北京运筹学会年会（ 2004 年 12 月 25 日北京邮电大学） 供应链管理的若干热点问题供应链管理的若干热点问题

谢金星清华大学数学科学系 Tel: 010-62787812

Email:jxie@math.tsinghua.edu.cn http://faculty.math.tsinghua.edu.cn/~jxie

简要提纲基本概念研究方法热点问题小结

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

What is a Supply Chain?Example: Stages of a Detergent Supply Chain

Customer wants detergent and goes to Wal-Mart

Wal-Mart

StoreWal-Mart Or third-party DC

P&G or other manufacturer

Plastic producer

Chemical manufacturer

Paper manufacturer

Timber industry

Tenneco packaging

Chemical manufacturer

Supply Chain Stages

Supplier

Supplier

Supplier

Manufacturer

Manufacturer

Distributor

Distributor

Retailer

Retailer

Retailer

Customer

Customer

Customer

WHAT IS A SUPPLY CHAIN?The global network used to deliver products The global network used to deliver products and services from raw materials to the end and services from raw materials to the end customer through engineered flows of customer through engineered flows of information, physical distribution and cash.information, physical distribution and cash.

InformationSystems

World-WideRequirements

Planning

CustomerRelationshipManagement

LogisticsNetwork

DistributionProcesses

TheSupply Chain

Supply Network, Supply Web

Connect Supply With DemandConnect Supply With Demand

SUPPLY DEMANDInformation

Product

Cash

• Not only manufacturer and supplier, but also transporters, warehouses, retailers and customers themselves.

• All functions involved in filling a customer request within each organization: new product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance, and customer service.

The Council of Logistics Management (CLM)Founded 1963: CPDM (Council of Physical Distribution Management)

Changed 1985: CLM (The Council of Logistics Management)

Effective January 1, 2005: CSCMP (Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals)

http://clm1.org

Why SCM is Too Hot Recently?• Core Competence

– Short-term Focus: Time-based Competition– High Capital Investment: Increase ROI (Return-On-Investment)

• Bullwhip Effect– Information Distortion: Can We Play the Game Better?

• Global Manufacturing– Final Assembly is Simple: OEM (original equipment mfg.)– Physical Distribution is Cheap: 3PL (3rd Party Logistics)

• Information Technology– ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and DSS– Internet: EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) etc.

Objectives of SCM

• To improve

the profitability and efficiency of the supply chain and all organizations involved

• By – Optimizing

the structures and operations– Maximizing

the net value added by all relevant processes.

Nails vs. Hammers

Issues / Problems Models Analysis / Solution

SCM: Issues and Methodology

Who’s fault?

Supply chain coordination (SCC):The members in a supply chain cooperate with each other to reach the best performance of the entire chain

Difficulties when modeling a supply chain

Complicated / Large-scale Network Structure

Complicated / Large-scale Product Structure

Complicated / Large-scale Process Structure

Distributed / Decentralized Organization Structure

Distributed / Decentralized Information Structure

Distributed / Decentralized Decision Structure

Dynamic System

Variety of Uncertainties

Supplier

Plan

Customer Customer’sCustomerSuppliers’

Supplier

Make DeliverSource Make DeliverMakeSourceDeliver SourceDeliver

Internal or External Internal or External

Your Company

Source

Founded in 1996 (http://www.supply-chain.org)

Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR)

Return Return Return Return Return Return Return Return

Decision Level & InterdisciplinarityStrategic

Tactic

Operational

Levels of Decision

OR (Optimization, Game Theory, Inventory Mgmt., etc.)

Behavior TheoryMicroeconomics

Different perspectives of SCM1. Purchasing and supply literature2. Logistics and transportation literature3. Marketing literature4. Organizational behavior, industrial organization, transaction cost economics and contract view literature5. Contingency theory ( 权变理论 )6. Institutional sociology ( 制度社会学 )7. System engineering literature8. Network literature9. Best practices literature10. Strategic management literature11. Economic development Literature

Source: “Supply chain management: an analytical frameworkfor critical literature review”, EJPSM 6 (2000), pp.67-83

Source: “Supply chain management: an analytical frameworkfor critical literature review”, EJPSM 6 (2000), pp.67-83

Classifying literature according to the methodology

Mainly on inventory management

Research Methods• Theoretic models

– Deterministic models– Stochastic models

• Simulation models• Expert system (knowledge model) • Empirical

– Case study– Survey– Panel study – Database

OR Methodology

LPNLPGoal Prog.Multi-Criteria Prog.Network FlowGame TheoryDynamic Prog.

Dynamic Prog. Inven. Control Queue Network Markov DM Uncertain Prog.

TS (Tabu Search) SA (Simulated Ann.) GA / EA Lagrangian Relaxation Theory of Constraints Multi-Agent

SimulationPetri NetsQueue NetworkMarkov Chain…

SCM

Deterministic Uncertain Heuristic

Qualitative Quantitative Empirical

Non-Optimizing Optimization-based

Some research topics• Theory of SCM as a discipline• Inventory Management (with new features incorporated)• Information Sharing and Supply Chain Coordination (e.g.

Contract, Incentive, Rebate, Imbursement, Discount, etc.)• Coordinated supply chain scheduling (CSCS)• CPFR (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment)

Marketing (e.g. Co-operative pricing and advertising)• Transportation / Routing Problem (Network Optimization)• Supply chain design, product design (e.g. postponement)• 3PL (3rd Party Logistics) 4PL (4th Party Logistics) • Game Theory (Bargaining Theory, Auction Theory)• Green supply chain• China-based research• ……

Inventory Management RevisitedIncorporating new dimensions, e.g.• Information sharing (Value of information)• Order coordination with contracts• Rationing game• Advanced order commitment (Earlier order

commitment )• Short life cycle products• Distributed distribution• Inventory & transportation• VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory)• …

Scheduling Revisited• Hall NG, Potts CN, Supply chain scheduling:

Batching and delivery, OPERATIONS RESEARCH 51 (4): 566-584 JUL-AUG 2003

•

Vertical Co-op advertising• The retailer initiates and implements a local

advertising and the manufacturer pays part of the cost.

• Pricing and co-op advertising?

---- Huang, Z. M., S. X. Li, 2001. Co-op advertising models in manufacturer-retailer supply chains: A game theory approach. EJOR 135, 527-544.

Network Optimization Revisited• J. Geunes, P. M. Pardalos, Network Optimization in S

upply Chain Management and Financial Engineering: An Annotated Bibliography, NETWORKS, Vol. 42(2), 66–84, 2003.

• New features incorporated:– Non-linear network optimization– Inventory-Routing; Inventory-Transportation – supply chain design incorporates location-routing decisions– Marketing consideration– ……

SCM in the E-Business Era

• Supply chain structure on the Internet• Marketing-operations interaction• Multi-channel cooperation• Supply chain intermediation• Principal-agent model (decentralized decision making)• Auctions and pricing in E-marketplace• Design of combinatorial auctions• ……

Reverse Distribution: Framework

Source: EJOR 103 (1997) 1-17

Distributed distribution: Example

Without inventory

Summary

---- 供应链管理的研究综述 ( 工业工程 , 2002)

Methodology

Content

Type / Mode

Some Related Books• Handbook of Quantitative Supply Chain Analysis: M

odeling in the E-Business Era, 2004, Kluwer.• Handbook of Supply Chain Management: Design, Co

ordination and Operation, 2003, Elsevier. (Handbooks in OR/MS, Vol. 11)

• Quantitative Models for Supply Chain Management, 1999, Kluwer. (Inter. Series in OR&MS)

• Logistics of Production and Inventory, 1993, Elsevier. (Handbooks in OR&MS, Vol. 4)

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