Waste Management 1

Garbage to Gold

Abdelaziz Hashi

Chapter OneIntroduction to solid waste management

Urbanization is increasing at an alarming rate and becoming a major public health problem It is putting immense pressure on municipal services One of the problems of the urbanization is the increased generation of waste The waste is not being adequately managed and is therefore creating a serious health and environmental hazard particularly in the slum areas where the residents have less capacity to pay for better services and are often ignored by the official agencies

Poor urban settlements are more affected because of indiscriminate dumping and the lack of open space Waste is typically disposed of close to living areas where people live and children play The poor disposal of waste contributes towards disease and death in those who live close by Often waste can become mixed with water sources and lead to diarrhoea and water bourne diseases such as cholera A lack of education on such subjects means that it is normal to find children playing on and exploring waste disposal sites

Waste management and Somalia

Solid waste management practices throughout Somalia are uniformly poor Management is limited to organized collection from the more affluent urban areas and dumping in open landfills or open ground In the majority of cases garbage of all types accumulates close to its origin and is periodically burnt

In Somalia all solid waste disposal sites are unmanaged the content of household waste in Sudan is 56 dust and ashes Most of the disposal sites are shallow and scattered among residential areas and few are deep Solid waste can be disposed of through landfilling incineration of waste for energy or recycling

Lack of proper management for the types of wastes that need special attention such as oMedical wastes from hospitals clinics and laboratories

oHazardous waste in the household waste stream (eg oil based paints paint thinners wood preservative pesticides household cleaners used motor oil antifreeze batteries)

oUsed tiresoUsed oiloWet batteriesoConstruction and demolition debrisoSewage sludge and slaughterhouse wastesoIndustrial wastes

Large quantities of obsolete insecticides and pesticides (about 300 tons) are present in the Sudan and the authorities are unable to overcome the hazards of these obsolete pesticides Some of the pesticides which are banned by WHO are still in use such as DDT

Current practices

In Somalia there is no distinction of the nature of waste whether solid liquid or any other form waste will be considered as waste and dumped in the dumping sites

All garbage and rubbish collected from major cities and towns are dumped in large holes dug several kilometres away from the town and lacking a separation process of hazardous and non-hazardous waste instead all are dumped in one place which is not environment friendly There are tankers which collect and dump waste water outside the city

Mogadishu has many industries that produce hazardous wastes that are harmful to humans however foreign companies have been observed to be dumping hazardous waste along the ocean Friendly countries and international organization have been assisting Somalia to monitor and prevent the dumping of wastes until the government gets the capability of tackling these problems

A visual inspection of the cities Hargeysa Burao Bossaso Garowe Berbera Mogadishu and Kismayo show that solid waste management is a growing crisis that engulfs all urban centers within the country Because of a

turbulent history especially over the last quarter century The absence of the Somali government denied the Somali people an opportunity to engage in international forums focused on controlling waste None of the existing regional governments have developed formal policies to deal with solid waste leaving room for private sector players and communities to address this problem Though the problem is felt all over Somalia a likely entry point for a potential investor interested in exploiting this opportunity would be in Hargeysa and other cities in the relatively more stable Somaliland

Challenge of Solid Waste Management

Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environmentUncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems including contaminating water attracting insects and rodents and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies Some communicable diseases and cancerous conditions also arise and can harm the public health Planning for and implementing a comprehensive programfor waste can eliminate these problems

bull Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environment

bull Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems including contaminating water attracting insects and rodents and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies

bull Some communicable diseases and cancerous conditions also arise and can harm the health of the public

bull Planning for and implementing a comprehensive program for waste can eliminate these problems

Definition of waste managementWaste management is the collection transport processing (waste treatment) recycling or disposal of waste materials usually ones produced by human activity in an effort to reduce their effect on human healthWaste management can involve solid liquid or gaseous substances with different methods Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations for urban and rural areas for residential and commercial industrial procedures

Waste Management Accords

1 Bamako Convention in 1991 2 Basel Convention in 1993 and 3 Kyoto Protocol in 2004

Scope of Solid Waste Management

bull In its scope solid waste management includes all administrative financial legal planning and engineering functions involved in solution to all problems of solid wastes The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science city planning geography economics demography public education and communications scientists as well as engineering and material science

bull Many people feel that solid waste management is a simple affair - simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at a dump Successful solid waste management is rarely achieved without thought effort and much learning from mistakes The preparation and management of a good solid waste management system needs inputs from a range of disciplines and careful consideration of local conditions

Chapter OneIntroduction to solid waste management

Urbanization is increasing at an alarming rate and becoming a major public health problem It is putting immense pressure on municipal services One of the problems of the urbanization is the increased generation of waste The waste is not being adequately managed and is therefore creating a serious health and environmental hazard particularly in the slum areas where the residents have less capacity to pay for better services and are often ignored by the official agencies

Poor urban settlements are more affected because of indiscriminate dumping and the lack of open space Waste is typically disposed of close to living areas where people live and children play The poor disposal of waste contributes towards disease and death in those who live close by Often waste can become mixed with water sources and lead to diarrhoea and water bourne diseases such as cholera A lack of education on such subjects means that it is normal to find children playing on and exploring waste disposal sites

Waste management and Somalia

Solid waste management practices throughout Somalia are uniformly poor Management is limited to organized collection from the more affluent urban areas and dumping in open landfills or open ground In the majority of cases garbage of all types accumulates close to its origin and is periodically burnt

In Somalia all solid waste disposal sites are unmanaged the content of household waste in Sudan is 56 dust and ashes Most of the disposal sites are shallow and scattered among residential areas and few are deep Solid waste can be disposed of through landfilling incineration of waste for energy or recycling

Lack of proper management for the types of wastes that need special attention such as oMedical wastes from hospitals clinics and laboratories

oHazardous waste in the household waste stream (eg oil based paints paint thinners wood preservative pesticides household cleaners used motor oil antifreeze batteries)

oUsed tiresoUsed oiloWet batteriesoConstruction and demolition debrisoSewage sludge and slaughterhouse wastesoIndustrial wastes

Large quantities of obsolete insecticides and pesticides (about 300 tons) are present in the Sudan and the authorities are unable to overcome the hazards of these obsolete pesticides Some of the pesticides which are banned by WHO are still in use such as DDT

Current practices

In Somalia there is no distinction of the nature of waste whether solid liquid or any other form waste will be considered as waste and dumped in the dumping sites

All garbage and rubbish collected from major cities and towns are dumped in large holes dug several kilometres away from the town and lacking a separation process of hazardous and non-hazardous waste instead all are dumped in one place which is not environment friendly There are tankers which collect and dump waste water outside the city

Mogadishu has many industries that produce hazardous wastes that are harmful to humans however foreign companies have been observed to be dumping hazardous waste along the ocean Friendly countries and international organization have been assisting Somalia to monitor and prevent the dumping of wastes until the government gets the capability of tackling these problems

A visual inspection of the cities Hargeysa Burao Bossaso Garowe Berbera Mogadishu and Kismayo show that solid waste management is a growing crisis that engulfs all urban centers within the country Because of a

turbulent history especially over the last quarter century The absence of the Somali government denied the Somali people an opportunity to engage in international forums focused on controlling waste None of the existing regional governments have developed formal policies to deal with solid waste leaving room for private sector players and communities to address this problem Though the problem is felt all over Somalia a likely entry point for a potential investor interested in exploiting this opportunity would be in Hargeysa and other cities in the relatively more stable Somaliland

Challenge of Solid Waste Management

Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environmentUncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems including contaminating water attracting insects and rodents and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies Some communicable diseases and cancerous conditions also arise and can harm the public health Planning for and implementing a comprehensive programfor waste can eliminate these problems

bull Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environment

bull Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems including contaminating water attracting insects and rodents and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies

bull Some communicable diseases and cancerous conditions also arise and can harm the health of the public

bull Planning for and implementing a comprehensive program for waste can eliminate these problems

Definition of waste managementWaste management is the collection transport processing (waste treatment) recycling or disposal of waste materials usually ones produced by human activity in an effort to reduce their effect on human healthWaste management can involve solid liquid or gaseous substances with different methods Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations for urban and rural areas for residential and commercial industrial procedures

Waste Management Accords

1 Bamako Convention in 1991 2 Basel Convention in 1993 and 3 Kyoto Protocol in 2004

Scope of Solid Waste Management

bull In its scope solid waste management includes all administrative financial legal planning and engineering functions involved in solution to all problems of solid wastes The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science city planning geography economics demography public education and communications scientists as well as engineering and material science

bull Many people feel that solid waste management is a simple affair - simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at a dump Successful solid waste management is rarely achieved without thought effort and much learning from mistakes The preparation and management of a good solid waste management system needs inputs from a range of disciplines and careful consideration of local conditions

oHazardous waste in the household waste stream (eg oil based paints paint thinners wood preservative pesticides household cleaners used motor oil antifreeze batteries)

oUsed tiresoUsed oiloWet batteriesoConstruction and demolition debrisoSewage sludge and slaughterhouse wastesoIndustrial wastes

Large quantities of obsolete insecticides and pesticides (about 300 tons) are present in the Sudan and the authorities are unable to overcome the hazards of these obsolete pesticides Some of the pesticides which are banned by WHO are still in use such as DDT

Current practices

In Somalia there is no distinction of the nature of waste whether solid liquid or any other form waste will be considered as waste and dumped in the dumping sites

All garbage and rubbish collected from major cities and towns are dumped in large holes dug several kilometres away from the town and lacking a separation process of hazardous and non-hazardous waste instead all are dumped in one place which is not environment friendly There are tankers which collect and dump waste water outside the city

Mogadishu has many industries that produce hazardous wastes that are harmful to humans however foreign companies have been observed to be dumping hazardous waste along the ocean Friendly countries and international organization have been assisting Somalia to monitor and prevent the dumping of wastes until the government gets the capability of tackling these problems

A visual inspection of the cities Hargeysa Burao Bossaso Garowe Berbera Mogadishu and Kismayo show that solid waste management is a growing crisis that engulfs all urban centers within the country Because of a

turbulent history especially over the last quarter century The absence of the Somali government denied the Somali people an opportunity to engage in international forums focused on controlling waste None of the existing regional governments have developed formal policies to deal with solid waste leaving room for private sector players and communities to address this problem Though the problem is felt all over Somalia a likely entry point for a potential investor interested in exploiting this opportunity would be in Hargeysa and other cities in the relatively more stable Somaliland

Challenge of Solid Waste Management

Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environmentUncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems including contaminating water attracting insects and rodents and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies Some communicable diseases and cancerous conditions also arise and can harm the public health Planning for and implementing a comprehensive programfor waste can eliminate these problems

bull Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environment

bull Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems including contaminating water attracting insects and rodents and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies

bull Some communicable diseases and cancerous conditions also arise and can harm the health of the public

bull Planning for and implementing a comprehensive program for waste can eliminate these problems

Definition of waste managementWaste management is the collection transport processing (waste treatment) recycling or disposal of waste materials usually ones produced by human activity in an effort to reduce their effect on human healthWaste management can involve solid liquid or gaseous substances with different methods Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations for urban and rural areas for residential and commercial industrial procedures

Waste Management Accords

1 Bamako Convention in 1991 2 Basel Convention in 1993 and 3 Kyoto Protocol in 2004

Scope of Solid Waste Management

bull In its scope solid waste management includes all administrative financial legal planning and engineering functions involved in solution to all problems of solid wastes The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science city planning geography economics demography public education and communications scientists as well as engineering and material science

bull Many people feel that solid waste management is a simple affair - simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at a dump Successful solid waste management is rarely achieved without thought effort and much learning from mistakes The preparation and management of a good solid waste management system needs inputs from a range of disciplines and careful consideration of local conditions

turbulent history especially over the last quarter century The absence of the Somali government denied the Somali people an opportunity to engage in international forums focused on controlling waste None of the existing regional governments have developed formal policies to deal with solid waste leaving room for private sector players and communities to address this problem Though the problem is felt all over Somalia a likely entry point for a potential investor interested in exploiting this opportunity would be in Hargeysa and other cities in the relatively more stable Somaliland

Challenge of Solid Waste Management

Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environmentUncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems including contaminating water attracting insects and rodents and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies Some communicable diseases and cancerous conditions also arise and can harm the public health Planning for and implementing a comprehensive programfor waste can eliminate these problems

bull Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environment

bull Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems including contaminating water attracting insects and rodents and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies

bull Some communicable diseases and cancerous conditions also arise and can harm the health of the public

bull Planning for and implementing a comprehensive program for waste can eliminate these problems

Definition of waste managementWaste management is the collection transport processing (waste treatment) recycling or disposal of waste materials usually ones produced by human activity in an effort to reduce their effect on human healthWaste management can involve solid liquid or gaseous substances with different methods Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations for urban and rural areas for residential and commercial industrial procedures

Waste Management Accords

1 Bamako Convention in 1991 2 Basel Convention in 1993 and 3 Kyoto Protocol in 2004

Scope of Solid Waste Management

bull In its scope solid waste management includes all administrative financial legal planning and engineering functions involved in solution to all problems of solid wastes The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science city planning geography economics demography public education and communications scientists as well as engineering and material science

bull Many people feel that solid waste management is a simple affair - simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at a dump Successful solid waste management is rarely achieved without thought effort and much learning from mistakes The preparation and management of a good solid waste management system needs inputs from a range of disciplines and careful consideration of local conditions

Definition of waste managementWaste management is the collection transport processing (waste treatment) recycling or disposal of waste materials usually ones produced by human activity in an effort to reduce their effect on human healthWaste management can involve solid liquid or gaseous substances with different methods Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations for urban and rural areas for residential and commercial industrial procedures

Waste Management Accords

1 Bamako Convention in 1991 2 Basel Convention in 1993 and 3 Kyoto Protocol in 2004

Scope of Solid Waste Management

bull In its scope solid waste management includes all administrative financial legal planning and engineering functions involved in solution to all problems of solid wastes The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science city planning geography economics demography public education and communications scientists as well as engineering and material science

bull Many people feel that solid waste management is a simple affair - simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at a dump Successful solid waste management is rarely achieved without thought effort and much learning from mistakes The preparation and management of a good solid waste management system needs inputs from a range of disciplines and careful consideration of local conditions

CHAPTER TWOIntegrated Solid Waste Management

Concept of waste management

There are number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions There are Reduce Reuse and Recycle

1 Reduce concept It involves in efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other materials by modifying industrial production Source They eliminate the production of waste at the source of usual generation and reduce the demands for large scale treatment and disposal facilities Methods of waste reduction include manufacturing products with less packaging encouraging customers to bring their own reusable bags for packaging encouraging the public to choose reusableproducts such as cloth napkins and reusable plastic and glass containers

2 Reuse concept Relatively recent idea in waste management It has to treat waste material as a resource to be exploited instead of disposing off

3 Recycle concept

The third R is recycle Recycling is a process to convert waste materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful

materials Recycling is a key component of modern waste management

Risks and Problems Associated with Solid wastes

bull If solid wastes are not managed properly there are many negative impacts that may result Some of the most important are mentioned in the following list The relative importance of each depends very much on local conditions

bull Uncollected wastes often end up in drains causing blockages which result in flooding and unsanitary conditions

bull Flies breed in some constituents of solid wastes and flies are very effective vectors that spread disease

bull Mosquitoes breed in blocked drains and in rainwater that is retained and spread disease including malaria and dengue

bull Rats find shelter and food in waste dumps Rats consume and spoil food spread disease damage electrical cables

bull The open burning of waste causes air pollutionbull Waste collection workers face particular occupational hazards

including strains from lifting injuries from sharp objects bull Dumps of waste and abandoned vehicles block streets and other

access ways

Classification of solid wastes bull Municipal wastes Solid wastes that include household garbage

rubbish construction amp demolition debris sanitation residues packaging materials trade refuges etc are managed by any municipality

bull Bio-medical wastes Solid or liquid wastes including containers intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis treatment amp research activities of medical sciences

bull Industrial wastes Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing amp processing units of various industries like chemical petroleum coal metal gas sanitary amp paper etc

bull Agricultural wastes Wastes generated from farming activities These substances are mostly biodegradable

bull Fishery wastes Wastes generated due to fishery activities These are extensively found in coastal amp estuarine areas

bull Radioactive wastes Waste containing radioactive materials Usually these are byproducts of nuclear processes Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities may also produce some radioactive wastes eg radio-isotopes chemical sludge etc

bull E-wastes Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices Some electronic scrap components such as CRTs may contain contaminants such as Pb Cd Be or brominated flame retardants

Integrated Solid Waste Management

bull Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive waste prevention recycling composting and disposal program

bull An effective ISWM system considers how to deal with solid waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the environment

bull ISWM involves evaluating local needs and conditions and then selecting and combining the most appropriate waste management activities for those conditions

bull The major ISWM activities are waste prevention recycling and composting and combustion and disposal in properly designed constructed and managed landfills

1 Waste Preventionmdashalso called ldquosource reductionrdquomdashseeks to prevent waste from being generated Waste prevention strategies include using less packaging designing products to last longer and reusing products and materials Waste prevention helps reduce handling treatment and disposal costs

2 Recycling and Composting Recycling is a process that involves collecting reprocessing andor recovering certain waste materials (eg glass metal plastics paper) to make new materials or products The conversion of waste materials into soil additives is called composting Recycling and composting generate many environmental and economic benefits For example they create jobs and income supply valuable raw materials to industry produce soil-enhancing compost

3 Disposal (landfilling and combustion) These activities are used to manage waste that cannot be prevented or recycled One way to dispose of waste is to place it in properly designed constructed and managed landfills where it is safely contained Another way to handle this waste is through combustion Combustion is the controlling burning of waste which helps reduce its volume

If the technology is available properly designed constructed and managed landfills can be used to generate energy by recovering methane

Factors to Consider When Developing an ISWM Plan

1 Institutional (laws and processes)bull Establish a national policy and pass laws on solid waste management

standards and practicesbull Identify the roles and responsibilities of each level of governmentbull Ensure the local government has the authority and resources to

implement an ISWM plan

2 Social (local customs and religious practices public education)bull Encourage citizen participation in all phases of wastebull management planning to help gain community awareness input and

acceptance

3 Financial (fundinginvesting)bull Identify sources that can provide funding for solid waste management

including general revenues or user fees the private sector and government or international agency grants and loans

4 Economic (costs and job creation)bull Evaluate the publicrsquos ability and willingness to paybull Evaluate activities based on effectiveness in handling waste and

potential for job creation 5 Technical (location and equipment)bull Include geological factors transport distances and projected waste

generation in siting and design considerationsbull Determine what equipment and training will be necessary to perform

the waste management tasks

6 Environmental (natural resources and human health)bull Establish procedures to verify the protection of groundwater and

drinking waterbull Monitor compliance with the national standards to ensure human

health risks are minimized

Sustainability of Integrated solid waste management

bull Sustainability implies looking at the whole waste management system including waste prevention and resource recovery and searching for a system that best suits the society economy and environment in question

a- Institutional issuesbull Need for policy changes (eg legislation) in order to improve effective and efficient solid waste management

bull Need to set up functional structures at the grassroots level to work with communities and institutionsbull Need to try to link the formal and informal solid waste management sector through waste collection schemes

b- Technical issuesbull Need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a common practiceNeed to focus on environmental impacts (eg surface and ground water) of solid waste around dump sitesbull Need for proper management of hospital and hazardous wastebull Need for relevant training and equipment for hospital waste handlers

bull 1 Choices restricted to technical requirementsndash bull Waste composition and quantitiesndash bull Area characteristicsndash bull area distances to the disposal sitendash bull Operational cost

bull 2 Choices with broader perspectivendash bull Economic conditionsndash bull Cost of laborndash bull Capitalndash bull Maintenancendash bull Repair capacityndash bull Skill level of existing staffs

NB Waste management is often considered to be mainly a technical issue

c- Social issuesbull Need to work with informal waste actors such as scavengers at dump sitesbull Need for health education so as to create awareness regarding solid waste management

CHAPTER THREESolid waste management system

bull The problem associated with the management of solid wastes in todayrsquos society are complex because of the quantity and diverse nature of the wastes the development of sprawling urban areas the funding limitations for public services in many large cities the level of awareness of the population and the impacts of technology used

Functional elements of solid waste management programbull The activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the

point of generation tobull final disposal have been grouped into six functional elements bull 1) Waste generation bull 2) On-site handling storage and processing bull 3) Collection bull 4) Transfer and transport bull 5) Processing and recovery andbull (6) Disposal

SYSTEM Activity

Waste generation Those activities in which materials are identified as nolonger being of value and are either thrown away orgathered together for disposal

On- site handlingStorage and processing

Those activities associated with the handling storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation

Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solidwastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to thelocation where the collection vehicle is emptied

Transfer and transport

Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastesfrom the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes usually over long distance to the disposal site

Processing and recovery

Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements andto recover usable materials conversion products or energy from solid wastes

Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site incinerator residue compost

1 Waste GenerationWaste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposalIt is important in waste generation to note that there is an identification step and that this step varies with each individual waste

Knowledge of the quantities of solid wastes generated separated for recycling and collected for further processing or disposal is of fundamental importance to all aspects of solid waste management

Expression of unit generation

bull In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste it is equally important to have uniform units of expression For example universally accepted units

bull (kgday)bull kgkmday

Methods used to estimate Waste QuantitiesMethods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities are1 load-count analysis2 weight-volume analysis and3 Materials-balance analysis

Factors that affect waste generation

1) Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation2) Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation3) Effect of Geographic

2 WASTE HANDLINGHandling of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the second of the six functional elements in the sold waste management system Because this element can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the waste on subsequent functional elements on public health and on public attitudes concerning the operation of the waste management system

a- On-site handlingOn- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude individual belief and ultimately affects the public health It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Importance of on- site handling of solid wastebull reduce volume of waste generatedbull alter physical formbull recover usable materials

b- On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

bull Industrial wastes Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing amp processing units of various industries like chemical petroleum coal metal gas sanitary amp paper etc

bull Agricultural wastes Wastes generated from farming activities These substances are mostly biodegradable

bull Fishery wastes Wastes generated due to fishery activities These are extensively found in coastal amp estuarine areas

bull Radioactive wastes Waste containing radioactive materials Usually these are byproducts of nuclear processes Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities may also produce some radioactive wastes eg radio-isotopes chemical sludge etc

bull E-wastes Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices Some electronic scrap components such as CRTs may contain contaminants such as Pb Cd Be or brominated flame retardants

Integrated Solid Waste Management

bull Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive waste prevention recycling composting and disposal program

bull An effective ISWM system considers how to deal with solid waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the environment

bull ISWM involves evaluating local needs and conditions and then selecting and combining the most appropriate waste management activities for those conditions

bull The major ISWM activities are waste prevention recycling and composting and combustion and disposal in properly designed constructed and managed landfills

1 Waste Preventionmdashalso called ldquosource reductionrdquomdashseeks to prevent waste from being generated Waste prevention strategies include using less packaging designing products to last longer and reusing products and materials Waste prevention helps reduce handling treatment and disposal costs

2 Recycling and Composting Recycling is a process that involves collecting reprocessing andor recovering certain waste materials (eg glass metal plastics paper) to make new materials or products The conversion of waste materials into soil additives is called composting Recycling and composting generate many environmental and economic benefits For example they create jobs and income supply valuable raw materials to industry produce soil-enhancing compost

3 Disposal (landfilling and combustion) These activities are used to manage waste that cannot be prevented or recycled One way to dispose of waste is to place it in properly designed constructed and managed landfills where it is safely contained Another way to handle this waste is through combustion Combustion is the controlling burning of waste which helps reduce its volume

If the technology is available properly designed constructed and managed landfills can be used to generate energy by recovering methane

Factors to Consider When Developing an ISWM Plan

1 Institutional (laws and processes)bull Establish a national policy and pass laws on solid waste management

standards and practicesbull Identify the roles and responsibilities of each level of governmentbull Ensure the local government has the authority and resources to

implement an ISWM plan

2 Social (local customs and religious practices public education)bull Encourage citizen participation in all phases of wastebull management planning to help gain community awareness input and

acceptance

3 Financial (fundinginvesting)bull Identify sources that can provide funding for solid waste management

including general revenues or user fees the private sector and government or international agency grants and loans

4 Economic (costs and job creation)bull Evaluate the publicrsquos ability and willingness to paybull Evaluate activities based on effectiveness in handling waste and

potential for job creation 5 Technical (location and equipment)bull Include geological factors transport distances and projected waste

generation in siting and design considerationsbull Determine what equipment and training will be necessary to perform

the waste management tasks

6 Environmental (natural resources and human health)bull Establish procedures to verify the protection of groundwater and

drinking waterbull Monitor compliance with the national standards to ensure human

health risks are minimized

Sustainability of Integrated solid waste management

bull Sustainability implies looking at the whole waste management system including waste prevention and resource recovery and searching for a system that best suits the society economy and environment in question

a- Institutional issuesbull Need for policy changes (eg legislation) in order to improve effective and efficient solid waste management

bull Need to set up functional structures at the grassroots level to work with communities and institutionsbull Need to try to link the formal and informal solid waste management sector through waste collection schemes

b- Technical issuesbull Need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a common practiceNeed to focus on environmental impacts (eg surface and ground water) of solid waste around dump sitesbull Need for proper management of hospital and hazardous wastebull Need for relevant training and equipment for hospital waste handlers

bull 1 Choices restricted to technical requirementsndash bull Waste composition and quantitiesndash bull Area characteristicsndash bull area distances to the disposal sitendash bull Operational cost

bull 2 Choices with broader perspectivendash bull Economic conditionsndash bull Cost of laborndash bull Capitalndash bull Maintenancendash bull Repair capacityndash bull Skill level of existing staffs

NB Waste management is often considered to be mainly a technical issue

c- Social issuesbull Need to work with informal waste actors such as scavengers at dump sitesbull Need for health education so as to create awareness regarding solid waste management

CHAPTER THREESolid waste management system

bull The problem associated with the management of solid wastes in todayrsquos society are complex because of the quantity and diverse nature of the wastes the development of sprawling urban areas the funding limitations for public services in many large cities the level of awareness of the population and the impacts of technology used

Functional elements of solid waste management programbull The activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the

point of generation tobull final disposal have been grouped into six functional elements bull 1) Waste generation bull 2) On-site handling storage and processing bull 3) Collection bull 4) Transfer and transport bull 5) Processing and recovery andbull (6) Disposal

SYSTEM Activity

Waste generation Those activities in which materials are identified as nolonger being of value and are either thrown away orgathered together for disposal

On- site handlingStorage and processing

Those activities associated with the handling storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation

Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solidwastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to thelocation where the collection vehicle is emptied

Transfer and transport

Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastesfrom the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes usually over long distance to the disposal site

Processing and recovery

Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements andto recover usable materials conversion products or energy from solid wastes

Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site incinerator residue compost

1 Waste GenerationWaste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposalIt is important in waste generation to note that there is an identification step and that this step varies with each individual waste

Knowledge of the quantities of solid wastes generated separated for recycling and collected for further processing or disposal is of fundamental importance to all aspects of solid waste management

Expression of unit generation

bull In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste it is equally important to have uniform units of expression For example universally accepted units

bull (kgday)bull kgkmday

Methods used to estimate Waste QuantitiesMethods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities are1 load-count analysis2 weight-volume analysis and3 Materials-balance analysis

Factors that affect waste generation

1) Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation2) Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation3) Effect of Geographic

2 WASTE HANDLINGHandling of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the second of the six functional elements in the sold waste management system Because this element can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the waste on subsequent functional elements on public health and on public attitudes concerning the operation of the waste management system

a- On-site handlingOn- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude individual belief and ultimately affects the public health It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Importance of on- site handling of solid wastebull reduce volume of waste generatedbull alter physical formbull recover usable materials

b- On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

1 Waste Preventionmdashalso called ldquosource reductionrdquomdashseeks to prevent waste from being generated Waste prevention strategies include using less packaging designing products to last longer and reusing products and materials Waste prevention helps reduce handling treatment and disposal costs

2 Recycling and Composting Recycling is a process that involves collecting reprocessing andor recovering certain waste materials (eg glass metal plastics paper) to make new materials or products The conversion of waste materials into soil additives is called composting Recycling and composting generate many environmental and economic benefits For example they create jobs and income supply valuable raw materials to industry produce soil-enhancing compost

3 Disposal (landfilling and combustion) These activities are used to manage waste that cannot be prevented or recycled One way to dispose of waste is to place it in properly designed constructed and managed landfills where it is safely contained Another way to handle this waste is through combustion Combustion is the controlling burning of waste which helps reduce its volume

If the technology is available properly designed constructed and managed landfills can be used to generate energy by recovering methane

Factors to Consider When Developing an ISWM Plan

1 Institutional (laws and processes)bull Establish a national policy and pass laws on solid waste management

standards and practicesbull Identify the roles and responsibilities of each level of governmentbull Ensure the local government has the authority and resources to

implement an ISWM plan

2 Social (local customs and religious practices public education)bull Encourage citizen participation in all phases of wastebull management planning to help gain community awareness input and

acceptance

3 Financial (fundinginvesting)bull Identify sources that can provide funding for solid waste management

including general revenues or user fees the private sector and government or international agency grants and loans

4 Economic (costs and job creation)bull Evaluate the publicrsquos ability and willingness to paybull Evaluate activities based on effectiveness in handling waste and

potential for job creation 5 Technical (location and equipment)bull Include geological factors transport distances and projected waste

generation in siting and design considerationsbull Determine what equipment and training will be necessary to perform

the waste management tasks

6 Environmental (natural resources and human health)bull Establish procedures to verify the protection of groundwater and

drinking waterbull Monitor compliance with the national standards to ensure human

health risks are minimized

Sustainability of Integrated solid waste management

bull Sustainability implies looking at the whole waste management system including waste prevention and resource recovery and searching for a system that best suits the society economy and environment in question

a- Institutional issuesbull Need for policy changes (eg legislation) in order to improve effective and efficient solid waste management

bull Need to set up functional structures at the grassroots level to work with communities and institutionsbull Need to try to link the formal and informal solid waste management sector through waste collection schemes

b- Technical issuesbull Need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a common practiceNeed to focus on environmental impacts (eg surface and ground water) of solid waste around dump sitesbull Need for proper management of hospital and hazardous wastebull Need for relevant training and equipment for hospital waste handlers

bull 1 Choices restricted to technical requirementsndash bull Waste composition and quantitiesndash bull Area characteristicsndash bull area distances to the disposal sitendash bull Operational cost

bull 2 Choices with broader perspectivendash bull Economic conditionsndash bull Cost of laborndash bull Capitalndash bull Maintenancendash bull Repair capacityndash bull Skill level of existing staffs

NB Waste management is often considered to be mainly a technical issue

c- Social issuesbull Need to work with informal waste actors such as scavengers at dump sitesbull Need for health education so as to create awareness regarding solid waste management

CHAPTER THREESolid waste management system

bull The problem associated with the management of solid wastes in todayrsquos society are complex because of the quantity and diverse nature of the wastes the development of sprawling urban areas the funding limitations for public services in many large cities the level of awareness of the population and the impacts of technology used

Functional elements of solid waste management programbull The activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the

point of generation tobull final disposal have been grouped into six functional elements bull 1) Waste generation bull 2) On-site handling storage and processing bull 3) Collection bull 4) Transfer and transport bull 5) Processing and recovery andbull (6) Disposal

SYSTEM Activity

Waste generation Those activities in which materials are identified as nolonger being of value and are either thrown away orgathered together for disposal

On- site handlingStorage and processing

Those activities associated with the handling storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation

Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solidwastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to thelocation where the collection vehicle is emptied

Transfer and transport

Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastesfrom the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes usually over long distance to the disposal site

Processing and recovery

Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements andto recover usable materials conversion products or energy from solid wastes

Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site incinerator residue compost

1 Waste GenerationWaste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposalIt is important in waste generation to note that there is an identification step and that this step varies with each individual waste

Knowledge of the quantities of solid wastes generated separated for recycling and collected for further processing or disposal is of fundamental importance to all aspects of solid waste management

Expression of unit generation

bull In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste it is equally important to have uniform units of expression For example universally accepted units

bull (kgday)bull kgkmday

Methods used to estimate Waste QuantitiesMethods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities are1 load-count analysis2 weight-volume analysis and3 Materials-balance analysis

Factors that affect waste generation

1) Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation2) Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation3) Effect of Geographic

2 WASTE HANDLINGHandling of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the second of the six functional elements in the sold waste management system Because this element can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the waste on subsequent functional elements on public health and on public attitudes concerning the operation of the waste management system

a- On-site handlingOn- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude individual belief and ultimately affects the public health It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Importance of on- site handling of solid wastebull reduce volume of waste generatedbull alter physical formbull recover usable materials

b- On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

2 Social (local customs and religious practices public education)bull Encourage citizen participation in all phases of wastebull management planning to help gain community awareness input and

acceptance

3 Financial (fundinginvesting)bull Identify sources that can provide funding for solid waste management

including general revenues or user fees the private sector and government or international agency grants and loans

4 Economic (costs and job creation)bull Evaluate the publicrsquos ability and willingness to paybull Evaluate activities based on effectiveness in handling waste and

potential for job creation 5 Technical (location and equipment)bull Include geological factors transport distances and projected waste

generation in siting and design considerationsbull Determine what equipment and training will be necessary to perform

the waste management tasks

6 Environmental (natural resources and human health)bull Establish procedures to verify the protection of groundwater and

drinking waterbull Monitor compliance with the national standards to ensure human

health risks are minimized

Sustainability of Integrated solid waste management

bull Sustainability implies looking at the whole waste management system including waste prevention and resource recovery and searching for a system that best suits the society economy and environment in question

a- Institutional issuesbull Need for policy changes (eg legislation) in order to improve effective and efficient solid waste management

bull Need to set up functional structures at the grassroots level to work with communities and institutionsbull Need to try to link the formal and informal solid waste management sector through waste collection schemes

b- Technical issuesbull Need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a common practiceNeed to focus on environmental impacts (eg surface and ground water) of solid waste around dump sitesbull Need for proper management of hospital and hazardous wastebull Need for relevant training and equipment for hospital waste handlers

bull 1 Choices restricted to technical requirementsndash bull Waste composition and quantitiesndash bull Area characteristicsndash bull area distances to the disposal sitendash bull Operational cost

bull 2 Choices with broader perspectivendash bull Economic conditionsndash bull Cost of laborndash bull Capitalndash bull Maintenancendash bull Repair capacityndash bull Skill level of existing staffs

NB Waste management is often considered to be mainly a technical issue

c- Social issuesbull Need to work with informal waste actors such as scavengers at dump sitesbull Need for health education so as to create awareness regarding solid waste management

CHAPTER THREESolid waste management system

bull The problem associated with the management of solid wastes in todayrsquos society are complex because of the quantity and diverse nature of the wastes the development of sprawling urban areas the funding limitations for public services in many large cities the level of awareness of the population and the impacts of technology used

Functional elements of solid waste management programbull The activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the

point of generation tobull final disposal have been grouped into six functional elements bull 1) Waste generation bull 2) On-site handling storage and processing bull 3) Collection bull 4) Transfer and transport bull 5) Processing and recovery andbull (6) Disposal

SYSTEM Activity

Waste generation Those activities in which materials are identified as nolonger being of value and are either thrown away orgathered together for disposal

On- site handlingStorage and processing

Those activities associated with the handling storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation

Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solidwastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to thelocation where the collection vehicle is emptied

Transfer and transport

Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastesfrom the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes usually over long distance to the disposal site

Processing and recovery

Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements andto recover usable materials conversion products or energy from solid wastes

Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site incinerator residue compost

1 Waste GenerationWaste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposalIt is important in waste generation to note that there is an identification step and that this step varies with each individual waste

Knowledge of the quantities of solid wastes generated separated for recycling and collected for further processing or disposal is of fundamental importance to all aspects of solid waste management

Expression of unit generation

bull In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste it is equally important to have uniform units of expression For example universally accepted units

bull (kgday)bull kgkmday

Methods used to estimate Waste QuantitiesMethods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities are1 load-count analysis2 weight-volume analysis and3 Materials-balance analysis

Factors that affect waste generation

1) Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation2) Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation3) Effect of Geographic

2 WASTE HANDLINGHandling of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the second of the six functional elements in the sold waste management system Because this element can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the waste on subsequent functional elements on public health and on public attitudes concerning the operation of the waste management system

a- On-site handlingOn- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude individual belief and ultimately affects the public health It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Importance of on- site handling of solid wastebull reduce volume of waste generatedbull alter physical formbull recover usable materials

b- On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

bull Need to set up functional structures at the grassroots level to work with communities and institutionsbull Need to try to link the formal and informal solid waste management sector through waste collection schemes

b- Technical issuesbull Need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a common practiceNeed to focus on environmental impacts (eg surface and ground water) of solid waste around dump sitesbull Need for proper management of hospital and hazardous wastebull Need for relevant training and equipment for hospital waste handlers

bull 1 Choices restricted to technical requirementsndash bull Waste composition and quantitiesndash bull Area characteristicsndash bull area distances to the disposal sitendash bull Operational cost

bull 2 Choices with broader perspectivendash bull Economic conditionsndash bull Cost of laborndash bull Capitalndash bull Maintenancendash bull Repair capacityndash bull Skill level of existing staffs

NB Waste management is often considered to be mainly a technical issue

c- Social issuesbull Need to work with informal waste actors such as scavengers at dump sitesbull Need for health education so as to create awareness regarding solid waste management

CHAPTER THREESolid waste management system

bull The problem associated with the management of solid wastes in todayrsquos society are complex because of the quantity and diverse nature of the wastes the development of sprawling urban areas the funding limitations for public services in many large cities the level of awareness of the population and the impacts of technology used

Functional elements of solid waste management programbull The activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the

point of generation tobull final disposal have been grouped into six functional elements bull 1) Waste generation bull 2) On-site handling storage and processing bull 3) Collection bull 4) Transfer and transport bull 5) Processing and recovery andbull (6) Disposal

SYSTEM Activity

Waste generation Those activities in which materials are identified as nolonger being of value and are either thrown away orgathered together for disposal

On- site handlingStorage and processing

Those activities associated with the handling storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation

Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solidwastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to thelocation where the collection vehicle is emptied

Transfer and transport

Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastesfrom the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes usually over long distance to the disposal site

Processing and recovery

Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements andto recover usable materials conversion products or energy from solid wastes

Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site incinerator residue compost

1 Waste GenerationWaste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposalIt is important in waste generation to note that there is an identification step and that this step varies with each individual waste

Knowledge of the quantities of solid wastes generated separated for recycling and collected for further processing or disposal is of fundamental importance to all aspects of solid waste management

Expression of unit generation

bull In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste it is equally important to have uniform units of expression For example universally accepted units

bull (kgday)bull kgkmday

Methods used to estimate Waste QuantitiesMethods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities are1 load-count analysis2 weight-volume analysis and3 Materials-balance analysis

Factors that affect waste generation

1) Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation2) Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation3) Effect of Geographic

2 WASTE HANDLINGHandling of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the second of the six functional elements in the sold waste management system Because this element can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the waste on subsequent functional elements on public health and on public attitudes concerning the operation of the waste management system

a- On-site handlingOn- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude individual belief and ultimately affects the public health It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Importance of on- site handling of solid wastebull reduce volume of waste generatedbull alter physical formbull recover usable materials

b- On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

CHAPTER THREESolid waste management system

bull The problem associated with the management of solid wastes in todayrsquos society are complex because of the quantity and diverse nature of the wastes the development of sprawling urban areas the funding limitations for public services in many large cities the level of awareness of the population and the impacts of technology used

Functional elements of solid waste management programbull The activities involved with the management of solid wastes from the

point of generation tobull final disposal have been grouped into six functional elements bull 1) Waste generation bull 2) On-site handling storage and processing bull 3) Collection bull 4) Transfer and transport bull 5) Processing and recovery andbull (6) Disposal

SYSTEM Activity

Waste generation Those activities in which materials are identified as nolonger being of value and are either thrown away orgathered together for disposal

On- site handlingStorage and processing

Those activities associated with the handling storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation

Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solidwastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to thelocation where the collection vehicle is emptied

Transfer and transport

Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastesfrom the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes usually over long distance to the disposal site

Processing and recovery

Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements andto recover usable materials conversion products or energy from solid wastes

Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site incinerator residue compost

1 Waste GenerationWaste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposalIt is important in waste generation to note that there is an identification step and that this step varies with each individual waste

Knowledge of the quantities of solid wastes generated separated for recycling and collected for further processing or disposal is of fundamental importance to all aspects of solid waste management

Expression of unit generation

bull In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste it is equally important to have uniform units of expression For example universally accepted units

bull (kgday)bull kgkmday

Methods used to estimate Waste QuantitiesMethods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities are1 load-count analysis2 weight-volume analysis and3 Materials-balance analysis

Factors that affect waste generation

1) Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation2) Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation3) Effect of Geographic

2 WASTE HANDLINGHandling of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the second of the six functional elements in the sold waste management system Because this element can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the waste on subsequent functional elements on public health and on public attitudes concerning the operation of the waste management system

a- On-site handlingOn- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude individual belief and ultimately affects the public health It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Importance of on- site handling of solid wastebull reduce volume of waste generatedbull alter physical formbull recover usable materials

b- On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

On- site handlingStorage and processing

Those activities associated with the handling storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation

Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solidwastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to thelocation where the collection vehicle is emptied

Transfer and transport

Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastesfrom the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes usually over long distance to the disposal site

Processing and recovery

Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements andto recover usable materials conversion products or energy from solid wastes

Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site incinerator residue compost

1 Waste GenerationWaste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposalIt is important in waste generation to note that there is an identification step and that this step varies with each individual waste

Knowledge of the quantities of solid wastes generated separated for recycling and collected for further processing or disposal is of fundamental importance to all aspects of solid waste management

Expression of unit generation

bull In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste it is equally important to have uniform units of expression For example universally accepted units

bull (kgday)bull kgkmday

Methods used to estimate Waste QuantitiesMethods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities are1 load-count analysis2 weight-volume analysis and3 Materials-balance analysis

Factors that affect waste generation

1) Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation2) Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation3) Effect of Geographic

2 WASTE HANDLINGHandling of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the second of the six functional elements in the sold waste management system Because this element can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the waste on subsequent functional elements on public health and on public attitudes concerning the operation of the waste management system

a- On-site handlingOn- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude individual belief and ultimately affects the public health It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Importance of on- site handling of solid wastebull reduce volume of waste generatedbull alter physical formbull recover usable materials

b- On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

Expression of unit generation

bull In addition to knowing the source and composition of solid waste it is equally important to have uniform units of expression For example universally accepted units

bull (kgday)bull kgkmday

Methods used to estimate Waste QuantitiesMethods commonly used to assess solid waste quantities are1 load-count analysis2 weight-volume analysis and3 Materials-balance analysis

Factors that affect waste generation

1) Effect of source reduction and Recycling Activities on waste Generation2) Effect of public Attitudes and legislation on waste Generation3) Effect of Geographic

2 WASTE HANDLINGHandling of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the second of the six functional elements in the sold waste management system Because this element can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the waste on subsequent functional elements on public health and on public attitudes concerning the operation of the waste management system

a- On-site handlingOn- site handling methods and principles involve public attitude individual belief and ultimately affects the public health It is an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Importance of on- site handling of solid wastebull reduce volume of waste generatedbull alter physical formbull recover usable materials

b- On- site Storage

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

The first phase to manage solid waste is at the container It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premisesThere are four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste These are the type of container to be used the location where the containers to be kept public health the collection method and time

bull 1 Storage container Garbage and refuse generated in kitchens and other work areas should be collected and stored in properly designed and constructed water-proof garbage cans

bull They should be located in a cool place over platforms bull The residential wastes usually contain food and other putrecible materials

frequent collection of these wastes is desirable for health Local climatic conditions often have a strong influence In hot and humid climates solid wastes must be collected at least twice per week

bull The quality of solid waste containers on site also affects the collection frequency Closed containers allow collection frequency up to three days where as open and unsealed containers may require daily collection

c- On- site processingOn-site processing is intended to improve disposal options recover valuable resources and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energy Obviously an engineer would want to evaluate various processing options for the systemrsquos impact on the local and global environment reliability safety to workers and the local community ease of operation

1) Component separation2) Volume reduction3) Size reduction (Shredding grinding)

3 WASTE COLLECTIONCollection of solid wastes is the most costly part of waste management and a proper collection system design can reduce the cost significantly Collection system will be operated either by the public municipalities or by private corporations Collection frequency is based on the cost as well as requirements of the locality

bull Collection efficiency mainly depends on the demographic factors (such as income groups and community type etc) of the area where collection takes place The optimum collection frequency reduces the cost as it

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

involves few trucks and reduction in total route distance The less frequent collection may require more storage place

Collection Crew

bull The size of the crew for a particular community depends on the labor force and equipment cost collection methods and route characteristics Solid waste collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle or a trailer towed The size of each crew depends on the amount of waste collected per point distance between the points loading time and traffic conditions

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

CHAPTER FOURINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the constitution of Republic of Turkey improving environmentpreventing environmental pollution and protecting environment is a duty of all publicinstitutions and citizens Institutions responsible for waste management as per their fields of work are as follows

1 Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) The main duty of MOEF is todefine policies and principles in most general terms aiming at protecting theenvironment preventing and reducing pollution organizing the relevant legislationand ensuring its implementationResponsibilities of MOEF in terms of waste management These can be summarizedin terms of preparation of by-laws and national regulations producing policy andstrategy for waste management organization of nation-wide actions on wastemanagement research coordination of waste management plan preparation takingprecautionary measures defining technical standards licensing monitoringregulation keeping track of given licenses data collection exportation of wastesrelease of permits regulating hazardous waste import and transportation of thesewastes over Turkey and ensuring the continuation of trainings

2 State Planning Organization (SPO) Undersecretariat of SPO under PrimeMinistry is responsible for preparing Development Plans medium-term and annualprogrammes and annual investment plans In this regard SPO is developing macro

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

policies for waste management and taking relevant measures to ensure coherence oflegal and institutional arrangements with these policies Moreover the projects ofcentral administrative institutions and the projects of municipalities that need foreignloan are appraised by SPO and the feasible one are included into public investmentportfolio

3 Undersecretariat of Treasury It has a role in following up and finalizing creditnegotiations where external financing is provided for the waste related projects

4 Ministry of Health It has a role in monitoring and ensuring coherence with respectto its mandate on public health

5 Ministry of Interior It is responsible in the process with respect to its mandate indeveloping monitoring and controlling policies regarding local authorities

6 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance is responsible for tax arrangements taxcollection and follow-up As regards this it is responsible for preparing the legalarrangements for financing the waste management

7 Ministry of Industry and Trade It is responsible for supporting and controllingestablishment of large and small scale industries preparing standards for industrialproducts or publishing prepared standards controlling the quality of industrial assetsor to get this control done

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

8 Directorate-General of Bank of Provinces It is providing technical support tomunicipalities for the solid waste projects run by municipalities It providesfinancing for solid waste management projects on municipalityrsquos request and be acredit guarantor

9 Ministry of Transport It is responsible for establishment and development oftransport and communication systems and services as per countryrsquos needsAuthorization documents for waste transportation is given by Ministry of Transportand Communication

10 Turkish Standards Institution Among other responsibilities it is responsible forpreparing standards for waste management services

11 Local Authorities The most important task on protection of environmental qualityis given to local authorities Local authorities also entrusted with the task of wastemanagement within the framework of laws and regulations are obliged to ensure theimplementation of legal arrangements and take appropriate measures for ensuring ahealthy environment for citizens to live within their territories of responsibility

12 Sectoral Unions Union of Chamber of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges ofTurkey Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects Chambers ofCommerce Chambers of Trade and sectorally established bodies like TurkishCement Manufacturersrsquo Association Union of Lime Producers are responsible for

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

delivering information and carrying out studies on enforcement and control on issueslike sectoral approaches to implementation of the legislation

Chapter FIVE

Medical Waste ManagementImportant termsHospital waste refers to all wastes biological non biological that is discarded and not intended to useMedical waste materials generated as result of patients diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animalsInfectious wastes refers to that portion of medical wastes that can transmit an infectious disease

A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous

Ignitability (ie flammable and can create fires) Reactivity which can cause explosives Corrosivity having very low or very high pH Toxicity

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

Incineration combustible thermal waste management that emits flue gases and ashesWaste treatment defined as any method technique or process designed to change the biological character or composition of any waste so as to reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease

IntroductionAlthough there is no standard universally accepted definition of medical wastes ndash the common definition of medical wastes is as followsMedical wastes are defined to include all infectious wastes hazardous (including low-level radioactive) wastes and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions including hospitals clinics doctor offices and medical laboratoriesFor a waste to be infectious it must contain pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so as the exposure of wastes to susceptible host induces diseaseThe main sources of these wastes are hospitals and other large facilities

Objectives1 To determine the concept of medical waste management2 To give the common techniques used in medical waste management3 To suggest alternative and less harmful methods of medical waste

management

Handling medical wastes ndash Packaging Storage and transportationImproper handling of medical wastes is closely linked to inadequately packaged and hence transporting to off-site for disposalPackaging- polyethylene bags are frequently used for bulk wastes and polypropylene which is heat resistant if steam sterilization is usedBiological hazard symbol should be used like red bags for infectious wastesStorage-needs to be in areas which are disinfected and appropriate temperature and should be also identified by biohazard symbolStorage time should be as short as possibleTransportation- before transporting wastes are placed in rigid or semi rigid containersCurrent technologies and treatment

1 Incineration

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

It is a thermal combustion of waste technology widely used incinerators has a double chamber systems waste destroyed in the first chamber then the second chamber combusted gases and particulates are treated furtherThe toxic gases emitted from incinerators can be controlled in many ways either by gas existing in the second chamber or by chemical dry scrubbingThe incineration of medical wastes has many advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages(A) there is significant volume reduction of wastesDisadvantages(A) highly cost(B) potential pollution risk like hazardous gases of dioxin and furansThe most often used incinerators are Controlled air incinerators multiple chamber air and Rotary kiln modelsHealth risk assessment of incineratorsIncinerators give hazardous emissions of heavy metals like Arsenic Cadmium Chromium lead Nickel and toxic gases like Dioxins Furans Sulfur dioxide and Nitric dioxide which have negative impacts on community healthHospital incinerators tend to produce more dioxins and furans than municipal waste incineratorsAlso some studies showed that medical wastes contain high levels of polyvinylchloride (PVC) due to the presence of plastics about 20 in medical wastesEpidemiological studies indicate the association between incineration and cancer2 AutoclavingAutoclaving or steam sterilization is a process to sterilize medical wastesIt was preferred treatment method for microbiological laboratory culturesTypically for autoclaving bags of infectious wastes are placed in a chamber and pressurized steam introduced in the container for roughly 30min and are maintained about 250 FSteam disinfection requires waste to be shredded into small pieces before it can be treatedChemical disinfection (eg with formaldehyde Xylene and Alcohol) also can be used to sterilize reusable itemsAdvantages(A) it is well known in all healthcare facilities(B) effective for reducing pathogen containing in the waste

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

(C) less costly to purchase and requires less spaceDisadvantagesIt may require trained staff and skilled personnelOther technologies include Microwave irradiation continuous feed technology and others But the most widely used technologies are incinerators and autoclavesAlternative and less harmful west technologiesAn ideal waste strategy would produce no toxic emissions no toxic byproducts and no residues that need land fillingThe most important component of an integrated strategy must be some form of separation and recycling of wastesThe alternative methods of dealing with residual waste that produce no ash include Mechanical- Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion and Advanced thermal technologiesRecommendations

1 The safest methods or technologies of waste disposal should be used and avoid harmful methods

2 Health costs should always be routinely taken into account when treating wastes

3 A full survey and studies of non- burnt technologies needed to be conducted

Hospital Waste management

Incinerator

2 Generators

Hospital needs 2 cars (one ambulance amp one four-wheel-drive) and 2 drivers

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

8 cleaners and 3 cook 3 laundry-men amp women

8 security men and women

2 Technician for generators with skill electivity

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

Chapter SIXELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Introduction

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste globally ldquoE-wasterdquo consists of waste from electronic products such as personal computers mobile telephones and household appliances Technical development of electrical and electronic equipment has shown a rapid growth over the past few decades with the manufacturers constantly offering new and better devices Since for many electronic equipment it is often cheaper to buy a new device than to repair it the rate of disposal has been on the rise Thus more and more obsolete equipment is thrown away and the amount of e-waste has significantly increased posing as a serious problem

E-waste is classified as hazardous waste due to its toxic ingredients including heavy metals and harmful chemicals such as lead cadmium mercury arsenic etc with the potential to pollute the environment and damage human health when it is processed recycled or disposed of The growing awareness and sensitization of the increasing environmental impacts associated with e-waste and the development in the WEEE sector with the increasing occurrence of e-waste and its disposal have triggered initiatives at all levels in Europe and JapanThe best management practices for e-waste are changing on a continual basis and will evolve over time This guide will assist local government with implementing new programs and will probably be updated based on lessons learned to improve environmentally sound management

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to develop guidance tools for local governments and others to ensure that e-waste is managed in a way that protects public health and the environment while conserving valuable resourcesThe information garnered through completion of this project will serve to inform the Board members local government staff and the general public on how to properly manage e-wasteMain sources of e-wastes1048708 Waste electronic products from households1048708 Waste electronic products from governments institutions and enterprises1048708 Defective electronic products from manufacturer1048708 Imported electronic wasteIllegal DumpingIllegal dumping of e-waste is on the rise Local government reports a correlation between CRT disposal charges to residents and the incidence of illegal dumping CRTs are being hidden in loads of trash and dumped along county roadways creek beds and open fields in alleys and at thrift stores One respondent reported finding pickup-size loads left in front of the landfill gateAgencies that do not currently have illegal dumping problems have already established convenient collection programs andor are heavily subsidizing or offering free CRT recycling servicesLocal government by default is becoming responsible for electronics discarded on roadsides and in creeks Illegal dumping greatly affects the workload of the emergency response teams or other responsible agencies When CRTs are dumped the glass can be broken and is difficult to clean up Some respondents believe

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

that dumping and CRT breakage is a source of greater environmental hazard than disposal in lined landfills

What to know before you beginBefore you start planning an e-waste program you need to learn about the problem created by electronic waste and determine the reasons your jurisdiction is pursuing a solution to the problemThis section will cover the following subjectsbull Why e-waste is a problembull The hierarchy for handling e-wastebull What to consider in designing an e-waste programWhat to Consider in Designing an E-Waste ProgramThe preliminary decision-making is a critical step in program design and one that should involve the high-level decision-makers in your jurisdiction Questions to be answered includebull What are the reasons for conducting a programbull What types of waste do you want to collectbull Will there be limits on the quantities of waste to collectbull Who will be eligible to participatebull Will there be a fee for participationbull What agency should take the leadbull Are there others that can be encouraged to take the lead

Collection modelsDrop-Off Event (One-Day or Multiple Days)A drop-off event is a one-day or multi-day program that allows residents to bring their electronic waste to a central location for recycling or reuse Typically the sponsor chooses a well-knownand centrally located site to conduct the program On-site activities include unloading vehicles and sorting and packaging wastes

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

followed by transportation to a recycling facility At the end of the event the facility or parking lot returns to its original functionPermanent Collection FacilitiesPermanent collection facilities offer regular collection hours for residents to bring electronic waste for recycling These facilities are often combined with other municipal services such as recycling centers household hazardous waste facilities or solid waste disposal facilities If the facility already has a fee collection infrastructure and staffing sharing those resources may be a possible cost savings solution Permanent programs require a larger up-front investment than one day collections but they have the potential to reduce costs through use of municipal employees instead of contractors

Curbside Collection ProgramsCurbside collection programs often are available in urban areas to handle bulky waste These programs may operate as special spring or fall cleanup events on-call pickups or regularlyscheduled pick-up E-waste can be added on to an existing curbside program Waste haulers can deliver the electronic waste to a central consolidation point or directly to a recycling facilityRetail CollectionA local store might be willing to allow residents andor small businesses drop off specific types of e-waste at their retail location This type of partnership is most often made with a business thatsells electronic products Sometimes the business is willing to give discounts on the purchase of new equipment if the resident brings in their obsolete equipment at the time of purchaseNonprofitThrift Retail Collection

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

This collection model is similar to the retail collection model but is focused on nonprofit or thrift stores These types of stores already accept donation of other used items (such as clothingfurniture etc) and have a complete infrastructure in place to do soPlanning an E-Waste EventThe steps needed to plan a one-day collection event can also be used for other program modelsThe steps for planning an e-waste collection event discussed in this section include the followingbull Identify and write clear goals for your programbull Get buy-in from all stakeholdersbull Develop a request for proposals (RFP)bull Develop a program work planbull Select a site bull Design the layout of the site bull Determine staffing and training needs and develop training materials bull Determine equipment needs bull Estimate participation and costs Determine Data Collection and Reporting Requirements

Establishment of e-waste recycling chainCollection- Organise B2B collection circuits for companies and governmentagencies and a B2C circuit for households with door-to-door collection district waste collection centres etc- Before the transition from uncontrolled dumps to sanitary landfills it would be wise to remove any WEEE by purchasing it from ragpickers or by other mechanismsTransport

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

- Encourage the acquisition of means of transportation by operators in the sector (ragpickersmotorcycles semi-wholesalersvans etc) through loans at subsidised interest rates payment facilitiesStorage- Facilitate the acquisition of land for the construction of sheds forcompanies wholesalers and semi-wholesalers operating in this area in order to improve storage conditions (more space specialised zonesattractive prices etc) This would make it possible to avoid open-airstorage (rainleaching)Dismantling- Encourage existing initiatives and improve their environmental quality- Organise the informal sector through dismantling cooperatives and offer operators technical and financial support (training professionalequipment personal protective clothing etc)Crushing mechanical sorting- Develop and disseminate the ECOTECHNOENIM process (dryprocess) improving its environmental quality- Promote the Moroccan metallurgy sector or export to specialised firms Examine each WEEE outlet case by case- Perform a technology watch the switch to LCD televisions will generate a large volume of unwanted cathode-ray tube television sets ProcessingTechnology should be upgradable in order to prepare for the processing of LCDs

Management of hazardous substances

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

- Study the possibility and cost of having these substances treated by the hazardous waste treatment plant or at sanitary landfills- Promote initiatives for the recycling of WEEE by-products such asplasticData Collection and Program EvaluationEvaluation is important to the continued success of any e-waste collection program whether it is a one-time event or an ongoing regularly scheduled program Evaluation will help you todetermine if you met your program goals and serve as a guide to decision making An evaluation pinpoints strengths and weaknesses and identifies what is working and what is not When properly planned and conducted program evaluation is a powerful tool to build solid programs It can also supply the documentation necessary to secure funding in an unpredictable financial environmentSuccessful program evaluation takes good planning realistic goals and measurable objectivesTo be effective program evaluation design should be initiated in the planning stage of the program Give careful consideration to the purpose of the evaluation available resources and reporting deadlines This section will examine the steps to planning the evaluation collecting the data and preparing project reportsAn evaluation plan should specify the following

bull Responsibility for the design implementation and reportingbull Aspects of the program to be evaluatedbull Data and collection techniquesbull Evaluation and reportingPublic Education and Outreach

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

Development of an effective public education and outreach campaign takes thought and planningThis section will addressbull Components of a public education and outreach campaignbull Designing an e-waste public education and outreach campaignbull Special considerations for an e-waste collection eventbull Follow-up

Suggestion 1a- Learn Good practices of international experience on recycle and reuse of electronic productsb-Turning from emphasis on end of pipe treatment to priority given to pollution prevention and control in the whole process of production and consumptionc-System should be formulated and implemented beforehandd-Policies and measures should be comprehensive and diversified and give emphasis on economic incentive means and market instrumente-Promoting public participation and setting up partnerships among government enterprises and the publicSuggestion 2a-Improvement of the legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic productsb- Relative balance of social subjects embodied in the life cycle of products under the rules of responsibilities obligations and interestsc- Recycle and reuse of electronic wastes should accord with 3R principled- System planning and design must follow life attributes of products in different phases of life cycle

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

e- National law regulations and standards technical guidelines need to established targeting e-wastes management and coordination of regulations are neededSuggestion 31048708 Setting up legal system for recycle and reuse of electronic products in Chinaa- Definition and scope of electronic products

b- Responsibilities of governments and stakeholders (including manufacturer importer seller consumer persons in charge of reuse and final disposal of wastes) during life cycle of productsc- Policies and measures to promote recycle and reuse ofwastesd- Supervision management legal liability and etc

Suggestion 4 Promotion 3R strategy and international cooperationa- Preventing illegal movement joint efforts by export and import countries are neededb-Border control and cargo inspectionc-Monitoring and keep track of recyclables movementd- Capacity building for e-wastes recycle and disposal in a proper ways in developing countries in terms of monitoring enforcement technology and policymakinge- Education and public participation the role of NGOs

Initiatives takenNeed assessment study on e-waste1048708 Assessment of current scenario qualification Characteristics existing disposal practices environmental impacts etc1048708 Projections for next 10 years regarding consumption and waste generation of electronic goods particularly pc amp its accessories fax

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

photocopiers etc1048708 Regulatory mechanism in other countries and comparison with Indian conditions particularly with regard to regulation of impact1048708 Possibility of collection system and requirement of legal instruments Environmentally sound technologies and methods for recycling and recovery1048708 Suggestions for fiscal incentives to promote recycling1048708 Technical feasibility of setting up of model facility (demonstration project)1048708 Areas of bilateral multilateral cooperation1048708 Training and field visitsIntervention requiredPolicy level interventions1048708 Definition of e-waste for regulation1048708 Import and export regulatory regime1048708 Access to est amp esm1048708 Facilitation amp development of InfrastructureTechnical interventions1048708Restriction for use of toxic material1048708Use of environmentally friendly material1048708Development of criteria for recovery and disposal1048708Design and engineering Interventions1048708Adoptability for up gradation

Expected results environmental sound management of e-waste1048708 Qualification and assessment of the e-waste generation in the country1048708 Development of environmentally sound recycling facilities for e-waste

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

1048708 Proper collection and recycling of e-waste1048708 Control on import of e-waste coming in the country in the name of donationscharity1048708 Regulations for esm of e-waste

Recommendationsa- Know-how of the existing system of extended procedures

responsibility in developed countriesb- Technical support for setting up recycling facilitiesc- Exposure to the legislations existing in developed countriesd- Training and capacity building

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de

REFERENCES

1 Diaz LF GM Savage and CG Golueke Resource Recovery from Municipal SolidWastes Vol I Primary Processing CRC Publishers Inc Boca Raton Florida USA 19922 Diaz LF GM Savage LL Eggerth and CG Golueke Composting and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor Michigan USA 19933 Diaz LF and CG Golueke ldquoSolid Waste Management in Developing CountriesrdquoBioCycle 2646-52 September 19854 CalRecovery Inc Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Study - Waste StreamCharacterization prepared for Ad Hoc Committee Republic of the Philippines May 19825 CalRecovery Inc Criterio de Disentildeo - Planta de Seleccioacuten y Recuperacioacuten deSubproductos de