© 2020 IJRAR September 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3 ” Study the ...ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19L2031.pdfAromatic Plants, Lucknow 2020. 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Tulsi (Ocimum spp.) : Tulsi is an

© 2020 IJRAR September 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR19L2031 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 180

” Study the effects of various PGPRs and Organic

Manures on Growth and Yield attributes of two

different varieties (CIM-Suvas & CIM-Shishir) of

Ocimum basilicum.”

Km. Anushree Srivastava

Under the guidance of

Dr.Rajesh Kumar Verma

Division of agronomy and soil sciences

CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 2020.

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Tulsi (Ocimum spp.) :

Tulsi is an aromatic shrub in the basil family Lamiaceae (tribe ocimeae) that is thought to have originated in north

central India and now grows native throughout the eastern world tropics. Within Ayurveda, tulsi is known as “The

Incomparable One,” “Mother Medicine of Nature” and “The Queen of Herbs,” and is revered as an “elixir of life”

that is without equal for both its medicinal and spiritual properties.

Tulsi tastes hot and bitter and is said to penetrate the deep tissues, dry tissue secretions and normalize kapha

and vata. Daily consumption of tulsi is said to prevent disease, promote general health, wellbeing and longevity

and assist in dealing with the stresses of daily life,In addition to these health-promoting properties, tulsi is

recommended as a treatment for a range of conditions including anxiety, cough, asthma, diarrhea, fever,

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dysentery, arthritis, eye diseases, otalgia, indigestion, hiccups, vomiting, gastric, cardiac and genitourinary

disorders, back pain, skin diseases, ringworm, insect, snake and scorpion bites and malaria.

1.2 Types of Tulsi and its Varieties:

1. Ocimum bacilicum- CIM-Snigdha , CIM-Saumya,CIM-Surabhi and CIM-Sharda

2. Ocimum santum- CIM-Ayu , CIM-Angna

3. Ocimum africanum- CIM-Jyoti

4. Ocimum kilimunduscharicum- CIM-Okay11

5. Hybrid- CIM-Shishir, CIM-Suvas

CIM-Shishir CIM-Suvas

1.3 Soil and climate:

The plant is sufficiently hardy and it can be grown on any type of soil except the ones with highly saline, alkaline

or water logged conditions. However, sandy loam soil with good organic matter is considered ideal. The crop has

a wide adaptability and can be grown successfully in tropical and sub-tropical climates.

1.4 Manures and fertilizers:

The plant requires about 15t/ha of FYM which is to be applied as basal dose at the time of land preparation.

Regarding the inorganic fertilizers application of 120:60:60 kg/ha of NPK is recommended.

1.5 Irrigation:

Irrigation is provided twice a week till one month so that the plants establish themselves well. Later, it is given

at weekly interval depending upon the rainfall and soil moisture status.




1.6 An Overview of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for Sustainable Agriculture

Soil bacteria beneficial to plant growth usually referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are

capable of promoting plant growth by colonizing the plant root. The mechanisms of PGPR-mediated

enhancement of crop growth includes :

(i) a symbiotic and associative nitrogen fixation;

(ii) solubilization and mineralization of other nutrients;

(iii) production of hormones e.g. auxin i.e. indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid and

cytokinins;

(iv) production of ACC-deaminase to reduce the level of ethylene in crop roots thus enhancing root length

and density;

(v) ability to produce antagonistic siderophores, ß-1-3-glucanase, chitinases, antibiotics, fluorescent pigment and

cyanide against pathogens and

(vi) enhanced resistance to drought and oxidative stresses by producing water soluble vitamins niacin,

thiamine, riboflavin, biotin and pantothenic acid. Increased crop production through biocontrol is an indirect

mechanism of PGPR that results in suppression of soil born deleterious microorganisms PGPR can play an

essential role in helping plants to establish and grow in nutrient deficient conditions. Their use in agriculture can

favour a reduction in agro-chemical use and support ecofriendly crop production.

1.7AIM: On the application of five different stains of rhizospheric bacteria, namely;

1. CRC-1(Pseudomonas monteilii),

2. CRC-2(Cedecea davisae),

3. CRC-3(Cronobacter dublinensis),

4. CRC-4(Advencca spp.),




5. PSB-2(Unknown);

The aim of my project is to achieve better yield and growth attributes of those plants which are treated with

above given PGPR Stains in comparison with controls and FYM treated plants.

1.8 OBJECTIVE:

To achieve the specific aim we need to take following steps into action:

• plantation of tulsi (Suvas and Shishir) varieties sapliings

in the sterlised soil in replication of three.

• measure the initial length of each sapling.

• test initial soil parameters i.e. Ph, EC, Nitrogen, Organic Carbon, Phosphorous, Sulfur, DHA, Micro-nutrients.

• prepare culture media from Nutrient Broth and after 24 hrs inoculate with 5 different PGPRs labelled as CRC-1,

CRC-2, CRC-3, CRC-4 and PSB-2 and incubate it for 2-3 days; then prepare dose of PGPRs in 80% saline solution

and pour the doses in the pots several times , freshly prepared each time, as treatment-2 replications were dosed

with CRC-1 , treatment-3 replications with CRC-2, treatment-4 with CRC-3, treatment-5 with CRC-4 and

treatment-6 with PSB-2respectively.

• put ( 2.5 tonns per hect) vermin-compost in each of the three replications of pots of treatment-2 to treatment-

6; 5 tonns per hect in treatment-7 and 10 tonns per hect FYM in treatment-8.

• finally note down the final length of all plants and also take out its biomass just after harvesting after 3months.

• test the final soil parameters i.e. . Ph, EC, Nitrogen, Organic Carbon, Phosphorous, Sulfur, DHA, Micro-nutrients.

• after harvesting perform distillation to measure the yield through its oil extraction.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1.The potentiality of PGPR in agriculture is steadily increased as it offers an attractive way to replace the use of

chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other supplements. Growth promoting substances are likely to be produced

in large quantities by these rhizosphere microorganisms that influence indirectly on the overall morphology of

the plants.




2.Bacterial strains PsF84 were isolated from tannery sludge polluted soil, Jajmau, Kanpur, India. 16S rRNA gene

sequence and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the taxonomic affiliation of PsF84 as Pseudomonas monteilii . A

greenhouse study was carried out with rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens cv. Bourbon) grown in

soil treated with tannery sludge to evaluate the effects of bacterial inoculation on the heavy metal uptake. The

isolates solubilized inorganic phosphorus and were capable of producing indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore.

The isolate PsF84 increased the dry biomass of shoot by 44%, root by 48%, essential oil yield 43% and chlorophyll

by 31% respectively over uninoculated control.

3.Cd-resistant strains were isolated from the roots of Cd accumulators, and their plant growth-promoting

activities were characterized. Isolates were able to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (28–133 mg L−1) and

solubilize phosphate (65–148 mg L−1). In a pot experiment, the inoculation of isolates Cedecea davisea LCR1

significantly enhanced the growth of and uptake of Cd by the Cd hyperaccumulator S. plumbizincicola.

454 pyrosequencing revealed that the inoculation of the PGPR lead to a decrease in microbial community

diversity in the rhizopshere during phytoextraction. Inoculation of strains Cedecea davisae LCR1 could

promote S. plumbizincicola growth and enhance the remediation efficiency.

4.Two year field studies indicated that seed treatment of Ocimum basilicum var. CIM-Saumya with efficient

bioinoculants (Pseudomonas monteilii – strain CRC1, Cronobacter dublinensis – strain CRC3 and Bacillus spp. –

strain

AZHGF1) can significantly improve the essential oil yield (45–56%); maximum essential oil yield was observed in

plants inoculated with P. monteilii (56%) followed by C. dublinensis (49%) and Bacillus spp. (45%). The content of

essential oil was also significantly improved (15%) when inoculated with P. monteilii compared to un-inoculated

control. The higher concentrations of linalool (40.40%) and β-caryophyllene (14.15%) were observed in the plants

inoculated with P. monteilii. P. monteilii also produced maximum biomass yield; an increase of about 55%

followed by C. dublinensis (42%) and Bacillus spp. (30%). To the best of our knowledge this might be an exclusive

report suggesting the use of bioinoculants for higher yields and disease management for organic growers of

sweet basil.

4.Increased crop production through biocontrol is an indirect mechanism of PGPR that results in suppression of

soil born deleterious microorganisms. Biocontrol mechanisms involved in pathogen suppression by PGPR include

substrate competition, antibiotic production, and induced systemic resistance in the host. PGPR can play an

essential role in helping plants to establish and grow in nutrient deficient conditions. Their use in agriculture can




favour a reduction in agro-chemical use and support ecofriendly crop production. Trials with rhizosphere-

associated plant growth-promoting P-solubilizing and N2-fixing microorganisms indicated yield increase in rice,

wheat, sugar cane, maize, sugar beet, legumes, canola, vegetables and conifer species.

5. A range of beneficial bacteria including strains of Herbaspirillum, Azospirillum and Burkholderia are closely

associated with rhizosphere of rice crops. Common bacteria found in the maize rhizosphere are Azospirillum sp.,

Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., Rahnella aquatilis, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Paenibacillus azotofixans,

and Bacillus circulans. Similarly, strains of Azotobacter, Azorhizobium, Azospirillum, Herbaspirillum,

Bacillus and Klebsiella can supplement the use of urea-N in wheat production either by BNF or growth promotion.

6. The commonly present PGPR in sugarcane plants are Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum lipoferum,

Azospirillum amazonense, Acetobacter diazotrophicus, Bacillus tropicalis, Bacillus borstelensis, Herbaspirillum

rubrisubalbicans and Herbaspirillum seropedicae. Symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria collectively known as Rhizobia are

currently classified into six genera; Rhizobium, Allorhizobium, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium

and Sinorhizobium and 91 species. Their inoculation may increase nodulation and N2-fixation in legumes. All these

Rhizobiumn spp. Can minimize chemical N fertilizers by BNF, but only if conditions for expression of N2-fixing

activity and subsequent transfer of N to plants are favourable. In this Chapter, PGPR role has been discussed in

the process of crop growth promotion, the mechanisms of action and their importance in crop production on

sustainable basis.

7. TIURIN'S method for the determination of organic carbon in soil is modified to give results practically identical

with those of the dry combustion method. The standard deviation of a single determination is only 12%. By using

50 mg of soil and 10 ml of 0.2 N dichromate solution, soils with a carbon, content up to 12% can bo analysed. The

method is suitable for all soils except those containing much chloride or reducing substances other than organic

carbon Carbonates do not interfere.

8.Reports about the relationship between soil water retention and organic carbon content are

contradictory. Adding information on taxonomic order and on taxonomic order and organic carbon content to

the textural class brought 10% and 20% improvement in water retention estimation, respectively, as compared

with estimation from the textural class alone. Using total clay, sand and silt along with organic carbon content

and taxonomic order resulted in 25% improvement in accuracy over using textural classes. Similar but lower

trends in accuracy were found for water retention at −1500 kPa and the slope of the water retention curve. At

low organic carbon contents, the sensitivity of the water retention to changes in organic matter content was




highest in sandy soils. Increase in organic matter content led to increase of water retention in sandy soils, and to

a decrease in fine-textured soils. At high organic carbon values, all soils showed an increase in water retention.

The largest increase was in sandy and silty soils. Results are expressed as equations that can be used to evaluate

effect of the carbon sequestration and management practices on soil hydraulic properties.

9. The reliability of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in soils has been investigated using a range of

soils containing from 0·03 to 2·7% nitrogen. The same result was obtained when soil was analysed by a variety of

Kjeldahl procedures which included methods known to recover various forms of nitrogen not determined by

Kjeldahl procedures commonly employed for soil analysis. From this and other evidence presented it is concluded

that very little, if any, of the nitrogen in the soils examined was in the form of highly refractory nitrogen

compounds or of compounds containing N—N or N—O linkages. Results by the method of determining nitrogen

in soils recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists were 10–37% lower than those

obtained by other methods tested. Satisfactory results were obtained by this method when the period of

digestion recommended was increased. Ammonium-N fixed by clay minerals is determined by the Kjeldahl

method. Selenium and mercury are considerably more effective than copper for catalysis of Kjeldahl digestion of

soil. Conditions leading to loss of nitrogen using selenium are defined, and difficulties encountered using mercury

are discussed. The most important factor in Kjeldahl analysis is the temperature of digestion with sulphuric acid,

which is controlled largely by the amount of potassium (or sodium) sulphate used for digestion. The period of

digestion required for Kjeldahl analysis of soil depends on the concentration of potassium sulphate in the digest.

When the concentration is low (e.g. 0·3 g./ml. sulphuric acid) it is necessary to digest for several hours; when it

is high (e.g. 1·0 g./ml. sulphuric acid) short periods of digestion are adequate. Catalysts greatly affect the rate of

digestion when the salt concentration is low, but have little effect when the salt concentration is high. Nitrogen

is lost during Kjeldahl analysis when the temperature of digestion exceeds about 400° C. Determinations of the

amounts of sulphuric acid consumed by various mineral and organic soils during Kjeldahl digestion showed that

there is little risk of loss of nitrogen under the conditions usually employed for Kjeldahl digestion of soil. Acid

consumption values for various soil constituents are given, from which the amounts of sulphuric acid likely to be

consumed during Kjeldahl digestion of different types of soil can be calculated. It is concluded that the Kjeldahl

method is satisfactory for the determination of nitrogen in soils provided a few simple precautions are observed.

The merits and defects of different Kjeldahl procedures are discussed.

10. The dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of the microflora of a gleyic luvisol artificially contaminated by 1, 10, and 100 μg

tributylin (TBT)/g dry wt soil was compared with its ATP content, long‐term CO2 evolution, and esterase activity. DHA was

measured by reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride. This 203‐day laboratory experiment comprised a phase of air

drying, a remoistening, and the addition of a substrate (alfalfa and yeast extract). The half‐life of TBT ranged from 40 (10

and 100 μg/g) up to 70 days (1 μg/g).




The microflora was not affected by 1 and 10 μg TBT/g. After an initial 60% stimulation, the respiration and

esterase activity in the soil contaminated by 100 μg TBT/g recovered to the level of the control soil in 2 and 14

days, respectively. About 50% depression of DHA and ATP content was observed throughout the 203 days of the

experiment. DHA inhibition was correlated with depression of ATP content (r = 0.82). Air drying, remoistening,

and substrate addition had little influence on the depression of DHA and of the ATP content.

Unlike long‐term CO2 evolution, DHA did not reflect the total effective activity of soil microflora; rather, it

reflected its total potential activity. As for biomass estimates using substrate‐induced respiration, a clear

distinction should be made between short‐term DHA and other measurements of DHA. Short‐term DHA, as a

substrate‐induced maximum initial activity, appears mainly to reflect the biomass of soil microflora. The

measurement of DHA appears to be a suitable low‐cost and sensitive tool for assessing side effects of chemicals.

11. The chemical characterizations or soil tests are most apt to differentiate micronutrient availability when

nutrient element chemistry is carefully considered as part of the soil test development. Successful calibration of

chemical soil extractants results in their use as soil tests that can be interpreted in relation to adequacy of the

nutrient. Soil test calibration must involve crop response data from field studies that consider factors of the

normal growing environment that influence micronutrient soil fertility and plant nutrition.




3. MATERIALS & METHODS

3.1 Instruments used:

Figure 1: top left-Vertical Autoclave,

top lright- Cuvette Spectrophotometer,

bottom left- Incubator,

bottom right- Centrifuge




Figure 2: top left : Flame photometer,

top right: Std.Electromic Balance,

bottom left: Mechanical Shaker,

bottom right: Normal.Electronic Balance.




Figure 3: top left- electro conductivity meter(EC meter),

top right- Ph meter,

bottom left- inside view of centrifuge with centrifuge tubes containing incubated

nutrient media with PGPG,

bottom right- Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP).




Figure 4: Vertical Laminr flow cabinet.




3.2 Experimental setup

T1 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3

T2 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3

T3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3

T4 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3

T5 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3

T6 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3

T7 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3

T8 P1 P2 P3 S1 S3 S3

TREATMENT: Treatment Combination with

three replications

• T1 Soil only

• T2 PGPR stain-1 + 2.5t-1 Vermi





• T7 Only 5 t-1 vermi

• T8 10 t-1 FYM

1. We will first collect soil from different sites in bags for auto clave, so that the soil become sterlised.

2. Then we have to take 48 small pots with codes namely;T1R1,T2R2…….T8S2,T8S3filled with above sterlised soil

and are arranged according to objective protocol.

3. Plantation of tulsi (CIM-Suvas, CIM-Shishir) saplings freshly harvested from nursery into each pots according to

the protocol; measure the initial length of each plantlets in the pots.

4. Next step is to make dose for the plants from Nutrient Broth. It is a general purpose medium used for cultivating

a broad variety of fastidious and non-fastidious microorganisms with non-extracting nutritional requirements.

TREATMENT CIM-Suvas R1 R2 R3

CIM-Shishir R1 R2 R3




COMPOSITION gl-1

Gelatin peptone 5

Beef extract 1

Yeast extract 2

NaCl 5

TOTAL 13

(13gms of nutrient broth in 1000ml of distill water).

First of all we will take five conical flasks of 1000ml and one conical flask of 500ml, rinse well with detergent and

then with distill water twice and put it in oven for complete drying; then in 1000ml beakers we will make 500ml

of nutrient broth by mixing 6.5gms of media in 500ml warm distill water and mix well and all five conical flasks

as CRC-1,CRC-2,CRC-3,CRC-4 and PSB-2; and in one 500ml beaker we will make 250 ml broth by mixing 3.25gms

in 250ml warm distill water and marked as control.

Now put cotton plugs on the beaker and wrap it with aluminum foil and put it in auto clave at 121degree Celsius

at 15 atm for 30 mins and then after sterilization put the broth in culture room for 24hrs to check for

contamination.

After 24hrs put the broth put the broth in laminar for further sterlization for 5 mins then inoculate it with bacteria

and then put it in incubator(30-36 degree celsius) for 24-72 hrs.

After two days check for the microbial growth in the broth and perform further steps. Centrifuge( at 5000rpm at

14degree celsius for 10 mins) the broth and pour palette in 80% saline solution and discard supernatant.

80% saline solution is made by 8gms of NaCl in 100ml distill water.

Dose is ready to pour in the pots according to the protocol.




Figure 5: top left- empty 5inch pot of 5Kgs.,

top right- Soil sample collected in sample bags from different sites of CSIR-CIMAP ,

bottom left- Autoclaved soil or sterlised soil,

bottom right- approx. 4Kgs of soil were filled in each of the 48 pots and arranged




Figure 6: top left- plantation of tulsi varieties (CIM-Suvas,CIM-Shishir) saplings from nursery,

top right- Nutrient Broth in 5 conical flasks of 1000ml containing 500ml of it and

1 conical flask of 500ml containing 250 ml of it for blank, and strains of

CRC-1,CRC-2, CRC-3, CRC-4, PSB-2,

bottom left- pouring approx. 15ml of PGPR dose in each of the 48 pots,

bottom right- initial size of saplings of tulsi in pots.

3.3 Testing

1. Ph Analysis: take 8gms of soil in a 50ml beaker add 20ml of distill water and stirred well and left for half

an hour; till then ph meter is calibrated by immersing the electrode in different buffer of Ph-4.0,7.0 and 9.0 then

the electrode is immersed in the soil solution and reading is taken.




Figure 7: Ph meter

2. Electrical Conductivity: 8gms of soil sample is taken in a 50ml beaker ; 20ml distilled water is added ;mixed

well and left for 30mins, the conductivity bridge was calliberated with standard and the conductivity of the

sample was determined with conductivity meter.




Figure 8: EC meter (conductivity

3. Nitrogen testing: take 100ml KmNO4 only in round bottom flask (for blank) and for soil sample add

10gms of soil also; In a 150ml conical flask take 100ml 1N H2SO4 , add 4-5 drops of indicator;

Fit kjeldahl apparatus and add 2.5N NaOH in round bottom flask to start the reaction.

Sample + H2SO4 catalyst (NH4)2SO4 + CO2

+ H2O

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH 2NH3 (gas) + Na2SO4

+ 2H2O




wait till the solution in conical flask increase upto 25ml; then titrate the conical flask content with standard 0.1N

NaOH solution; solution colour turns from pink into green at endpoint; note the value from the burette and

perform calculations.

Figure 9: kjeldahl apparatus on left and colour of nitrogen after titration on right

4.Phosphorous testing: weigh 5gms of soil ;add 50ml of NaHCO3 and pinch of activated charcoal to olsen the soil

solution; shake for ½ hrs (on mechanical shaker) then filter with 42 No. wattman filter paper; take 5ml aliquate

in 50ml volumetric flask; add a little water and 1ml of 5N H2SO4 to maintain Ph of alliquate upto 5.5, shake well

add a little water , add 5ml mixed reagent and leave for some time to develop blue colour , finally make up volume

with water and read its wavelength at 660nm

Figure 10: showing blue colouration sample solution due to prescence of

phosphorous of which absorbance is detected using spectrophotometer

at 660 𝜆.




5.Organic carbon testing: take 0.5gms of soil in a 500ml conical fask, add 10ml of 1N K2SO4 and swirl the flask

2-3 times and allow it to stand for 30mins for the reaction to complete, pour 200ml of distill water to the flask to

dilute the suspension , add 5ml of H3PO4 (Orthophosphoric acid ) and 1ml of Diphenylamine indicator and back

titrate the solution with 0.5N ferrous ammonium sulphate solution , till the colour flashes from violet to blue to

bright green.

Figure 11: Green colouration showing the prescence of organic carbon

in the sample after titration.

6.Sulfur testing: take 10gms soil in 150ml conical flask, add 10ml of 0.15% of CaCl2 solution and put on

mechanical shaker for 30mins shaking , filter the solution be 42No. filter paper, take 10ml of filtrate in 25ml

volumetric flask and add 1g BaCl2 in each flaskthen add 1ml of 0.25% gum acacia (emulsifier,stabilizer) and make

up the volume with distilled water, take the reading at 340nm from spectrophotometer, plot the curve




7.DHA Test: weigh 1gram of soil sample and place it in the respective vials , add 0.2ml of 3% tripheny tetrazorium

chloride (TTC) solution in each of the tube of the soil, add 0.5ml of 1% glucose solution to the vials , cap it and

shake a little horizontally, incubate the tube at 28±0.5 °C for 24 hrs, after incubation add 10ml of methanol .

Shake vigorously the vials allow to stand for 6hours (min 1-3hour), withdraw clear pink coloured supernatant

liquid by using whatsmann NO- 1 filter paper , read its absorbance at 485nm,plot the graph.




4 . RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 pH of soil

CIM-SHISHIR

(INITIAL PH) (FINAL PH)

CONTROL 7.98 8.13

TREATMENT1 8.24 8.49







CIM-SUVAS

(INITIAL PH) (FINAL PH)

CONTROL 7.93 8.23











Blue bars denote- initial ph readings of CIM-Shishir

Orange bars denote- final ph readings of CIM-Shishir

Grey bars denote- initial ph readings of CIM-Suvas

Yellow bars denote- final ph readings of CIM-Suvas.

Discussion-

• above graph clearly shows that the final ph readings of both varieties of tulsi i.e, CIM-Suvas and CIM-Shishir

are comparatively more basic that the initial soil, that clearly shows that due to saline doses given to the plants

shows its effect and thus makes the soil more alkaline.

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

control t-1 t-2 t-3 t-4 t-5 t-5 t-7

ph of soil initial v/s final of both varieties of tulsi

initial final

initial2 final2




4.2 EC of soil

CIM-SHISHIR

(INITIAL EC) (FINAL EC)

µS µS

CONTROL 96.57 108.56

TREATMENT1 105.6 124.77

TREATMENT2 96.73 102.36


TREATMENT4 97.89 103.24

TREATMENT5 123.66 134.43

TREATMENT6 113.45 125.40

TREATMENT7 109.60 112.27

CIM-SUVAS

(INITIAL EC) (FINAL EC)

µS µS

CONTROL 93.70 112.14

TREATMENT1 109.90 116.24

TREATMENT2 96.45 105.34

TREATMENT3 123.56 137.12

TREATMENT4 133.14 145.21

TREATMENT5 121.09 145.00

TREATMENT6 107.00 116.23

TREATMENT7 102.34 112.23




Blue bars denote- initial 1 EC readings of CIM-Shishir

Orange bars denote- final 1 EC readings of CIM-Shishir

Grey bars denote- initial 2 EC readings of CIM-Suvas

Yellow bars denote- final 2 EC readings of CIM-Suvas.

Discussion-

• above graph clearly shows that the final EC readings of both varieties of tulsi i.e, CIM-Suvas and CIM-Shishir are

comparatively more conductive that the initial soil.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

control t-1 t-2 t-3 t-4 t-5 t-6 t-7

EC of soil initial v/s final of both the varieties of tulsi

initial 1 final 1

initial 2 final 2




4.3 Nitrogen test of soil:

SHISHIR

Ni

Kg/hr

Nf

Kg/hr

CONTROL 338 369

TREATMENT 1 308 345

TREATMENT 2 246 302

TREATMENT 3 277 312

TREATMENT 4 215 289

TREATMENT 5 184 203

TREATMENT 6 154 245

TREATMENT 7 215 309

SUVAS

Ni

Kg/hr

Nf

Kg/hr

CONTROL 345 356

TREATMENT 1 313 378

TREATMENT 2 256 308

TREATMENT 3 245 333

TREATMENT 4 267 314

TREATMENT 5 179 189

TREATMENT 6 289 345

TREATMENT 7 267 316




Blue bars denote- initial (N1 initial) Nitrogen content of soil in Kg/hr of CIM-Shishir,

Orange bars denote- final (N1 final) Nitrogen content of soil in Kg/hr of CIM-Shishir ,

Grey bars denote- initial (N2 initial) Nitrogen content of soil in Kg/hr of CIM-Suvas,

Yellow bars denote- - final (N2 final) Nitrogen content of soil in Kg/hr of CIM-suvas.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

CONTROL T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

initial v/s final nitrogen of soil in both the varieties in Kg/Hr

N1 initial N1 final

N2 initial N2 final




4.4 Soil organic carbon (%) content :

SHISHIR

Ci

%

Cf

%

CONTROL 0.09 0.13

TREATMENT 1 0.15 0.28







SUVAS

Ci

%

Cf

%

CONTROL 0.3 0.24











Blue bars denote- initial (C1 initial) O.C content of soil in % of CIM-Shishir,

Orange bars denote- final (C1 final) O.C content of soil in % of CIM-Shishir ,

Grey bars denote- initial (C2 initial)O.C content of soil in % of CIM-Suvas,

Yellow bars denote- - final (C2 final) O.C content of soil in % of CIM-suvas.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

control t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7

initial v/s final organic carbon content of soil in %.

C1 initial c1 final

c2 initial c2 final




4.5 Absorbance of soil phosphorous :

SHISHIR

Pi

𝝀.

Pf

𝝀.

CONTROL 0.0823 0.2784

TREATMENT 1 0.1090 0.3286

TREATMENT 2 0.0639 0.3126

TREATMENT 3 0.1733 0.0151

TREATMENT 4 0.0655 0.2426

TREATMENT 5 0.0849 0.2814

TREATMENT 6 0.1230 0.1670

TREATMENT 7 0.2688 0.3470

SUVAS

Pi

𝝀.

Pf

𝝀.

CONTROL 0.0786 0.2433

TREATMENT 1 0.2430 0.2230

TREATMENT 2 0.0327 0.1659

TREATMENT 3 0.1657 0.2286

TREATMENT 4 0.2489 0.2788

TREATMENT 5 0.3478 0.3276

TREATMENT 6 0.3230 0.5270

TREATMENT 7 0.2749 0.3370




Blue bars denote- initial (P1 initial) Phosphorous content of soil absorbance of CIM-Shishir,

Orange bars denote- final (P1 final Phosphorous content of soil absorbance of CIM-Shishir,

Grey bars denote- initial (P2 initial) Phosphorous content of soil absorbance of CIM-Suvas,

Yellow bars denote- - final (P2 final) Phosphorous content of soil absorbance of CIM-Suvas.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6


initial v/s final absorbance of phosphorous.

P1 initial p1 final

p2 initial p2 final




4.5 Absorbance of soil Sulfur :

SHISHIR

Si

𝝀.

Sf

𝝀.

CONTROL 0.0752 0.2645

TREATMENT 1 0.1270 0.3147

TREATMENT 2 0.0584 0.3275

TREATMENT 3 0.1845 0.0237

TREATMENT 4 0.0467 0.2366

TREATMENT 5 0.0237 0.2816

TREATMENT 6 0.3267 0.1765

TREATMENT 7 0.2476 0.3743

SUVAS

Si

𝝀.

Sf

𝝀.

CONTROL 0.0676 0.2678

TREATMENT 1 0.2326 0.2775

TREATMENT 2 0.0754 0.1864

TREATMENT 3 0.1567 0.2567

TREATMENT 4 0.2985 0.2957

TREATMENT 5 0.3567 0.3276

TREATMENT 6 0.3675 0.5964

TREATMENT 7 0.2866 0.3965




Blue bars denote- initial (S1 initial) Sulfur content of soil absorbance of CIM-Shishir,

Orange bars denote- final (S1 final Sulfur content of soil absorbance of CIM-Shishir,

Grey bars denote- initial (S2 initial) Sulfur content of soil absorbance of CIM-Suvas,

Yellow bars denote- - final (S2 final) Sulfur content of soil absorbance of CIM-Suvas.

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45


initial v/s final absorbance of sulfur.

s1 initial s1 final

s2 initial s2 final




5.CONCLUSION

5.1 growth attribute:

Suvas

(gms)

shishir

(gms)

control 68 67

treatment 1 59 58

treatment 2 63 61

treatment 3 62 61

treatment 4 73 72

treatment 5 57 56

treatment 6 60 59

treatment 7 58 57

Graph 1: it is found maximum biomass is of

treatment 4 i.e. Advencca Spp.




5.2 yield attribute:

Suvas

(ml)

shishir

(ml)

control 0.23 0.25

treatment 1 0.20 0.20







Graph 2: it is found that yield from treatment 4 i.e. Advencca Spp. Is slightly more than rest of the treatments.

5.REFERENCE

1. P. N. Bhattacharyya & D. K. Jha World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology volume 28, pages1327–

1350(2012)

2. .S.Darni,A.K.Srivastava,A Samad, D.D.Patra-Chemosphere,2014-Elsevier.




3. . Wuxing Liu, Qingling Wang, Beibei Wang, Jinyu Hou, Yongming Luo, Caixian Tang & Ashley E. Franks

Journal of Soils and Sediments volume 15, pages1191–1199(2015)

4. .R Singh, SK Soni, RK Patel, A Kalra- Industrial crops and production,2013-Elsivier

5. Geoderma Volume 116, Issues 1–2, September 2003,

Pages 61-76

6. The Journal of Agricultural ScienceVolume 55, Issue 1

August 1960 , pp. 11-33

7. Micronutrient Soil Tests J. T. Sims G. V. Johnson Book Editor(s): J. J. Mortvedt First published:01 January

1991

8. Dehydrogenase activity of soil microflora: Significance in ecotoxicological tests

9. D. Rossel J. Tarradellas First published:February 1991.


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