doll ars .

The Engin eering Department has recently been under theimmediate supervision of J H . Cambie

,C . E Marcus Smith

acting as Engineer i- n Chie f for Sandfo i d Fleming , in hi s ahsence from O ttawaThe programme for next season ’ s survey operations has not

yet been made k nown , but i t i s generally understood to embrace a complete locat ion survey from B urrard Inle t to TeteJuan Cache

,in the Rockv Mountains . To accompl ish th is

would require a large force,as large as that of last year .

This done, the p re l iminary surveys wil l presumably be com

pleted and if the Dominion Gove rnment acts In good faithwith the Province , actual ra ilIvay construc tion ,

wi th a minimum annual expenditure the re on of two mill ions

,may be

expected to commence n ext vear .


Synops is of Mr. Sa ndford F leming’

s Report on the Past Six

Yea rs’

IVork .

THE COAST—THE COUNTRY —THE CLIMATE .

Mr . Sandford Fleming ’ s great report on the work done onthe Pac ific rai lway since the surveys were first begun in 1871to the 30th December last

,has been distributed. The fol

l owing is a synopsis of the reportTHE EXTENT OF THE SURVEYS .

The surveys stretch from the valley of the O ttawa west of'

the cap ital,to that po rti on of the Pacific coast lying between

Al aska on the Nor th and the Strai ts of Juan de Fuca on theSouth . Consequen tly , they embrace degrees of longitude ,l im ited by ten degrees of lati tude .

THEIR COST .

The expend iture on the surveys during th e s ix yearshave been carried on

,has been as following :

From 187 1 to June , 1872Tune 1872 , to June , 1873

1873 , 1874

1874, 1875

1876

1876,to Dec, 1876

To ta l expend i ture .

THE IR CHARACTER .

The terri tory surveyed is divided by nature into threeregions

,viz .

,the woodland

,the prairie

,and the mountain re

gions . These d ivisions of terri tory and the designation saffixed to them are retained by the Department . Theirgeneral characteristics are strongly marked : First the woodland region

,to the east

,i s densely wooded . Second

,the

mountain region to the west,i s wooded and mountainous .

The third, or prairie region ,

is a vast lowland country,in ter

spersed with or bordering on , extensive prairies . Before thesurvey was entered upon , the central or prairie region hadbeen traversed repeatedly by sc ient ific explorers , and i ts character was generally understood ; but much of the mountainand woodl and regions was unvisi ted and unknown . To a greatextent

,both were held to be rugged and in some degree im

penetrable .

Through these regions,surveys c lassified as fol lows have

been run1 . Explorations .

2 . Exploratory Surveys .3 . Revised Surveys .



branch is 83 miles . The rai ls have been laid inland fromFort Wi ll iam 26 miles . The telegraph is in operation 45

miles fur,

ther and build ings for the purposes of the railwayare in course of erection at v Irious po ints along the l inebe tween Lake Superior and Red RiveI. The distance fromS elkirk to FO It Will iam Is 410miles . A contrac t for clearingthe l ine fOI this d is tance and the eIee tion of a te legraph is inforce . The work of grading

,bridging

,and tIacklaying for

226 miles o f th is d istance is in pIogress . Westward fromSelkirk to Yellow Head Pass

,miles

,the l ine has been

pIactica lly located , and 787 miles of telegi aph constructed .

This In brie f 18 the prac tical,ac tual resul t of the labor and

money expended duIing the past s ix ve aIs betwe In Yel lowHead Pass and Lake Sup IiOI.

BRITISH COLUMBIA SECTION .

To the west of Yellow Head Pass , however . the selec tionof a route to the coast has not yet been made . This Is wherethe work is at a s tandstil l . Ten different routes have beenproj ected from Yellow Head Pass to the sea

, as follows

M l le s .

No . 1 , termina t ing at Port Moody ,B urrard In le t 461

No . 2 . terminat ing at Port Moody, B arrard In le t 493

NO . 3 , termina ting at How Sound . 464

NO . 4, termina t ing at Wadd ington Harbor, Bu te In le t 550

NO . 5 , terminating at Wadd ing ton Harbor, B u te In le t 546

NO . 6 , terminat ing at North Ben tinck Arm 480

NO . 7 . termina t ing at Kamsquat, Dean In le t . 488

No . 8, termina ting a tKamsquat Dean In le t 506

NO . 9 , termina ting at TIiuInph B ay, G a i dner In le t 550

No . 10, teIminating a t Port Essington Un certai n

These are the routes proj ec ted from the Rocky lMountainsto the coast . The sele ctions turn large ly upon the ch arac terof the harbours . Mr . F leming submitt ed th is que stion to theAdmiralty , and reports have been ob tained r m a number ofnaval officers

,includ ing Vice AdmiIal CochIane , Rear

Admiral Richards,Vice?Admiral F a IIhaI

,and Staff Com

mandeI Pender,acquainted wi th the nav igation of the B Iitish

Columbia and Pacific coast gene rallv . The preponderance ofth e testimony of the naval Office rs is fa I

OIable to Ba r z ardInlet

,an arm of the Str Iit of Georgia , as the be st h :IIbor and

the easiest of appi oach from the ocean . B i idging from theMainland to Va ncouver Island Is de emed imprac ticable atpre sent . The report . ays on th is poin t : The surveys havehowever , clearly shown that the bridging from the main shoreto Vanco uver would be unprecedented in magnitude

,and that

its cost would be indeed enormous . When,in future years ,

British Columbia i s th ickly p opulated,and the coal and iron


mines of the i sl ands on the coast form many centres of vastindus tries

,an outlay of capital , now beyond the powers of

finance,may be quite prac ticable . The exigen cies of the

future may render a continuous l ine of railway to the outershore of Vancouver indispens ible at whatever cost ; but thedifficul tie s which now demand consideration , undoubtedlyseem too formidable to be overcome at the present time .

”

With respe c t to th is d ifficul t que stion the inference s to bedrawn appear to poin t conc lusive ly to a cho ice of two d

'

t inc t course s—the selection of one of the two routes whichfirst reach the Pacific waters at B urrard Inle t ; or the post

ponement of a de c ision respecting the te rminus unt il furtherexamination be made on l and and wate r to determine if amore eligible route can be obtained by the River Skeena .

THE COST OF THEWORK .

The cost of the whole undertaking Mr . Fleming does notattempt to estimate

,but he give s a rough estimate of the cost

of the section from Yellow Head Pass to the se a , or ratherestimates of each of the ten proj ected routes . On route No .

6,that is

,from the Pass to Bute Inlet

,he has data sufiicien t

to warran t what may be regarded as a fairly accurate estimatebut on the other nine routes the data obtained are insuffic ientto admit of estimates being made with any approach of accuracy . Taking the cost of the Inter—colonial railway as h iss tandard

,Mr . Fleming estimates the cost of the route No . 6

at This includes the cost of balla stin e, per

nent fway ,rol l ing stock

,station s

,shops

,snow sheds , and

fences,indeed all the supplemental expense involved in the

construction and completion of a l ine simi larly equ ipped andequal in efficiency and permanency to the Inter-colon ia l . Mr .

Fleming adds,however

,that “ i t is an exceed ingly diffi cult

matter,even with data suffic ient to deduce the actual quanti

t ies of work , to form an e s t imate o f the cost , at all re l iableowing in part to the uncertainty of the price of labor . It isimpossible to say what wages i t may be necessary to pay .

The price of labor on the Pacific coast ha s , of late years , beenmuch higher than on the Atlantic coast ; it i s not possible toforetell what i ts range may be in future y ears . The value oflabor enters so largely into the cost of a rai lway that anye stimates of probable expense are conj ectural , unless the priceof that labor be establ ished .

As has been said before,Mr . Fleming does not attemp t to

compute the cost of the road from the Ye l low Head to thee astern terminus at Fort “Tilliams , a d i stance of miles .

The sec tion from the Yellow Head to the Red Rive r ,


m iles,runs through what is described as the prairie region ,

but from the Red R iver to Fort 1Villiams , 410miles , the roadwil l be more diffi cul t of construction .

TRAFFIC (PROSPECTIVE)It i s evident that the trade and traffi c of the present popu

lation on the western end of the road wil l c ontribute but l ittletowards sustaining the western sec tion of the rai lway . It is

the more necessary,therefore

,to consider where industries may

be developed and traffic created . The bes t lands in Bri tishColumbia appear to extend between the Rocky and CascadeMountains

,and mainly exist between the 49th and 5 l s t paral

le ls of lat i tude . B ut they are l imited in extent , and whenfully developed for purposes of agriculture and stock ra is ing ,can only have a sparsely se ttled pastoral and farming populat ion .

The data c ollected establ ish the existence of great mineralweal th in Bri tish Columbia

,and the opin ion i s expressed by

the geological offi cers of the Government that the resourcesof that Province will rather surpass than fal l short of theestimates given .

The im p ortant questi on of traffi c,

e spec ially throughtraffic , calls for j udgment in the selection of a terminus . I tis most desirable that the railway should terminate on thecoast at a harbor which from i ts general excellenc ies and geogra phical posi tion

,would best calculate to accomodate the

sh ipping of the Pac ific and attrac t commerce from distan tcountries . This ques tion has an important bearing on thechoice of route . On the one hand

,a favorable l ine , not d iffi

cul t of construc tion,may lead to a barbe r defic ient in many

desiderata . On the other hand,a harbor in every way d esir

able may be unapproachable from the interior , or one thatcan only be reached by a l lne so unfavorable in its grad ientsand general character and so enormously costly of construetion as

,in ei ther case

,to render the selec tion inexpedient .

The above refers spec ially to the ex treme western end ofthe road . With respec t to the prai rie region from the YellowHead to the Red River

,Mr . Fleming speaks as fol lows .

The character of the country and i ts capabil ity for sustaining a large populati on have now to be considered . Information on th is head has gra dually been accumulated , and a l

though certain drawbacks claim recognition,there can no

longer be any doubt respec ting the salubri ty of the cl imateand the extent of the natural resources of the terri tory . It hasbeen discovered that the great American Desert , known to extend northerly across the fronti er o i

'

the United State s . is mo re


262 GUIDE TO B R ITISH CO LUMBIA .

throughout the whole of the woodland region is generallyle s s , on an ave rage , than at that c i ty . In the immediatene ighborhood of L tke Ha ro

'

I a n IS uperior the fall is aboutthe same ; but eas t of L tke Nepig ) 11 it is found to be from 90

to 70 per cent . , wh ile from L ike Nepigon to Ma ni toba thedep th ranges from 70 to 50 per c ent. of the O ttawa snow-fal l .Throughout the prairie region the snow rare ly exceedstwenty or twenty-four inche s in depth

,and is frequently much

le ss over wide areas . In the moun tain region the fe atures ofcl imate and extent of snow-fal l are far more varied . Thewestern slopes of the Cascade and Rocky Mountain chainsare more ab undantly s uppl ied with r ain in s ummer and withsnow in winter ; the eas tern slope? being subj ec t to compa rative ly l ittle prec ipita tion . O a ly on the western s ide s o f themountain chains

,where the snow—f al l is exce ss ive

,wil l p'or

tions of the l ine requ ire to be sh edded . Generally speaking ,

with these exceptions,the snow-fall appears to a v erage less

than in older Provinces .

From me te rological ob servations made during thre e yearsin the Rocky Mountains

,Professor Kingston

,of the Toronto

Obse rvatory,has care fu lly compiled tab les which show that ,

though in some of the passes and porti ons of river valleys thesnow may average from four to five fee t in depth , in generalthe fal l i s far below that of O ttawa , Q uebe c

,and Montreal ;

while to the east of the Rocky Mounta ins,between Jasper

Valley and Edmonton,i t does not much exceed half that of

O ttawa . With respect to the cold,Professor K ingston shows

that , though the cold of the autumn i s more severe in theRocky Mounta in d istric t than in Ontario

,Quebec

,and Ma ri

t ime Provinces,yet the winter i tself compares favorably w ith

that of Eastern Canada .

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE CANADIAN LINE .

Those engineering features wh ich govern the cos t of operating a railway and transporting goods

,give promise of be ing

much more favorable on the Canadian route than on the

American l ine s .

The Uni ted States Pac ific railway attains an al ti tude abovethe sea

,at four d ifferent points

,ful ly double the he ight of the

great continen tal summit on the Canadian l ine and forconse cutive mile s there is no alti tude so low on the railwaybetween San Franc isco and New York

,as the highest s um

mit off‘ the line through the Yellow Head Pass .

“l i th res p ec t to d is tance,i t is estimated that

,from B urrard

Inlet to Montreal , would be (333 miles l es s than from SanFrancisco to New York . The Canadian route would bring

GUIDE To BRITIsu COLUMBIA . 263

New York , Boston , and Portland from 300 to 500miles nearerto the Pacific coast at B urrard Inlet than these c ities now arewith San Franc isco as the terminal point of the ir l ine throughthe United States . The distance from England to Ch inawould be more than miles less by the Canadian l inethan by the l ine passing through New York and San Fran01800 .

A TABLE OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF

SOME PLACES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA .

A lexandriaAn tler.B eaver Pass House , L igh tn ing Cre ek .

Bridge R iver mou th .

C ottonwoodDoug lasEsqu imal t , V . I.

,Dun tz e Po in t

Fort GeorgeGarry Poin tHarri son R i ver

,Mou th

HopeKe i th leyLake La Hache , Eas t end . .

Langley .

L i l looe t .

Lyt ton .

New Wes tminsterOkanagan Lake head of .

O soyoos LakePav i l l ion Moun ta in , North baseQ uesne l R iver mou thRichfield

Sa lmon R i ver Gran d Prairie .

Vanwink leW i l l iams LakeYa le

o o o o o o o o o o o o

MAGNETIC DECLINATION .

The variation of the Magnetic Needle may be approximately assumed to be about one degree , additive for eachparal lel of Latitude to about Latitude 57 ° North

,and Long i

tude 119 West .

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GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMB IA .

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23



VICTORIA RIFLES—NO . 1 COMPANY .

Captain and Brevet Maj or , F . J . RoscoeLieutenant, R . Wolfenden

NO . 2 COMPANY .

Captain , J . G . VinterLieutenant , James Douglas

NEW WESTMINSTER RIFLEs—No . 1 COMPANYCaptain

,

L ieutenant ,Ensign ,

NEW WESTMINSTER SEYMOUR ARTILLERY, (HALF

L ieutenant Commanding,

Second Lieutenant,

NANAIMO RIFLES—NO . 1 COMPANY .

J . BrydenE . G . Prior

James Harvey

NATURALIZ ATION OF ALIENS .

Every al i en born woman married to a British subj ec t shal lbe deemed to be herself natural ized .

Every al ien after a continued residence in any part of theDomini on of Canada for three years

,with intent to settl e

therein,who has taken the oaths of residence and allegiance

,

and procured the same to be filed,so as to enti tle him or her

to a certificate of naturalization ,shall enj oy

,and may trans

mi t,all the rights and capac ities which a na tural born subj ec t

of Her Maj esty can enj oy or transmi t .Oaths may be taken by any Judge of any Court of Record

in that Provin ce of Canada in wh ich such al ien resides, or by

any person authorised to adm inister oaths,or by any com

missioner appinted by the Governor , or by any Justice of thePeace of the county or distric t where such al ien resides .

Such judge or other person to grant a certificate and suchcertificate to be filed in court

,and the natural ized person can

then receive a certificate of natural ization ; certified copy of

certificate to .be evidence of natural ization in all courts andplaces . Certificate

,25 cents . Record ing

,50 cents ; and 25

cents for every search or copy . See cap . 66 . vic . 1868.

A . PeeleL . F . BonsonA . Jackson

BATTERY .

J . T . ScottE . Brown

GUIDETO BRITISH CoLUMBIA . 207

RELIGIOUS .

CHUR CH OF ENGLAND .

The m in is trations o f the Church O f England we re com

men ge l th is ca is t by the t e v . H . B eaver , in 1830, at Fo rtVancouver , the n supu osed to be Bri tish followed bythe l t e v . lt. J . St1 tines in at Fo1 t Vi c to ria

,and the Re v .

E . C ridge 1 11 18 In 18 the Home Government consen tedto the formation of the two colon ie s of Vancou ve i and B 1 itish

Col umbia into a D ioc ese o ver wh ich,by Le tters Patent from

the Crown ,the Right Re v . G . H il ls . D.

,Inc umbent of

Great Yarmou th , a n l Honorary C anon o f Norwich,was ap

pointed firs t B isli op ,and co nse c rated in “

T

e s tmin s te r Abbyon St. Matthias ’ Day

,February 241

,1859 .

The Dioc ese of British Columbia is divided into the two

Archde aconries of Vancouve r,co-extens ive with the Island ,

and of Columb ia co-extens i ve with the Ma inland . Thep resen t Archdeacons are the Ven . C .

'

I’

. Woods , M . A .

,of

Trin i ty College Dubl in,and the Ve n . H . P . “fright

,M . A .

,

o f St . Pe te i s College,Cambridge .

In 1875,a D iocesan Synod was formed ,

consist ing of theBishop, the l icensed Clern y ,

and e lec ted Lay D e legates ,which meets annually and is repre sented by an Executivelommitte e

,mee ting mon thly .

The i e 1r1 e two princip 1l schools—Ange la College for girls,

11 111 1 the Collegi ate School fOI bO ys .

The ministe i a l be lv cons ists of the B isl1Op ,1f) Cle i gy and

s e ve 1 a l miss ion 1 11y Catech is ts . Cln ist Church ,V ic toria , was

cons tituted the C 1tl1e 111 al of the D iocese in 1865 . The 1 e are

up 01 20 chu 1 cl1 e s , besides m is si on chapels . The re areseve ral mission s tations for p romoting christainity and edu

cation amongst the Indian population of which the p rincipala re th ase ot Me ul 1C 11 tl 11 and K incole th supported by theChurch M issionai y Soc ie tv . and that of St . Paul s Lytton ,

in connection with the Soc iety to 1 the Propagation of theGospe l . The i e 1s a Mission Fund 111 connec tion with theSynod , suppm ted by subsc1 iptions from churchmen andchui ch colle ction s 0 11 Advent Sunday and Whitsunday . OnChristmas D111 co l lec t ions 111 C made fO1 the Clergy \Vidowand Or p han Fund . and 011 Good F i iday f111 f01 eign missions .

The Church of En g l and in British Columbia i s in ful l c ommunion wi th the Establ ished Ch111 ch of Engla nd , of whi ch iti s a branch wi th the Chu i ch of Ire land

,th e Ep iscopal Chm ch

o f Sco tland the P i otes tant Episcopal Chu i ch of the Un itedS tates and with al l branches colon ial and elsewhere of theAngl ican Church .

268 GI‘

IDE'ro BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Roma n Ca tholics .

Bishop,the Right Rev . Charles John S eghers , Bishop of

Vancouver Isl and .

CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS—VICTORIA .

St . Andrew ’ s Cathe dral , Humbold t stree t . Pastor,Righ t

Rev . Charles John Seghers,Bishop of Vancouver Island .

Assistant Priests , Rev . Joseph Leroy,Rev . Patrick Kirley .

St . Louis ’ College for boys . Princ ipal,Rev . J . J . Jenekan ,

Pandora street .St . An n ’ s Convent School

,Humboldt stree t . Compr ising

boarding school,school for day scholars

,and orphanage .

Superioress , Sister Mary of Providenc e .

COWICHAN .

St . Ann ’ s Church . Rev . Father Rondeault .

Convent School , compris ing branch of Victoria Orphanageand school for Indian girls .

School for Indian boys . Princ ipal,Rev . Father Ron

deau lt.

SAAN ICH .

Church of the Assumption of the B . V. Mary . Rev .

Joseph Mandart.

ESQUIMALT .

St . Joseph’

s Church . Rev . Father Jonckau .

NANAIM‘O .

St . Peter’ s Church . Rev . Father Lemmens .

HESQUIAT .

Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus . Rev . Aug ustbant ; Rev . Joseph Nicolaije .

s'

r. Josnrn’

s HOSPITAL ,VICTORIA .

This charitable inst itu tion is under the d irection SisterMary B rid

gpt.

Doctor, on . James Trimble

,M . D .

In D ecember 1876,there were 16 patients .

NEW WESTMINSTER .

St . Peter ’ s Church . Right Rev . Bishop Louis JosephD’

herbomez . Clergy,Rev . Edward Horris

,O . M . I.

St . Charles ’ Church . Right Rev . Bishop Peter Paul Durion .

St . Louis ’ School . Princ ipal , Rev . Ed . Horri s , O . M . I.

Teachers, Rev . W . P . Al len

,O . M . I. ; Rev . P . Hough

,O .



D ivine Service on Sundays at 11 a . m . and 7 p . Serv ice for the young and for baptisms on the second Sunday of

every month,at 3 p .

Sunday School s ituated next to the church . Superinten

dent, W . C . Siffken . Number of teachers,18; of scholars ,

Day school s —G ra in 1nar School . Sen ior master , J . F .

Smith . Numbe1 of pupils,12 .

Ladies school . ( 0 1ganiz ed Jan . Lady P i incipal,M 1 8. C ridge . Modem languages

,&c .

,Miss Dodgson . Eng

Iish , MissO

’De ve 1 eux,and two jun i01 teache 1 s . Music

,M i s .

Nicholls and Miss Dodgson . Di awing,Mrs P . Johnson and

Miss Woods . French and needlework , M l ss B i own . Numberof pupils

,

CHURCH OF SCOTLAND

The Presbytery of Bri ti sh Columbia embraces the followingm in isters and charges :S . McG regor , A . M .

,St . Andrew ’ s

,Victoria .

Clyde , St . Andrews , Nanaimo , Comox , and Q uadra .

Robert Jamieson St . Andrew ’ s,New Westminster .

Alex . Dunn,Langley and surrounding dist1 icts .

George M 11 1 ray, Nicola Valley, Kamloops , &c .

The Presbytery wasmganiz ed 111 1875 . It IS in connec tionwith the Church of Scotland . The cou1 t mee ts in St . Andr

’

ew s , Vic toria , twice each yea1—in May and Oc tober.

Sabbath schools are held in connec tion wi th al l the chargesin towns and i n country distric ts where p1 acticable .

Al l the 1n iniste1 s in the Presbytery were educated in Edinburgh and Glasgow .

FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF V . I.

Pandora street . Rev . John Ried , minis ter .

Trustees : A . McL ean,Alex . \Vilson ,

and J . D . Robinson .

THE METHODIST CHURCH OF CANADA

Was es tabl ished in this Province in the beginning of the year1859 . To the Rev . Ephraim Evans

,D . D.

,was intrusted the

superintendency of the work .

Three miss iona1 ies —the Rev’

ds Edwa1 d White , ArthurBrowning

,and Ebenezer Robson—left Onta 1 io the latter end

of 1858,and a i rived ln Vict01 ia the ea1 ly p a1 t of the fol lowing

y ea1 . D1 . Evans settled 111 Vict01 ia ; E . White In New ‘Ve stminster ; E . Robson at Nanaimo ; and A . Browning at Fort

GUIDE 110 B R ITISH COLUMBIA .27 1

HOpe . A sanctury wa s ere cted and a church organ ized ateach .o i th es e places .

Since that time Methodism has greatly inc1 ea se 1l i n the

land ; ce 11t1 11l stations have been fonn ed among the whitep opulation at Cariboo

,at Sumas and Chilliwhack ,

at 13111 1 11 1 11Inle t at Maple Bay and South Cowichan

,at Mapl e Ridge and

Langley , Nicola Val ley and Kamloo p s , and Iccently at We l

11m 1 ton and Ha 1 eu ood Seve i al miss ions have also beenestabl ished among the natives and a large amount of moneyexpended by the M iss ionai y Society 1 11 churches , parsonage s ,and school houses .

At Nanaimo tl1e 1 e is among the native s 11 chm ch,mission

house 11nd day school,a natii e missiona i y and school te ach e I

This miss ion has been In successful 0pe 1 a tion £0 1 many yea1 s .

The Indian mission at Sumas and Chilliwhack has five

churches,besides other preaching places used fo i Ieligiou s

ser v ices . The missiona1y p 1 eaches the Gospe l to upwa1 ds of

four hund i ed natives who a1 e scatte i ed along the F ase i.Rive i 1ind Sumas Pra ii ie .

At Fo1 t Simpson a mission house,school house , and a

Spac ious chu1 ch have j ust been comple ted . There a i e abouta thousand Indians on th is station

,neaIIy all of whom attend

public 111

0 1 sh ip . Two teacl1e 1 s are constantly employed inthe day school and sometimes a thin ] . The Rev . ThomasCrosby has charge of th is important mission .

V ic toria , in addit ion to the white work , has two missionschools

,on e among the Chine s e and the other among the

n .atives The latter have a x e i y neat and commodious sanctuIy which se1 ves to1 a cl1u 1 ch and school house .

The1 e IS 11 smal l Indian church 11nd congi egation at Granvil le

,B urrrard Inle t .

All the churches are under the gene ral supervis ion of theChairman of the D istric t

,while e ach c ircuit has i ts own sup

erintendent who has charge of i ts l ocal interests .

The highest Chm ch Cou i t in the d istric t is the DistrictMeeting ,

’

which 1s composed of all the min iste i s and p i e ache i sand an equal numbe1 of lavmen

,who a i e appointed b y thei1

1 e spective qua1 terly mectings Th is Cou i t m ee ts in the eai lypa1 t of Ap1 l l In each ye a i , when the whole tempOIal and sp1 1 i

tual work of the disti ict i s brought under re v iew ,c ircu it by

ci1 cu it, and the cha i acter and conduct of each minister a1 e

examined and the 1 e sult 1 e .cmded The action of the Dist1 ict me et ing i s subj ec t to the appn o i a l of the Conte i en 1 eb efCIe i t be comes law .

A Financ ial Distric t Mee ting ,which is co 111po sed o f the

superin tendent of each circui t and m issi on,and one stew ard

272 GUIDE 'ro 111111

'

1s11 COLUMBIA .

appointed by each quarterly meeting,i s held in the month of

September . The business of th is meeting i s to examine intothe c ircumstances and probable income of the various missions , and recommend the amount wh ich in the ir judment

should be appropriated by the Missionary Society towardsthe support of the missionaries

,to make arrangements for

missionary and educational meetings,and to transac t any

other busine ss which may be deemed of importance in theinterest of the work of G od in th is Province .

The reports of the Toronto Conference of 1876 , show thatin addition to the amount of money rai sed for ministers

’

support and local purposes in the Province

,a very creditable

sum was contributed for connexional funds , to the m iss ionfund , 60; educational fund , $40 10; and the superanuated ministers ’ fund

, $34 10.

lVe copy the following stat istics from the D istric t report of1870: The number of hearers attending the Methodistministry is about churches 23 ; other preach ing places20; members , including those on trial , 623 . There are threeday schools among the Indians and Chinese

,four teachers

,

and 371 scholars . There are 12 Sunday schools , 59 offi cers ,and scholars .

The Conference M inutes of 1876 give the fol low ing Central stations :Victoria , Amos E . Russ .Chinese and Indian miss ions

,one to be sent .

Maple Bay,W il l iam V . Sexsmith .

.

W’

e ll ington mines , one wanted .

Nanaimo,Cornel ius Bryant .

New W'

e stminster,Will iam Pollard .

Maple Ridge , one to be sent .B urrard Inlet

,Thomas Derrick .

Sumas and Chilliwhack,Joseph Hall .

Indian tribes,Charl es M . Tate .

Cariboo , Christopher L . ThompsonNicola Vall ey and Kamloops

,James Turner .

Fort Simpson,Thomas Crosby .

William Pollard ,Chairman .

O f th e above stations,Vic toria and Ba rrard Inle t are self

sustaining .

Th is denomination is contemplating the erection of a coll ege . A committee has been appointed to ascertain the costand practicab ili ty of such an enterprise .


237-1 GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMB IA .

VANCOUVER ANDQUADRA LODGE , NO . 2 .

Regular communication held on 3rd W ednesday in eachmonth .

Officers for 1877 : R . B . McMicking,W . M . ; D . Kurtz , S.

M . ; R . Beaven,J . W. ; J . F . Becker

,Treasurer ; P . M . Coote

M . Chambers,Secretary ; J . G . Clark , S . D. ; A . R . Milne ,

J .D. ; P M . J . G . Vinter,D . O f C . ; W . Frase r , Organist ;

George Frye and C . Astrico,Stewards ; T Cun ifi

‘

,Tyler .

ASHLER LODGE NO . 3,NANAIMO .

Regular communications are held on l st Saturday in eachmonth .

“7m . Stewart,W . M . ; S . B . Hamilton , S.W . ; S . Drake

S .

1W. ; M . B . Clarke,Secretary ; Thomas Lindsay , Treasurer ;

H . Maguire,S . D. ; C . N . Young

,S . D. ; Mark Bate , P . M .

D . of C . ; Caleb Colmar , Wm . Stewart , Stewards ; RobertA i tkin . S . G . ; R . 0 . Beck

,Tyler .

UNION LODGE,NO . 9

,NEW WESTM INSTER , B . C .

Regular communications held on first Monday in eachmonth

,at 8p . m .

Officers : J . S . Clute,W . M . ;Dr . McInnes , S . VV. ; J .

Spears,J . W . ; A .

-H . McB ride,S . D. ; W . Powers , J . D. ;

R . Dickinson,Treasurer

,J . G . Jaques , Secretary ; Christo

pher Lee,T . G . T . Al l ison

,Tyler .

CARIBOO LODGE,NO . 4

,BARKERVILLE

,B . C .

Regular c ommunications are held on the first Saturday ineach month

,at p . m .

O fficers : Wm ..Stephenson

,W . M . ; E . C . Neu felder , S .

W . ; A . Lindsay,J . W. ; A . Pendola , Treasurer ; J . C . MC

Mill ian,Secretary ; H .

.

McDermott, S . D. ; J . VanVO lken

burgh,J . D. ; W . Tucker

,J . G . ; C . Paulsen , Tyler .

MOUNT HERMON LODGE,NO . 7

,BURRARDINLET , B . C .

Regular communications are held on the Saturday neares tful l moon

,at 8p . m .

O fficers : J . A . Cottrel l,“7 . M . ; P . W . Swett

, S . W . ; B .

Springer,J . W . ; J . Van Braemar , Treasurer ; J . C . McCulley,

Secretary ; R . Millman , S . D. ; P . A . Al lan , J . D. ; S . Proctor ,I. G . ; G . W . Cole

,Ty ]

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMB IA .275

I. O . O . F .

RIGHT W ORTHY GRAND LODGE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Ele c tive Offi cers,1877 : Richard Roberts

,M . W . Grand

Master ; W'

. J . Jefi'

ree,R . W . Deputy G . M . ; J . T . Scott , R .

W . Grand \Varden ; J . D . Robinson,R . W . Grand Secre tary ;

J . Wriglesworth ,R . W . Grand Treasurer .

VICTORIA LODGE,NO . 1

,VICTOR IA .

Meets Monday . Edgar Fawcett,N . G . David Dale ; V . G .

Frederick Davey,R . P . Secretary ; John Weile r , Treasurer .

COLUMBIA LODGE,NO , 2 , VICTORIA .

Meets Thursday . Joseph Sears,N . G . ; George H . May

nard,V . G . ; R . W . Fawcett

,R . Secre tarv ; J . P . Goodhue ,

Treasure r ; Walter Shears , P . Secretary .

NEW WESTM INSTER LODGE,No . 3

,NEW W ESTM INSTER .

Meets Thursday . George Turner,N . G . Wm . MCCOll,

V . G . ; R . A . Brown,R . Secretary ; J . Morey , Treasurer ; J .

E . Insley,P . Secretary .

DOM INION LODGE,NO . 4 , VICTORIA .

Meets 1Wednesday . J . Batchelor,N . G . ; A . J . Gray , V .

G . E . Fletcher , R . Secretary ; T . N . Hibben , Treasurer ; H .

O . Tiedeman,P . Secre tary .

BLACK DIAMOND LODGE,NO . 5

,NANAIMO .

Meets Saturday . George Norris,N . G . ; John

‘

vVilson, V .

G . ; Frederick W i ld , R . Secretary ; IVm . Reid

,Treasure r ;

Jam e s IVilCOX ,P . Se cretary .

VANCOUVER ENCAMPMENT,NO . 1 .

Elec tive Offi cers : Charles Gowen,C . P . ; Charles Hay

ward,H P . ; R . Bowle s

,S . IV . ; J . S . Drummond

,Scribe ;

F . G . Richards,Treasurer ; M . Hart

,J . IV .

MECHANIC I

’ LITERARY INSTITUTE .

Philharmon i c Hall,Fort street

,Victoria . President

,

Jame s Fe l l ; Treasurer , Robert \Villiams,M . A . ; Se cretary ,

James Raymu r .

Committee : IVm . IVilson,Alfred Fellows

,E . H . Hiscoeks ,

J . Gordon V inter,D . W . Higgins

,R . Harvey .

Librarian,J . Q . Hewlings

The Reading Room,c ontaining the leading Engl ish

,

Canad ian , American and l ocal newspa p e rs , magazines , &c .

,

O p en from 9 a . m . to 10 p . In . daily . The Library containsabou t works of all descriptions for c irculati on and re


ference . Open from 12 to 1,3 to 5 and 7 to 9 , daily , excep t

Sundays .

Terms Of subscription, (Open to all) one year , $10,

in ad

vance . Monthly, $1 . Ladies

, $5 per annum ,in advance .

ST . ANDREW’ S CALEDONIAN SOCIETY .

Victoria . President,John ROSS ; Vice Presidents , James

Muirhead,John Black ; Treasurer , Donald McKay ; Secretary ,

John Russel l ; Chaplain , Rev . S McG regor ; Physic ian , Dr .

Trimble ; Directors , R . P . Rithet, J . H . Lawson,Geo . IVebb ,

H . McKenz ie,James Burns

,A . B . Gray

,John Goodfel low .

NEW W ESTMINSTER ST . ANDRE W S SOCIETY .

President , J . K . Suter ; Vice Pres ident , J . D . Scott ;Treasurer , J . Irving ; Secretary , J . McMurphy .

ANCIENT ORDER FORESTERS .

COLUMB IA DISTRICT .

Distric t Chief Ranger,G eo . W . Anderson , Victoria ; Dis

trict Sub Chief Ranger,James Knight , Wellington ; Distric t

Treasurer , C . J . Phill ips,Victor ia ; D istric t Secretary , F . G .

Richards , Jr .,Victoria .

COURT VANCOUVER , NO . 5755 .

Foresters ’ Hall,Bastion s treet

,Victoria . Chief Ranger

,

W . Gregory,Victoria ; Secretary, H . Soar

,Victoria .

COURT NANAIMO FORESTERS ’ HOME , NO . 5886 .

Foresters ’ Hall,Victoria Cresent

,Nanaimo . Chief Ranger

,

M . Bate,Nanaimo ; Secretary , J . Blundell

,Nanaimo .

COURT WESTERN STAR,NO . 6194 .

Foresters ’ Hall,Wellington . Chief Ranger

,Geo . Thomp

son , Wellington ; Secretary , IV . H . Hall,Wellington .

COURT COMOX FORESTERS’ HOPE,NO . 6195 .

Foresters ’ Hal l , Comox . Chief Ranger,G . F . Drabble ,

Comox ; Secretary , Thos . H . Piercy , Comox .

COURT LORD DUFFERIN,NO . 6304 .

Masonic Hall,Columbia street

,New Westminster . Chief

Ranger,James K . Suter , New IVe stminster. Secretary

,

James McMurphy,New IVestmin ster .

COURT NORTHERN LIGHT,NO 5935 .

Foresters ’ Hall,Bastion street

,Vic toria . Ch ief Ranger

,

H. Smith , Victoria ; Secretary , Frederick Davey , Vic toria .

F . G . Richards , Jr .

,Secre tarv Columbia Distric t .



S ister S . A . Ashwell,W . T . ; Bro . J . Barker , IV. C . ; Bro . C .

Bicknel l , IV . M . ; Sister C . Chapman , IV. J . G . ; Bro . M . F .

G illanders, W . C . G '

; Bro . C . W . G allanders,P . IV. C . T .

PROTESTANT ORPHANS ’ HOME VICTORIA .

The annual meeting Of th is institution was held on 30th

January , 1877 . Mr . Spencer,Treasurer

,read the financ ia l

report . The receip ts from subscr iptions and donations during 1876 were 20 which

,with a balance Of $582 82 on

hand on the 31st December,1875

,made an aggregate of

02 . During 1876 there wa s an expenditure of $2 ,511 07

, leaving a balance on hand of $383 95 . The debt onthe Orphanage was reduced by $250,

leav ing a balance stil ldue of The original cost of the Orphanage propertywas The number of inmate s is 21 . During the yearsi x children we re provided wi th comfortable houses outsideOf the Orphanage . The general and lad ies ’ commi ttee werere-e lec ted . Senator Macdonald was re-elected Chairman ;Mr . RObert Wallace , re-el ected Secretary ; Mr . D . Spencer ,re-elec ted Treasurer . On motion Of Mr . Trounce

,seconded

by Mr . Higgins,the clergymen Of the Pandora stree t and

Baptist churches were invi ted to become members Of theAssoc iation .

O fficers for the year 1877 : President , Hon . W . J . Macdonald ; Secretary , Robert IVaIlace ; Treasurer , Dav id Spencer .

ROYAL HOSPITAL,VICTORIA .

Dr . Davie,Medical Attendant ; E . G rancini , President ;

James Burns,M . W . T . Drake , T . Alsopp,

H . Short , T .

Shotbolt, D irectors ; IV . C . Ward,Treasurer ; H . L . Jones ,

Secretary ; Alex . McNab,Steward ; Edward Price , Nurse .

BRITISH COLUMBIA PIONEER SOCIETY .

President,G . T . Seymour ; Vic e President , T . E lwyn ;

Physic ian,Dr . Trimble ; Secretary , C . Kent ; Treasurer , P .

McQuade .

Directors : W . P . Sayward,A . Astrico ,

P . J . Leech , D . W .

Chaney .


HOSPITALS IN THE PROVINCE .

Royal Hospi tal , Pandora Avenue , Victoria .

New Westminster .

Barkerville .

Nanaimo .

These are Publ ic Hospitals and are assisted by contribu

tions from the Provincial Governmen t .Marine Hosp i tal (maintained by the Dom inion Government)

Victoria West .Lunatic Assylum (maintained by the Prov inc ial Government)

New Westminster .French Hospital

,Coll inson stree t

,Victoria .

St . Joseph’

s Hosp i tal,Coll inson street

,Victoria .

BRITISH COLUMBIA BENEVOLENT SOCIETY .

[ESTABLISHEDPatron , Sir James Douglas , K . C . B .

Pres ident,Roderick Finlayson ; Vice President , Alexander

McL ean .

Committee : T . Al lsop,A . C . E l l iott

,James Fell

,R . Fin

layson , A . Fellows,E . G rancini

,H . L . Jones , M . T . JOhn

ston , A . McL ean,P . McQuade ,

Edgar Marvin,J . B . Mat

thews , C . J . Prevost,G . I. Stuart

,W . C . Ward .

Chairman Of ladies’ committee,J . B . Matthews .

Treasurer , E . G rancini ; Secretary , G eo . I. Stuart .Rel ief Committee

,for January , Apri l , July , October : G .

I. S tuart , Secre t 'ry ; J . Fell,W . C . Ward , A . McL ean

Vice President .For February

,May

,Au gust , November : P . McQuade ,

gecretary ; E . Marvin

,A . C . El l iott

,A . McLean , V i c Presi

ent .For March

,June

,September

,December : H . L . Jones ,

Secretary ; M . T . Johnson,A . Fellows

,A . M cL ean Vice

President .This Socie ty is designed upon the broad princ ipal Of prae

tical benevolence,without regard to creed ,

color,or nation

al ity , and i s intended for the rel ief Of such distress or

destitution as may appear from time to t ime to cal l for succour .

It i s general ly conceded that indiscriminate generosi tyalmost entirely fall s Short Of i ts good purpose

,and th is

Society aims in the collec t ion Of contributions from the publ ic to organize the distribution Of i ts funds

,SO that such


contributions may effec t as much good as possible,and that

cases Of imposture may be avo ided .

The oRelief Comm ittee appointed'

for each month Of th eyear , wil l rece ive and take into considerat ion , al l appl icati onsfor aid , and wil l also cons ider al l cases Of wh ich they mayrece ive information , wi th a v iew to the granting of such helpas may appear desirable .

THE VICTORIA JEWISH LADIES ’ BENEVOLENTSOCIETY .

Presiden t, Mrs . G . Oppenhe imer ; V ice President , Mrs . A .

Ph il l ips .

Trustees , Mrs . J . B oscowitz,Mrs . J . Lantz .

Hon . Secretary and Treasurer,Rev . A . Myer .

FRENCH BENEVOLENT AND MUTUAL SOCIETY .

[FOUNDED IN VICTORIA, v . I.

,FEB . 24TH, 1860 ]

Th is Insti tution accepts persons of all national ities an drel igions as members

, on the ir agree ing to the rules and regulations , and aying the requis i te fees

,v iz .

, $1 per month or

$100 for a HE) membership .

The hosp i ta l is s ituated on Coll inson street,and any mem

ber is enti tled to adm i ttance , or to get med ic ine free of

Charge ; but if attended by the doc tor at h is or her own

resi ence , the fee is $1 for each visi t .Members Of Comm i ttee : President , J . B . Mayerau ; Vice

President, F . Leslouis ; Secretar P . B ocion ; Treasurer , M .

Camsusa ; Medical Attendant , Ohn Ash,M . D. ; Steward ,

R . Thornhil l .D irec tors : P . Tisset ; C . Lombard ; L . Lucas .

THE INCORPORATED LAW SOCIETY OF BRITISHCOLUMBIA .

Benchers : Hon . A . C . El liott,Attorney-General ; J . F .

McCre ight, Q . C .,Treasurer ; M . W . T . Drake ; A . R . Bob

ertson, Q . C . ; A . E . B . Dav ie ; G . A . IV’

alkeIn , Q . C (retired .)H . B . W . A ikman

,Secretary .

Annual meeting March 27th .



Fuca , and , in pleasant weather is one Of the most enchantingplaces on the northern Pac ific coast . On the outskirts Of thecity are many attractive res idences ; and almost every cottaged isplays its pretty garden

,cul tivated frequently w ith no small

degree Of horticul tural taste . I ts heal thfulness and salubrityof cl imate is now getting extens ively known

,and many

persons resort to the c i ty to spend the summer mon ths , andno few to recuperate the ir health . The thermometer seldomgets as low as zero in winter

, and rarely higher than 85° insummer—ranging general ly between 55° andThough Victoria can so far boast Of no ed ifice of h igh

arch i tec tural pretens ions,i t contains many neat and substan

tially construc ted publ ic bu ildings and dwell ing houses .The c ity is well suppl ied with pure wholesome water

brought from E lk Lake,a distance Of seven m il es , in iron

pipes , at a cost of near one hundred and seventy-five thousanddollars . The works are owned and control led by the c i ty .

Gas was introduced by a company several years since,and

many Of the streets Of the c i ty are i llum inated,and its c itizen s

can enj oy these necessary articles Of safety and comfort asthe ir resources permi t .There is also a very effi c ient

"

Fire Brigade,a Chamber Of

Commerce , an Agricultural and Horticul tural Soc iety . andmany other institutions and organizations wh ich are moreful ly referred to in the following tables and returns , or havebeen alluded to in the preceeding remarks .

There are four Hospitals ; one Lunati c Assylum ; (temporary); two Iron Foundaries ; two Sash and Door, &c .

, Factories ;one C igar Manufactory ; two Tanneries ; Six Breweries ; twoSoap Factories ; two Boot and Shoe Factories ; two Ship Yards ;two Lumber Yards ; three Waggon , &c . , Makers ; three Mach in ists ; three Boiler &c . Makers ; one Bookbinding BlankbOOk Manufac tory one Match Facto ry ; two Brick Yards ; threePrinting O ffices ; and several other manufacturing establ ish

inents Of various kinds , among which may be named the folow ingThe A lb ion Iron Works , Of wh ich Mr . Joseph Spratt isProprietor , are S i tuated on Store street , and i s the largestestabl ishment of the kind north Of San Francisco .

The Works comprise Foundry ,Mach ine

,Boiler and Black

sm i th Shops,complete with mach inery and all appl iances

,

and a commod ious wharf attached to the prem ises,Offers un

equaled faci l ities for steamers requiring repairs .

Messrs . Hayward and Jenkinson , Contractors , &c .,Langley

street,have a large establ ishment for the manufactu re Of al l

k inds Of wood work . The machinery is driven by a 25-horse

n og?iGUIDE IO BRITISH COLDMBIA .

power engine,and cons ists of c ircular and cross-cu t saws ,

planing,mould ing

,mortic ing and tenoning machines , lathes ,

e tc . In connec tion wi th the boiler is a large drying room forseasoning lumbe r . The stock of moulding , doors and windows

,is large and varied

,and the fac il i ties for making up

spec ial orde rs ap p arently al l that could be desired .

Among othe r features Of in terest and one worthy Of com

ment , i s the establ ishment ofT . N . Hibben CO . Booksel lersa nd Stationers

,Government street

,the general appearance of

which would do cred it to a much larger c i ty . Many who mayread these l ines wi ll vouch for the truth Of the assertion thatouts ide of the c i ty of Sa n Franc isco , not i ts equal in the l inecan be found upon the Pac ific Coast . Many a mariner whoi n h is d ilemma has sought a temporary shel ter in our beaut iful harbor

,nonplused at the wonderful Archipelago yet to be

traversed upon our north e rn coast,has found rel ief in this

establ ishment through the medium Of Admiral ty Charts ,Epitomes and other nautical aids . Many a transient arti st orSc ientis t has found unexpected means Of replenishing his exhansted supples . The shelves are al so l ined with choic ebooks , some Of which are difficul t to be Obtained even inlarger c ities . Connected wi th the establ ishment i s a Bookbindry ,

in which modern mach inery is used and skil led workmen are employed to execute equally well work which wouldotherwise have to be sent abroad .

It would seem partial,and almost graceless to pass without

a flattering comment the comparative excel lence Of otherbranches of business which reflec t so credi tably to Victoria ,the Queen City Of the North-west . Tourists almost invariablycarry away with them a silk umbrella or a parasol or silk andpoint laces

,heavy silks

,kid gloves

,and many other arti cles

Of wearing apparel,because of their superiori ty and cheapness .

Messrs . Muirhead and Mann have j ust started TheVic toria Plaining Mill s .

” This firm have erected a large threestory building at Rock Bay for the purpose of carrying on theplan ing , moulding and sawing business . These works arefurnished wi th the most recently invented wood-workingmachines , including a 24—inch planer and a large sized circu

lar saw,850 . There is also a large kiln attached to the

premises for seasoning lumber . Every care has been takenin the erection and fitting of these works so as to render themequal to any works Of their kind north of San Francisco .

R . T . Williams has an extensive Bookbinding and BlankbOOk Manufactory on Government street

,containing the most

improved machinery sui table for all classes of work including


the rul ing Of p aper,numbering and perforating Of checks ,

t ickets,

'

e tc . This i s the most complete establ ishment of thekind north Of San Franc isco .

CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS,CORNER OF GOVERN

MENT AND BROUGHTON STREETS .

CITY COUNCIL

M . W. T . Drake , Mayor .

Counc illors for Yates street Ward : J . H . Turner,W . J .

Jeffre e ,E . B . Marvin .

Counc ill ors for Johnson street Ward : J . W . Wil l i ams , R .

F inlayson .

Counc illors for James Bay IVard : T . Trounce , C . E . Redfern .

IVm . Leigh,Clerk .

Thomas Russel l , Assesso r and Coll ec tor .

W . F . Green,C . E.

,City Surveyor

,and Waterworks Com

missioner and Engineer .

Thos . J . Partridge,Asst . Cle rk

,Asst . Collec tor and Mes

senger .

Joseph Dewsnap , Pound Keeper and Auct ioneer .

VICTORIA CITY COUNCIL COMMITTEES .

F inance : Finlayson ,Redfern , Turner .

Street : Trounce , W il l iams , Jefi'

ree .

Sanitary : Marvin,Jefi

’

ree Redfern .

Firewardens : Finlayson , Johnson street Ward ; Marv in ,

Yates street IVard ; Trounce , James Bay Ward .

CITY POLICE COURT .

Henry C . Courtney,Barrister-at-Law ,

Pol ice Magistrate .

Wm . Leigh,Clerk Of the Court .

Victoria C ity Pol ice Force : Will iam Bowden , Inspec tor ;Charles Bloomfield

,Sargeant ; Thomas D . Lindsay

,Officer ;

James White,Offi cer ; John Sullivan , O ffi cer

Ci ty Cash Rece ipts and Disbursements from the 1st Of January to the 31st December , 1876Receipts

,57 .

Disbursements,

12 .

Estimated Revenue,1877 : 00.

Estimated Expendi ture,1877

,00.


286 GUIDE TO BRrrISH COLUMBIA .

OFFICERS .

U . H . L . Co . NO . 1 : J . R . McKenz ie , Foreman : E . D .

Ferris , 1st Asst . ; C . Jenkinson . 2nd Asst . ; IV. H . Dorman ,Secretary ; E . G rancini, Treasurer .

Deluge Engine CO . NO . 1 : W . McNifi'

e , Foreman ; JosephSears , 1st Asst . ; Frederick Carne , 2nd Asst . ; Henry Soar ,Secre tary ; Frank Sehl , Treasurer .

Tiger Engine CO . NO . 2 : G eo . E . Smith , Foreman ; A .

Borde , 1st Asst . ; John Morley , 2nd Asst . Frank Sylvester ,Secretary ; John McL ane , Treasurer .

PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN VICTORIA .

Mrs . Fellows,for girls

,Rae street .

Mr . Vieusseux,for boys

,Dallas Road

,James Bay .

Mrs . Vieusseux,for girls

,Quebec street

,James Bay .

St . Louis Coll ege,for boys

,Pandora Avenue .

St Ann’

s Convent,for orphans and girls

,Humboldt street .

Collegiate School,for boys

, Rev . H . H . Mogg , B . A .,Church

Hill , Rae street .Angela College

,for girls

,Burdett Avenue .

Mrs . Cridge and Miss Dogdson ,for girls , and boys under

e ight years,Kane street .

St . John ’ s Grammar School, Rev . P . Jenns .

Madame Petibeau,g irls ’ board ing and day school

,head Of Fort

street .Mr . J . Millar

,Singing School

,Broughton s treet

Mr . Knight’ s Evening and Day School,Government street .

Mrs . T . Sidney Wilson,Music and Drawing

,Frederick stre et .

SUNDAY SCHOOLS .

Christ Church,St . John ’ s

,St . Andrew ’s (R . St . Andrew

’

s(Scotch), Reformed Episcopal Church , Presbyterian ,Methodist

,Baptist and Jewish .

PUBLIC BUILDINGS,&C .

,VICTORIA .

us

Angela Coll ege,for girl s

,Burdett Avenue .

Baptist Church The,Pandora street .

Christ’ s Church Cathedral, (Church of England) Church

Rae street .Custom House The , Wharf street .D ominion Cfiices , Government street .Fren ch

"

Hospital,Col l inson street .

Free School s,head Of View stree t .

G O e nment Buildings The ,James ’ B ay .


Gaol The,Bastion street .

High School The,head Of View stree t .

Marine Hospital,V ic toria west .

Masonic Buildings,Government street .

Methodist Church The , Pandora street .Mechanics’ Insti tute

,Philharmonic Hall

,Fort street .

Orphanage The Prote stant,Rae street .

Philharmonic Hall The,Fort stree t .

Presbyterian Church The , Pandora stree t .Post Office


Royal Hospi tal The,head Of Pandora street .

Reformed Episcopal Church Humbolt street .St . AndIe ’

w s Scotch ChuIch,Courtney street .

St . Andrew ’ S Roman Chatholic Cathedral , Humboldt stIeet.

St . Ann ’s Convent and Schools,Humboldt stree t .

St . John ’ s Church, (Church Of England)Douglas street .

St . Joseph ’s Hospital,Col l inson street .

St . Louis R . C . College for boys , Pandora Avenue.Synagogue The

,corner Of Blanchard and Pandora Streets .

Theatre Royal,Government street .

VICTORIA CITY DIRECTORY .

Abernethy MIS .,Blanchard street .

ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY OF CANADA , T .

Al lsop Co .,Agents


Adams D . F .,contractor

,Yates street .

Adams Frank W .,clerk , Kane street .

Aden Mrs , Johnson street .Adler Samuel

,miner

,Amel ia street .

Ah Long,Eagle Restaurant

,Johnson street .

AH POIand WUNG POW ,Johnson street .

Ah Sam,washerman

,Johnson street .

Ah Son ,bootmaker

,Johnson street .

Ah Young , cook , New England Bakery,Government street .

Ah Sing ,Dbutcher


A ikman H . B . W .,Register-General

,&c Pandora stree t .

Albany Frank , miner , .Simcoe street .Al bertstone Reuben , miner , Quadra stree t .Alexander F . J .

,accountant .

Al exander James J . bookkeeper,Fort street

Allatt T . S . contractOI Broughton street Iesidence Fort st.Allatt FIedeiick Richard, carpenter , Fort street .Allatt Wm .

,carpenter

,Johnson street .

Al lsop Thos ., real estate and insurance agent , Government

street,residence Moss street .

288 GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMB IA .

Aime Paul,JOhnso

'

n stree t .Andean Wm .

,general dealer

,Government street

,res idence

Pandora street .AndeIson John

, teamsteI, FOIt stree t .AndeIson James R .

,bookkeeper

,St . L aWIence street .

AndeIson Geo . W . baker and gIoceI, COIner Of Fort andBlanchard streets .

Anderson,David

,laborer .

Andrew John A .,clerk Broad s treet .

Andrews Richard,drayman

,Yates street .

Andrews James,boot and shoe maker

,Oriental Al ley .

Archibald W . M .,manager W . U . Telegraph Co .

,North

Park stree t .Armour James

,hackman .

Armstrong James,drayman , View street .

Armstrong W . W .,tobacconist

,Johnson street .

AInOld Thomas,miner

,Yates s treet .

AIIiS Thomas,foreman Belmont Factory, Douglas street .

Ash John,M . D .

,Fort stIe .e t

ASTRICO ANDREW,PACIFIC TELEGRAPH HOTEL

,Store stree t

Astrico C .,Pacific Telegraph Hotel .

Auger Joseph,David street .

Austin J . J .

,accountant , Lands and IVorks Department

,

V i c toria Arm .

Bachelor Job,bookkeeper

,Michigan street .

Bagna ll John,p iano manufactu i er, etc . Fort street .

B a ilev M . F . plasteIeI,Mears stIee t .

Bailey M rs,nu i se MeaIe s str .eet

Baill ie Miss,Fort street .

Baker Richard,(IESon

,flour and feed dealers

,Yates street .

Baker Michael , (B . Richard Son) Mount Tolmie road .

Baker George H .,cerpenter , Pandora Avenue .

B akeI Michael,carpente i and contractor Frederick street .

B akeI IVill iam , contrac tor , Douglas stIee t.

Bake i John,caIpenteI, Douglas stIee t .

Baker James,carpenter

,Douglas street .

Baker Richard,carpente r

,Douglas street .

Bake i Mrs . T J . Quebec stIe et.

B akeI Edgar C i owe accountant , L anIe l Poin t .Bake s Jame s ,

lab0 1eI, FOIt stIe et .

Bale s J C . (Englehardt CO .) V ic toria west .Ball Charle s

,blacksmi th , Johnson street , res idence Menzies

s tre e t .B allson H . G .

,carpenter

,Fort s treet .

B a nefie ld David,baker ’ s assis t

,Yates street .



BILLINGS MRS , Co .,TEMPERANCE HOTEL, cor. Douglas

and Fort streets .

Bishop Caleb,storekeeper’s asst . at Navy Yard , Work stree t .

Bissel l John , tinsm ith , M ich igan street .Black John , n ight watchman , View street .

Blackall George , Alb ion Saloon , Yates stree t .Blackmore John , barkeeper , cor. Government and Humboldtstreets .

B laicklock Mrs ,Birdcage walk .

Blake Charles,barkeeper , Johnson Street .

Bland James Wi ll iam,druggist’ s asst . , Work street .

Bland John,bootmaker

,Kane street .

Blenkensop George,transport agent

,Langley Al ley .

B linkhorne MIS .

,Fort s treet .

Bloomfield Chas . P .,Sergt . of Pol ice , John stree t .

B lOSSfeldt Hugo ,salesman

,North Park street .

Blott John,fruiterer and tobacconist


Blum L .,cloth ier and outfitter , Johnson street , residence

Pandora street .Blunden Rev . Thos .

,Pandora Avenue .

B ocion Paul,Yates street .

B onbright Geo . IV .,carpenter , Broughton street , residence

Quebec street .Bond George

,laborer

,Johnson street .

B end W i ll i s,contractor

,View street .

Bone Thomas Sawdry , general dea ler , Government street , res .View stre et .

Bonwick Mrs ,Fisguard street .

Booth Samuel,laborer

,Yates street .

Booth E . A .

,miner

,Pioneer street .

Booth George, Rock Bay House , IVork street .

Borde Auguste, (Cameron B . ) Chatham street .

Borde Hypol ite,shoemaker , Chatham street .

Bor thwick Brown Adelphi Saloon , Yates street .Borthwick Ralph

, (B . Brown) residence Johnson street .B oscowitz L . J furriers

,Wharf street .

B oscowitz Joseph, (L . J . B .) res . Pandora stree t .

Bossi G .,grocer

,etc .

, cor . Johnson and Store streets .

Boss i Arehille (B . 8: G iesselmann) res . Simcoe street .Bossi G ie sselmann

,grocers

,etc .

,Yates street .

Bosworth, Wm .

,farmer Princess Avenue .

B e tterill Matthew,butche r , Lawrence stree t .

B onlletEngine ,grocer

,Yates street .

Boyce James,farmer

,Humboldt street .

Boyd JOhn . grocer and sp iri t merchant , Johnson street .Boyd James

,carpen ter

,Blanchard stree t .

GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Boyles IVatson,teamster

,Pandora street .

Bowden IVm .

,Inspector Of Police

,Pandora street .

Bowles Richard . warehouseman , Fort street .Bowles Mrs .

,Co .

,Globe Hotel

,Fort stre et .

BOWMAN W . G .

,LIVERY STABLE KEEPER

,Yates street .

Braden John, (Stewart B .) res . View stree t .

Bramwel l Jacob,Bri tish Columbia Engine Works , Cormor

ant street .Branch Samuel

,miner

,David stre et .

BRAVERMAN I.,MONEY BROKER

,ETC .

,cor B re ad and Pan

dora streets .

Briggs Alfred P .

,miner

,Gordon stre et .

Briggs Thomas L .

, (Strouss , B . K . CO . ) res . Gordon street .BRITISH COLONIS T NEIVSPAPER AND JOB PRINTING OFFICE

,Government s treet

,D . W . Higgins pro

prietor and Editor , res . Yates street .Brodie C . R .

,clerk

,Ross Bay .

Brophy Edward,harness maker

,Langley street .

BROWN WHITE ,DRY GOODS MERCHANTS , Gov

’

t . street .Brown Henry

, (B . IVlIite) Fort street .Brown G . H , Wilson , farmer , Packington street .Brown Mrs . Wm.

,Fort street .

Brown Wm.,laborer

,View street .

Brown Capt . George M .,mariner

,View street .

Brown M . C ., (Borthwick B .) Government street .

Brown P .

,c lerk

,Vancouver street .

Brown R . A accountant,Vancouver street .

Brown Jesse,

Co .,restaurant

,Johnson street .

Brown Geo .,mariner .

Brown Henry,farmer

,Fairfield .

Brown Wm .,longshoreman

,Store street.

Bryant W . C .

,farrier

,etc .

,Johnson stree t

,res . Amelia street .

Buckett Wm .

,drayman

,Frankl in street .

B al er A ., general dealer , Government street .

Bull W. King,newspaper editor

,View street.

B nllen Johnathan,bricklayer

,Herald street .

B unster, Hon . A .,brewer

,etc .

,Johnson street res . Queen ’ s

Avenue .

Bunte John G .

, upholster , Courtney street .Bunting Chas . E.

, Customs Department , res . corner Viewand Douglas streets .

Burgess J . P cerpenter, Broad street .Burgess Franc is , (McKay B .)Fisguard street .Burgess Stephen , Yates street .Burns Co .

, traders, cor . B re ad and Yates streets .

Burns J ., (B . CO . )


Burns T . J American Hotel,Yates street .

Burns John,Government street .

Burroughs ‘Vm . G .,tailor

,Oriental A ll ey.

Burt S . S .

,baker and grocer


Bush Thomas,bricklayer , store street .

Bushell Mrs . F . S .,piano teacher

,Kane street .

Butler Horace,cook

,Rae stree t .

Butler Robt .,employ Gov’ t printing office

,Michigan street .

Byrn R . S .

,clerk

,Kane street .

California Marine Board of Underwri ters,R . Finlayson agen t

Douglas street .Cameron Sc Borde

,blacksmiths and farriers

,Cormorant street

Cameron Wm ., (C . Borde) Cormorant street .

Cameron Mrs ,Cormorant stree t .

Cameron Duncan,contractor

,Michigan street .

Cameron Daniel,plasterer

,Dallas road .

Cameron Charles,warehouseman

,Mich igan street .

Cameron Wm . G .

,warehouseman

,Michigan street .

Cadell Phill ip,clerk View street .

Caesar , Randle , hairdresser , Yates stree t .Cafi

'

e ire Augin ,mariner

,Chatham street .

Cain John,caretaker of arms , &c .

,Dril l Shed

,James Bay .

Cairn John,laborer . Herald street .

Calder,Dr . J dentist

,Fort stree t .

Calder Alex,gentleman

,Douglas stree t .

Caldwel l Mrs teacher public school,Mason stree t .

Camp John , drayman , Mears street .Campbel l Thomas

,stone cutter Fort street .

CAMPBELL FRANCIS,TOBACCONIST

,cor . Yates and G ov

ernmen t streets,res . Johnson stree t .

Campbell J . blacksmith and farrier,Yates street .

Campbell JOhn Donald ,Quadra street .

.Campbell John,smith ’ s he lper

,Herald street .

Camsu sa M (Casamayou Co .) Yates stree t .CANADA GUARANTEE Co .

,T . Al lso p Co .

,agents .

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY OFFICE,Governmen t

street . [See report ]Carey Joseph W .

,surveyor

,Kane street .

Carmichael John H .,Telegraph O ffice , re s . McClure street .

Carnarvon Club The,V i ew street .

Carnes Rev \Vm .,Pandora street .

Carne Frederick,Angel Hotel

,Langley street .

Carne F . Jr .,c lerk

,Langley stree t .

CARR RICHARD,MERCHANT

,Wharf street

,res . S imcoe

stre et .Carrington Thos .

, (witle . Jones) res . Kane street .



Coll ins John,North Pac ific Saloon

,cor . Yates and Wharf

streets .

Coll ister R ichard,shipcarpen ter , Rock Bay .

Combe Robt . , clerk View stree t .Compton P . N .

,clerk , David street .

Constantine Wm .,carpenter

,View street .

Conway Thomas,t i nsmith

,Princess stree t .

Conway Edmund,telegraph Operator

,Princess street .

Cooness Stacv teamster , Johnson stree t .Cooke A . B .

,chemist

,Douglas street .

Cooke Mrs .,nurse

,Chatham street .

Cool Dr . W . P .,dentis t


COOper Thomas , c lerk , Bastion s tree t .Cooper Capt . James

,Agent Marine and F isher ie s

,res . G on

zalo House,V ic toria D istric t .

Cope C . A .

,t insmith , store stree t .

Copeland Soloman A ., steward , Fort street .

Copeland Richard , bootmaker , Quebec s treet .Copeland Richard

,engineer

,

“

Quebec street .Cordal Edward

,tai lor

,Fort street .

Courtney H . C .,barr ister-at-law

,Pol ice Magistrate

,res .

Douglas street .Couves A . C .

,Brown Jug Saloon , cor . Government and Fort

streets , res . Johnson str .eetCowley J . J .

,Fort street .

Cowper Jesse , Menzies stre et .COWPER H . M . BOOT AND SHOE DEALER, Governmen tstreet

,res . Menzi es street .

Cox Mrs,cor . Cormorant and Blanchard streets .

Cox Emanuel,Lightkeeper

,Victoria harbor .

Craft Wm .,with Denny Spencer

,res . Fort street .

Craigie Thomas,laborer , Rupert s tree t .

Cranoelli P . ,grocer

,and l iquor dealer

,Johnson street .

Crease Hon . Mr . Justice,Fort street .

Creighton John Young , cl erk .

Cr idge Right Rev . E.

,B ishop Reformed Ep iscopal Church

,

res . Toronto s treet .Cridge R ichard

,surveyor

,Toronto street .

rosson James,general dealer , Yates street .

Crossman George , steak , chop and pie house , Fort street .Crowther R . A . , painter and gi lder , Broad street.CROWTHER JOHN , PAINTER AND GLAZ IER , Yates street , res .

Quadra street .Crowther John

,Jr .

,Quadra street .

Cuniff'

e Thomas,l aborer

,He rald street .

Curtis J . E., w i th Drake Jackson , res . S imcoe street .


Cuvereau Pierre , nurseryman Ced ar H il l road .

Dakin George,miner .

Dake Charles,boatman .

Dalby Wm .,manager Belmont Boot and Shoe Co .

, residencePandora street .

Dale David,gasmeter inspector


Daly James steward Oriental Hotel .Daniels B warehouseman , Pandora street .Davey A . W .

,Carpenter

,Fort street .

Davidson Auguste,barkeeper

,Yates street .

Davidson Robert, (Smith D .)Fort street .

Davie J . C .,M .D .

,Langley street

,res . Douglas street .

Davie A . E . B .

,P i ov incial Secreta l y,

i e .s Michigan street .DAVIES J . P .

,Co .

,ADMIRALTY AUCTIONEERs &c . , Wharf

street .DAVIES J . P . Co .

,CATTLE SALES YARD

,Fort street .

Davies J . P ., (J . P . D . Co .) Fisguard stree t .

Dav ies Joshua, (J . P . D . CO . )Fisguard street .

Davies Henry , clerk , Fisguard street .Davies David B .

,clerk

,Fisguard street .

Davies J . P .

,Jr .

,clerk , Fisguard street .

Davies Joseph,foreman Sta ndard Ofi

‘ice ,res . Fort street .

Davies Thomas,laborer

,.Johnson street .

Davis John C . M ., teamster , Douglas street .

Davis John,carp enter

,Dallas road .

Dawson Henry Locke,laborer

,Johnson street .

Dawson C . E Civi l Engineer,Esquimal t Dock .

Dearberg T . J .

,foreman Colon ist office , res . Princess street .

Deasey Daniel , Government messenger , Government Build’gs .

Deasey Thomas , asst . messenger , Government Buildings .DeCosmOs Hon . Amor

,M . P .

,Rae street .

Deeks George,express driver

,Al fred street .

Deighton Capt . Thomas M . ,mariner

,Pandora street .

Deluge Engine CO . house,Yates street .

Denegri G . B fruiterer and fishmonger, Johnson street .Denny and Spencer , drygoods dealers , &c .

, Victoria HouseGovernment street .

Denny Wm ., (D . Spencer) Pandora street .

Deve1 eaux Cap t. J . M . mar iner,Douglas street .

Dewdney Walter , c lerk , Dallas road .

DEWIEDERHOLD Co .

,COAL ANDWOOD DEALERS , Wharf

sti eet.

Dewsnap Joseph , pound keeper , Chatham street .Dexter Robt .

,mariner

,Vic toria .

Dickenson L ., messenger Bank B . C .

,res . Bank Gov ’ t street .

Dicker Louis , tinsmith , Yates street .


Diebel Wm . F ., baker , View street .

Dickson . Campbell Co .

, merchants , Store stree t .Dietrich Joseph

,teamster

,Wharf street .

Dillon M iles,bootmaker


D il lon Wm ., painter , Dallas road .

Dodgson Miss , Mrs . Cridge’

s school,Kane street .

Donald Edwin,Menzies street .

Dooley John, (Goodacre D .) Johnson street .

Dool ing Bart,laborer

,Herald street .

Dorman John,carpenter

,Mich igan street .

Dorman Wm .

,asst . Superintendent Money Order Branch , P .

O .

,res . Mich igan stree t .

Donally J night watchman Lunatic Assylum .

Doscher H . W., laundryman , cor . Pembroke and Q uadra

streets .

Dougal John,str . engineer

,Chatham street .

Dougal John,propri etor Atlas Foundry , cor . Pembroke and

Government stree ts,res . Blanchard street .

Doughty George,brushmaker

,Fort stree t .

Doughty James,Fort street .

Douglas S ir James,

James Bay .

Douglas James W .

,law student

,James Bay .

Douglas Adam,mach in ist

,store street .

Downes Richard,miner


Downey J . J Superintendent Lunatic Asylum .

Drake Jackson,barristers and notaries &c .

,c or . Langley

and Bastion stree ts .Drake M . W . T (D Jackson) Rock B av .

Draney Robt . blacksmi th , Kane street .Driard House

,L . S . Lucas

,proprietor

,View street .

Driscoll D., tide—wai ter , View stree t .

Drout John,baker and grocer

,Johnson street .

DRUMMOND J . S TINSMITH,STOVE DEALER

,&c.

, Yatesstreet

,res . Rae stree t .

Duck Simeon,carriage manufacturer

,&c.

,Johnson street ,

res . Herald street .DUNLOP JOHN T .

,PRINCE OF WALES STABLEs, Broad street.

Dupont C . T .,Collec tor ofInland Revenue

,Fort street.

Dutnall John , drayman , Quadra stree t .Duval John M .

,wood turner

,Telegraph Hotel .

Dwyer Joseph, (sargt.-at-arms . ) Cormorant stree t .

Earle Thos .

, (J . Ru eff CO .) Quadra street .Eckstein David . U . S . Consul , Government .Ede John

,miner

,Cormorant street .

Edmunds John,laborer , View street .

El iot John,laboie r , Beacon H il l .



FINDLAY,DURHAM B RODIE

,MERCHANTS , Wharf

stree t .Findlay Geo . J .

, (F . D . B .) Qu adra street .Finla ison Charles S .

,Chief Clerk Customs

,Michigan street .

Finlayson John,grocer

,Fort s tree t .

Finlayson Roderick,Loyds Agent

,and agent for the Cal i

forn ia Marine Board Of Underwri ters,Douglas stree t .

Fish IVm . ,Douglas street .

Fisher Auguste,blacksmith

,Baill i e Al ley

,Johnson stree t .

Fle tt Thomas,carpenter

,Simcoe street .

FletcherE.,asst . Post Office Inspector

,res . Rae street .

Fletcher T . \V.,electro sil v er plater

,&c .

,Fort street , res .

V i ew street .Flewin Thomas

,warehouseman

,South Park street .

Ford Mrs . S .,dressmaker

,Pandora Avenue .

Forester’ s Hall The,Bastion stree t .

Foster Robt .,marble and stone cutter , “fork street .

Foster Robt .,Jr .

,machini st

,Johnson street .

Fox Mrs . H . A .,cutlery

,lamp and fancy goods dealers ,

Government street , res . Amel ia stree t .Fox Henry

,laborer , Herald stree t .

Francis A llen,Ex—U. S . Consul

,Pandora Avenue .

Franc i s George,l ivery stable keeper

,Trounce Al ley .

Fraser Peter,barkeeper

,Chatham street .

Fraser Andrew , Chatham street .Fraser Mrs

,Chatham street .

Fraser Louis,the Snug Tavern

,Douglas street .

Frankl in W . A .,expressman

,Super ior street .

Franklyn Mrs,Pioneer street .

Frances Mrs . A . H .,Quadra street .

Fri tters John , grocer , &c .,Store stree t .

Frye George,landing waiter in Customs

,res . Princess street .

Fulcher Frederick,baker

,Fort stree t .

Galer George,carpenter , Kane street .

Galley Wm .,contractor and builder , Topaz Avenue .

Gall ey Wm .

,Jr .

, clerk , Topaz Avenue .

Gant Mrs,dressmaker

,Pioneer stree t .

G aresche , Green Co .,bankers , e tc .

, Government street .G aresche Mrs

,Mich igan street .

Gardner Capt ,Parkington street .

Garnier Coigdarippe ,Colonial Exchange Hotel and Res

taurant, Johnson street .Garnier Joseph

, (G . C .) Johnson stree t .Gastineau John

,surveyor

,Humboldt street .

G as Works The Victoria , Store street .Gaston Herbert

,gentleman

,Douglas street .


Geiger Thos .

, (G . Becker) Vi ew stre e t .Ge iger Becker

, San Franc isco Baths , and hairdre ssers ,Government stree t .

Geiger Louis,bootmaker

,Yates stre et .

Gerke Henry, Co .

,merchants

,“fli a street .

Gerow Gideon Carey,carriage maker

,Yates street .

Gerow Mrs,Dominion House

,Yates street .

G erritson John,grocer and baker

,Humboldt street .

G e rritson Albert,carpente r , Humboldt street .

German Con sulate,M . T . Johnson . Consul , at Findlay , Dur

ham Brodie ’s , Wharf street .Gibbon Mrs

,Fort street .

Gibson James,brewer

,Pandora street

,re s . Cormorant street .

G iesselmann Chas , (B e ss ie G . ) Vancouver street .Griffin Terrence Hamil ton , Pol ice Barracks .

Gillespie Mrs . Fort s treet .G illighan Patrick laborer , Pandora street .GILMORE ALEX ,

TAILOR AND CLOTHIER , Gov’ t stree t , res .

Store s treet .Gin Wan , washerman , Government stree t .G irodon Edward

,Broad stree t .

Glide Henry,laborer

,Dallas road .

Glover S . H .,cloth ier and outfitter

,Johnson street , res .

Store s treet .Godding Robert

,carpenter

,Coll inson street .

Golding Barnard,fru i terer and confectioner , Yates street .

Gbng Wong , wood dealer , Store street .Good Templar ’s Hall The

,Yates stree t .

Good Charles,Deputy Provinc ial Secretary

,Labouchere st .

Good H . B .

,col lec tor of Inland Revenue .

Goode M . J .,keeper Lunatic Asylum .

GOODACRE DOOLEY,BUTCHERS

,QUEEN’ S MARKET

cor. Government and Johnson streets .

Goodacre L ., (G . Dooley) Pandora street .

Goodacre John,bookkeeper

,Pandora street .

Goodfellow John,manager Bank B . N . A .

,Labouchere street .

Goodhue J . P .

,agent Oregon Steamship Co .

,Vancouver stree t

Goodridge Frank,hackdriver

,Fort street .

Goodwin Samuel , accountant , View street .Goodwin O . H .

,piano tuner

,etc .

,res . Chatham street .

Gore Wm . S .,c ivi l engineer

,Meares street .

G orrie Thomas,toy dealer

,etc .

,Fort street .

Gosnell Joseph,grocer

,etc .

,cor . Douglas and Cormorant

streets .

Gowdie James , sawsharpner, Fort street .G owdv Wm .

,laborer

,Yates street .


Gowdy )Vm .,laborer

,Rock Bay Avenue .

GowenCharles,Phoeii ix Brewery, cor . Yates and Blanchard

stree ts,res . View str .eet

Gowen N with C . Gowen,res . V i ew street .

Gowen Thomas , mechanical engineer , Kane street .Graham B . J .

,blacksmi th

,Kane street .

Graham John,manager Savings Bank and Domin ion Auditor ,

Simcoe street .G rancini E.

,hardware and crockery importer

,Government

stree t,res . Cormorant stree t .

Gray A . B .

,Co drygoods merchants , Alb ion House ,

Government street .G r .ay A B .

, (A B . G . Co . ) Blanchard Avenue .

Gray John,coppe1 smith ,

Broughton street .Gray Hon . Mr Just ice

,F0 1 t street

Gray James,barkeeper London Hotel

,cor . B re ad and JOhn

son streets .

Gray Andrew,patte rnmaker and ‘ draught-sman

, (Spratt’ s

foundry) Fort stree t .Grant T .

,engineer

,Pandora e treet .

Grant John,contrac tor

,Douglas street .

Gre en Da v id , clothie r and outfitter , Government street .Green F . W .

,c ity surveyor and water works commissi oner

and engineer,Beechy street .

Green R . E.

,clerk Savings Bank

,Douglas street .

Green Frank,Douglas street .

Green R . A .

,accountant

,Blanchard stree t .

Green A . A ., ( G are sche

,

“

Green CO . ) Birdcage walk .

Gregory Wm .,messenger to Departments

,Custom House

Buildings .

Greenwood a Morley,soda water manufac turers

,Yates street .

Greenwood I. K ., (G . Morley) Pandora street .

Greffin B . P ., Boomerang Inn ,

Langley Al ley .

GRIBBLE,HENRY

,TOY AND FANCY G ooDs DEAL ER , Gov

ernment street . res . Pioneer street .G riffiths Robt . , mariner , Couts street .Griffi ths J . W .

,cl erk Spratt ’ s foundry

,res . Pandora street .

Griffi ths Mrs,Pandora street .

G uimont John , Omineca Saloon ,Government street .

G utmaun David , clerk wi th Neufelder Co ., res . Jame s Bay .

G wyther J . D . clerk ,Yates stree t .

Haggarty Richard ,general dealer , Store st1 e<t .

HalliDPh i ll ip J .

,steward Fire Depart ,ment r .es Broad street .

Hal l Richard John,clerk

,Chatham stree t .

HALPENNY MRS ,DRESSMAKER

,ETC

,Yates street .

Halpenny Horace,painter

,Yates street .



Hee Gee,washerman

,Yates streets .

HEISTERMAN H . F . REAL ESTATE AGENT , Langley street,res . Douglas street .

Helmcken J . S ,M .D .

,Fort stree t

,res . James Bay .

Henderson John,teamster

,Fort street .

Hendry Alex .,pattern maker

,View street .

Henley Henry,Clover Point Hotel , Beacon Hill .

Hendry Thos ., (Manson H .) Store street .Henry Thomas

,sh ip carpen ter , Store stree t .

Hepworth James,tai lor

,Pandora street .

Heron Robert, (Mann H .) Fort street .

Hett Roland J barrister and notary,Clerk Of Legislative

Assembly,Bastion street

,res . Rae street .

Hewitt H .

,barkeeper

,Basti on street .

Hewlings J . Q .,l ibrarian Mechan ic ’ s Insti tute , res . Gordon

stree t .Heywood J butcher

,Yates stree t , res . Fort street .

HIBBEN T . N . , Co .

,BOOKSELLERS

,

'

STATIONERS AND NEWSAGENTS

,Masonic Bu i ld ings , Governmen t stree t .

Hibben T . N ., (T . N . H . CO . ) Pandora stree t .

Hick Will iam,contrac tor

,Pioneer s treet .

Hicken George,butcher .

Hickey Patri ck , engineer , Pioneer street .Hicks Robert

,pilot

,Pembroke street .

HIELEE ,VARIETY STORE

,Cormorant street .

Higgins David W .,proprietor B r itish Colon ist, res . Yates

street .High Kay

,Chinese doc tor , Store street .

H i ldebrand Mrs ,tailor and clothes c leaner

,Fort street .

Hill iard Joseph,barkeeper

,Broad street .

Hill s George,Rt. Rev . B ishop of Columb ia

,Burdett Avenue .

Hodges Mrs ,bake r and grocer

,c or . Douglas and Pandora

streets .

Hogg James,boilermaker , res . Yates stree t .

Holems Al es ,butcher , View street .

Holloway Robt .,reporter for Standard Offi ce , re s . Meares

street .Holman John‘

;Union Saloon

,Johnson stree t .

Holmes Peter,captain of Cariboo Fly , res . James Bay .

Holmes Arthur,salesman

,Broad stree t .

Holness James,butcher

,Spring Ridge

Holroyd Ward, (Mansel l H .) res . Temperance Hotel , Fort

street .Homfray Robert, CE. and surveyor

,Quebec stree t .

Hooper D . G .,bootmaker , Fort street .

9GUIDE To B R ITISH COLUMBIA .

Horton Robe rt,furrier res . cor . Mich igan and

Oswego streetsHorsley Samuel

,plaster' 1

,e r Johnson st .re e t

Hon Gee,restaurant

,Store s tre e t .

Hortlr Rufus,Fort street .

Houghton L t.-Col . C . F .

,D . A . G Dom inion Mil i tia res .

Dril l Shed,James Bay .

Howertlr Henry,t insmith

,Yates stree t .

HUDSON ’S BAY COMPANY .

W i l l iam Cha rles ,Ch i ef Factor. in charge of W es tern Departmen t .

DEPOT .

—Rob ert W i l l iams , Factor C . Thorn e and Rob t . Combe , c lerks .

H . S u l l ivan ,ware lrouseman . Harrv S impso n and Ch in , packers .

Robe rt Ho rton , furri er.STORE—W . T . Livo ek ,

Ch i ef Trade r . Dav id Work . Don a l d McKay, J .

P . Kenn edy a nd Charle s Spri ng , sa l esmen .

VICTORIA OFFICE—A . Munro,Ch i e f Fac to r , accoun tan t . James H .

Lawson ,C lris f Trader, cash i e r . John A . Andrew. Arthur Jones ,

H . To lmie and P . Cade l l,cl erks .

WHARE.

—Jam e s Jack , G ordon Lockerby and Cr . Bond '

STATIONs .

—Fort Langley ,Heny Wark . Fort Hope .

Wm Yates FortYa le ,

W 111 d a 1 ve 1 su d O l i ver Harvey ,cl erks . Thompson

’

s River ,

Karn loops Jo hn Ta i t Factor . Cariboo Dis tric t Barkerv i l le ,Hu gh Ro s s . Fa c tor . Q uesn e lle . R . J Sk inn er, cl erk New Cal edon ia Di s trict—S tu art ’s Lak e Gav in Hami l ton Factor ; H . B ul

lock : H . B Webs ter clerk,Fraser ’

s Lake , J . M . A lexan der,( .hief Trader . Fort George ,

Chas . Ogden , clerk McL eod’

s L ake ,

Fe rd inand McKen z ie . clerk . Connol ly ’

s Lake , Thomas Hami l ton ,

cl erk . B abin e Pos t A l fred S rmpare . Comox , A G . Horne .

Fort Rupert , Robert Hun t . Port E ss ington , M . Feak Fort S impson , Robe r t Ha l l . clerk . Masse tt , H . M . Ofi

'

utt . Stek ineDist11 ict , J . . .

' M eKay ,Factor . B e l la Coo la , John C layton B e lla

Be l la , Frederick K ennedy .

STEAMERs .

—En terpri se . H . G . Lewis ,Master ; G . Hard is ty . Purser .

O t ter, Wm . McCu lloch ,Mas ter .

Humber Maurice,contractor

,Courtney street .

Humphreys Hon . T . B,M .P .P ,

Pandora Avenu e .

Humphrey Wm . saloori keeper , Chatham street .Hunter Joseph ,

.C E . View street .Huntington John

,plasterer

,View street .

Hurrello

Henry,clerk

,Quadra street .

Huston Mrs ,View street .

Hutch ison John W .,asst . gaoler , Mason street .

Hutchinson J . P . H . carpenter,South Park street .

Huxtable Wm . Henry , grocer , Fort street .Ibbotson James

,butcher

,Fort str .eet

Imbert Charles A .,carpenter

,Fairfield road .

Immigration Commissioner J . E . McM illan , G ov’ t street .

Imperial Fire Insurance Co .,Welsh , Rithet Co .

, agents ,Wharf street .

Inge Thomas,drayman

,Herald street .

304 GUI DE To BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Ingha nr Ralph , stone cutter , Yates stree t .Innes Thomas

,Yates street .

Investment and Loan Soc iety,C . W . R . Thomson Secre tary

and Treasurer,Bastion stree t .

Irving James , employ Supreme Court , res . Superior street .Irvine Peter

,Beechy street .

Jack Alexande r , contractor , Michigan stree t .Jack James

, t arfinger , res . Superior street .Jackson J’s Bates

,confectioners

,&c .


Jackson T . H ., (Mrs . Rolls Co .) Johnson street .

Jacksorr R . E, (Drake J . ) Richardson street .

Jackson Kirk,cook

,Yates stree t .

Jackson James,barkeeper

,Oriental Hotel .

JACKSON TVM Government street,res . Mich i

gan stre e t .Jackson “7m . Jr .

,M 1chigan street .

Jacks on Richard , butcher , Simcoe stree t .Jacks on John , cattl e dealer , Kane str ee t .Jacobs John J .

,proprietor St . George Hotel

,Gov ’ t street .

Jame s P .

,M .D .

,Broughton street .

James David,wagon maker

,res . Princess street .

James George,miner


Jarn ieson Neil , employ Wm . IVilsen ,res . B read s treet .

Jarn ieson Mrs,mill iner

,&c .

,B re ad street .

Jamiese n Michae l,carpenter

,Broad street .

Jamiesen Robt .,clerk

,P . O .

,res . North Park street .

Jarrie n R . “T

., (H . R . res . Chatham srreet.

Jaques George ,watchmaker

,Fort street .

Jaques Josiah , machinis t , Store street .Jay George

, nurserv and seedsman , Yates street . nursery ,Cook street .

Jay George , Jr .,clerk

,res . Cook stree t .

Jeffrey Richard,stone mason

,Cormorant street .

Jetfree Wm . Joseph,

cle tlrier, cor . Goverment and Yate sresidence Fort street .

Jeffrey Wm .,stone mason

,Quadra street .

Jeffery Edward , contractor , Johnson stree t .Jelfs Thomas

,laborer

,Superior street .

Jenkinsen George , grocer , &c .,Fort street .

Jenkinson Henry , gardner , Kane street .Jenkinsen Robt . , (Hayward A: J . ) Vancouver street .Jenkinse n Charles

,with Hayward Jenkinson .

Jenkinson W111 . Henry,watchmaker

, res . Fort street .Jenns Rev . P .

,St . John ’ s Rec tory,

Douglas street .Jenner Herbert Lascelles

,clerk

,Fort street .

Jesse Robt .,accountant , Langley street , res Scoresbv street .


306 GUIDE 1

11

0 BR ITISH COLUMBIA .

Kennedy James P .,salesman H . B . Co .

,res . Kane street .

Keehan “Im .,carriage painter

,Douglas street .

Kittmann Hermann,miner

,Gove rnment street .

Kim IVim,washerman,

Yates stree t .King Thomas

,upholsterer

,Kane street .

King Jabez H .,dairyman

,Fort street .

King Christopher,res . Blanchard street .

King Joseph,Mousquetaires Sa loerr, Johnson and Govern

ment streets,res . Fisguard stree t .

KINSMAN STYLES,BUILDE R S CONTRACTORS

,Amel ia

street .Kinsman John

, (K . Styles )Princess avenue .

Kirley Re v . Patrick,Assistant Priest

,Coll inson stree t .

Kirsop George , stone-cutter , Fort street .Knight Charles

,Evening and Day Sclre e l, Pandora s treet .

Knight John 1W . , blacksmith , Cormorant street .Knight Henry , gardene r , North Park street .Ke lp Augustus , Rock Bay House , Rock Bay .

KONG TIONG SING,BUTCHER

,Cormorant street .

Koester Herman,clerk

,Fort street .

Kong Tiong Sing,butcher and gen eral dealer , Cormorant

street .Kriemler Conrad

,book-keeper

,Bay s treet .

Kuna Je seplr, boil ermaker , Rae stree t .Kurtz David

, (Strou ss , Briggs , K . Co . ) U . S . Vice Consul ,Dallas re ad .

Kwong Sam Lee,washerman

,JOhnse n street .

Kwong Lee Co .

,wholesale merchants

,Cormorant street .

Lafrenier G ee Phoenix Saloon,Yates street .

Laing David,marine r

,Coutts street .

Laing Rebt. ,sh ipbuilder

,Dallas re ad .

Lakin Franc is,farmer

,Niagara street .

LANCASHIRE FIRE INSURANCE CO H . RhodesCo .

, agents , Store street .Land Registery Office , H . B . W . Aikman Registrar , Government Buildings

,James Bay .

Lane Col . C . C .

,mining engineer, Freder ick stree t .

Lane Vernon,carpenter

,Johnson street .

LANGLEY A . J 81 Co .,CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS , Yates

street .Langley A . J ( L . CO .) Fairfield road .

Lange G . W . A .,watchmaker and Jeweller, Government street .

Lange W . G .,watchmaker and j eweller , Government street .

L arboune Mrs ,Pandora street .

Larman James,bootmaker

,res . Johnson stre et .

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMB IA . 307

Lascelle s Janres,barke eper

,res . Broad street .

Latrate J011 11,baker

,Johnson street .

Laughton Thomas,Indian trader

,Johnson street .

Launder Mathew,miner

,Johnson s treet .

Layton Capt . G . R ., Provinc ial aide de camp to the Governor

General,Private Se cretary to the Lieut .-Gove rnor .

Lay Sing,washerman

,Store street .

L aw Robe rt,pattern maker , Johnson street .

Lawson Rebt.

, Cu ste rn House Ofiicer, Humboldt street .Lawson Wm . Geo .

,painter

,Humboldt street .

Lawson Edmond “fin ,painter

,Humboldt s treet .

Lawson Charles , engineer , Amel ia street .Lawson James H .

,cashier H . B . Co .

,Bastion stree t .

Leaky John,brewer

, Store s tree t .

Leach J car p enter,Yates stree t .

Lee Pong,cigar dealer


Leeman Ralph,labourer

,Fort stree t

Leigh Wm .,Town clerk

,etc .

,Dallas road .

Leigh Mrs , dressmaker , Fort stree t.

Leggatt C . J attorney and notary,Bastion street .

Leggett Edward,teamster

,Johnsen street .

Leiser Gustav,cle rk

,Pandora avenue .

Leiser Simon, (H . Gerke Co . ) Pandora a venue .

L eLievre Lyndon,clerk , Pembroke street .

Lemberger J . F ., tinsmi th , Jehnson street .

L eneveu David , corn merchant, Wharf street , res . Store street .Lenz Moses

,salesman

,Pandora avenue .

Lenz Jacob,Pandora avenue .

LOEWEN ERB,VICTORIA BREWERY

,Government and Dis

covery streets .

Loewen Joseph, (L . Erb

,) Pandora avenue .

Leroy Rev . Joseph,assistant priest

,Coll inson street .

Lesk James Charles,labourer , Fort street .

L esleu is Felix , coeper, (H . B . Co .)Humboldt street .L essett James , painter, Fort street .Lester Peter

,Vancouver street .

Lester Peter,Jr. ,

painter,Vancouver street .

Le ster Frederick , contractor and bui lder , Yates street .Lettice Robert

,painter

,Kane street .

Lettice Mitchel l,painters and glaziers

,Broad street .

Levy Brothers , Arcade Oyster Saloon , Government street .Levy Mrs . E.

, frui terer and confectioner , Government street .Lewis W . H .

, job printer , Yates street .Lewis Frank , carpenter , Fort street .Lewis Mrs . R .


Lewis Lewis,cloth ier

,Yates street .


Lewis John , wh itewasher , Yates street .Lewis VVilles , stableman , Fort street .Lewis Capt . Herbert G .

,mariner

,Dallas road .

Llewellyn ‘V. H .,book-keeper

,Douglas street .

Ley J .D.,barber


Liddell Rob t . , boot maker , res . Quadra street .Lil ly George Alfred , moulder , Fort street .Lince Edward

,carpenter

,Simcoe street .

Lindsay Freder ick,laborer

,Al fred stree t .

Lindsay D . Deputy Collec tor Inland Rev .,res . Birdcage walk .

Lindsay Thos . D.

,police constable

,res . City Barracks .

Lineker Mrs,dressmaker

,Yates street .

Linton J . R ., general dealer , Store street .

Liggins John , groom , Fort street .Lipse tt Robert

,purser steamer Beaver .

Lissett James , painter , Fort street .L ivock Wm . J .

,Chief Trader res . Menzies street .

Lockerby Gordon,clerk

,wharf .

L oe z Jacob, ( Lohse Co . ) res . Fisguard stree t .

L oewenberg S .

,Rae street .

L oewenberg Leopold , real estate agent , Government street ,res . Rae street .

Logan George .

Lohse Wm .,

Bank Exchange Saloon , Yates street .Lomax John

,carriage driver

,View stree t .

Lombard Charles,c lerk

,Collinson street .

Long Thos . H .

,gentleman

,Be l lo tt street .

LONGHURST JARVES,BELMONT SALOON cor . Gove rnment

and Humboldt streets .

Lovett Joseph,Cold Tea Saloon

,Gov ’ t stree t , res . Blanchard

street .Lowe James

,wharfinger , Spratt

’ s wharf,Store street .

L lodys’ Agent

,Roderick Finlayson

,Douglas street .

Lubbe T .,furrier

,Yates street

,res . Douglas street .

Lucas Louis S .,Driad House , View street .

Luxford Frederick,nurseryman

,Queen ’ s Avenue .

Luxford Mrs,dressmaker


Lyne Henry,newspaper agent

,Frederick street .

Lyons M ichael J .,Park Hotel , Beacon Hil l .

Lyall George,Fort street .

Ma Choo Tsung,surgeon and physic ian , Cormorant stree t .

Macbroom Al ex .,groce r ’s asst . , Pioneer street .

MacConnell J . Wm .,warehouseman , Michigan street .

Macdonald James F . carpenter , res . Temperance Hotel,

Macdonald Hon . W . J cor . Montreal street and Dallas road .

Macdonald Mrs ,Fort street .


:‘

I

'

lo GUIDETO B R ITISH COLUMBIA .

Matthews J . D.,express driIer Q uadra sti e e t.

Ma tthews John , nIIneI, AIoIIt1 e IIl s tre et .Maxwe ll A .

, te l ler , Bank Bank house ,Yate s s tre e t .

Mayerau J . B . (Casa IIIayou It Co . )Yates stre e t .MIII

'

II:Ird G'

H ., boot and shoe maker , Fort street , re s . Fis

guaId sti eet .

M IIyn Ird Richard , boot and shoe maker cor . Johnson andDougla s -Stl eets .

Maynard Mrs,photograph e r

,Douglas stIe et .

AIaIe I Rev . Jewish .lIabbi,head of Johnson stI'eIt

AIavni'

Ii d J oseph ; e \ p1 ess Il'

r' Ii

'

IeI (‘

lIathanI s tre I t .Mebin s ( , ha i les

,coopei ,R ae s tre e t .

Medana Mrs . Simcoe stre et .

Medana Paul,Simco e street .

Me e Hing,washerman

,Fort s tree t .

Al ee. A'Vah

,washerman , Yate s street .

Me iss Henry , gen eIal dea leI, Store stIee t, Ies . Joh nson s tre e t .Meldrum JOhn H . sh ipcarpente i , Herald stree t .

AIelmer Phill ip,ha iIdIesser Johnson stIee t .

Mel lor FIedeIick,tail or

,Johnson stre et .

M enagh Jam e s,zarpenter He rald stre e t .

Me s ton John , (M . It Mclx en z ie) Fort stre e t .Metcalfe EdIvaId bu tcheI

,Douglas stl eet .

Meyer J . E.

,lIairdIe s seI and wig maker Yate s s tIe.e t.

Michell Thomas, enginee e i ,

He i ald stIe e t.

AIiddleton RobCIt, miner , O uebec s ti e e t.

AIilv \ I'Ithan ie l

,cor . Rae. and Blanchard s tIe e ts .

AIile s Thomas, bu tcheI,

Douglas stIee t .

Mile s Mrs,school

,Fort stre e t .

MILLER JAMES , cor . Pandora and G o v

ernmen t s tre e ts .

Mille r John .A. S .

,j ewel ler

,Governm ent s tree t .

Miller Edwa rd , b lacksmith ,Fort s tree t .

Miller Mrs , Cooke stree t .

Mellingto n He nry,b u tche r

,Johnson stre e t .

Mills Thos .

,Fisguard stre e t .

Milne John D.

, boile rIn I-Iker

,re s . He rald s tree t .

Mi lne .Ale x . R .

,cle rk in Cus toms

,res Dougla s stre e t .

Al it‘

llell Tho s . l p ainte r,AlIClll l t‘ sh e e t .

Al itI:hcll Hem I, IIIIIse rI and se edsma n,Men / .ies stre e t .

AHPQHELL ( lE0 . cm . 1 0 1 1 a nd Douglass tre ets

,l es . Q IIIIIlIa s tIe I t.

Mi tche ll Robt . ,Iz lork , G o ve rmnen t s tre e t .

Mo hun Edu ard, C .E.

,Vic to ri a.

lAIO Il t‘li John ga sfitte r , Princes s s tree t , Jam e s llaI' .

Mo gg RO I‘ . He rb e rt , pa rs onage Humbo ld t s tre e t.

GUIDE TO IIIIITIsH CIIL l'

M liIA.

Mofiatt Hamil ton ,Dallas road .

Monro Re bt . Ross,cle rk

,Fisguard street .

Monro Mary,te acher . Prote s '

an t orphans , { ac stree t .Montobio G .

,dry goods de aler and gro ce r , Store s tree t .

Mon te i th Wm .

,accountan t

,re s . Yate s stree t .

Mon taro Joseph ,cook

,Fort street .

Moody T . G .

,Pandora street .

Moore Co .,chemists and druggis ts

,Yates s tre et .

Moore Capt Wm .

,John son stre et .

Moore AVm .,Jr .

,Johnson stree t .

Moore James,apothecary


Morris H .,express driver

,Constance stree t .

Morby F . AV.,baker

,Yate s stree t .

Mordant Al fred E.

,engine er ’ s ass istant

,Vancouve r street .

Morton Charles,gen tleman

,Langley s treet .

Morrison Fred ,wharfinger , Langley street .

MORRISON GEORGE . CHEMIsT AND DRUGGIs'

r,cor . Fort

and Government streets,res . Langley street .

Morley John,blacksmi th . V iew stree t .

Morley Christopher, (Greenwood M . ) Commerc ial stree t .

Morrison Nie l,ship carpenter

,Store stree t .

Moss James,gardner and florist

,nursery B irdcage walk , res .

Broad street .Moss Mrs , dressmaker , Broad stre et .Moss Charles

,iron moulder , Fort stree t .

MUIRHEAD MANN,CARPENTE R S AND CONTRACTORS .

Constance street .Muirhead James

, (M . Mann) res . Fisguard street .MULDOON WM .

,LONDON HOTEL

,cor . Broad and Johnson

streets .

Munro Alex .,Chief Fac tor res . Michigan s treet .

Munro .Alex .,Jr .

,clerk Bank res . Michigan street .

Munro John,painter

,Quadra street .

Munro Mrs . M .

, Pandora stre e t .Murch ison Findlay

,carpen ter

,Dallas road .

Murphy Patrick , cooper , Yates street , res . Broad street .Murray John

,engineer

,Johnson street .

Murray John , p ressman Colon ist office , res . Pandora stree t .Murray John H .

,employ at Government printing offi ce

,res .

Pandora street .Mutual Life Insurance CO . of New York , H . F . He istermanagent

,Langley street .

M cAllister,John , steamboat owner , res Douglas street .

McAllister Bros , owners str . Alexander .

McCarthy John , brass finisher , Douglas stree t .McCandlish James

,The Hall Saloon

,Fort street .


McCre ight J . F ., Q .C .

, Gov’ t s tree t

,res . Mich igan stree t .

McCloud A . laborer , Fort s tree t .McCord W . C .

, m iner.McCondock , s h ipwr ig h t .McCully John , blacksm i t h , Fort street .

McCullOch Cap t . W .,mariner

,res . Mic h igan stree t .

McDowell Jo h n B .,contrac tor and bu i lder

,res . Herald street .

McDowell Wm.,printer , Colonist, res . Herald stree t .

McDowe ll M .,pr inter

,res . Herald stree t .

McDowell Jo h n J bo i lermaker,Herald s tree t .

McDowell ‘Vm .,drayman

,Menz ies stree t .

McDowell J drayman,Yates street .

McDonald Peter,tobaccon ist

,Yates stree t .

McDonald Capt . R . J s torekeeper,D ri l l S h ed .

McDonnell Ant h ony James , tai lor , Government street .McElmen A . T . D.

,barrister and notary

,Langley stree t .

McG regor Rev . S ., t h e Manse , Douglas street .

McHugh Henry, Fisguard s tree t .

McIntosh Capt . James,p i lot

,Fort stree t .

McKay Burgess,plasterers , B lanc h ard street .

McKay Mrs ,Rae stree t.

McKay Donald , salesman res . Quebec stree t .McKay W . , (McKay Burgess) Farqu h ar street .McKee Samuel , Cal iforn ia Saloon , Jo h nson stree t .McKen z ie Coll in G .

,princ ipal boy ’ s sc h ool

,Fort stree t .

McKen z ie Hug h , express driver , Wh arf stree t .McKen z ie W

’

m . B .

,c lerk , W h arf s treet .

MCKENZ IE MESTON,BLACKSM ITH AND WAGON MAKERS ,

Government stree t .

McKen z ie Jas . R . (M . Meston) w h eelwr ig h t , Herald stree t .MKeon “Wm.

,Oriental Hotel

,Yates s treet

,res . Douglas stree t .

McKillican Wm . D.,contractor

,Fort stree t .

McKinley Jo h n , wharfinger, S tore stree t .McKinnon A .

,mariner

,Princess Avenue .

McL ellan A lex .,contractor , D iscovery street .

McL ean Jo h n , blacksm i t h , Broad s treet .McL ean A . ,

Co .,clot h iers , e tc .

, Fort street .McMicking R . B .,

supt . B . C . Te legrap h,res . Nort h Park

stree t .McMillan Rob t . , laborer , Yates stree t .McM illan D.

,carpenter , B lanc h ard stree t .

McMillan James E.

,Prov inc ial Assessor , res . Cormorant

McMillan R ic h ard H ., printer , res . Cormorant stree t .

McNab A .,supt . Royal Hosp i tal , Pandora stree t .

MONIFFEVVM .,GROTTO SALOON , Trounce Al ley, res . View

s tree t .


314 GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA

NUTTALL T . G .

,AGENT PHCENIX INSURANCE Government

street , res . Quebec street .Odd Fel lows Hal l T h e

,cor . Fort and W h arf streets .

O fner A lbert, (Rickman O . ) Pandora avenue .

Ogi lvy D . A . N., surveyor

’ s assist ,Dav id street

,Rock Bay .

Ogi lv ie James,master mar iner .

O lIlson Anders , gardener at Johnston'

s nursery ,Fort street .

O ldenberg Aaron,pawnbroker


O lsen O . A .,cooper , Broad street .

On Hing , clo t h ier , Jo h nson stree t .OPPENHEIMER BROS ,

MERCHANTS AND IMPORTERS,Fort

street .

Oppen h e imer Godfrey , (O . Bros . ) Cormorant stree t .Oppen h e imer Dav id , (O . Bros .) Cormorant street and Yale .

O p pen h e imer Isaac, (O . Bros . ) Pandora avenue .

Oregon S teams h ip Co .

, J . P . Good h ue agent, W h arf stree t .

O’

Reilly Peter , J . P . and County Court Judge,Rock Bay .

Orr James,clerk

,Vic tor ia .

O’

Sullivan H . ,ware h ouseman H . B . Co .

,res . Quebec stree t .

O tto C h as , bookb inder , Government stree t , res . View stree t .O usterhout P .

,general dealer, Jo h nson street , res . Fisguard .

Ouderkick Hiram G ., carpenter , Yates street .

Owen Mic h ael, shipcarpen ter , Humboldt stree t .

Owens Wi l l iam , butc h er , Temperance Hotel , Fort street .Owens T h omas

,labourer

,C h at h am street .

Own S h ing , was h erman , Humboldt s treet .

Paine Fred,h a irdresser

,Jo h nson stree t .

Palmer D igby,professor of mus ic , etc .

,Fort s treet .

Pamp h le t T h os .,p ilot

,C h at h am stree t .

Pappenberger George , furrier , Pandora avenue .

Pardoe C h as , gunsm i t h , Yates stree t , res . Fort street .

Parker Jo h n , butc h er, cor . Government and Fort streets .

Parsons James,m iner

,Pandora avenue .

Partridge Jo h n,w i t h J . H . Turner Co .

,res . Quadra street .

Partridge T . J ass istant c lerk and ass istant col lec tor at C i tyCounc i l

,res . Quadra s tree t .

Partridge F .,pr inter

, Colon ist, res . Quadra stree t .

Partridge A R .,barkeeper


Patterson “7. D., land surveyor , Government street .

Paque Wm ., butc h er , Fisguard street .

Pears Mrs ,C h at h am stree t .

Pearse B . W ., engineer-in-c h arge Dom in ion Publ ic Works

Department , res . Fort stree t .Pelle tier Jo h n

,Yates s treet .

Pemberton Hon . A . F ., County Court Judge , res . Foul Bay

.

.

fl

( } l i l l) l1l l illI'

I'

IS l l

Pe 11d r ay ( Jo .,so ap 1nanu t

'

a 1' tu re rs

,Humbo ldt s tre e t.

P '

se nd i ty II'

1n . J o se p h , (P . A"('

o IHumbo ld t stre e t .

Ie nm i) 1niel , l abo u i 1-Ir So ut h Park stre e t .

Pe rpino Hee'rn 1 ) ,cook

,P io ne e i s tre e t .

Pe rc i val Miss , Princ i p al Ange l a Co l lege , B 1i l'd 1-tt ave nue

Pe tchxle r Ge o rg 1-1 K ingsto n s tre e t .

Pe te rson Frederick e ngine e r,C o rmo ran t stre e t .

Pe te rso n Jo h n , ma rin e r , Jo h nson s tr1 e t .

Pe trie Dav id ,sh ipca rpen ter , Co u 1 tne 1 s l i 1 1-I .i

Pe tr ie Mrs,B lam

‘

Iha rd stre e t.

Pe ttibeau IIa 1l z .

,11n e bo 11 d in<1 s 1 h o o l Fo rt stre e t

Pe tt inge l l Benj . p i op1 ie t1n Skating I1 ink , lt'

1 i 1 t stre e t .

P h e lps Edward, co ntractm ,

V I6 “ s tre e t .

P h e l p s IIa dle igh ,butc h e rs

, cor . Yate s and Broad s tre e ts .

P h i ll ips Jame s,farmer

,co r . Niag ara and Menzi e s s tree ts .

P h i l l ips Jame s,ass i stan t keepe r L . A re s . Bi rd Cage IVa lk .

Phi ll i p “ Ale xanderr,re s . Kan e stre e t .

P h ill ips A bo c ion , soda and c ide r m anuf actures,Yates

.s'tl‘ t

PHIILIPS HS SALOON,Jo h nson street .

P h oe n ix T . Nuttal l ag e n t ,P iagg io G iul io , ge ne ra l de a l er , S to re s tree t .

P ierce Sam ue l P . , Yates s tree t .

P ierre T h omas III

tai lor and dye r , Yates stre e t , re s . P ioneers tre e t .

P inde r IVnI. G e 1_1 . , surveyor , Fort s tree t .

P inde r . A Clerk,Fo rt sti e e t

P ione er Hal l,00 1 1181 Langley and I‘O l t stre e ts .

PITTS,S . J .

,IIIERLHANT , Yate s stre e t , re s . Pandora stree t .

P leace Jo h n , se cond maste r B ov s Publ ic sc h ool , Beec h ystreet .

Ple ace J . H .,t in sm i t h ,

PLUMMER ROBERT,II’IINING ENGINEER AND PUBL IC AC

COUNTAN'

I‘

,Bastion street

,res . M i c h igan stree t .

Po inter Nat h an land own e r,V iew s tree t.

Po l lard IVm .

,attorney and 111,1 tary ,

Langley s tree t,res . Rose

dale .

Po l l ock James,tai lor

,Pandora avenue .

Poo l Rob ert , min e r , P ionee r stre e t .

Pe pe S te p h en , Mas ter , Hig h Sc h oo l , Fo rt s treet .

Pope E .

Po rte r Art h ur,ljirickmaker

,S to re stre e t .

Po ltinge i II'

m , ,ga rdener ; H i l lside .

Po tt inger Jame s,

O

labouu i, H i l ls ide .

Pottinge i Jam e s, printe i , Su p erio r street .

Pound The C i ty, J . Dewsnap keepe r , Yates street .

3 16 GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Powel l I. IV .

,Lieut .-COL ,

M . D.,Super intendent Ind ian Af

fa irs , e tc .,res . Douglas stree t .

Powel l IVa lter, cas h ier , Bank B . C .,res . Bank

,Government

stree t .Powers Ep h r iam

,carpenter

,Kane street .

Preece Thomas,plumber and gasfitter, Cook stree t .

Prevos t Jo h n,l abourer . Fort stree t .

Prevost C h as . Jas,Registrar County Court , res . Cook stree t .

Pr ice J .,U . 3 . Customs Inspec tor

,res . Dougl as s tree t .

Pr ice T h os .,ta ilor

,Governmen t stree t , res . Humboldt s tree t .

Pr ice Ralp h,M . D.


Price Edward,nurse at Royal Hosp i tal

,Pandora avenue .

Pridmore Wm .,s tonecutter

,Constance street .

Pri tc h ard Cap t . T h os .,corner Meares and Cook streets .

Prov inc ial Assessor and Colle c tor,J . E . McM illan ,

Government stree t .

Quagliotti Jo h n ,Jo h nson s tree t .

Quong Hang,was h erman

,S tore stree t .

Quong Sing,Sacramento Restaurant

,Wadd ington Allev.

Ragazzon i I. Son,Metropol i tan Restauran t

,Governmen t

s treet .

Ragazzon i Innocent, (R . Son) Douglas stree t .

Ragazzon i Cassimar, (R . Son) Government stree t .

Ralp h Wm.,c iv i l eng ineer and surveyor , V ic toria .

Ramsay J p i lo t,S tore stree t .

Randolp h Jo h n,painter

,Fort stree t .

Raymur J . A .,Manager Hast ings Saw-m i l l Co .

, Po int Pleasant

,Dallas road .

Raymu r James,c lerk

,

Dallas road .

Read Jo h n M bootmaker,Jo h nson s treet .

Randell,Robert

,labourer

,Y ates stree t .

Redfern C . E.,j eweller

,watc h maker and goldsm i t h , Govern

men t street,res . Dal las road .

Redgra ve Mrs ,Fort stree t .

Re id IVm .,W h i te Horse Hotel

,Humboldt stree t .

Re id T h omas, farmer , Dal las road .

Re id Rev . Jo h n,m in ister

,F i rst Presbyterian C h urc h

,res .

Fort street .Re id Wm . T h os . , steward , Fort street.

Re iss Auguste,Herald stree t .

Revely Capt . Freder ick , p i lot , Fort s treet .Reynolds C . H .

,carpenter

,Fort s tree t .

Reynolds Wm .

,c lerk

,Post Office , res . Bay street .

Reynolds Fred .,butc h er

,corner Yates and Douglas and cor .

Government and Jo h nson stree ts , res . Mic h igan stree t .Reynolds George N.

,butc h er

,cor . Yates and Broad stree ts .



RoalS CO . Mrs,restaurant , Jo h nson street .

Roarke Mic h ael,l abourer


Roberts R ic h ard . ta i lor , Government stree t , res . Jo h nsons tree t .

Roberts Jo h n , labourer , Spring R idge .

Robertson Jo h n,blacksm i t h

,Herald street .

Robertson Wm .,clerk

,Pandora avenue .

Robertson Robert , cab inet maker , Fort street .Robertson A . R .

,barrister and notary ,

Langley stree t , res .

Jo h nson stree t .

Robertson Bros,carpenters

,Douglas street .

Robertson Wm ., (R . Bros . )D iscovery street .

Robertson A lex . S ., (R . Bros . )D iscovery stree t .

Robertson Duncan,carpen ter

,D iscovery street .

Robertson IVm . A .,blacksm it h

,D ouglas street .

ROBINSON W . G .,GENERAL AGENT

,CUSTOM HOUSE BROKER,

COLLECTOR,&O.

,Bast ion stree t

,res . Menzi es street .

Rob inson Gi lbert , carpenter , Broug h ton stree t .

Rob inson J . D.

,View street .

Rob inson V . E.,pr inter

, Standa rd ,res . Mic h igan street .

Rob inson J . J s h ip carpenter .

Rob inson Geo . A .,gardener

,Putnam street .

Rob son James,gaoler

,Fort stree t .

Robson Jo h n,Paymaster Canad ian Pac ific Ra i l road , res .

Kane street .

Rodgers Mrs . A .,m i l l iner

,Fort stree t .

Rogers Al fred,conv ic t guard

,Fort stree t .

Roesc h Jacob,baker

,Jo h nson street .

Rome A . Co .,comm i ss ion merc h ants

,W h arf street .

Rome Andrew, (A . R . Co . )Moss street .

ROMANO JOHN QUAGLIOTTI, CLOTH IER , &C .

,Jo h nson

street .

Roscoe Franc is J (Fellows R .)M .P .

,Cap ta in and Breve t

Major , Canad ian m i l i t ia , res . Ross B av road .

ROSE ALEX ., JOB PRINTER , Fort stree t .

Rosenberg John,clerk

,S tore street .

Roskamp Jo h n H . W .,carpenter

,Meares stree t .

Ross Dix i H .

,clerk at B u etf CO .

’

s,res . P ioneer stree t .

Ross IVilliam, c lerk C . P . R . R . survey,res . Fisgu ard street .

Ross Jo h n,w i t h R . Carr

,W h arf street .

Ross Mrs . Flora , matron Lunatic Asylum .

Rosson Jo h n P barkeeper,Trounce al l ey .

Rowbot h am Art h ur J grocer ’ s ass i stant,Douglas street .

Rowe Josep h,mac h in ist

,P ioneer street .

Rowe George,labourer

,P ioneer Stree t .

B oval Insurance Co. Sproat CO . agents,IVharf street .

41

3 18 GUIDE To BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Rubenste in Frederick,sai l maker

,Humbo ld t s tree t .

Rudlin Capta in Geo ., mar ine r , res . Pandora avenue .

Rudo l p h Henry,j ewel le r and wa tclnnaker , Governmen t street .

RUEFF A: WHOLESALE \N1) RETAIL GROCERS , ETC .

,Gov

ernmen t stree t .

Russ Rev . A . E.,pastor IVe s lyan Me t h od is t C h urc h , Parson

age B road street .Russel l Jo h n , l ive ry s table kee p e r , Trounce alley .

Russel l D . IV.,saw Sharpner, W h arf s tree t .

Russel l T h omas,C i ty Assessor

,Treasure r and Water Works

Col le c tor , res idence M ic h igan stree t .

Russel l IV . IV.,c iv i l eng ine r

,K ingston stree t .

Rut h erford Arc h ibald,carpen ter

,Superior street .

Rutland M iss , m i l l iner , Fort stree t .Ryan Edward

,market gardener

,Humbold t s tree t .

Salmon E . J restauran t keeper,Government street .

Sam C h ong,was h erman

,D ouglas street .

Sam C h ung,was h erman

,B lanc h ard s tre et .

SAM KEE,MERCHANT TAILOR

,Yates stree t .

Sam Y ik Co Canton re staurant,Jo h nson stree t .

Sargison James J agent Barnard ’ s express,Yates street , res .

Fa irfie ld roadSargison G . A .

,accountant Barnard ’ s express

,res . Fairfield

road .

Sauley C h arles , clerk ,Government s treet .

Saunders Frank,Marke t Exc h ange , Fort street .

SAUNDERS HENRY,GROCER ANDPROVISION DEALER , Jo h n

son street .Saunders H . D.

,Amel ia s tree t .

Savage Robe rt,expressnian ,

Jo h nson stree t .SAYWARD

,IV. P .

,LUMBER MERCHANT , Constance street ,

res idence Coll inson stree t .Sc h affer C h arle s

,professor of mus ic

,Kane stree t .

Sc h affer A lber t,c igar manufac turer

,W h arf stree t, res idence

Kane stree t .Sc h ul tz Herman

,bootmaker , Jo h nson stree t .

Sc h ul tz A l bert,wa i ter

, Cassiar Saloon , S tore stree t .Sc h wartz Freder ick

,steward


Scott Wm .,p i lot

,Princess avenue .

Scott Jo h n H .,steward Cariboo-Fly , res . P ioneer s tree t .

Scottis h Commerc ial F ire Insurance Company Of G lasgow ,

Stahlschmidt Co . agents .

SCOTTISH AMICABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY ,

T . ALLSOP CO . Agents .

Scott is h Widows Fund Life Insurance Company , W . R .

Clarke , ag ent .



Smallbone C h arles Rooke,flor ist

,Rae stree t .

Smallbone C h arles , laborer , Coll inson street .Swethurst, Wm.

,laborer , Douglas stree t .

Sm i t h P h i l l ip , employ Hibben Co .,res . Douglas stree t .

Sm it h Mrs,dressmaker , cor . Douglas and Herald streets .

Sm i t h Edward,K ing

’

s Head Saloon . Jo h nson street,res .

Government street .Sm i t h James

,carpenter


Sm i t h Jo h n , m iner , Humbold t street .Sm i t h Moses Rowe

,Fort street .

Sm i th Mrs . W .,Fort street .

Sm i t h J . F .,clerk

,Fort stree t .

Sm i t h Jo h n,

emply Dom in ion Offi ces,Government stree t

,

res idence Gordon street .

Sm i t h S ., employ Tu rner , Beeton Tunst-al l

,res . Fort street .

Sm i t h M . R .,barker

,Fort stree t .

Sm i t h James McB .,bookkeeper

,Fort street .

Sm i t h M rs . J . B .

,Meares stree t .

Smi t h George H .,t insm i t h , Jo h nson street .

Sm i t h Franz , butc h er , res . Temperance Hotel,Fort stree t .

Sm it h Jo h n F ., (S . Matt h ews) Cook stree t .

Sm i t h Andrew J (S . C l arke) Super ior stree t .Sm it h H .

,dairyman ,

Moss street .Sm it h Lock h art

,Fort street .

Sm i t h CharlesMcK . , proprie tor Dai ly Standard, G ov’ t street.

Sm i t h C l ark,carpenters and contractors , Fort street .

Sm it h Matthews , boot and s h oe makers , Yates stree t .Sm i t h Samuel Geo .

, painter , B lanc h ard street .Sm it h e Hon . Wm .

,M in ister of F inance and Agricu l ture

,res .

Quebec stree t .Sm i t h James Sansbury

,eng ineer str . Grappler .

Soar Henry,Secretary Fire D epartment

,Fort stree t .

SON ON LUNG Co .,GENERAL MERCHANTS AND TAILORS

,

S tore street .Spence Wm . , ta i lor , View street .Spence T h omas

,contractor

, res . B r iard House .

Spencer S . A . ,p h otograp h er

,Fort stree t .

Spencer Dav id, (Denny S .) Birdcage walk .

Spofi'

ord Wm .,carpen ter , For t s treet .

SPRATT JOSEPH,AL BION IRON WORKS, Store street res .

B lanc h ard Avenue .

Spring Capt . Wm .,s h i owner

,Super ior street .

S ring C h arles,clerk

,res . Superior stree t .

S ROAT Co ., COMM ISSION MERCHANTS AND INSURANCE

AGENTS, W h arf street .

Sproat G ilbert M ( S . CO .) Pandora stree t.

GUIDE TO RRITIsa ( :OLUMDIA .32 1

Sproat T h omas,Fo rt s tree t .

Stafi'

ord Mrs , Pandora street .STAHLSCHMIDT WARD

, COMM ISSION MECHANTS ANDINSURANCE AGENTS

,W h arf s tree t .

Stahlschmidt T . L ., ( S I—Vard) T h e I'Vinds , Gov

’

t Hi l l .S tandard L i fe Insurance Co .

, Stahlschmidt IVard agen ts .\Vharf street .

STANDARD THEVICTORIA DAILY,PRINTING AND JOB OFFICES ,

Government street,C . MeK . Sm i t h , proprieto

S tannard Jo h n S .

,draper , Cormorant stree t .

S taple s IV. G .,Assayor , Bank res . Fisguard stre e t .

S tark James , moulder,P ioneer stree t .

S tarr Capt . Lew i s M .,steamboat owner

,Dallas road .

S tep h ens Edward, G E. and surveyor

,Buckley

’ s Orc h ard ,

Craigfiower road .

S te inbe rger Wm .,d i st i l ler


S te itz Bros,bake ry and restauran t

,Yates street .

S te i tz George, (S . Bros . ) Kane s tree t .

S te i tz Frederick, (S. Bros .) Kane stree t .

Steele Wm . A .,eng ineer and mac h in ist


S teele Peter,saloon keeper

,Bast ion stree t .

S temmler Lou i s,V ictor ia S team Coffee and Sp ice Works ,

W h arf stre et .S tep h en Dav id

,engineer


S tel ly George,contrac tor

,Yates street .

S tel l Ezek ie l,gardner

,Fairfie ld road .

S tewart James,miner

,V iew stree t .

STEWART BRADDEN,PLUMMERS AND GASFITTERS, Yates

street .

S tewart Jo h n, (S . Bradden) Yate s stree t .

S tevens S . H .,drayman

,Cook street .

S tevens George,carpenter

,View street .

S tevens Jo h n, Co .

, Omineca Saloon , Government street,

res . Herald stree t .S tevens Jo h n

,cook

,Blanc h ard Avenue .

S tokes R ic h ard,l ivery stable keeper

,Kane s treet .

S tock h am Frederick,Vic toria .

Stockand James , carpen ter , Nort h Park street .S torey T h omas

,contractor

,bu i lder and undertaker

,Govern

ment stree t , res . P ioneer street .S trac h an James

,T h e S h ip Inn , Wharf street , res . Rae street .

S tra c h an Alexander , s h ipwrig h t , View street .S tronac h A . V .

, Cassiar Saloon,cor . Jo h nson and Store

streets .

Strong Art h ur , scavenger , D iscovery sreet.


Strouss, Briggs , Kurtz Co .

,w h olesale drygoods merc h ants ,

“fli arf s tree t .

Strouss C h arle s Jo h n , (S .

,B .

,K . CO .) B l anc h ard street .

S tuart Keast , Lion B rewerv, Queen’s Avenue

,Office W

'

h arfstree t .

S tuart G . I., (S . Keast

,) Quadra stree t .

S tyles S . T ., (K insman S . ) B ledlow Cottage , Amel ia stree t .

Sull ivan Benj am in,m iner


Sul l ivan Mic h ael , m iner , Humbold t s tree t .

Sull ivan Jo h n , pol ice O fficer , Coll inson street .

Swanson C h arles L .,ass istan t

,Gove rnment pr inting Ofitice .

Sylvester Frank , bookkeeper at J . P . Dav ies Co .,r es .

Pandora stree t .

SYME JAMES . ARCH ITECT , Mason ic Bu i ld ing , G overnmen tstree t, res . Simcoe stree t .

Ta i Soon Co .

,importers

,Cormorant stree t .

TAI YUNE CO .,IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE MERCHANTS ,

corner Government and Corm orant stree ts .

Tapson Wm .,carpen ter

,S tore street .

TAYLOR CHARLES, TIN ANDCOPPERSM ITH ,

Jo h nson street .

Taylor Jo h n George,gentleman

,Quadra stree t .

Taylor C ., L ion Brewery Tap ,

Queen ’s avenue .

Taylor T . IV.,Bottled Beer Saloon

,View street .

Taylor C r isp in,l abourer

,Yates stree t .

Taylor , J . L .

,saloon

,cor . Jo h nson and W h arf streets .

TEAGUE JOHN,ARCH ITECT

, G ove rnmen t stree t , res idenceC h at h am street .

Telegrap h O ffice,Trounce alley .

T h ain J . N.

,c lerk . Broug h ton stree t .

T h a in H .

, c lerk , Engel h ardt CO .

T h a in Captain Jo h n,Fisguard stree t .

T h ibert Mi tc h el l,m iner

,Cormoran t street .

T h istle IV. H .,San Franc isco Saloon

,corner Yates and

ernmen t s tree ts,res idence Jo h nson street .

T h istle ton Mrs,dressmaker


T h istle ton James,Government street .

THOMPSON R . B .,DENTIST

,corner Government and Fort

stree ts .

THOMSON GEORGE,BAKER , Fort s treet

T h omson C . W . R .

,Secre tary Gas works , S tore street .

T h orne C ., clerk H . B . Co .

,res idence Meares s treet .

T h orn h il l R ic h ard,Frenc h Hosp i tal

,Col l inson stree t .

T h orn h i l l George,farmer

,Superior street .

Tiedemann H . C .,surveyor

,Menzies stree t .

T ie rney IVilliam,contrac tor

,Nort h Park street .

Tiger Engine Company, NO . 2 , Jo h nson s treet .



Vieusseux Mrs . James ’ Bay g irls’ sc h ool,Quebec stree t .

Vigelius Bros h airdressers , S t . N ic h olas bath h ouse,Gov

ernment s tree t .Vigeliu s Lou is , (V . Bros .)Yates stree tfVigeliu s Anton , (V . Bros . ) Government stree t .Vine Edward

,Nort h Park stre e t .

V ine Henry,mar iner

,Nort h Park stree t .

Vinter James G .,clerk of Records Lands and Works Depart

ment,res idence Pandora stree t .

V ipond Art h ur , gunsm it h , etc ., Yates street , res . Esqu imal t

road .

Wa L ee,restaurant

,Jo h nson s treet .

IVagner Jo h n ,brewer

,Yates street .

W ai t Jo h n,laborer

,Dallas road .

Waitt M . IV booksel ler , e tc .

,Gov ’ t s tree t

,res . Quadra stree t .

IVakefie ld Mrs ,Fort stree t .

Walkem Hon . G . A ., Q . C .

, res idence Pandora stree t .

IValker George G ., s h ipbui lder , Yates stree t .

IValker Wal ter , s h ip carpenter , Herald street .IValker George

,s h ip carpenter

,Herald stree t .

al l Edmund,grocer ’ s ass istant


Wal l Jo h n,ta i lor

,Yates stree t , res idence C h at h am street .

IVallace Robert,P . O . Inspec tor

,Park road .

IVallace C . W .,ass istan t col lec tor Prov inc ia l taxes. Vancou

ver street .

Wal lace James,engineer , Jo h nson stree t .

IVallace Mrs . M .,Fisguard stree t

IVallenste in L . F .,up h olsterer

,res . B lanc h ard street .

Waller Henry , confec t ioner, Fort stree t , res . D ouglas street .IValsch Isaac , drayman , Pembroke stree t .

IValsh Jo h n . m iner .

Wal t h er Henry , Co ., Bavaria Brewery , Fort stree t .

WAN YUNG LUN CO ., MERCHANT TAILORS , Yates stree t .

Ward James , farmer , Fa irfield farm .

Ward Mrs . C h arles , matron Angela College , Burdett avenue .

Ward W . C .,Manager Bank B . C .

,res . Hig h wood House

,

Moss stree t .Ward Robert , (Stahlschmidt W .) Oak Cottage , Belc h ers tree t .

War in Wm. , (Saunders W .) Trounce alley .

Wark Jo h n ,gen tleman ,

Dallas road .

Warne r Henry , S tar Restaurant , Government stree t , res idenceLangley stree t .

W arner O lander , s h ip carpenter , Douglas street .Warnes Jo h n C . ,

shoe maker , View stree t .W i l l iams Rob t . T .

, (T . N . H . Co . ) Government street .

GUIDE To BRITISH CO LUMBIA .

IV arren James D.,m ar ine r

,Fort stre e t .

IVa ters H ., t insm i t h , Jo h nson stre e t .

IVa tkins C h arles R.,bookkeepe r

,V iew s tree t .

Watson James,tinsm i t h


IVatson Adam , b lacksm i t h . Jo h nson s tree t .Watson IVIn . M .

,Cormorant s tree t .

IVa tson A lexander,s h ipwr ig h t

,Montreal s tree t .

IVebb Eustace,clerk

,Rae stree t .

WEB STER CO .,BOOT AND SHOE STORE , Government

stree t, res idence Kane s tree t .

IVe iclIe C ., l abore r , Johnson stree t .

WEILER JOHN,FURNITURE DEALER

,ETC .

,Fort s tree t .

We L ee, boo t maker . Go ve rnment stree t .

IVe lch George,carpenter

,Cormorant stree t .

Wel ls Mic h ae l,teamster

,Coll inson stre et .

WELLS,FARGO CO .

,Governmen t stree t , G are sch e ,

Green CO . agents .

WELCH, RITHET CC .

,MERCHANTS

,IVharf street .

Wel ton J . F .,j an i tor

,T h eatre Royal

,res idence Fort street .

Wes t C h ri stop h er,Merc h an ts E xc h ange Saloon ,

Fort street .WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY

’

S OFFICE ,

Trounce alley .

W i l l iam F . Arch ibald , Manager , res idence No r th Pa rk street .

J . H . Ca rmichae l , Assi stant. residence McClure stree t .

IVestgarth T h omas, steamboat inspec tor , res . Vi ew s treet .W h ee ler Wm .

,m iner

,Freder ick .

W h i te Samue l C .,pa inter

,Rae street .

W h i te Edward , (Brown IV. ) Fort stre e t .I'Vhite Eden ,

Douglas stre et .W h i te Mrs , Jo h nson stree t .

IVlIite George,laborer

,Jo h nson s tree t .

W h i te Wi l l iam,barkeeper

,A l fred stree t .

W h i te W . C .,expressman

,Pandora avenue .

W h ite James,pol ice O fficer

,Douglas stree t .

IVhite Captain G . H .,Nort h Park street .

W h i te George,drayman


IVhitley S tep h en ,Quadra stree t .

IVlIitley Samuel , (I. Brown CO . ) C h at h am stree t .Wi lby Edward

,h arness maker

,Yates stree t .

IVilkinson Ric h ard,re s idence Burns ide road .

IVilliams Jo h n , plasterer .

Wi ll iams Jo h n,bricklayer

,Fisguard stree t .

Wil l iams George,employ Gove rnment pr inting ofiice .

W i l l iams T . H .,w i t h Drake Jackson , Bastion street .

W il l iams Wm ., stone mason , Yates street .

42


Wi l l iams Robt .,fac tor res . Cormorant stree t .

IVilliams Rob t .

,M . A .

,View stree t .

IVilliams T h omas,carpenter

,Nort h Park stree t .

WILLIAMS J . W. ,LIVERY STABLE KEEPER , cor . Jo h nson

and Gov ’ t s treets,res . cor . Kane and B lanc h ard streets .

IVilliams Edmund A .,brewer , Fort s tree t .

Wi l l is James,Vic tor ia Saloon


W i l l iamson Robert,c lerk

,Kane street .

Wilinot H . C .,feed and l ivery stab les

,Broad stree t .

W i lson Jo h n,baker

,Fort s treet

,res . Quadra stree t .

IVilson Josep h,carpenter

,Kane street .

W i lson T h omas,cab inet maker

,Fort s tre e t , res . Frederick

stree t .

Wi lson A . W .,plumbers

, gasfitters , etc ., Fort street .

W i lson Jo h n,G arrick

’

s Head Saloon ; Bastion s treet .W i lson Alex

, (A . W. IV. ) Fort street .IVilson Wm . (A . W . IV. ) Quebec s tre et .IVilson T h omas

,Quebec stree t .

Wil son Mrs,Jo h nson stree t .

IVilson T h omas,butc h er

,Jo h nson street .

Wi l son W. 81, J C lo t h iers and outfi tters , Government stree t .IVilson IVm .

, (W . J . W .) Pemberton stree t .IVilson Josep h

, (W . J . W .) El l ice Po int .WILSON THOS ,

Co .

,DRY GOODS MERCHANTS , Mason ic

Bu ild ing,Government stree t .

IVi lson Wm, . (T h os . W i lson CO .) Broad stree t .

Wi lson Robert Henry,comm iss ion agent , Fort s tree t .

IVilson Mrs . T . Sidney,mus ic teac h er

,Frederick stree t .

W i l ton Lou is H .,sai lmaker


Wippy Samu el,l aborer

,Humboldt street .

IVing C h ong Co .,ta i lors and grocers . cor . S tore and Cor

morant streets .

WING LEE Co . ,CIGAR MERCHANTS

,Jo h nson street .

Winger Jo h n,butc h er

,Sout h Park stree t .

Wolfenden R ic h ard,Superintendent Government printing

office,res . Superior street .

Wonacott Henry,gardner


WOO Sing,was h erman

,Yates stree t .

Wood Edward,V ic toria House Saloon , cor . Pandora and

Douglas s treets .

Woods T h omas,in c h arge Mar ine Hosp i tal .

Woods Jo h n,employ at Gas Works , res . S tore s treet

Woodcock W . H .,m iner .

WOOlacott P h il l ip , gaoler .

Wootton MIS ., Rae street .

Woo tton S tep h en , clerk , Rae stree t .


328

Copeland A . ,N . Saan ic h .

Coul ter Dav id , N . Saan ic h .

Crarey R . Lake D istr ic t .

C lue tt J .

,Burns ide farm .

Con l ey D . Saan ic h RoadCO\ W H .

,Sout h Saan ic h .


Imr ie Peter,N . Saan ic h .

Jo h nson A .,Lake D istr ic t .

Jo h n R . F '

, S . Saan ic h .

Jo h n Edw in,S . Saan ic h .

Jo h nson IVm .,Lake Di str ic t .

Jo h nston Wm ., Vic . Distric t .

C laverre A :C adbOIO B ay road . Jo h n R ic h ard , N . Saan ich .

Dean S,Sout h Saan ic h .

Dodd Mart in,Gorge Retreat

D uval Louis,Rose h i l l farm .

Deans George,Sunnys ide

Durance Jo h n,Lake D istric t

Dickson J W .

,.S Saan ic h .

Folley Wm .

, Colquitz farmFerguson T .

,N . Saan ic h

Fitz allen Jo h n,O ld Park .

Fraser IV.,C eda1 H i l l r .e ad

Furze Jo h n,Sou t h Saan ic h .

Frances J . Lake D istr ic t .

FinnertyM.,Mt Tolm ie C . R .

Foot IVm .,Nor 't h wood farm

Gre ig JOlIiI, B uIness .

Gre ig Jo h n, jr .

,S . Saan ic h .

G lennden ing A ., Cedar H i l l .

Holden Jo h n,S . Saan ic h .

Harr ison Geo .,S . Saan ic h .

Hutc h ings W .,N . Saan ic h .

Harrison J . T .,S . Saan ic h .

Horrie Jo h n,Mountain Cove .

Hagan James , S . Saan ic h .

Haslam A .,Beaver Lake .

H i l lier IVm .,Lake D istr ic t .

Hawk ins A .,Oakland farm .

Harr is Jo h n,V ictoria D istr ic t .

Higgs Geo .,Nort h Saan ic h .

Heal Jo h n,Moun t Pleasan t .

Haynes IV.,T h e IVillows .

Herrly Henry , C l over Po int .Henderson Jo h n

,S . Saan ic h .

Hil l ier T h os .,Lake D istric t .

Ham i lton Jo h n,S . Saan ic h .

Irv ine Jo h n , Rosebank .

Irv ine Robert,Oakland farm .

Irv ine Wi l l iam,Cedar H i l l .

Instan t Jo h n,Lake H i l l .

Imr ie Jo h n,Lake Hil l .

Jo h n J N . Saan ic h .

King H . A .,C h urc h farr

tp.

K ing S . E . B .,Tolmie

’

s armKer Robert , Fernyherst.Lineker E . H Coll inwood .

Les h C . C .,Lake District .

L indsay G . ,M i l ls tream farm .

Lew i s L . P .,Evergreen .

Lee T ., Cadboro Bay road .

Lidg ate IVm .,S . Saan ic h .

McDonaldD., N . Saan ic h .

McIlmoyl J . T ., N. Saan ic h .

McKen z ie K .,Lake Hi l l .

McKenz ie A . C .,Lake Hi l l .

McKen z ie D. , Cra igley .

McHugh W .,Elk Park farm .

McHugh H .

,E lk Park farm .

McMillan J S . Saan ic h .

MoroneyE.,Lake D istric t .

Munro Hug h,James ’ Island .

M i tc h el l T .,S . Saan ic h .

Marcottes Xav ier,Rose Farm .

Mel rose R .

,Vic tor ia Arm .

Matatal l J Cadboro Bay .

Moses D . D.,N . Saanic h .

Matatal l S ., Jadboro Bay .

Merr iman W .,Cedar H i l l .

Mel l or IV C rofters Farm .

Mi l ls Ge orge , N . Saan ic h .

McDerby T ., N . Saan ic h .

Norn Samuel,Cedar Hi ll .

N ic h olson J .,V ic tor ia Dist .

N ic h olson G . Vic toria D ist .N ic h olson Jos . ,

Saan ic h Road .

Osbon G .

,Burn s ide farm .

O tto Jo h n,N . Saan ic h .

Page Sop h ia Topaze avenue .

Page W . , N . Sa uric hPorter T . R . , Lake Di st

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA

Pollok C . Cedar Hil lPorter R .

, Lake Dist .

Pearce Jo h n,N . Saan ic h

Pengelly IV .

,N . Saan ich .

Pemberton V ic . D ist .

Potter T h omas,S Saan ic h .

Pe ttinger G . Craigflower .

Re O .H .

,N Saan ich .

Re IV . , N . Saan ich .

R icke tts Samue l,Lake Dist .

Re id W McD.

,N . Saarriclr .

R ic h ard F . . Topaze avenue .

Rowden M .

,E lk Lake .

Rowland M . Burnside farm .

Roberts S . N . Saan ic h .

Ryan C .

,N . Sa.anich

Ross A lex .

,Ro ss Bay .

Re id D B .

,N . Saanich .

Sadler Edmund,N Saan ic h .

Sandover S . N Saan ic hS impson H . S . Saanic hSpotts F

, , S . Saanich .

Sm it h J . M t . Tolm ie crossroad .

Sn ider IV .H .

, Lake D ist .

Sulcomb J COlqu itz farm .

S impson J . M .

,Lake D ist .

Sincla ir Wm .

,Oakland .

Speed T W .

,Saan ic h road .

Sm i t h Wm .

,Swan Lake .

Sn ider Jo h n,Rose h i l l farm .

S tevens J ,Half-way House .

Sinclair J Cadboro BaySpence Jo h n

,Cedar H i l l .

S m i t h Henry,V i ctoria Di s t .

ESQUIMALT TOWN . AND DISTRICT .

Esqu imalt h arbour,d i stant e ig h t and a h alf m i les from t h e

Race Rocks,is d istinguis h ed by the w h i te tower of t h e Fi s

gard L ig h t,w h ic h marks t h e we stern po int of t h e entrance .

T h is is a safe and excell ent anc h orage for s h ips Of any s ize,

and w i t h t h e a id Of t h e l ig h t,

” may be entered at any t imew i t h great fac il i ty t h e h old ing ground is good —a tenac iousblue clay . T h e e xten t of t h is fine h arbour i s ab out t h ree

Sm i t h G .H.,Nortlm o e d farm .

Sk i tc h T h omas . S Saan ic hSamp son IVm N Saan ic hSore J B R ic h mond Ho te l .

Tolm ie IV F C love rdale .

Tolm ie IV.F .,Jr . ,C love rdale .

T h omson WIII S . Saan ic hTolm ie J . C loverdale .

Tod Jo h n,Oak Bay .

Tod James , Springbank .

Tod Jo h n,Jr .

,Oak Bay .

T h omas G Tandr idge Hall .

Te adly D. ,Half-way House .

Temple IV S trawberry Vale .

Turgoose IV S . Saanich .

Towner'

Wm N . Saan ic hT h omas C Lake Dist .

Temple IV . ,Lake Dist .

Ve i tc h W Vi c toria Arm .

VanAllman IV . Saan ic h RVanAllman A . Saanic h R .

VanAllman J . C .,Saan ic h R .

Verd ier A Lake D ist .

Wi lson J Lake Hi l lWagner J Burns ide farni .

IVebber J COlqu itz farmWi l l iams IV . N Saan ic h .

Wale IV west Saan ic h R .

Wales C . N . Saan ic h .

IVain Henry , N . Saan ic h .

W il son Ira ,Cadboro Bay .

VVims H i ram ,S Saan ic h .

IValter Markus , Lake D i st .

W h i te T . ,Lake D ist .

Young Henry , S Saan ic h


m i les by two , w i t h an average dept h of s ix to e ig h t fatlroms ,and round t h e w h ole Of t h e i rregu lar c irc le d escribed ,

numerous rocky promontories w i t h out ly ing islands and gently sloping sandy bays , form t h e c h ief feature Of t h e scene . Greatnatural advantages and fac i l i t ies ex is t for t h e extens ion oftowns h ips and formation O f docks

,a n . l there is no doubt but

t h at t h is favoured spo t w i l l become t h e es tabl i s h ed headquarters Of t h e Royal Naval Force in t h e Pac ific . An Hosp i tal

,

S tore h ouse,and Navy Yard

,for t h e serv ice afloat , already g ive

an Offi c ial appe arance to t h e Port .T h e town of Esquimal t . pre tti ly s i tuated in one Of t h e num

cre us coves of t h e excel len t h arbour from w h ic h i t takes i tsname , der ives i ts support from t h e presence of Her Maj esty

’ss h ips , and from t h e mai l s teamers w h ic h h ere land t h e ir ma i l sand passengers .

Argyle T ire s ,Race Rocks .

Armstrong R . A .,Belmont .

Art h ur JOhn ,Esqu imal t .

Art h ur Wm Esqu imalt .

Baker Sooke .

Ballantine D . L .,Esqu

’

t D ist .Barney Donald , Sooke .

Bev is W . H .,Fisguard l ig h t .

B laguire M . E.,Victoria West .

B land Ja s,Esqu imalt road .

Boot h IVm .,Esqu

’

t O ld road .

Boug h ner W . ,Bus h Tave rn .

Bowl ing Jo h n , Esqu imal t .Bradbury H . C .

, Constance C .

B rafield C h arles , Esqu imal t .

Brown A . L .,Happy Val ley .

Brule Jo h n,Sooke .

Calvert P .,Parsons ’ B ridge .

Cartwrig h t Wm .,Sooke .

C h arters IV. B .,Sooke .

C h arters Jo h n,Sooke .

C h evere J Esqu imalt .

Cogan H .,Sooke road .

Cole George,Metc h os in .

Condell R .,Constance Cove .

Cook G . C . S .,Metc h os in .

Cormack Jo h n,Metc h os in .

C ridge J . A Esqu imal t .

C ru icks h ank G eo .,Belmont .

Dav is Jame s,Esqu imalt .

Dane Josep h,Esqu imalt .

D ec h ant Jo h n,Sooke .

Demeulle E . M .,Esqu imalt .

Dodds T .,Esqu imal t .

Dorn J,New Inn

,Esqu

’

t road .

Dunn J Seymour farm .

Dunston W . ,Esqu imalt .

Dunston J . Esqu imal t .

Dutnall G . ,A lbert Head .

E lw in G V ictoria west .

Evere tt P .,Esqu imalt road .

Evere tt P .

, Jr .,Esqu imal t R .

Fraser D . Me tclrosin

Farrel l W . Esqu imalt .

Fis h e r W . Me tclrosin .

F is h er IV . ,Esqu

’

t .

F is h er IV. ,Jr . , Esqu imalt .

Foster N . F .

,T h e IVoods .

F ranc is M . Colwood .

Gi lmore J Goldstream .

Gleed T h os Metclrosin

Goar C Belmon t .

Gray J Esqu imal tHarman J . Esqu imalt .

Hawk ins G . F ., Hig h land

He lgesen H . Me tclrosin

Henton J . Constance Cove .

Howard J T .

,Esqu imalt .

House A . R Esqu imalt R .

Hunt IV. ,Happy Val ley .



We i r Adam,Metc h os in . Wi l l iams F .

,Esq

’

t.

\Ve1s11 Jas .

, Sooke . W i l l iams C . A .,Happy Valley .

Wln tmarsh IV. J .,Navy Yard . lVilson Pete r , Metchosm .

Wh l tly Mrs . J .,Metc h os in . Yardley T h os . ,

Esquimal t .IVl lby H . E.

,Esquimalt . Young Wm .

,Esqu imalt .

Royal Naval Yard , Esqu imal t, B . C .

Nava l and V ictual l ing Storekeeper and Accountan t, James Hen ryInnes , J . P . Sen ior C lerk , Thomas Sydney Dobb in . C lerks ,Kenneth McKen z ie , W i l l iam Henry B rooks , W i l l iamRhode Lewis .

S to rehouseman Nava l S tore Branch , Ca leb B ishop . Ass istantStorehouseman , Richard Ph i l l ips . H i red Ass istant S torehouseman , John Matson . H i red Ass i stant S torehouseman , John May .

S to rehouseman V ictua l l ing Branch , Char les Ba rry . Cooper V ictualling Branch , Thomas Dodds . H i red Assisiant Storehouseman , John Bray . H i red Ass istan t S torehouseman , Richard Be l l .

Foreman of Nava l O rd inance S tores , R icha rdDowne r . Enginee rin charge of S team Facto ry , Ma rk Lambert, R. N. Boatswa in of

the Y ard , Thomas Reyno lds , R . N .

Royal Na '

al Hosp i tal,Esqu imal t, B . C .

S taff Su rgeon in charge , Matth ew Coates , R . N. Stewa rd , James And rews , R . N. Cook ,

E l i z abe th Robe rts . Nurse , W i l l iam Roberts .

COWICHAN AND SALT SPRING ISLAND .

Cow ic h an , s i tuated between Nana imo and Vic tor ia , upon ari ver of the same name

,is a flouris h ing agricultural se ttle

ment .T h is most important d istric t of Cow ic h an , w i t h t h ose of

Comiaken , Quamichan ,Somenos and .Shawnigan ,

requ i re aspec ial and detai led not ice

,t h e importance to t h e colony in an

agricultural point of v iew be ing very great bes ides afford ingan excel lent example

,compri s ing as t h ey do

,t h e general

c h arac teristics of t h e ferti l e val leys and pra iries w h ic h fringet h e Eastern coast .

T h e Cow ic h an valley is about fifteen m i les w ide upon t h et h e sea coast

,narrow ing rap idly in a westerly d irec t ion to the

w idt h of about s ix m i les . Bounded by h ig h range s of mountains composed of calcareous sandstones

,t h ese range s form

almost impassable barr iers to t h e valley,nort h and sout h .

To t h e d is integration and decompos i tion of t h ese rocks , allh ig h ly c h arged w i t h t h e carbonate of l ime

,is due t h e distinc

t ive c h arac ter of t h e so i l s t h roug h ou t t h e Cow ic h an Val ley .

In t h e ir nature t h ey are essentially calcareous,for w h i le t h e

ot h e r princ iples occur in d ifferen t degrees in t h is local i ty carbonate of l ime almost invar iably predom inates

,and of t h is

so il t h ere is usually a good dep t h of from two to t h ree feet,resting on a suffi c iently re tent ive subso il of blue c lay or

graveL

T h e eart hs , c h iefly l ig h t, ve rv porous,and com p osed of due

cr ime '1'

o BRITISH cowmnm. 33 33

proportions of c lay ,sand

,carbonate of l ime and h umus a re

we l l const i tuted fOr abso rb ing and re ta in ing mo i sture , andt h e general colo r t1 om b rown to b lack

,w i t h the ent i 1 e absence

of c h alky 0 1 w h i te e a i ths ,would likeu ise ind icate a fa vm able

so i l fo i 1 ece iv ing and Ie tain ing h e at . Samples taken f i om the

Somenos pla ins were found by experimen t to ab sorb wate rsuffic ien t to increase t h e volume of so i l from one-fifth to one

e ig h t h of i ts w h o le bulk . Muc h of t h e so i l along the . r iverbottom is a clay loam o f a brown color , and i s an exce llentso i l for w h e at

,beans . turn ip s and red clo ver . T h e a l luv ial

depos i t of t h e valley i s,h owever

,far from be ing a l l of a clayey

na t111 e ,in many pai ts c h iefly on the sout h ern s ide , t h e mould

rests upon a g1 ax el ly and even a sandy deposi t . T h i s is l ikew i se a 1 ic h soi l

,as may b e seen from t h e abundant crops of

po tatoe s,one o f the most ex h aust ing of plants

,1 : 1i sed by the

n at ives on the same patc h e s of l and for a ser ies of years .

T h e so i ls 0 11 t h e pra i rie lands are e i t h er gravel ly or sandynd grave l ly loams , e l ig ib le for ha rle v . oats

,rye , buckw h eat ,

beans,peas

,t h e roo t and leaf

,crops , potatoe s , turn ips , car

ro ts,and t h e usual garden vegetab les . W h eat may be suc

ce ssfully ra ised upon mos t of t h e so i ls , and ,w i t h proper t i l l

age , upon all .

Unde r a j ud ic ious sy stem of farm ing t h e re can be no doub tbut t h at as good re turns can be ob tained from t h ese lands asfrom any part of t h e cont inen t of American—t h e c l imate be ingespe c ial ly adapted to t h e pursu i ts of agricul ture—free frome i t h e r the excess ive h eat and droug h t of t h e Cal i forn ian summer

,or s eve i ity of cont inental Ame i ican w inters .

T h e loamy so i l s eve 1ywhe 1 e p osse ssing a dept h Of two tot h ree feet

,and conta in ing a hu ge pIOportion of t h e calcareous

pr inc iple , a 1 e e spec ially el igib l e foi fru i t cu ltuIe .

Lying off t h is fert i le 1 eg ion,t h e (listi icts of w h ic h h ave

been compr ised In the forego ing gene ral desci iption ,is Ad

m iral or Salt S p ring Island .

Thi s Island i s to 1 t h e mostt zp 11 t t h i ckly wooded ,but t h ere

i s a cons ide rab le extent of part ial ly cl eared land ,bot h at t h e

northe i n end and at t h e h ead of Fulford l1a1 bour .

O f t h e same geological format ion as t h e d i str ic t off w h ic h i tl ies , t h ere i s an abundance of excel lent bu i ld ing stone , and aferti le sandy loam give s scope for t h e labor of t h e agricul turist .The b rine spr ings h ave been asce rta ined by analys is to con tain4994 grains of salt per imper ial gallon . T h e re turns from t h enume rous small farms into w h ic h the d istr ic t i s d iv ided

,h ave

been mo st satisfactOIy ,and giv e g

o neat encou i agement to t h eene 1getic se ttle1 , w h o , putt ing h is own h and to t h e p loug h

,

can cul ti vate h i s l and independentlv of h ired labor .

43


Alexan iler,

D.

, Quamichan .

A llard N ., Comiaken .

Al lardE., Comiaken .

Askew G . T .

,C h ema inu s .

A l exander D . jr., Quamichan

Barry Jo h n, Shawnigan .

Boal James Cow ic h an .

Beaumont IV.

, Comiaken .

Bednal l S ., Comiaken .

Bel l Ne i l, Somenos .

Bonsal l Henry,Comiaken .

Brenton JOhn,

C h emainus .

Burke S . G .,C h emainus .

Bly t h Al ., Quamichan .

B ly t h Andrew,Shawnigan .

B uckly N Pender Island .

Bus h H . C h emainus .

Bl ayney C . C h emainus .

Campbel l T . C Mayne Isl’dClagshaw H .

,Gal iano Isl

’

d .

Oll1nson W T .,Mayne Isl’d

C h arley J Maple Bay .

C h is h olm Wm . Cow ic h an .

C rate A .,Comiaken .

Cregan Franc is,Cow ic h an .

Comera Edward,Shawn igan .

Campbell N .

,C h emainus

Dav ie “7m Somenos .

Dav ie S . H ., Semenos .

Deucide Franco is,Cow ic h an

Dob son B .

, Shawnigan .

Dods A Cow ic h an .

Dougan J Shawn igan .

Dougan Josep h, Shawn igan .

D ring IVm .

,Comiakan .

D rinkwater Josep h,Somenos .

Drinkwate r Wm .,Somenos .

D rummond Hugh , Comiakan .

Duncan W . (J., Quamichan .

Dav ie J . B .,Cow ic h an .

Evans James, Q uamichan .

Edgson M ilton , Comiaken .

Evans Dav id, Semenos .

Evans J . N .

,Somenos .

Evan s H .E Somenos .

Flem ing J . Quamichan .

Fl e tt Jo h n, Comiaken .

Flett J . ji Comiaken .

Flett Jo h n,Mayne Isl’d .

Fle tt James, Comiaken .

Frenc h TV. J Comiaken .

Fry Henry,C h ema inus .

Fuller Henry,C h ema inus .

Grot h C h arles,Pender Isl’d .

Georgeson H ., Plumper Pass .

G abborie J .

, Shawnigan .

Gi lmour IVm Cow ic h an .

Green A . H .,Somenos Lake .

Hall L Saan ic h ArmHal l F Saan ic h Arm .

Habart J .,C h ema inus .

Hales J .

'Comiaken .

Harr is Samuel,Cow ic h an .

Hemm ing J . Shawnigan

Hopk ins R . T ., Shawnigan .

Hump h ry J ., Q uamichan .

Holmes D.

, Quamichan .

Handy S . W . , Shawnigan .

Heck Jacob,Mayn e Isl’d .

Hope Dav id,Pender Island .

Inwood Frederick,Somenos .

Jordon C h arles,Somenos .

K innea r James,Cow ic h an .

Kie r James,Somenos .

Kier Arc h ibald, Semenos .

K ier Josep h,Somenos .

K ier George,Somenos .

Lemon Jo h n , Cow ic h an .

Lew is Lew i s,Somenos .

Loat C h r istop h er , C h emainus .

Lomas TV H Quamichan .

Love Jame s Q uamichan .

Lomas T h omas,Cowic h an

Ma h oney Jo h n , Cowic h anMarriner Henry

,Cowic h an .

Marr iner Edward,Cow ic h an .

Ma inguy Dan ie l,C h emainus .

Mars h al l T h omas,Cow ic h an .

Mars h all Matt h ew , Cow ic h an .

Me arns James, Quamichan .

Mi l ler Jame s, Comiaken .

M i ll er Ro be rt , Comiaken .



NANAIMO.

About seventy m i l es from Vic toria,on t h e eastern or

inner s h ore of Vancouver Island,i s Nana imo

,a r i sing town

of muc h importance,or ig inally estab l is h ed in connec t ion w i t h

t h e coal m ines wroug h t in t h a t v ic in i ty,and around w h ic h

o t h er interests h ave sprung upT h e cl imate very nearly re sembles t h at of V ic toria

,

'

the

general c h arac te r of t h e summer be ing warm wi t h l i ttle or 110

ra in but h eavy dews,and t h at of t h e w inter m i ld

,w i t h an

average Of per h aps ten days snow ; the frosts,t h oug h not

severe,are of longe r cont inuance . Rain falls in conside rable

quant i t ie s in the spr ing of t h e year , aud it is generally t h oug h tt h at t h e average fal l exceeds t h at of England .

”

Measure s are be ing taken to open a road and te legrap h l ined irec t to V ictor ia , w h ic h , w h en completed ,

w i ll p rove of t h egreatest value to bot h places

,and to t h e inte rmed iate d i str ic ts .

Ow ing to t h e great range of t ide,w h ic h i s sometimes as muc h

as s ixteen fee t,t h e h arbour of Nana imo presents pe cul iar

fac i l i ties for t h e construc t ion of docksNewcastle Island

,w h ic h l ies close to Nana imo , produces

large quant i t ie s of coal,and the m ines t h e re are be ing ex

tensiv ely worked .

T h e Nanaimo and east coast coal i s far superior to anyt h at h as ye t been d iscovered or worked in t h is country , andt h ere can be l i tt le doub t but t h at i t ex i sts in suffic ien t quant it ies to su

pply t h e w h ole Pac ific coas t for an indefin i te

per iodAs al ready stated t h is coal field

,composed of coarse gr i ts ,

sandstones,s h ades

,and seams of coal is s h own , by t h e asso

cia ted foss ils , to be Of t h e cretaceous age .

T h e spec ific grav i ty of t h e coal found at Nana imo isi ts c h em ical compos i t ion—carbon

,h ydrogen , 5 32

n i trogen,

sulp h ur,

oxygen,

as h ,(For ful l reports on t h e coal fields see pages 97 toS ince Nanaimo h as been incorporated i t i s matter

of no l i ttle interes t to note t h e rap id progress s h e h as alreadymade

,t h e number of new bu i ld ings erected , t h e work aecom

plished on t h e s tree ts , the number of new enterprises startedand carr ied out

,and t h e aditional impetus and v igor t h at

se ems to prevade al l h er industries .

T h e opulation of t h e town January , 1877 , was adultsand 30 C h ineseT h e revenue for 1876 was be ing an increase of

$055 ove r t h e prev ious ye ar .


MUNICIPAL ( ‘

OUNCIL or THETO W N o r NANAIMU Fo l: IH77 .

May o r , M Da te Counc i l l o rs,J . Bryden ,

IVm Re id,I

N ig h t ingale , R . Brinn,Jo h n H i rs t . Pringle

,John

is ton . C i ty C l e rk , C . N . Young .

AKENHEAD METCALFE,Nana imo

,Butc h ers .

Akenhead Wa l te r , N anaimo,\Vhat C h e er House .

Akenhe ad J . butc h er .

Akenhead T h os mine rAl len J BAl l en Jame s

,

ABRAMS J . A . boo t and s h oe store .

Argal l Franc is,

m ine rA i tken R Newcas tle

,m iner .

Andrews S amue l , I'Ve lligton ,labore r .

Abbott J .,Oyster Harbour

,farmer .

Beauc h amp Robe rt,IVellington ,

laborer .

Bone W . H (now in V ictoria) booksel ler .

B ryan t “’

m R .

,Nana imo

Ba te Mark Manager Vancouver Coal CO .

B a te,Mark Jr .

, Offi ce V . C . Co .

Baker George , Ibutcher .

Barker N ic h olas, i

'

m iner .

B e vilockway Josep h ,Bal l R ic h ard ,

Bakes Samuel,

B eckense ll T h osBECK JAMES

,

B iggs Jo h n,

B is h o p T h omas,

Brinn R ic h ard,

Bryden Jo h n,

Brown James,

Brown J . CBrown Robert .Brown W i l l iam

,

Brown Isaac,Vic . road ,

Browne O WBrunton J . WBulkl ey T A .

Bol ton Hen ry,

Bryant Rev . C .

B lundel l JBoss ie Josep h ,

Bowen DBel l G .

,

Nanaimo Hotelm iner .

stage dr iver .

m iner .

coll iery manager .

merc h ant tai lor .

c arpenterm iner .

l abore rm iner .

barber .

Bl ack D iamond Saloon .

Owner Harewood Mine .

m iner .

Pastor Met h od i s t C h urc h .

m iner .

l aborer .


Burns James, Nanaimo .

Bradley T h omas,Nanaimo

,Peck's Hotel .

Beck R . O .

,Victoria road , ca1 pente1

Baker W i l l iam, Wel l ington , teamster ,

Baker W O . ,m iner .

B akeI Jo h n engine-man .

Bai ley Wi l l iam ,m iner .

Beck R . G .

Brannen Jo h n,

Brannen Peter,

B onell H . W .

,Nanoose Bay

,

Brook C . S .,Gabriola Island

,

B i own C . B . Mountain DistIICt, h otel keeper .

Campbel l Ronald,Nana imo

,m iner

C ross in J .

Cameron Jo h n,

Caufield Jo h n ,Chellew J . R . ,

COHEN L . S .,

watc h maker .

Cluness Dan iel p h ys ic ian .

Cooper Harry,

eng ineer .

Corn is h T h os . m iner .

Curry Josep h,

eng ine driver .

C lyde Rev . J Pastor Presbyterian C h urc h .

Campbell A .

,

labburn W E., (Pagden C .) Nana imo .

Cairns T h omas, Wel l ington , Superintendent .

Carsta irs J A .,

carpenter .

Corle tt T h omas,

m iner .

Chantrell C . W .,

h ote l keeperC lark Jo h n

,carpen ter .

laug h ton A . M .,Oyster Harbour

,farmer .

Condon James , Newcastle , m iner .

C rawford G .,Cedar Distric t

,farmer .

C h ristie Jo h n,Departure Bay ,

C h apple R .,Gabr iola Island ,

Clandenning James , Nanoose Bay , l aborerDupuy T h eop h ilus

,Nanoose , farmer .

Dunsmu i r A lexander,Departure Bay , c lerk .

D rummond C h arles , Nanaimo , lumberman .

Dunsmu i r Robert , coll iery proprietor .

Dunsmu i r James ,Dav ies B . H .

,

D ick John,

Dixon A l fred JD rew Ric h ard

,



G laholm Jo h nW .,Nana imo

,teamster .

G i ll Ale d Samuel,Harewood

,m ine i .

G ibson Richa1 d ,

“ trader .

Gul l ion C h arles F .,

m inerGordon CO wharfingers .

Gi lbert M rs . J . K .,

Temperance House .

Grand h am Jo h n,

s h ipwrig h t .

Griffi t h s Wal ter , m iner .

George R ic h ard,

Gemmel Jo h n,

m inerGanner Elij a h

, jr teamster .

Gibson IVilliam,clerk .

Gray Jo h n , m iner .

Goepel W . J clerk Vancouver Coal Company .

G i l l isp ie J .,Newcastle Island , m iner .

G1 ay Robert , Gabriola Isl and , farmer .

Green Rev . A . E . W, e l l ington , Pastor Me t h od ist Chui ch .

Gr imes W i l l iam,

“ laborerHai vey George D.

,Nana

“

,1mo cle1 k .

Hopk ins Dav id,

m iner .

HARVEY JAMES,

merc h an t and importer .

Haggerty JHam i l ton StyIIe B .

,m iner .

Holden Jo h n,

blacksm i t h .

Hirst Jo h n,

merc h ant,wharfinger, etc .

Harris Samuel,

m iner .

Harr is James,

m ine r .

Hal l Robert,

teamster .

Hassard IVilliam,

Harper Josep h,Departure Bay

,carpenter .

Hawkes T h omas, Wel l ington m iner

Hawkes J . H .,

H ick Wi ll iam,

Hoer Franc i s,

m iner .

Hooper C . J .,

m iner .

Hoggan Wi l l iam,

m iner .

Harrower Samuel,

m inerHorne. W . A .

,blacksm i t h .

Hendry McNair , Nanaimo , sas h and door manufacturers .

Hoggan Dav id , farmer .

Hiscocks E . H .,

druggi st .

Head W .,

Hort h C h arle s,

liverv stables .

Harrison IV .,

House George ,Hi lbe rt Jo h n ,

GUIDE To BRITIsH COLUMBIA .341

Hume Jo h n M .,Nana imo

,blacksm i t h .

Hi l ton Geo rge,

m ine rHun te r Jo h n

,

Hunter Andrew,

Hunter IVilliamH i ll James

,

Herre IV. FHaro ld James .

Ha lkyard Uria h ,Hodge s I' VilliamHodson IVilliam

,m ine r .

Hunte r IVm . B .,IVe llington ,

m iner .

Hug h e s R . , Oyste r Harbour , farmer .

H e ath H . E.,Gabrio la Island

,farme r .

Isb iste r IVilliam,Nana imo

,

~

mason .

Jack IVilliam,Well ington

,carpenter .

Jones A lbert , we ighman .

James James,Departure Bay , engineer .

J enkins Jo h n E Nanaimo,

O ld Flag’

Inn .

Jones VVm .,Gab riola Island

Jones E l ias,

Nana imo,m iner .

Jones T h omas D coll ie r .

Jone s T h omas C l aborerJackson Jo h n

,s h o e make r .

Je nner Herbert L . , c lerk .

Kearney Patr ick,

l abo rer .

Kn ig h t James M m ine r .

Kn ight Jame s,IVe llington , m ine r .

Kemp Jo h n,Gab riola Island . farme r .

L andale Jo h n J . ,Nanaimo . c iv il a nd m in ing engine e r.

L inn J .,

Lemons Rev . Fat h er . Roman Catholic Prie s t .Lev i S . D.

,butc h e r .

Lorimer Wm .,

carpente rLewi s JamesLew i s Jo h n

,l umbe rman .

Lemon Jo h n,Departure Bay . gardener .

L eB ou ef T .,Gab rio la Island , farme r .

Lockhart,IV. O .

, C edar Di str ic t , farmer .

Lock h ar t C Nanaimo , drug store .

Leask Jame s,Nana imo . m iner

Lowr ie C h arl es . bake r.

Lawless Jo se p h .:arpe nte r

Mahre r (It Kai-s t.Josmon olit an Re s tau ran t

Mac h in C h a rle s,

min e rMa lpass Jo h n .

engine ( l l ive r .

enginee r .

engine dri ve rservant .

accountan t and colle ctor .

a tto rneV' at-law .

m ine r


Mec h an ics ’ Inst i tute,Nanaimo .

P re s iden t, Wm . Raybou ld ; V ice-P res iden t, A . B'Ieyer ; Trcasurer, Thomas

Mo rgan ; S ecreta ry and L ibra r ian , S . Gough .

McTe igh Edward ,Nanaimo

,h arness maker . etc .

Manson M .,

Morton IV.

,

M i ll er T h omas,

McInnes L . R l\,I.D.

, Nana imo , p h ys ic ian .

Magu ire Henry ,Nana imo

,m iner .

M ic h ae lE H l abore rMalcolm Jo h n

,IVellington ,

teamster .

May IVilliamD.,

m inerMartin IV

illiam

Merrifield Peter,

m iner .

M il ls Geo .,Newcastle Island . l aborer

M i lburn T h omas C .,Nanaimo

,saloon keepe r .

Morgan Jo h n,

brakesman on rai lway .

Morgan Samuel,

mine r .

Mo rgan “v

illiam,

miner .

McKennell James,

m iner .

Mason Rev . George,M .A .

,S t . Paul ’ s Ep iscopal C h urc h .

MCDONALD JAMES A Nana imo ,saloon keeper .

McG uIfi e T h omas,

miner .

Mu i r Arc h ibald,

m inerMorgan T h omas

,

Meaken Jo h n Nanaimo,m iner

M i l ls James,

blacksm i t h ,

McNe il Jo h n,

m iner .

Martin Jonat h an,Gabr iolaIsland , farmer .

Mead George,Nanaimo

,barber .

McL ay James , Gabriol a L land , farme r .

Marw ick J01111 Nana imo , carrier .

Morgan T imothy ,m iner

Meak ing F . C pr inter .

McDonald Angus,

barke eper .

McDonald A lex carpenterMu ir A . C . ,

engineer .

Mart in Aaron,IVellington ,

m iner .

McIn tosh James,Nana imo , carpenter .

McM ill L1] C h arle s Lamon t , Oys ter Harbor , farmer .

Me) or A . ,Nanaimo

, gene i al merc h antMutual L i fe Insurance Co . James Harvey , agent .Nig h tingale Richai d ,

Nana imoNo rri s Geo rge

,pr inter and publ is h er .

Nixon G eorge clerk .

No rri s Ri c h ard P ickering, Wel l ington . teamster .



Raybould Mrs,Nana imo

,m i l l iner .

Romano J . Q .,

general dealer .

Reynolds Wi l l iam ,cook .

Randle Josep h,

Rob inson C h as H .

, (Q . R .) Nana imo , butc h er .

Royal F i re Insurance Co Nana imo,James Harvey Agent .

Reamer Frederick,Well ington

,m iner .

Rowe Jos ia h, IVellington ,

m iner .

Roberts IVilliam,

m iner .

S h iel Robert,

teamster .

S tepney Adam,

laborer .

S h earing \Villiam J Nana imo,m i l l owner .

Sab is ton Jo h n Flett,

p i lotSab iston Pe ter

,h otel keeper .

Sage Jesse,

miner .

Sewel l Josep h,

m iner .

mpson W i ll iam ,m iner .

Sm i t h Hendry Pemble,

Newcastle House .

Scott D .

S tark Lou is,C ranberry D istrict , farmer .

Sage W i l l i am,Wel l ington ,

m iner .

S tubb ins Robert,Gabr iola Island

,farme1

Sm i t h Donald,Nanaimo

,Ident ical Hotel

S teele Wm . ,h otel keepe1

S te1 ten J .W . carpen ter .

Sage Isaac,

l aborer .

Sage George,

m iner .

S tewart Wm . ,constable .

Sulley George,

Sharoun F . ,

Sm i t h JSummerhayes A .

,b1 ickla) e1 .

S h i l l i to George,Newcastle Island

,engine dru er

S h otte r George Ray , Oyste1 HaIb01 , farmer .

Smithurst E l ij a h , Newcastle Island .

Surles IV. P .

,Nanaimo

,asst . d ispenser .

Tennant Jo h n, We ll ington , m iner

T h ompson Jo h n,

m iner .

T h omas IVm .

,m iner .

Tln oup A l fred,N01 th-west Bay , farmer .

T1 egoning W . N . ,Well ington , m iner .

Tranfield George , Nana imo , faImer .

T h omas P1 ice , m iner .

Taylor Peter,

m iner .

T h ompson James , Wel l ington , m ine1 .

relea s Edw in , Harewood , m iner .

GUIDE TO ImrrIsn COLUMBIA .345

T h omson George,Well ington

,cle rk .

Tret h eway Samuel,

m iner .

T h omas R ic h ard,Newcastle Isl and

,m ine r .

T h omas James,(Jecl 111

,I) ist1 ict sh ingl e make r .

H1 e 11 Jo h n B a ti e l Nana imo,p h otog1 IpheI.

VANCOUVER COAL CO .,Nana imo

,M . Da te , Manage r .

Voigh Alexaude 1 Theodm e Jul ius,Nana imo Di st .

,fis h e rm an .

Veale Franc is,Cedar Distric t

,farmer .

Verl in I'Villiam C h arle s,Nanaimo

,laboure r .

IVhitfield R.,Nana imo

,s h oemake r .

IVestwood Dav id Handel . Mounta in D istr ic t , farmer .

IVe stu ood C N .

,Nana imo

,fa1me 1

IVa i ren C . F . Nanaimo,sto reke ep

IVebb IVilliam Edmond,Nanaimo

,bake 1 .

Wi l cox J ., Nana imo .

IVark G .,Nana imo .

IVALL THOMAS,Nanaimo

,Bri tann ia Hote l .

IVi lliams T h omas H m inerIVilliams T .

,

II'

addington Samu el ,IVenborne Frede r ick ,W all Edv ard

,

W i lks Wi l l iam ,

IV ilks T h omas,

IVilks Jame s,IVe llington m in e r

Walker Edward,

IVild Freder ick ,Nana imo

,m iner .

IVilson IValter ,t insm i t h .

W i les Emanue l,

l aborer .

IVe stwood Jo sep h b lacksm i t h .

I'Viliiams Jo h n,

m iner .

Watson George Yeaman,Wel l ington

,t imber contrac to r .

Web b Mose s,Wel l ington m ine r

IVilliams IV . MIVork Jame s L .

,car p enter .

IVebb J .,Nana imo

,Mine rs ’ Ho te l .

IVyatt Edwin , Nanoose , farmer .

IVarren C h arle s T .,Nanaimo ,

sto rekee p er .

IVREN JOHN,

boo t make r .

Watk ins Ric h ard,

Pe ck s Ho te l .

IVellwood Ryde r,

con trac tors .

W h i tfield Jo h n,

boo t make rYork C h arles

,Cedar Di stri ct

,farmer .

YOUNG CHAS . N .,Nana imo

,C i ty C le rk and No tarv Pub l ic .

Yee Kee Co .

,general deal

Young Jo h n,Newcastle Island , eng in e d river .

GUIDE TO BRITISH COLUMB IA .

COMOX.

Comox and Nelson Distric ts,some forty m i les above

Nana imo on t h e eas tern s h ore,is an ag ricul tural se ttlement ,

prosperous and contented . It i s s ituated a t t h e mout h of t h ePuntledge r iver , and possesses a very produc t ive so i l . T h ereare extens ive coal fie lds h ere and e lsew h ere in t h e v ic in i ty .

(See report of Baynes Sound Coal Co . )It is estima ted to con ta in acres of arable land , as

ye t only partial ly surveyed and explored . No furt h er spec ialaccount of i ts capab i l i t ies can be given t h an t h at , in i ts generalc h aracters i t c losely resemb les the Cow ic h an val l ey .

T h e re i s a regular fortn ig h tly commun icat ion by s teamerw i t h V ic tor ia

,via Nana imo .

Beac h Wm .

Berry P .

B eckinsell T .

Berkeley J .

Br idges C .

Brown A .

Brown C .

Brown J . C .

Carwithen R . T .

Casey L .

C lark J .

C rawford S . F .

C rawford B .

Dona h ue M .

D rabble G . F .

Duncan IV.

Duncan 0 .

Edwards G .

F indlay T .

F i tzgerald J .

F i tzpatrick J . M .

Ford G .

Garnett E .

Gartley G .

Goepel P .

Gran t A .

Greave H .

Greave G .

Greave W .

Greave Jno .

Green C .

G uillod H .

Hardy J .

Hetherbell G .

H igg ins G .

Hom e A . GH .B . Company .

Jaques J .

Jones A .

Jones R .

Kemper H .

Linburg P .

Mac h in Wm.

Mat h ieson Wm .

McFee J .

McFee T .

McKelvy A .

M i l l igan A .

Moore P .

Musters IV. C .,

Payne C .

P iercy M .

P iercy M .

, j1 .

P iercy T .

P iercy,Samuel .

P iercy J .

Pidceck R . H .,

Playfair IVm .

Rabson T .

Rabson S .

Reece J .

Ren ison Wm .


348 GUIDE'

TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

a n easy d istance of t h e en tranc e , and h av ing great fac i l i t iesfor w h arfage , and a long i ts water front a good dept h of wate rand excel len t anc h orage .

T h e r iver bank in some places is somew h at s teep,and t h e

country at t h e back is l ike al l t h e lower parts of t h e Fraserrive r (unless in t h e immed iate v ic in i ty of t h e entrance , w h erei t is swampy grass land

,subj ec t to inundation dur ing t h e

fres h e ts of summer) covered w i t h a dense growt h of magn iticen t p ine and cedar ; t h e so i l

,h owever is wel l adapted for

agri cultural purposes,and cons iderable c learings h ave already

been made in t h e v ic in i ty of t h e c i ty . T h ere are,also , some

large trac ts of open grass land on P i tt R iver,five m i les east of

New IVestminster .

T h e c i ty is admirably fi tted by i ts s i tuation to command t h etrade of t h e Fraser r ive r . T h is river in po int of magn i tudeand present commerc ial importance i s second to none 011 t h enort h-west coast of Amer ica . In i ts ent ire freedom from r iskof l i fe and s h ipwreck

,i t possesses infin i te advantages over

any ot h er river 0 11 t h e coast ; and t h e causes of t h is immun i tyfrom t h e dangers and inconven iences to w h ic h al l great r iversempty ing t h emselves on an exposed coast are subj ect

,are

suffi c iently Obv ious ; a s h el tered strai t,scarcely fif teen m i les

across , rece ives i ts waters , and t h e ne ig h bor ing Island ofVancouver serves as a natural breakwater

,prevent ing t h e

poss ib i l i ty of any sea ar is ing w h ic h would prove dangerousto vesse ls even of the smalles t c lass . T0 t h e same causesmay be at tributed in a great measure t h e fixed and unvary ingc h arac ter of t h e s h oals

,t h roug h w h ic h t h is magn ificent s tream

pursues i ts undev ious course into t h e S tra i ts of Georg ia ; andt h ere can be l i ttle doub t t h a t at no d istan t per iod i t is des

‘tined to fulfi l to t h e utmost t h e purposes for w h ic h natureordained it—t h e outle t for t h e produc ts of a great countr

w h ose r ic h es in m ineral and agr icul tural weal t h are da ilybe ing more ful ly d iscovered and developed .

T h e cann ing of salmon and ot h e r fis h ing industr ies of t h ed istric t are extend ing

,and afford empl oyment to a large

number of men . (See pageT h ere are two newspapers publ is h ed in t h e c i ty—flhe Main

land Guardia n and TheDomin ion Pa cific Hera ld .

Ma il commun icat ion (by steame r) w it h Vic toria , tw i ce aweek ; and w i t h Yale—h ead of nav igat ion on Fraser r iveronce a week .

NEW WESTMINSTER CITY CORPORATION FOR 1877 .

—Mayor,

D r . J . R . McInness . Counc il lors : J A . Webs ter , J . C .

Armstrong,IVm . Jo h nson , J . S . C lute

, IV. D . Ferris , H .

Ell iott,Jas . W ise . Citv C lerk ,

Jas . Morri son .

GUIDETO BRITISH COLUMBIA . 840

The Reve nue i s aboutRoyal Hospi tal , New IVe stminster .

—IV. J . Arms trong ,

Pres ident ; R . Dick inson,V i ce Pres ident a nd Treasu re r ; A .

Pe e le ,Secre ta 1y . B oard ofDirectors : E . Brown , R . Dickin

son,J . C . Brown

,G . C . Maj or

,Jas Morrison . Med ica l

A ttendants : C . N Trew,T h o s . R . McInnes , M .D . Adam

Jackson,S teward .

New IVe s tminster F ire Department .

—C h ief enginee 1 , A .

Pe ele ,Ass t Engineer

,T h os IValsh . Hyack F i 1 e Co .

,New

IVes tminster : Caéptain , IVm . Moresby ; Ist Lieu tenant , IV.

H Keary ; 2ud L ieutenant , Jose p h M ay11a 1 ;d See i e tar '

j ,J

McMm phy ; Treasure r , J . A . Webster , Hall S teward , Jonat h anMorey ; Refre shment Stewa 1 d

,IVm . Ha1 vey ; 1st B 1 1incl1 , IVm .

V i anen ;‘a B1 anc h Jo h n IValsh ; 3 1d B1 anc h , J . Ke l ley

(For Soc ie t ie s and rel igious inf01 n1ation ,s ee page s 267 to

276

Armstrong W . J .,merc h an t . C larence H .

,teamste r .

Armstrong J C .

,Insurance Campb el l Peter .

agen t! . Digby C .,br icklayer

Armstrong G .H .,gentleman . Deane R . IV .

,merc h ant

Andrews R .

,carpen ter . Dick inson R .

,M P P .

Anderson R.

,t insm i t h Devoy Jo h n

,s h oe maker .

A l l i son J .

, carpente r . DeB eck IV. teamster .

Arnaud P .

,Colon ial Ho te l . DeB eck G . IV .

,lumberman .

Budlong F . Dodgson H .

,workman

B lack ie IV.,blacks mi t h Dav is J p h otograp h er .

Brown E.

,merchant.DickinsonE.

,Gov ’ t agent .

Bonson L . F road Super’

nt . Deben H ., general dealer .

Burr Jo sep h . DeB eck O . H .,teamster .

Bruce Hen ry,carpente r . Dudgeon Jam es

,butc h er .

Beer James . cooper . Ewen IVise ,fish canners

Brown Jo h n C .

,printe r . Ewen A . ,

fishmonger .

Bo le W . N .,attorney . Edwards IV .

,pol iceman .

Bennett G . T . ,butc h er . E l lard James

,merc h ant .

Burr H . H .

,fireman . E l l iott R . E. ,

carpen ter .

Barns ton J G barrister . E ll iott Henry,teamster .

C larke James A .

,eng ineer . Edmonds H . V land agent .

Cook T h omas,wa i ter Eick h off H . ,

h otel and store .

Cunn ing h am J . M merch’

tEickhoff F .

,general deal er .

C larkson IV .

,nu r

°

s e1yin an . Fraser James,watc h maker .

Cummings A b,lacksmitl1 . F i s h er IV .

,Insurance agent .

Crawf01 d J,ine 1 chant . Flux James

,servan t .

C h own F . R .

,merc h an t . Foster Jo h n

,teamster .

Crawford G C .

,laborer . Forrest F . G .

, l aborer .

C lute J . S ., merc h ant . Frenc h W . J .

, butc h er .

C h i s h olm D.,saloon keeper . F ick Fred .

351) 110111 1: To Burri su

G o ttfriedson F .H ., rigger Logg ie A l ex .

,fish fac tor .

( h ay 1II 1111mer . L 111nblv T h os M bookse ller .

(may T . II ca 1penter . L i ttleDzu id,fireman .

Gr imm e 1 Launce lot . Lo 1d J . E.,furn i ture deale r .

G le adowe H T S Lew i s II'

. I .,h o tel ke epe r .

Howe l l Ro bert,laborer . Murray George B .

Holb rook Henry,me rc h ant . Maste rs S tep h en Henry .

Henesey Je remia h , boatman . Murray Jo h n,shoemake r .

Howa y Wm ., carpente r . Maj o r C harles G merc h an t .

Hall iday J . A . , sc h ool teacl1e r .M anson P h ineas , cooper .

Handcock IV . A .

, ca rpente r . M ic h ie Alexande r,labo rer .

Hogan H l iquor deale r . Morr i son Jame s,agent .

Harvey Wm baker . Maynard Jo se p h , carpente r .

Hug h e s J . C assessor . Melod y 1k. S irr,P ionee r saloon .

Holbrook Cunn ing h am,McMillan C h arles , m ine r .

salmon canne rs . McRoberts Hug h , farme r .

Ho ison J . W .

,genera l de a le r.McMu rphy

° J .,sr . ,

c lerk,bailifi

'

HERRING S IV.

,fish curer 1nd d eputy s h e r iff

and fish 11 11 1 game dealer . McMu iphy J . , jr .

,s h oemaker .

Holoran James,laborer . McInnis

r

I‘

. R.

,p h ys ic ian and

Hug h e s Henry IV.,pr i nter . surgeon .

Hal l J am e s,s tonemason . McWilliams T h omas

,cook .

HOMER J . A . R .,wharfinger McDono ugh C h ar l es , trade r .

11nd comm iss ion agent . McLeod George,cook .

Hogan Henry ,l iquo r d ea le r. McNIulty Jame s

,fireman .

Hazle ton J . H .,manufacture r . Miller Mrs ,

sc h ool te ac h er .

Hey Jose ph,l aborer .

Ibbo tson Jo h n,

fis h erman . Morey Jonat h an,cons tab l e .

Jemmett Capt . IIIcColi Wm c le i kJo h ns Isaac

,c lerk . N ie l{ le s

° IV ., Poney saloon .

Jo h nson Wi lliam,cordwa ine r. Ove ns T h os m ach in ist .

Jackson O liver,t insm i th . Od in G .

,C apt. s tr .

“ ‘GlenoraJ e nne r Ma tt h ew

,lumberman . Peele Ado lpnu s ,

c h em ist .

Jaques James G cl e rk . Pe nnis tone Wi l l iam ,ta il or .

Jackson P h i l ip,gardener . Powers Wm .

,board ing h ouse

Jam ieson Robt .,Pre sbvterian keeper .

m in is te r . Page Goo 1ge,l abo 1° °e1

Iaques Jo h n ,saloon keeper . P 1111 11 1l F W. 1ne 1 ch11nt .

Kennedy J 11ii1 es . mee l1anic. Powers R bo ard ing h ouseKii kland J ,

o h n cont1 ac tor . ke epe 1 .

Ke areey Mrs .,board ing and Rob inson I.

,s teamboa t owner .

lodging h ouse keepe r . Sutherland Hug h , gentleman.

Koarey IV. H . Su ter J . K . , p roprie to r Ma inL e e C h ri stop h e r , eng ineer . l andLi tste r Wi l l iam ,

laborer . Saur C . F .,s teamboat h and

Lowe W . H .

,Customs o ffice rS co tt Jo h n T contrac tor .



foot,and t h e top of t h e tree cut off

,were tr ied comparatively

w i t h poles of t h e same d imens ions cut from a R iga spar offirst-class , and t h e fol low ing resul t was foundMax imum degree of bend ing B ri ti sh Co lumb ia P inebe fo re rupture at th e foo t Gm 025 .

At. the head O 019

Mean 0 022 0 022

Charge of ruptu re (per centimetersSqua red at the foot . . 23k 75

At th e head 16 11

19 93 20 23

Den s i ty of wood at th e (foot of th e treeDen s i ty it the head 0 478

( 1 555 0 629

T h ese exper iments give a mean almost ident ical,for t h e

bend ing and break ing of t h e two k inds of wood,w h i le t h e

dens i ty d iffers notab ly to t h e advantage of t h e Bri t is h Columb ia wood .

T h e only quest ion sti l l undec ided i s t h a t of durab i l i ty .

T h e masts and spars of Brit is h Columb ia are woods rare andexceptional for d imens ions and super ior qual i t ies

,strengt h

,

l ig h tness , absence of knots and ot h e r grave v ices—Anderson .

As h well G . R . Chilliwhack . Brown George . P i tt R iver .

Art h ur James,Centrev i l le . Boyd Hug h

,Nort h Arm .

Art h ur James H . , Centreville .B e tts E l ij a h JAnderson Peter L

,S .umass Browne E S .

,

Anderson J .

,Langley Pra irie Boot h J . W . Sout h Arm .

Ai tk ins James,Langley . Benton H . D .

Anderson A . C .,Maple Ridge .Byr0n George ,

Anderson H . Bales H . P .,Matsqui .

Barker Henry, Sumas . Barnes Jo h n

,

Barker W i l l iam H .,Sumass . Burton Ralph ,

Barker Jo h n, Chilliwhack . Baker Pe ter , Langley .

B lanc h ard Jo h n A .,

B oake Benj .

Ranford George,

Burr IV. H .,

Bel l Wi l l iam,

B oake W . E,

Bell Jo h n,

Barnes M . P . :‘

Boundary BayBeary Jo h n

,Ba1 nes S . W .

Bicknell C h arles,

Bell James .

B akeson H .,Harrison R iver . Run J . B .

,C rescent C r .eek

Burr Josep h, j1 . Boot h royd G eo1ge , Mud Bay .

B remridge W i l l iam . B lancha 1 d J . A Chilliwhack .

Broug h Jo h n,Keatz ie . Brown Robert A .

Brewer Wi l l iam J Mud Bay . B icknel l Dav id , Matsqu i .


Bes t James .

Craswe ll Jo h n, Ch illiwhack .

Cotton James IV .

,

C h adsey G . IV . ,Sumass .

C h adsey W i l l iam ,

C h adsey James L .,

C h adsey C h ester,

Campbe l l Ro nald,

Campbel l IVm . M .,

C l ark Samuel J .

, Chilliwhack .

C lark George ,

Co ulbeck T h omas,

C h apman Emanuel,

Challinger W. J .,Harr ison R .

Chantrell J . B .

,Mud Bay

Campbe l l James C h arles .

Campbel l Robert .

Connor Grange .

C romarty IVilliam .

C romarty Dav id .

C h apuy F .,S t . Mary

’s M issi on .

Couc h Jo h n, Matsqui .

Cou lt h ard J . H .,Langl ey .

romarty James ,Campbe l l Jo h n

,

Carrol l BC lark Wm .

,

Connor R ic h ard,

Cox Marcus,

Chan tre ll H . D.

,Mud Bay .

Coope r H .

,Harr ison River .

Cu lverwe ll C . R .

,B oundary B .

De roc h e Jose p h,Sumas .

Disbrew \V .

,Harr ison R iver .

Dunv i l l e T . Chilliwhack

DeB eck Howard L .

Dawson Henry,Maple R idge .

Deas Jo h n S .,Deas ’ Island .

Da iebe Josep h,Matsqu i .

Douglas Adam,

Dan ie ls Jo h n,Nort h Arm .

Dan ie ls Wm .

Dan iels Dan iel,

Dav i s Henry,Sout h Arm .

DOD’ IClly C h as . P.

Engl is h Jo h n,Sumass .

353

Emptage W i l l iam , LangleyElkine s JErrington T h os .

,Nort h Arm .

Evans J . D.

,Matsqui .

F i s h er James, Chilliwhack .

Forsyt h Jo h n ,Farr Josep h

,Farr

’

s Land ing .

Foster IV. P .,Annacis Island .

Ferrl s IV. D.

,sr .

,Nort h Arm .

Ferris IV . D., j1

Frase r T h omas ,Freeman Al fred ,

Langley .

Falerdo Noel ,Fe rguson Jo h n .

G riz e lle Edward ,Chilliwhack .

G illanders W . L .

,

G illande rs DonaldG illanders C . W .

,

Garner Robert CGreer Samuel ,Gib son George ,Gi lp in \Villiam ,

Mud Bay .

Gossett W i l l iam Ira .

G raf'on C h arles IVilliamG renham T h omas .

Grimmer Lancelot , Mud Bay .

Godfrey Jo h n .

G arripie G . F .,Nort h Arm .

Green C h arle s F .,Sout h Arm .

Gre en A . R .

,Sout h Arm .

Gi l lon G . , Burton’ s Pra i rie .

Grose IVilliam,Langley .

Gibbs W . IV.,

Gray James,Serpent ine Flat .

Hall Matt h ew,Sumass .

Ha l l Edward ,

Hal l \Vi ll ia1n , Chilliwhack

Hard i son Jo h n ,Henderson T .

,Maple R idge .

H i l l Edward .

Hammond Jo h n ,Maple R idge .

Harr i s IV.,P i tt R ive r .

Holmes W i l l iam .

How ison George Henry .

How ison Just in \Villiam .

Hunt C h arles,Boundary Bav .

354

Hawk ins A lbe r t, Matsqu i.

Hosk in R ic h ard,Sout h Arm .

Hosk in Josep h,

H inch Jo h n,Maple R idge .

Hinc h Dav id,

Hume Robert .Harper A .

, Chilliwhack .

Harper IVmHal l iday J . A .

Hold ing R ic h ard H .

,Langley .

Houston JamesHunter C . H Sout h Arm .

Hun te i J . H .

He 1 1 ing A . M .,Langley .

Innes \VmInnes Adam

,

Irv ing Adam,Maple R idge .

Isaacson Isaac . Langley .

Jo h n son T Harr ison R iver .

Jackson Adam .

Jenk ins Wi ll iam .


Lee Wal te1 , Sout h Arm .

Ladne1 W. H .,

Ladner T . E,

Leman Isaac , Matsqu i.

Lea h man S . WLa1mon L .

,La .ngley

Mel v i lle Hemy ,Sumass .

M i l ler D . IV.,

Musse lw h i te J .,

Munro Jame s, Chilliwhack .

Munro W. H .,

Munro Gi lbert,Murc h ison F Langley .

Mart in S . J .,Boundary B av .

Ma in G . B .

,Sout h Arm .

M i tc h el l N .,

M i l ler C h arle s,Ma tsqu i.

Mon ison Kennet h , Langley .

Mayo,De1 by .

Maxwel l Jo h n,Langley .

M in chison A .,

Jo h nson N . C Kanaka PrairieMu 1 1 ay J ,ol1 11

Jame s James,Langley .

Jo l ly Jo h n,Langley .

Jo h nston P ., Mud Bay .

Jo h nston JJo h nston I. S .

Jo h nston Jo h n,

Jo h nston IVm .,

Jolly Capt . J .,Lig h ts h ip .

Jenne t Wm .

Jo h nson Robert .Kennedy Iames .

K ipp Henry Chilliw11ack .

Kipp Isaac,

Kennedy Robert,Sumass .

Kells Henry,Serpentine RiverMcKee S . J .

,

Knowles James .

Kilgower A .,Nort h Arm .

K i rkland Herbert Jo h n .

K idd T h omas,Sout h Arm .

Kent IVm .

,

Murray Paul,

Mack ie James,

Mack ie Robe rt ,Mo le Henry

,Nort h Arm .

McCutcheon J . Chilliwhack .

McG illivra y D Sumass .

McConne ll J ., Chilliwhack .

McL ean D. , Harrison River .

McKay Godfrey ,

McDona ld Wm., Chilliwhack .

McKenney J .,P i tt Meadows .

McDouga ll A .,Mud Bay .

McIve r Jo h n ,Maple Ridge .

McKee Jo h n ,Boundary B ay .

McL ean A le x .,P i tt River .

McL ean Alex ., jr .

,

Morris J .,Harrison River .

McKee Robt ., B oundry Bay .

McDonald H .

,So ut h Arm .

Kele h e r C .,S t . Ma1 y Miss ion .McClu 1 e Jo h n ,

Ma tsqu i

Lew is T h omas,Sumass .

Laidlaw J . A . Ja1 v is Inle t .Lane Wil l iam ,

Sumass .

McColl IVm .,

McKee Iame s ,

McKee Robert,Langley .


356

Taylor James,Langley

Todd James,Mud Bay

Towle \V.,Langley .

Turner John J .,Mud Bay .

Vedder Volkart, Sumass .

Vcdder A . S .,

V 1netta IV. H .,Langley .

Vicca 1 i Rober ztIVe lls A C . Chilliwhack .

IVells J .,

IVells D .

IVilder D . S . ,

IVilliams L . D.,Sumass .

“’ i lson CIV

ebb H .,Chilliwhack .


BURRARDINLET .

Alexander Richard HenryA1e \ ande 1 J . J .

Ashton Thomas,Moodyvil le .

A tkinsE.A .

,

Bake 1 John .

Baker R .,Moodyvil le .

Beaty John,Engl ish Bay

Beard Robert .Black Thomas .

BLACK GEORGE .

Bone JamesBrew Tomkins .

Brew G .

,Granville .

Bransfield T .

,Howe Sound .

Burr Hugh .

Buie JohnCadwalladei E.

,

Camp James,Moodyville .

Champagne Gilbert .

Cudl ip Clark,Granville .

Ch ick James Henry .

Clinton T Jervis Inlet .Co rdiner P .

,Hastings Mil l

Cota FrancisCole IV . G .

,Moodyville .

Cottrel l John A .,

Coldwe l l Charle s .

Moodyville .

Dempsey J .

DinenDonnelly P . G 1 111 1 l11e

Deitz G eo1ge ,Moodyvill e .

Eaton G .,Je i vis Inle t .

Eaton “fin,Howe Sound .

Ettershank W . Moodyvil le .

Fannin J .,Hastings .

Farres Wm.,Jervis Inle t .

Fisher T . Granville .

Foster \V CFord CharlesFrost W . F .

Frost Henry Thomas .

Furry Daggett .Fras e r J . S .

,Howe Sound .

Gagnon F 1 ancis .

Gibson Joseph,Moodyville .

Godden Hem yG 1 ifiin Josepli .

G 1 ifii ths J , zG 1nv ille .

Gold L .

Hacke tt D 111 iel \V.,

Ha l vey Hen i y .

He11d 1y \Villiam .

He 1 tnon M , Moodyvil leHal l John

,North Arm .

Moodyvi ll e .

Jev is Inle t

Cunningham J .,Howe Sound .Halpenny J .

, Howe Sound .

Davidson J Granville . Handcock J .,North Arm .

Whitchurch A . Harrison river .

“’ebster G .

,

Wl1itfie ld J .,Chilliwhack .

‘Vhitlield R .,

IVoodwa 1 d C .

\Voodwar ,d Wm Mud Bay .

Woods C,

“N 0 1 t h A1m

\Voods R .

“fade Franc is Edward .

\Vells J . IV Mission .

IVark H Langl ey .

IVilliams A . Derby .

York Thomas,Sumas .

Young C Harrison River .


Hamil ton George .

Hanl in Thomas .

Henderson W .,Hasting Mill .

Hodgson R . Moodyvill e .

Hookway T .,

Hutton George .

Haywood Thos .

Jones Thomas ‘V .

Jone s Humphrey 0 .

Jones Hugh,Howe Sound .

Johnston John,Moodyville .

Johnston John,

Johnston A . Granvil le .

Johns T .

L angsford J . B .,Granvil le .

Laing Charles L .

Law A .,Howe Sound .

Lewis C .,Moodyvil le .

Lenahan J Jervis InletLockhart J . K .

,Moodyville .

Mackie Will iamMamnion Joseph

,Granville .

Mathews S ., Moodyvil le ,

Mayers Christian .

Merchant George,Moodyvi lle .

Marwick JamesMay Anthony .

Maynard J .

McKen z ie Edward ,Granvil le .

Michaud M .,Hastings .

Millman Robert,Moodyville .

Mill igan David S .

,

Mon tgomery,James .

McArthur Peter A .

M cArthur James .

McCallum John .

McCord Benj C .,North Arm

McCrimmon Alex . , Granvil le .

McDonald John,Moodyvil le .

McDon ald D.

,English Bay .

McEachern J . D.,South Arm

McEwan W ill iam .

McG illale M S .

, Howe Sound .

MG regorD.,Jervis Inlet .

McNe illy ThomasMcNaughton D . Granville .

Ma lle1 sO

T . H . l\,Ioodyville .

Nelson Hugh .

Neiland Benj amin.

O lsen Charles .

O l iver Joseph,Moodyville .

Prevett J . M .

Patterson Joseph .

Pirkins H A ., North Arm .

Plant Peter .

Phibbs JohnPowers W i l l iam

,Moodyv i l l e .

Proctor S .

,Howe Sound .

Preston Robt .,English Bay .

Pritchard T . H .,Granville .

Patterson J . Moodyvil le .

Reid Da v id C ., Granville .

Rivers Pe ters,Moodyville .

Royal ‘V illiam .

Rogers Jeremiah,Engl ish Bay .

Smallbone C . R.

,Granville .

Smith Henry,Moodyville .

Soule W . H .,Granvil le .

Springer B .,Moodyville .

Stalker Hugh,

Stevens Robert .Sutherland Daniel .Smith Robert , Hastings .

Sweet P . IV.

Smith Captain Henry .

Thompson Will iamThompson John , Hastings .Thain Murray IV

.,Moodyvil le .

Trim Harry,Jervis Inlet .

.Thompson Wil liam .

Tu1 ne 1 Wi ll iam .

VanB 1 ame1 I. Moody1 ille .

lVILSON BENJAMIN H .,

Hastings Hotel .W il son Thomas

,Moodyvi lle .

\Va lkem W . Iv ond,M .D .


Y ALEANDHOPE.

Yale is a small town, so

-cal led after one of the Hudson BayCompany

’ s offi cers . It i s s ituated at the head of navigationon the Fraser River, making i t important as a forwardingpoint

,large quantities of merchandise being yearly shipped

by semi-weekly steamers from New Westminster , thence thefre igh t i s forwarded for the consumption of the Cariboominers and to other parts of the interior 0 11 mule s

’ backs andby large mule teams

,the fre ight ranging from to 10 cents

per l b .

The streams in the neighborhood abound with trout duringthe months of August and September

,affording good oppor

tunities for angl ers . The distric t i s central,and is one of the

richest agricul tural d istric ts in the Province,and as a range

for cattle and sheep cannot be surpas sed . The rich andnutrit ious bunch grass for fattening cattl e ' i s excel lent

,pro

ducing fine qual i ty of beef with a del ic ious flavor . Most of th elands unde r cul tivation are very productive , grains , fruit , andvegetables of all k inds maturing readily and yield ing largere turns ( on some farms wi thout irrigating .) Rich ve ins o f

iron , s ilver , c opper and other metals , with beds of coal andslate are known to exist in the d is tric t , which will eventuallybe of great value when the proper time c omes for the development of these vast resources . [For more about Yale and description of Hope

,see pages 68 and 95 .

Agassiz L . A . Fe rnycoombe . Deighton R .

,Yale .

Agassiz L . N.,

Delat1 e Madame ,A irth David

,Popkum . Dewdney Edgar , M .P . H, ope .

Al l ison J . F .,Princeton . Ditchem Rev

o

Geo . Yale .

Alway John,Yale . Dodd Wi ll iam ,

Al lison Hayes,Hope . Douglas Deighton ,

Bai ley B .,Yale . Douglas Benj amin ,

Baile y W Engl ish John,

Bailey Miss,

Bakewel l James,Yale .

Barnard F . JB urdan S .

,

Bowes J . A .,Hope .

Bristol Willliam,Yale .

Burr Josh .

Campel l Al lan,

Clair Peter,

Clair Mrs . M .

Chuck Ah,

Chase IV .

,

Fall i s Henry,

Galloway Chas ,Hope .

Gannon Patrick,Yale .

Gordon George ,Grant Al ex .

,

Gray Wm ., Hope .

G u terie z F . , Yale .

Hudson Bay Company,Yale .

Hamil ton John,

Hart D,

Harvey Wil l iam ,

Harvey O l iver,


360

Coxon G .

,Lt On .

Chapman JDowl ing J .

,96-1n ile post .

DeFlorcs J .,B utcher ’ s Flat .

Dunne T .

,Cache Cre ek .

Dart H . B .

,Boston Bar 25 m .

Ellice J .,Spence ’ s Bridge .

E l lard Kanaka BarEarl T . G .

,Ly tton .

Fullerton J .,Spence ’ s Bridge

Fink P .

, Boston B ar .

Guere ro A . ,Foster ’s B ar .

Good Rev . G . B .

,Lytton .

Gordon A Cache Creek .

Graham \V.,14 mile s .

Hau tier L .

,Lytton .

Kirkpatrick J . G .,89-1n ile H .

Kirk p atrick IV. , Venables V .

Kilroy P . Lytton .

Jone s J ., Cache Creek .

Jea rxson A .

,Cache Creek .

Jamieson W 34.-mile post .

Leon P .,

“1154-111 i le post .

Lewis J Ashcroft .Leighton J . B .

,Cache Creek .

Leigh ton W Lytton .

Lewis C . W.

,Cache Cre ek .

Lemmie A .

,Nicomen .

McPhilllps P .,

Macie l J .

,Bos ton Bar 25 111 .

Murray J . ,Spence

’ s Bridge .

Mondo t A SI-mile post .

Mennerbre t A .

,96-mile post .

McKit1 ick P . 4 ) mile post .McInt1 e J .

,Lytton .

McKay J .

McIVha IV.

,

Ne lson M .

,Spence

’ s Bridge .


O’

Hare R Iii-mile post .O 1

1

r J .

,Cache Creek .

Peterson P .,

Pro lingears J . B .

,50miles .

Pucke tt W (52-mile post .Parmer J .

,

Place J .

,Nicomen .

Parmer J 1

,45-mile pos t .

Pocock T .,Lytton .

. Prater G . ,Foster

’

s BarPerry E . G .

,Cache Creek .

Parke Phill ip ,

Rishloy G .,Lytton .

Roberts J Foster ’ s Bar .

Roberts”

W. , Mud Sl ide .

Randall H .,Ashcroft.

Rombro t C .E.

,Iii-mi le Ho a sc .

Stevenson A .

,42-1n i le House .

Sandford'

1V Cache C 1 eek .

Semlin Charles ,Sp

1 oat R., Lytton .

Seaward T .,

Stu ar t G ., Cache Creek .

Stwart JSte ven son A . Lytton .

Taylor J .,ti l -mile post .

Thomps on W .

,Mud Slid

Trapp S .

,Cache Creek .

Tinl ine \V. ,42-mi le House .

Thornhil l J . Cache Creek .

Urin Miss, Savana Ferry .

Urwin A . ,Cache Creek .

V ic tor W.,Siska Flat .

Wi l son J Rocky Point .VVatkinson J Foster ’ sIVard J .

,Cache Cre ek .

\Vi ll iard R . . 89-m 11e House .

Young Che e,Il-mile House .

Bar .

KamLoors .

Ande i son And i ew

Barnes J . Thompson Rive1 .

Brown A North Thompson .

Be aley ABouche t Joseph .

Bu1 k John .

Ba ptis te

Brink E.

,Thom p son Rive r

Jooney C .,Tranqu ille .

Campbel l L .

,Sou th Thomp

’

n .

Campbell J .,

Chase IV.,Bonaparte .

Chong Key , Kamloops .

Canaghe r John .

GUIDE '

11

0 BRITISH COLUMBIA .361

Comming John . McQ ueen J . B . North Thom’

n

Dupr at J . Thompson River . McIntosh James .

Duck J ., McByran A .

,South Thompson

Duffy P .

, Che rry Creek . McPhe rson D.,

Edwards J .T .

, North Thomp’

n .McKen z ie Mrs .

Edward John . McIvor J North Thompson .

Fortune W ., Kamloo p s Mil ls . McConne ll Arch ibald .

Fraser P Stum p Lake . Newman Ba rtle tt .Foste r Charles . Nimmo Robert .

F iladore Louis . Pennie C .

,Thompson River .

F ul ly J . H . Paxson Samuel .

Graves J .

, Thompson River . Petch C .,North Thompson .

Gotab P ., Kamloops Lake . Pringle J Grand Fra1r1e .

Graham Tl,Tranquille . Pete rson J South Thompson .

Gue rin J . F . Pringle A .,

G u illome V .,South Thomp

’

n Pend leton G . ,Cherry Creek .

G randid ie r Rev . R . C Pemberton G .,South Thomp

’

n

G u ichon L . Marmot Creek . Pumpmaker C .,Dead Man ’

s ck .

Gu ichon J .

,Robins C North Thompson .

Gu ichon P .

,Ross J South Thompson .

Glassy John . Ruch Frederick .

Griffin Fred . Roper W .,Thompson River .

H ardy A Copper Creek . RobertsEd .

,Savana

’

s Ferry .

Hare N.,

.Jherry Cre ek . RoxboroHull Wil l iam . Roper Thomas .

Hull John . Shaw Andrew .

Ingram H .,Grand Prarie . S ul l ivan M .

,North Thompson .

Hussy J .

,Thompson Rive r . Steger G .

,

J ameson J .

,North Tl1ompson .Sabist0n J .

,Savana ’ s Ferry .

Jone s I'Villiann . Squires N .,South Thompson .

Kirkp atr ick A . J . Grand P . Strumway A .,Anderson Creek

Knout . North Thompson . Smi th Jesse .

Lave-an J . Sotello Joseph .

Manerito A . Todd Jas, jr .

Mara J A M.P .B . Trap p J . T .,Napier Lake .

Mara Wilson . Todd J . South Thompson .

Martin G ., South Thompson . Tait John .

Morten H .

,Cop p er Cre ek . Trounce Walter .

Me l lors J .

, South Kamloops . Uren James. Savanas FerryMcL ean Donald . Ussher John .

McFadden Daniel . Ward Uriah,Thom p son River .

McEw-an Alex . ‘Va lkerD.,North Thompson .

McDon ald R .

,Napier Lake . ‘Valker F .

,South

McDonald B North Thomp’

n .Whee ler John , Tranquille .

McL ean A ., Wi l son Wm . B .

McAu ley D.

,Wilson J Thompson River .

362 GUIDE 1 0 BRITISH COLUMBIA .

NICOLA .

Population of Nicola D istric t up to Decemb er 31st, 1876 .

White male a 1 ,lults white fem 1le adul ts , 2 1 ; wh ite ch il

d1 en , 40; Mexican ma le adults , 8; half-breed children ,Total population bona fide res idents

,151 .

Nicola Valley is s ituate i n Yale D istric t,distant from

Fort Hope,Fraser River 80% mile s ; from Yale , Fraser River ,

120mil es from Lytton , Fraser Rive r , 60miles ; from Cook’s

Ferry , Thompson River , 50miles from Kamloops,Thomp

son River,50miles .

The vall ey conta ins school h ouses,2 ; stores , 3 ; black

sm ith shop ; saw-mill w ith sash ,sh ingle and planing

mach ines , etc . ; flour mil l French burr stones ; flour mill ssteel burr stones

,2

, Cl1u 1 cl1 (Pre sb1 te rian); post office s ,2

P1 ofessions and t1 ades—2 cle i gymen ( 1 P1 esbyte 1 ian) (IMethodist), I blacksmi th ,

1 millw1 ight and mach ini st ; 1house carpenter ; 1 Justice of the Peace , 1 constableThe Valley has a semi—monthly mai l f i1 on1 Spence ’ s B ridg e

(or Cook’ s Fe1 1y), i s accessible b1 waggon 1 oad f1 o 111 Cook ’s

Ferry and Kamloops , and by an exce l lent s ix foo t t1 ail f1 omFo1 t Hope . The 1 esidents of Nico la a l e exclu si1 ely fa1me1 sand stock h 1 eede rs . (See page (57

Anderson P L .

B lackbourn Joseph .

El imer Gilbert .

B ercie Augustus .

Cavanaugh George .

Charters W’

i l l iam .

Charters RobertCharters JohnChapman James .

Clapperton Daly .

Clappe1 ton John .

Clappe 1 ton George A .

Dubbal John .

Dalley EdwinDouglas John

,sr

Douglas John, j1 .

Earnshaw Byron .

Penson George .

Gari ca Jesus .

G ilmoretJohn .

Gill ie Paul James .

Hamil ton Robert .Lander Joseph .

Lefevre Alphonso .

Lindley Henry .

Lu nbom Augustus W .

McCormack Wi l l iam .

McRae Ronald .

McRa e G eorge .

Mickl e “l

hee ler Adam .

Mickle Florien .

Moore Joseph CMoore Benjamin .

Moore John P .

Moore Samuel .Moore John .

Murray Rev .

Palmer “T

illiam .

Petite Vincent .Ryan Patrick .

Sabin Napoleon .

Schwartze Thomas .

Scott Robert .

Shaw Andrew .

Sull ivan Edward J .

Suche l Edward .


3134 GUIDE TO mumsn COLUMBIA .

LILLOOET DISTRICT.

For descript ion see page 69 .

Al len Edward,Gi ave Cr .eek Eastman Frankl in

,Lillooe t

Barker W11h 1m Clinton Eyre Miss,Grange

,Clinton .

Bel l Ewen , Fe rguson Adam B . Lillooet .B eak C M ,

105 mile House . Featherstone DI1 . H .

BrownW. M .,

.M P . P . 15 mileFickan John,Pacelqua

House Foste1 DI1 . F . W .

,Clinton .

Brady Matthew , Lillooet . Fuller Will iam,

Bowi e H Alka l i Lake . Gillen M .,Pavil ion Mountain .

Bohn '

1Vi1ham, Dog Creek . Got Bertrand

,Lillooet .

Brown S . L . C . , Gaske Joseph,Clinton .

Budwig E l ias,Lillooet . Gannon P .

,Lac la Hache .

Burgess \Val ter,Pemberton Grinder Ph il ip

,Big Bar .

Meadows . Gallagher John , Dog Creek .

Butson John,Cl inton . Harpe r T .

Bullard B . D.

,Hughes J . L .

,Pavil ion Creek .

Buchanan Jas Bridge Creek . Halt L . , Pavil ion MountainBurnett A lex Crow ’ s Bar . Hall iday J .

,Pemberton Mea

Butcher F .

,Dog Cre ek . dows .

Cole Thos .

,lQ-mile House . Hoey Richard , Li llooet .

Chadwick Wm .

, Pacelqua Hoey Thomas,

Currie John . 17-mile House . Hemenover C . F .

,Clin ton .

Crozier James,Lillooet . Horsfo1 d H . D . Bridge CIeek .

Cullen W.,Pavil ion Mountain Hudson IVilliam, Clinton .

Cox Timothy , Lillooet . Hunt Nelson,

Carson R ., Pavil ion Mountain .Haly Will i

1

1m,

Clark Wm . H .,17-mi1e House Hill Edward ,

Cole S .,Pemberton Meadows . Haller J

,Big Bar Creek .

Cameron J . A .,20-mile House .H incks Henry . Big Bar .

Clark T C .,Pavilion Mountain .Hutchenson T .

,Alkal i Lake .

Carson Jas . , l 24-mile Hou se . Isidor G,Dog Cr .eek

Chenhall John,Clinton . Ital ian J .

,12-mi1e House .

Coughill G . A .,

Kelly Edward .

Cook M icira ,Koster Lars P .

, Bonaparte .Colen Pe ter

,Dog Creek . Lotolo Lorenzo , La Fountain .

Chiara Francois , Cl inton . Lee Will iam,Pavil ion Creek

Cargyle Wil l iam ,Chilcotin . Larochel le F .

,near Lil looe t .

Cavanagh Thos .

,Crow’ s Bar . Lawson A .

, Pavil ion MountainDickey J . B lockhill farm . Ludtge Franz P . T .

,Cl inton .

Denning H . Foster’ s Bar . Manson Wm . ,11 1-mile House .

Dixon Jose p h . Clinton . Murie I.

Dougherty E Grave Creek . McKay Frank , High Bar .Dunne Ge orge

,Hat Creek . McCu lly G . W .

, Pavil ion Ck .

De su Joseph,Dog Creek . Mi l le r John

,Lill ooe t .

GUIDE TO nmrrsn COLUMBIA . 365

Martley John , The Grange . Rountree C .,H igh Bar .

Moore \Villiam , High Bar . Rogers Jame s .

McCully John , Clinton . Robinson IV . ,Hat C1 eek

McMicking T A .

,Roper T .

,Lac la Hache .

Martley I. Ross Murdo .

Morgan Thos .,Bonaparte . Re id J L .

,Cl inton .

Maj or Hemy, Clinton . Reed T . P .,

Mor1 1sonW . l\,I.P .P . l 34-n1ileRossetle J ,

Alkal i Lake .

House . Sailsbury J .

,14 mile Creek .

Mundorf J 124-mile House . Swa1 t J . A .

,Lil looet .

Moore Thos . , Canoe Creek . Spellman T .,

Manson W. 111-m1le House . Smith A \V.,

Mountain Robert,Clinton . Saul John

,Mound .

Mitche l l G . H Grave Creek . Saul IVilliam,Mound .

M ill er E . Bridge Creek . Saul ThomasMarshall Mrs

,Cl inton . Saul Isaac 70—mile House .

Marshall Thos . G . ,Clinton . Sones F .

,Clinton .

McCarthy Michael , Stewart A .,

M cMillan David,

Steele J .

,

McKinlay A .,Lac la Hache . Starre tte R .

,Lac la Hache .

McL ellan Al ex .,Cl inton . Slater G . , Cl inton.

McL ellan C . N .,

Smith D.,

McDonald R . A,Hat Creek . Sull ivan John , Dog Creek .

McGhee D,Bonaparte . Tesch Bernard

,Lillooet .

Meason ‘V. L,Little Dog Ck .Tinker G . ,

15-mile house .

McLean Hector,Hat Creek . Turner Wi l l iam .

McL ean Allen,

Torrens R .H .,Cl inton .

McKinlay Jas Lac la Hache . Twentyman A ., Dog Creek .

McL aren Rohe i t,Clinton . Uren John .

McEwen Alex,

Veasey M .,Bonaparte .

Newland J . A,Clinton . Wi l le tt Edward .

Null J . P .,Big Bar . Wiggins Arthu r , Lillooet .

O Connor M . Walker Will iam , Bonaparte .

O’

Halloran C .,20-m ile Hou se .Wasley S .

,senr .

Ogden C Lac la Hache . VVasley S ., jr .

,

Perrett J .

,Douglas Portage . Watson G . ,

Pettingel l Edgar,Cl inton . W i lson G .

,

Pollard John,

Will iams Ed ,Cl inton .

Pratt I) .

,B 1 idge Creek . Woods James

,Big Bar .

Patte1 son W .

,Will iam Walker , Bonaparte .

Powers T, Walker W .. J .

Pigeon Moses,Dog Creek . Wright J . , Lac la Hache .

Quinn J B .,70m i le house . Wycott W . W . , Chilcotin .

366 GUIDE 1

11

0 BRITISH COLUMBIA .

KOOTENAY .

[For description , see pages 47 , 63 and 951 ]Bailey J St . Mary ’s Prairie . Jenkins B . ,

Potormia Ranch .

Boul ier J Wild Horse Creek .Ke lly Thomas .

Booth H . S .

, Kruse Henry .

Boot-h C Gov’

t agent . LorenzoA .,Wild Horse Creek .

Brown H ., Nigger Creek . Mans H .

,Mans ’ Ranch .

Burns J .

, St. Eugene M ission .Margean B Columbia Lakes .

Chisholm Donald . MeClenctry P .,‘Vi ld Horse

D icker G ., Wild Horse Creek . Creek .

D uke C ., Palmer

’ s Bar Creek . McFarland Donald .

D e i tz C McQ uade P .

,Wi ld Horse ck

Evans J .,IVild Horse Creek . Milby W. C .

, M . P PFe rnie Peter . Mitchel l G .

,Wild Hors e ck .

Fernie W., Josep

’

s Prairie . Morrow “7 Perrv Creek .

Fouquet Rev . L .,St .

'

Eugene Morrissey James .

Miss ion . Moore R Perry Creek .

Galbraith R ., Kootenay B ot

’

m .Milby Mrs,‘Vi ld Horse ck .

Galbra ith J .

, Joseph’s Pra irie .Pl1illips M .

,Tobacc o Plain s .

Galbrai th Mara,Perrier Ck Price Henry .

Galbrai th J .,Kootenay Bot’m .Price Richard .

Gallagher C ., Wild Primrose A . Potormia Ranch .

Horse Creek . Quirk P . , W i ld Horse Creek .

Goodridge VV.,V

Vild Horse ck .Roberts H . Pe rry Creek .

Griffi th D. ,

1 Rose J .

,Potormia Ranch .

Gregoire N.

, St . Eugene Mis’

nSandon J .

,Perry Creek .

Harrington Patrick . Shaw R . Wild Horse Creek .

Healy Wi ll iam . Schroder H .,W ild Horse ck .

Hicks Ge orge . ‘Vardle J .,Kootenay Express .

CARIBOO.

This d istric t was first d iscovered to be auriferous in the

latter part of the year 1860.

To some miners who were amongst those who arrived in1858

,at the earl ier diggings on the Fraser River

,the discovery

of gold in large quanti tie s is to be attributed . These menunde terred by unusual difficul tie s and hardships consequenton the extremely rugged and mountainous Charac ter of thecountry through which they had to pass

,succeeded in fol low

ing the course of the Fraser a distance of three hundred miles,

then arriving at the mouth of the Quesnelle River , which flowsinto the Fraser Rive r above Al exandria .

Havin g ascended that rive r and finding gold on the bars



Bly the John , Lightn ing creek .Cusson Lowey , A lexandria .

Bailey IVm . , Chassott J .,neaI

Brown IV111 . Callan P .,Germansen creek .

Bray M . B .

,Connor P . ,

B orgoo Peter , Cleatril L .,

Bates A . S,150-mile House . Christie Henry

,

‘

Beat ie IV., Lightning creek . Cameron Arch ibald

,

Burton Thos B .,

Campbell Finlay,

B ilsland A . IV. Christie James,

Bell James, Clendinn in George ,

Bennett Will iam . Coll ins Thomas,

BlackwellE.,

Clarke Michael,

Bruce Robert,

CliffordBrown James

,Coote Phill ip

,

Beek C . M .

, Barkerville . Crowley O .,Lightn ing creek .

Bibby John,

Curry John .

Bo“ Ion John,

Cocking P .,Lightning creek .

Boyce J , Coh klin s gulch C11 anstoun JohnBrodie Robert ,

“ Crawford H . H .,Lightning ck .

Bright IV. H .,Will iams cr .eek ChIistie Andr 1e 11

,

Brown P .,Lightning cr .eek Cameron John

,

Brown R .

,Will iams creek . C01 nthwaIte John .

Brown Wm ., Lightning creek . Calder Harry

,

B Iunskill W,Jack of C lubs Carey Danie l

,

ByInes George , Barkervi lle . Chipp Dr John,Barkervil le .

Bauden N . Wi l l iams creek Clink Al ex . ,Al exandria .

Bauden T .,

Coutts Alex .,Barkerville.

Brown Hugh S .,Burnes c11 eek .Cannell J . , W i l l iams creek .

Bickley Geo . Barkerville Cnn io N .,Barkerville .

B aIr R . , Conkl in’ s gulch . CIan J ,

B .B .N .A Stanley .

Brydges Thos .,Antler cre ek . Ca 1 sten F . C ,

Keithley creek.

B 1ll H . II.

,Judge

,Richfield . Dixon Daniel

,HaIve 1 Ci eek .

Buts I,

ohn Stout s gulch . Dr11ry l’

. J . Quesne llemou th .

B egliel MaItin,Stanley . Duling D D.

Bend ixen Mrs .

,Ligh tning ck . Dunlevy P . C Soda CIeek .

Boyd II11 s . J .,Cold Spring Dawson John

,B uInes creek .

House . Dodd Jas .,Lightning cre ek .

Cowan Geo .,Keithley cr .eek Dickson I IV

Conway B . M .,Harvey creek . Davis David ,

Carson A ., Que snellemouth . De s01 1ne 1n P .

, Conklin’

s gulch .

Cummings Jas .,Soda creek . Devl in R . B .

,Will i 1111s creek

Cummings Springfield £11 111 D OIbentigny O . Musqu ito

Com oy T . near Soda creek . c 1 eek .

Conroy J Dixon IVm . ,Barkerville .

Coll ings R .,

. D,eep c 1 eek Drevor IIm . Lightning creek .

Col l ings B ., j1 .

,Dufi ( weOIge ,


Duxbury T,Lightning creek

Driscol l M . Mosquito cr .eekDeslorierE.

,Antle 1 creek .

Devl in J . C .,Barkerville .

Dow Geo . A Antler creek .

Downs S .,Aus tral ian ranch .

Denny Joseph .

Evans Ezra,Stuart’s Rive r

Ferry .

Eagle C .,150-mile House .

Engl ish B F .

,Dee r Park .

Elshimer J Germansen River .

Ennor Thomas .

Edwards D Lightning creek .

Evans J .,M .P .P

,

Evans JasEarly Hugh B .

E lder J IV .

Ercole D Stanley .

Fletcher McNaughton ,

Stanley .

Froats IV .H .,Manson Rive r .

French David,

Fairbrother Geo .

Frigon E. ,Germansen cre ek .

F 11 1 quhaIson C .

Forster Wal ter Lightning ck .

Fletcher Andrew,Stanley

Fe l lows S ., Lowliee cr .eek

Ferguson G .,

Fa ve ll IV., Richfie ld .

Flynn T . H .,Barkerville .

Fenny W.

,

Fraser IV,B .B .C .

Forre st IIilliam,

Fe 1 r1 C .H .

,Germansen creek .

G il od I.

, Que sne lle .

Gill is B ., Q uesne llemouth .

Griffin Jas .,150-mile House .

Graham A Manson River .

Glendinning P Lightning ck .

Glover W ., IVilliams croek .

Gill is IV . H . ,Burne s Creek .

Gilmour J Ligh tning creek .

Gartley T .,

Glasson J .

Conklin ’ s creek .

369

Greig R .,Lightning creek .

Gall Thomas,Barkerville .

Goodson I. G .

( n ay S .

,Lightn ing c re ek .

Graham R . B a r 1ke 1 ville .

Green Geo rge ,Richfie ld .

Glynn M . S .,Grub gulch .

Gadd George,Barkervil le .

Griffi ths Jeremiah .

Garnet B ai ke 11 .ville

H11gartyIII.

, Quesne lleHeath C . H .

,

He thermton J . IVilliaIn s lake .

Hawks J . F .,Soda creek

Hamilton T .M ., Ge rmansen ck

Humphrey IV

.,

Hartuel l H .

Ho ll iday G . L .,

Harte F .

Hunter J .,Lightning c1 eek .

Housman II’ .

Hill John,

Ha i per E .

Holme s John , Lightning creek .

Hines IIilliaIn ,

Hyde George Beaver Pass .

Harding Thomas,Richfield .

Heal R .,Will iams creek .

Heron IV.,Grouse creek .

Hitchcock IV.,Barkerville .

Hollaway E.,Grouse creek .

Hudson John ,Will iams creek .

Harris J . B .,Lightn ing creek .

Harris T . C .,Barkerville .

Hinds Stout s gulch .

Humphreys E . Barkerville .

Hagerman C .,

Hamilton G . Stuart ’ s lake .

Hooka John,Stanley .

Hamilton J ., Soda creek .

Innes James , Stout’ s gulch .

Isaac George , Barkervil le .

Isnardy A . , Chimney creek .

Is idor Gaspar,Dog creek .

Johnston G .,150-mile House .

James J Germansen creek .

370 ( 11111513 TO BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Jones H,Lightn ing c1 eek .

Jones W . R .

,Canyon creek .

Jones John,

Jenk ins J ., Lig h tn ing creek .

Jo h nston W . A .

,

James Jo h n F .

Jones Edward,Pe te i s c 1 eek .

Jones “7 . O .,Canyon creek .

James Jo h n,L owhee creek .

Jeffares \Villiam, Richfield .

Lacy S touts gulc h .

Lindsay James,Richfield .

Latour G .

,Barkerv il l e .

Luce Wm .

"

Mi tc h e l l Capt ,Forks of Ques

nelle .

McA1 t h ur A . ,Harvey creek .

Malcolm J .,Ke i t h ley creek .

McNab Robt .

,

McRae Donald ,

Jenk ins D .S .,Lig h tn ing e i eek .Morg in H .W . L 10htn 1n0 creek .

Jo h nstone A1 t h u1 , Barkerv i l le .McMillan J . L,B urns

o

c reek .

Jo h ns tone J .

,L ig h tn ing creek .McL ean Rohe i t A

Jones D wid ,Antler creek

Jones T,L ig h tn ing creek .

Jones W L .

,

O

B arkerville .

Jo h ns R . Mosqu i to creek .

Jones lV. A . Wi l l iams creek .

Jo h nston AJones D r . McN .

,Barkerv i l l e .

Kerr J . H ., Quesnelle Ferry .

Kwong Lee Go

KelsoO

James .

Merri tt S ., Lig h tn ing creek .

McLellan , Yorktown .

McAlmden A . , Grouse creek .

McQ uaigM Lig h tn ing creekMcDona ld A . Conkl in ’ s gulc hMcKane C Lig h tn ing creek .

McKayD.,Barkerv i ll e .

McKenney F Barkerv i l le .

McKen z ie \V . Lig h tn ing ck .

McL aughlin J . Wi l l iams ck .

Keynton \V., G e 1man sen 01 eek McL ennan F . L

,ig h tn ing ck .

Kenny Ge01 ge,

K1rkpat1 1ck L .

,Lig h tn ing ck

Kaitting J . D.,Cold Spi ing

House waggon roadKel ly Andrew

,Barkerv i l le .

Knott Jo h n,S tanley .

Kyes Samuel,Barkerv i l le .

Lamont A .,Ke it h ley c reek .

Li ttler F,

LaidlowW.,Harvey creek .

Lew is B . J Soda creek .

Liv ingston Jo h n,A lexandria .

Lyne W, Wi l l iams lake .

Meyer F,Barkerv i l le .

Mouatt A .

McNaughton A , Ligh tn ing ck .

McKen z ie A,

McPhe1 son A .,Conkl in ’s gulc h .

Mowh a A,Grouse creek .

McCoovie A .,Lig h tn ing ck .

Mason J .,Barkerv i l le .

Mi l l s D . Lowhee creek .

Mi l l s J Lig h tn ing creek .

M illross W .T S tanley .

Moleur H . M,

osqu i to creek .

Montgomery G ., Grouse creek .

L enniker E ., G e1mansen c reek .Moses W . D.

, Barkerv i l le .

Lindsay A,S tan ley

L lewelynW.,S tanley .

Launder Mat h ew .

Lavery T h omas,Barkerv i ll e .

Lucas H . , Lig h tn ing creek .

Lumley J, Wi ll iams creek .

Love Jo h n, Richfield .

Lanegon J Mosqu i to creek .

Munroe G .

“

Murray Jo h n ,McDonald R .

,Harvey creek .

Munroe A ., Wi l l iams creek .

Martin Jo h n , Grouse creek .

Morgan L Wi l l iams creek .

Matt ice S B .

,

McKenz ie F . ,S tuarts Lake .


372 GUIDE 1 0 BRITISH COLUMBIA .

Robb D., Quesnellemou th . S h aw J Lig h tn ing Creek .

R i ske “7 . L . C h i lcotin mout h . Smi t h S .,

Romboug h J . , Deer Park . Sell ers T .,

R ic h ards M . Germansen creekSangster P .

Ryder Curtis . Sanderson J .,

Rob inson W . S h aw J Harvey creek .

Role s C H . S h ep h erd G . Lig h tn ing creekRob inson J

,Germansen ck . S t . Lauren t J . Barkerv i l le .

Ross A .

,Lig h tn ing creek . S tarre t t R .

,Blackwater .

Ru st1 ich J .

, S tep h enson W .,\Villiams ck .

Robertson J ., S tevenson J

Rose F .,

S tevenson R .,

{odenbac h S tra in J ., Lig h tn ing creek .

Renn ie \V.,Barkerv i l le . Saunders W .

, Mosqui to creekReed S .

,L ig h tn ing creek . S incock S . . Jack of C lubs ck .

Robertson D.,Grouse creek . Sm i t h W S tout ’s Gulc h .

Rogers S .A .

,Barkerv i l le . Sam Moo .

Rees Antler creek . Schorling H .,Barkerv i l le .

Ross H .,Barkerv i l le . S tewart J .

,Conkl in ’ s Gulc h .

Rat h bone J Mosqu i to creek . Sky in J \Villiams creek .

R h odes H ., (B . B . C .) Barker-Sadoux C .

,Mosqu i to creek .

v i l le . S tewartD., Quesnellemouth ,

Sievewright J .,Ke i t h l ey creek .Turley J .

, Harvey creek .

S h ubert A . Thowvn i1i Bros ., Ke i t h ley ck .

Sco tt R ., Snows h oe creek T h omas R .

, Q uesnellemouth .

S irr T .,Ke i t h ly creek . Towns C h arles

,Soda creek .

S h aw J .,Harvey creek . T h omas P . ,

C h i l cotin .

Skinne1 R .J Quesnellemouth .Taylor G .,Germansen creek .

S h ep h erd E . C . ,T h omas R .P . Manson rive1 .

S tone J . Trela ise W , S tanleySalmon J . Soda creek . Tucker W ,

Ligh tn ing creekS terl ingW .

, G e imansen creek .T h omas A .,

Sword T . Triple tt Jo h n ,

S tevens P . Townsend A . ,

S tevensE. C .,

Taylor G .,W i l l iams creek .

Sm i t h J Tindal J .

,An tler creek .

Spencer W .,

Truman G . Wi l l iams creek .

Sab iston J 3-m i le creek . T h ompson J . S M .P .Barkery ’eSampara A Bab ine . T h ompson W .

,Conkl in ’ s g

’

lch

S l ater J . Lig h tn ing creek Treleven J .

S tevens James , Tunstal l G . Wi l l iams cieek .

S tevens Jo h n,

T h orma h len T .,Barkerv i lle .

S tewart James,

Urqu h art \V. , Lig h tn ing creek .

Swan A . ,Ve i t h G . A .

,Ke i t h l ey creek .

Semple R . ,Ve i t h Borland

Spears J Vellatti G .,Lig h tn ing creek .


Van Volkenburg,Barkervi l le .

Wi l son R . , Harvey cre ek .

Wallace A .,13-m i le House .

VVithrow S .,C h i lco t in .

W i lson J .,C h imney creek

\V i lson T .,German sen cre ek .

\Vhe tstone A .

,

W i l liam s JVVa tchey J .

,

\Vatson Wi l liam .

W il l iams J . Lig h tn ing cre ek .

Wormald \V .

Wood A .

,

W’

i l l iams J\Villiams James

,

W'

i l son J . W .,

\Vright R .,

\Villiams

B u s iness D irectory of th

'J0 )37

Walker S .

,Barkerv i lle

W interbo ttom \V.,Lowhee ck .

Wi l son A .,Conkl in

’

s gulc h .

Wi lson C .

,Barkerv i lle .

‘V i l ley \VW i l l iams D.

,

“’oolcock H .

,Grouse creek .

\Villiams \V Mosqu i to creek .

Wintrip R .,S tout ’ s gulc h .

\Vintrip L . ,W i l l iams creek .

‘Vintrip E . Richfield .

We st H . , Barkerv i lle .

VVa L ee

“’ing S ing .

Wong Wee,S tanley .

Yeates H .,Soda creek .

Yeats W .,Lig h ting creek .

e North-West Coast and

Cassiar.

(For ful l descr iption of t h e important d istr ic t of Cass iar,s e e page s 48,

89,90

,

B re itz en H .

,Fort S impson .

B lass G ., Dease creek

Burns J . McDame creek .

Barry Adler,De ase creek

Ballan tyne D.

,

Col l i son W . H .,

'

Isl and .

C rosby Rev . T .,Ft . S impson .

C larke R . R . Dease creek .

Clarihu e Carson,Dease ck

C h oquette A . ,Telegrap h ck .

Catl ine Buc , Dease creek .

Coney B . G .

,cons table and

re corder,McDame creek .

Cunn ing h am R Ess ington .

Desmoie C .

, Te legrap h cre ekDeNouv ion T .

,Dease creek .

Duncan Wm . , Metlahkatlah .

Evan s S .

,McDame creek .

Evans J constab le Stickeen .

Feak M . , Ess ington4

Fraser ’ s Road-s ide House ,Cariboo camp .

Foster N F .,Dease creek .

Fletc h er J McDame creek .

G iscome J R .

Ge rke . Co .

,T h ibert and

McDame Creeks .

Ge islerW McDame ck . land’

gHank in T . Forks SkeenaHuson A . W A lert BayHall R .

,F t . Simp

’

n

Hugo Jos .

,T h ibert creek .

Hart J L . ,Dease creek .

Hampton Cstore

,Dease and

ot h er creeks .

Hock ins J Te l egrap h creek .

Harr i son El l iot,

Hump h reys ‘Vm .,McDame ck

Hunt A .,E.B .Co . Ft . Rupert .

Knott Miss,Fort S impson .

8

is”

1

( 4 (mini. '

JO BRITISH COLUMB IA .

Kennedy F. W Ridd le -J . F .

, T h ibert creek .

Bel la Bella . Redgrave S .

,constable and

Lovel l J . B. Glenora recorde r .

Matteson G .,T h iber t creek . S tubbs N F . , constable .

McIntee P . Te legrap h creek S ylvester R .

,McDame creek .

McDermottR .,McDame ck . Soverene D.

, Telegrap h creek .

Moss Morris,Glenora . S h u te Mr .,Metlahkatlah .

Moore James,Dease c reek . T h ib er t Co .

, T h ibert creek .

Morison,Fort Simpson . T h om l inson Rev .

, Nass r iver .

N . ‘V . Commerc ial Co .,In Vowel l A . W .

, Gold Com’

er ,vermess Cassiar .

Offutt H . M .,

Mas Wrilliscroft Co ., George

se t, Q . C . Island . Town

,Fort S impson .

Qu intal Peter,Fort Simpson . Wr ig h t 85 Galbra i t h , D ease

Robertson J J Nass river . and McDame creeks .

R ic h ards M . , McDame creek .


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