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© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 9: Intelligence
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What Is Intelligence?• Intelligence
– Capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
• Intelligence tests– Tests that are developed in order to
identify a person’s level of intelligence
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Different Types of Intelligence
• Fluid intelligence– Reflects information-processing capabilities,
reasoning, and memory
• Crystal intelligence– Accumulation of information, skills, and
strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem-solving situations
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Different Types of Intelligence
• Gardner’s multiple intelligences– Musical– Bodily kinesthetic– Logical-mathematical– Linguistic– Spatial– Interpersonal– Intrapersonal– Naturalist
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sternberg’s Three Part Conception of Intelligence
• Practical intelligence– Intelligence relates to overall success in
living
• Analytical intelligence– Focuses on abstract but traditional types of
problems measured on IQ tests
• Creative intelligence– Involves generating novel ideas and
products
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Practical Intelligence Application
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Different Types of Intelligence
• Emotional intelligence– Set of skills that underlie the accurate
assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
– Underlies the ability to get along with others
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Assessing Intelligence
• Mental age– Average age of individuals who achieve a
particular level of performance on a test
• Chronological age– Physical age
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessing Intelligence
• Intelligent quotient– Score that takes into account an individual’s
mental and chronological age
IQ =MA
CAX 100
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessing Intelligence
• Standard bell curve
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
IQ Tests: Gauging Intelligence
• Stanford-Binet IV• Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale – III (WAIS-III)• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children - III (WISC-III)
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Achievement and Aptitude Tests
• Achievement test– A test designed to determine a person’s
level of knowledge in a given subject area
• Aptitude test– A test designed to predict a person’s
ability in a particular area or line of work
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Reliability and Validity: Taking the Measure of a Test
• Reliability– A tests ability to consistently measure what they
are trying to measure
• Validity– The tests ability to measure what it is supposed
to measure
• Norms– Standards of test performance
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Web-based Testing
• ETS
• Reliability and validity need to be ensured
• Sometimes online test-makers cut corners
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Variations in Intellectual Ability
• Mental retardation– Significantly below-
average intellectual functioning, plus limitations in at least two areas of adaptive functioning involving
– Communication skills– Self-care– Ability to live
independently– Social skills– Community involvement– Self direction– Health & safety– Academics– Leisure & work
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Mental Retardation
Classification
Mild Retardation
IQ Range
Moderate Retardation
Profound Retardation
55 - 69
40 - 45
Below 25
Severe Retardation 25 -39
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Identifying Roots of Mental Retardation
• Fetal alcohol syndrome– Most common cause of mental retardation in
newborns, occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy
• Down syndrome– Resulting from the presence of and extra
chromosome
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Identifying Roots of Mental Retardation
• Familial retardation– No apparent biological defect exists but there
is a history of retardation in the family
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Integrating Individuals With Mental Retardation
• Care and treatment– Least restrictive environment
– Mainstreaming
– Full inclusion
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Intellectually Gifted
• 2 to 4 % of the population have IQ scores greater than 130
• Most often are well adjusted, popular, and outgoing
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Group Differences in Intelligence
• Culture-fair IQ test
– A test that does not discriminate against members of any minority group
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Group Differences in Intelligence
• Heritability– A measure of the degree to which a
characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors
• “The Bell Curve”– A widely debated study that suggested that
there was an inherent difference in the ability levels of African American and Caucasian subjects.
