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© 2018 IJRAR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR1BEP087 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 601
Medicinal properties and extraction methods for Tulsi,
Cinnamon and Clove: A Review
Chikala Sivanand, Gupta Prerna and Kaur Jasleen
Department of Food Technology & Nutrition, Lovely Professional University.Jalandhar. 144411
Abstract
Tulsi, Cinnamon and Clove are few important ingredients used in every household's kitchen, because of their exotic
flavor and aroma. They also wear benefits like medicinal, health and food. Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi or Holy Basil)
has a very unique place in Hindu culture. It is also used to treat fever, bronchitis, asthma, stress, kidney stones, etc.
Clove and Cinnamon also possess anti-inflammatory, anti-hyper triglyceridemic, antitumor, anticancer and anti-
diabetic property, mainly due to the presence of phytochemicals such as phenols and volatile compounds. Also, due
to the increasing demand for preservative-free cosmetics, antimicrobial herbal extracts have recently been used in
the cosmetic industry to reduce the risk of methyl parabens as an allergen. The present review emphasises the
extraction methods and medicinal property of various herbs and spices along with their industrial significance.
Introduction
Tulsi
Plants, animals, and microbes represent an unlimited source of compounds having medicinal
properties (Pandey Govind et al., 2006). Of the various plants and their species, spices and herbs
are used as handful sources of medicines (Gupta et al 2002) possessing different properties like
anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-platlet, antitumor, anti-carcenogenic and also serve as nutraceutical.
They can also be used in multi dimensional fields as flavour and health enhancer as well as for
preservation (Banerjee et al., 1996) Certain bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant property
like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, tannins, alkaloids, and essential oils are present in
them (Chiang et al., 2005)
The aromatic vegetable substances (may be in whole, broken, or grounded form) used mainly for
seasoning and from which “no portion of any volatile oil or other flavouring principal have been
removed” (Bansod et al., 2008) are termed as spices. Different plant parts such as root, stigma, leaf,
bark, berry, bud, seed, and flower that has been authenticated by several archeologists and used for
cooking purposes are subjected as herbs and spices (Singh et al., 2018& Siva et al., 2016). The
© 2018 IJRAR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR1BEP087 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 602
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 classifies herbs as dietary
supplements.
Some common herbs and spices like tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), cinnamon (cinnamomum
zeylanicum), clove (syzygium aromaticum), turmeric (curcumalonga), cumin (cuminum cyminum),
fennel (foeniculum vulgare), ginger (zingiber officinane), and garlic are being used worldwide for
their flavoring and medicinal properties (Sikmon et al., 1990)
The paper presented describes the medicinal and various extraction properties of clove, cinnamon
and tulsi.
EXTRACTION PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS HERBS
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum): The magical plant
Holy Basil or the queen of herbs “Tulsi” is matchless (Kayastha, 2014) having about 250 genera
and more than 6500 species is a member of family Lamiaceae (Deo et al., 2013). In modern
Ayurveda Tulsi is enlisted as a true herb that cannot be compared (Cohen, 2014) because of its
diuretic, antipyretic and antitussive effects (Sarang Jain and Ameeta Argal.(2013). Due to its
fascinated past it has influenced many researchers among India as a possible source with
pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials. (Bast et al., 2015).
It is proposed for its wellbeing and resilience for treating number of health conditions like anxiety,
bronchitis, diarrhea, general illness, dysentery, arthritis, otalgia, hiccups, vomiting, gastritis, cardiac
arrest and genitourinary disorders, back pain, skin and eye diseases, insect bite and malaria as well.
(Mohan, et al., 2011). Periodontitis is an infection of subgingival area caused commonly by
bacteria. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract (Ocimum sanctum) on periodontal
pathogens has been used as an adjunct in periodontitis patients, as widespread use of drugs lead to
increased resistance of the bacteria, uncommom side-effects and infections (Mallikarjun et al,
2016).
GENOTYPE
The height of the plant ranges from 0.5 to 1.5m and leaves size from 2-5cm in length (Khan and
Ali, 2014). The three important varieties of Tulsi are Vana (Ocimum gratissimum), Rama (Ocimum
sanctum) and Krishna Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum ). In Hindu relegion it is known as Vishnupriya
as a source to please Lord Vishnu (Bhargava et al., 2013).
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Table.1.Medicinal benefits of Tulsi
Medicinal benefits
Property Benefits References
Diabetes--Western medicine:
Leaves of tulsi may improve pancreatic
beta cell function and enhance insulin
secretion.
The study of patients with type 2 diabetes
found blood glucose fasting levels lower in
patients who took 2.5 grams of powdered
tulsi compared to patients who took a
placebo
(Orwa et al., 2009)
(Bhamra et al., 2015)
Anti-inflammatory
Pegenin is the principal element
responsible for the controlling the levels of
blood sugar in the body.
(Mitra et al., 2014)
(Okoli et al., 2010)
Antibacterial
Terpene, carvacrol sesquiterpene and B-
caryophyllene helps to keep body free
from disease-causing bacterium.
(Devra et al., 2012)
Antioxidant
Rosmarinic acid polyphenol present in the
chemical composition of Tulsi acts as the
potent antioxidant. Due to the presence of
free radicals it protects the cells in the
body from smashing up.
(Okomolo et al., 2011)
Beauty and Restoration
Tulsi powder is used to remove skin
blemishes. Boil water with Tulsi leaves
and lemon juice in it, for natural freshness.
Cover your head with towel, and clean the
emitting steam on your forehead.
Hecapedia recommends Tulsi Paste for
treating acne. A Tulsi paste home made
treatment helps people with leucoderma.
(Dhar et al., 1968)
Anti-Aging:
Tulsi contains ursolic acid, as well as a
compound that prevents wrinkles and
helps retain the elasticity of young faces.
(Bhargava et al., 1981)
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Table. 2. Health benefits of Tulsi:
Health benefits
Property Benefits References
Healing powder The tulsi plant has many medicinal
importance. The leaves are tonic to
the nerve and strong memory as
well. The leaves stimulate the
stomach and cause excessive
swelling. The plant seeds are
mucilaginous.
(Singh et al., 2010)
(Bast et al ., 2014)
Fever and common cold
Tulsi leaves are typical are used for
fevers. During the rainy season,
tender leaves, cooked with tea,
serve as a preventive against these
are used to bring down fever. Tulsi
leaf extract are given every 2 to 3
hours in fresh water. One can
continue to give sips of cold water
in between. It is every successful in
lowering the temperature in babies
( Enayatallah et al.,
2004 )
( Mahajan et al., 2011)
Coughs and Sour throat:
Tulsi is a major constituent of
different Ayurvedic cough syrups
and expectorants. That helps to
mobilize the asthma and bronchitis
mucus. Tulsi chewing leaves
relives cold and flu. In case of sore
throat, the water boiled with basil
leaves may be taken as a drink.
You can also use the water as a
gargle.
( Mediratta et al., 2008)
( Shyamala et al.,1996)
Respiratory Disorder:
Tulsi leaves are effective for
treating respiratory illness. Ginger
and honey decoction of the leaves
is an effective remedy for
( Agrawal et al., 1996)
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pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis,
cough and cold. In influenza,
cloves, decoction of the leaves, and
common salt also provides
immediate relief. They should be
cooked in half a liter of water until
there is only half the water left, and
then added.
Kidney stones:
Basil has strengthening effect the
kidney. In case of renal stone the
juice of basil leaves and honey, if
taken regularly for 6 months they
will be expelled through the
urinary tract.
.( Rai et al., 1997)
Stress
The leaves of basil are considered
an anti-stress agent. Recent studies
showed that the leaves provide
significant protection from stress.
Even healthy individuals will chew
12 basil leaves, twice a day, to
avoid stress. It purifies the blood
and helps to avoid multiple
common elements
( Devi et al., 1999)
Mouth infection
The leaves are quite effective in
reducing the ulcers and infections
in the mouth. Some leaves chewed
may cure these conditions.
(Sharma et al., 1998)
Children Ailments:
Classic pediatric issues, such as
cough cold, fever, diarrhea and
vomiting, favorably react to basil
leaf juice. When chicken pox
pustules postpone their arrival,
they will be hurled by basil leaves
taken with saffron.
( Kochhar et al., 2009)
Heart disorder
Basil has a beneficial effect on
cardiac disease, and its weakness.
This lowers cholesterol level in the
blood.
( Devra et al., 2012)
Headaches
Basil does a strong headache drug.(
Kothari et al., 2005). Pounded
leaves mixed with sandalwood
paste can also be applied to the
front to relieve heat, headache and
coolness in general.
(Chopra et al., 1992)
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Teeth disorder
Tulsi leaves are helpful in affected
teeth. The leaves, dried in the sun
and powdered are used for teeth
brushing to make a paste it may
also be mixed with mustered oil
and used as toothpaste. It can make
teeth very healthy. It's also useful
in pyorrhea and other teeth
impairments.
( Claus et al., 2003) .
( Simoons et al., 2001)
Eye disorder
Basil is doing a potent drug for
headache. In this condition a
decoction of the leaves can be
given. Pounded leaves mixed with
sandalwood paste can also be
applied to the forehead to relieve
heat, headache and coolness in
general
(Parrotta et al., 2001)
Table.3. Tulsi utilization in various industries
Traditional Uses
Property Benefits Reference
Natural Medicinal
Tulsi are used by Sidha, Unani and
Ayurvedic medicine to treat a wide
range of skin conditions, fevers,
coughs, and internal ailments. All of
the three medicinal systems date back
to ancient times, and are based
primarily on herbs and plants based
on natural benefits and treatments.
(Das et al., 2006)
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Snake and Insect Bites
Tulsi oil is a natural antiseptic, and
natural anti-inflammatory, according
to Plantcultures.org. According to
Botanical.com, when all of the plant
parts are either mixed or ingested
with some other plants to make a
paste introduced to the bite area, tulsi
effectively treats snake bites,
including those of poisonous snakes.
(Pandey Govind et al
2009)
Tulsi use at home:
Tulsi plant is a great way to enhance
the flavor of your cooking, or make
an excellent tea. This sub-shrub looks
very attractive in a decorative bowl,
is not harmful to animals and it is
quite easy to grow. Still beyond its
medicinal properties.
( Kelm et al., 2000)
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Table.5. Food benefits of Tulsi
Food benefits
property Benefits Reference
Refreshing drink:
Pour a cup of boiling water over a
teapot. Add 12 to 15 leaves of tulsi,
two bits of lemon grass (green tea), and
12 to 15 leaves of mint. Allow for 15
minutes to brew, and strain. To
intensify the flavour. Add with lemon
juice and honey. Drink that decoction
every morning on an empty stomach. It
stimulates digestion, purifies the blood
and brings freshness to you. Honey is
used for slimming and lemon juice to
mitigate the harm caused by excess
bile. One piece of ginger can be added
to the brew for benefit
( Claus et al., 2003)
Ghrit (medicated ghee):
750 grams of water, 125 grams of Tulsi
leaves and 125 grams of guruch.
Attach 500 grams of cow's ghee and
boil to get a homogeneous liquid.
Strain, and store, the stuff. Ghritis is
used to treat defects in the blood and
skin such as leucodermia and leprosy.
( Puri et al., 2002)
Allopathic Medicine Complement
Improves effectiveness and reduces the negative and often dangerous side effects of many standard
modern medical therapies. Some Benefit Reduces fevers, protects against stomach ulcers, reduces
unhealthy blood sugar levels in diabetics, and improves dental and periodontal health. It also
protects against mercury poisoning, improves bone fracture healing, prevents nausea, vomiting and
cramping, and repels insects such as mosquitoes and lice.(Devi et al., 1999).
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Table. 6. Dosage response of Tulsi extracts to metabolic disorders in humans
Tulsi extract Duration Dosage Comparator Outcome
Measure(s)
Participants
(age range)
Author
(year)
Tulsi leave
Caps
6.5
weeks
3g/day and
before meal
Not
disclosed
Important
post-
prandial
glucose &
blood
glucose
quicking
40 male adults
T2DM
Gandhi et al.
(2016)
Tulsi leaves
caps
8 weeks 2x daily
before meal
250 mg/day
Parallel
group (no
intervention)
Improved
BMI, lipid
profile
30 adults
Obesity (17-
30 years)
Satapathy et al.
(2016)
Tulsi powder
leaves
2 weeks 2g/day Curry +
Curry leaves
Tulsi
Relevant
post-
prandial
glucose &
blood fasts
30 adults
T2DM
Venkatesan
and Sengupta
(2015)
Fresh tulsi
leaves
5 weeks Fresh leaves
3x daily
None Significant
decrease in
blood
glucose to
near normal
levels
3 adults
T2DM
( Shin et al.,
2007).
Tincture from
tulsi
12
weeks
10 drops 3x
daily
Tincture
wild
rosemary 10
drops x
3/day
Important
decrease in
serum uric
acid
200 adults
Gouty
Arthritis
Ahmad et al.
(2013)
Aqueous tulsi
leaves
12
weeks
5mL/x2 day
before meals
Not
disclosed
Better lipid
profile,
higher
blood
glucose
levels and
BP
100 adults
MetS (>=40
years)
Devra et al.
(2012)
Tulsi leaves +
glibenclamide
drug
13
weeks
300 mg/day
tulsi + 5 mg
Gilbenclamide
5 mg/day
glibenclamid
Significant
blood fasts
& HBA1c
decreased
postprandial
60 adults
T2DM (30-65
years)
Somasundaram
et al. (2012)
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glucose
Aqueous tulsi
leaves
8 weeks 500 g/day Water Importantly
improving
lipid profile
40 adults
T2DM (42-55
years)
Dineshkumar
et al. (2010)
Powder tulsi
leaves
12
weeks
2 g/day Neem + tulsi Symptoms
changed for
T2DM:
polydipsia,
polyphagia
& BP
90 male adults
T2DM/MetS
(40-60 years)
Kochhar et al.
(2009)
Tulsi powder
leaves
4 weeks 1 g/day in
morning
before meal
None enhanced
lipid
profiling,
blood
glucose,
protein
glycation
27 adults
T2DM/MeS
(45-65 years)
Rai et al.
(1997)
Tulsi powder
leaves
5 weeks
(+5-
days
wash
out)
2.5g/day in
morning
before meal
Spinach
leaves 2.5
g/day
High blood
glucose
during
fasting,
postprandial
glucose and
urinary
glucose
40 adults
T2DM (41-65
years)
Agarwal et al.
(1996)
Whole plant
decoction
12
weeks
14 g/day None Reduced
blood
glucose in 9
adults with
T2DM
10 adults
T2DM
Luthy (1964)
Powder
whole plant
tulsi
12
weeks
3 g/day None Importantly
improving
lipid profile
5 adults
psychosomatic
(60-80 years)
Shyamala et
al., 1996
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Extraction Methods
In Tulsi plants, the essential oils such as eugenol, lineol, estragol, linalool, methyl cinamato,
limonene, and geraniol make basil oil more of a highly economically valued product (Simoons et.
al. 2001). The presence of eugenol in it has been shown to have considerable antioxidant properties
and to inhibit lipid peroxidation effectively (Sethi, et al., 2004).
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), supercritical fluid extraction, solvent-free
microwave extraction and some conventional methods, such as Hydrodistillation, steam distillation,
solvent extraction and soxhlet extraction (Ogugbuaja et al., 1997) Both methods are differentiated
by yield, purity and consistency characteristics (Prabakaran et al.,2001).
Cinnamon
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is a spice of the Lauraceae family whose botanical name is
derived from the Hebraic and Arabic words amomon, meaning aromatic spice vine. It also uses the
word ' cinnamon ' to describe its color. (Roamgnoli et al.,2007). Of the cinnamon genus, mainly
around 250 species have been described.
Table.7. Widely distributed Cinnamon species with common name.
Species Common
Name
Color Texture Pecularity Uses
Cinnamomum
cassia
Cassia or
Chinese
cinnamon
Reddish
brown
Hard Woody
Strong, Spicy,
Antimicrobial
all of the
layers of bark
used baking
(cinnamon
rolls)
Cinnamomum
burmannii
Padang cassia,
or Indonesian
cinnamon
Reddish–
brown
(outside)
Gray–
Neat quills
made up
of one thick
layer
Marginal
bitterness
Antimicrobial
Carminative,
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brown(inside)
Eugenol absent
in oil
Cinnamomum
loureiroi
Saigon
cinnamon,
Vietnamese
cassia, or
Vietnamese
cinnamon
Light reddish
brown
Not supple.
1. Aromatic
2. Astringent
3. Carminative
4. Stimulant
5. Stomachic
Broken pieces
of thick bark
used.
Cinnamomum
verum
Sri Lanka
cinnamon or
Ceylon
cinnamon
Light brown
Fine,
Powdery,
Crumbly
1. more aromatic
2. loses much of
its flavour
during
cooking.
3. Coumarin-
much lower
than those in
cassia
Inner bark
used.
(Roy et al., 1988, Giordani et al.,2006, Morozumi et al., 1978)
History
Cinnamon primarily grown in Sri Lanka, Seychelles, Madagascar and China was first discovered at
Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) in 1518 by Portuguese merchants. (Giordani and others, 2006)
In 17th century, the Dutch became the World’s largest supplier until England seized Ceylon in 1795.
Countries such as Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Mauritius, Réunion, and Guyana began growing
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cinnamon, leading to a downturn in trade in cinnamon. When cinnamon tree production was
expanding to other areas, cassia bark became more appropriate to consumers. (Aziz et al, 1998 and
Hashem et al., 2009).
Plantation
It can easily grow in tropical conditions in various types of soil, from the silver sands of Sri Lanka's
west coast to the loamy soils of its south coast. The best cinnamon is however produced in humus-
enriched sandy soils (Mundo et al., 2004). Cinnamon bark is harvested during the wet season, as
the rains make the bark easier to peel. Harvesting includes removing Ba. (Nguefack et al., 2004)
Average production of cinnamon is around 27,000 to 35,000 tons per year worldwide (Isabel de
Silo ' niz et al., 1995). Indonesia and China together produced around 75 per cent of the world's
cinnamon in 2016, with 223,574 tons of global production.
Table.8. Optimum conditions for Cinnamon Plantation
Burt et al., 2004
Health Benefits
Cinnamon spice has the highest antioxidant resistance of all the natural food sources. For this novel
spice, the total measured ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value is 2,67,536 Trolox
equivalents (TE), (Conner et al., 1984) which is hundred times higher than in chokeberry, apples.
Cinnamaldehyde has been shown to have anticoagulant activity in cinnamon sticks (prevents blood
Conditions Optimum Requirement
Temperature 20-30C
Soil Type Sandy soil with humus
Fertlisers Fertilisers containing urea, phosphate, potash
Rainfall 200-250 cm (annual)
Propagation Rooted cuttings, air layering, seedlings
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clotting), prevents platelet clogging in the blood vessels, and thus helps prevent stroke, peripheral
artery and coronary artery diseases. (Della Porta et al., 1998)
The spicy stick is a great source of potassium, calcium, manganese, copper, zinc, and magnesium
minerals. Iron is essential as a co-factorfor cellular metabolism and in the production of RBC.
Potassium a major cell component of body helps to control heart rate and maintains blood pressure.
(Kameswara et al., 1997)The human body chiefly uses manganese and copper as co-factors for the
antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase. Further, it is also a very good source of flavonoid
phenolic antioxidants such as carotenes, zeaxanthin, lutein, and cryptoxanthin. The essential oil,
eugenol, has been in therapeutic use in dentistry as a local anesthetic and antiseptic for teeth and
gum.( Tascilar et al.,2006)
Eugenol has also been found to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetics, but more comprehensive
studies are needed to assess its effects. Extraction from the sticks (decoction) that are sometimes
used to treat flatulence and indigestion in traditional medicine.It can lower the effects of
Cholesterol and Lipids. Also, it acts against Cardiovascular diseases and Neurological disorders
(Rao et al, 2014)
Traditional Uses
Cinnamon's utility is due to its distinctive aroma. It is traditionally used as a herbal medicine
because of the effects preventing its disease. Cinnamon has been used as a neuroprotective agent
according to traditional Chinese medicine (Safdar et al., 2004) and as a diabetes treatment (Kim
etal, 2006). It was also used in the treatment of diseases such as gastrointestinal disorders and
urinary infections as a health-promoting agent. Thanks to its anti-microbial, anticancer effects,
immune enhancing properties, various studies have shown additional potential use of cinnamon.
Cosmetics free from preservatives and perfumes. The spice used in traditional medicines to stave
off common cold and oxidant stress conditions.( Kaneto et al., 1996)
Food Uses
It principally employed in cookery as a condiment and flavoring base. It added in the preparation of
chocolate and some kinds of desserts, such as cinnamon-apple pie and cinnamon buns as well as
pastries, bagels, sweet rolls, spicy candies, tea, hot cocoa, and drinksIt is widely used in food
products as a herbal condiment as flavouring agents and antioxidants in food products. The
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presence of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds is due to the antioxidant properties. It is used as
a flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages such as Fireball Cinnamon Whisky (Ranasinghe et al.,
2002). (Ramos-Nino et al.,1996). It is being used in marinating chicken, fish, and meats.
Medicinal Properties of Cinnamon
1. Antidiabetic properties
Polyphenols like Rutin rutin (90.06%), Catechin (1.9%), Quercetin (0.17%), Kaempferol (0.02%),
Isorhamnetin (0.10%) showed ' insulin-like properties ' and were extracted by high-performance
liquid chromatography from Cinnamon (Cao et al, 2007 and Yang et al 2012). Also, there are in-
vitro evidences showing antidiabetic effects of Cinnamon. In absence of Insulin, adipocytes
exposed to 0.2 mg/ml of cinnamon extract showed an increased uptake of glucose by two folds
(Roffey et al, 2006).
2. Anti-inflammatory properties
A study on C. cassia showed that 2’ hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibited production of nitric oxide
by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.
(Pelczar et al., 1998, Lin, 1999 and Sosa., 2002). Cinnamaldehyde inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, an
enzyme that leads to biosynthesis of leukotrienes (Prasad et al, 2004 and Chao et al, 2008). This
effect was more potent than that of piperine, capsaicin, and allyl sulfide but less potent than
quercetin, eugenol, and curcumin (Norrel et al., 1997 and Lee et al,. 2009).
3. Anti-microbial properties
Cinnamon in combination with clove oil has antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria
such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria
monocytogenes, Salmonella choleraesuis, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Yersinia
enterocolitica (Balchin et al., 1997 and Gon et al, 2009). Cinnamaldehyde has also shown strong
activity against different types of fungi, such as Can-dida, Coriolus versicolor, Laetiporus
sulphureus, Eurotium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium. Cinnamaldehyde exhibits bactericidal
activity against Listeria monocytogenes by affecting the absorption or use of glucose and the
effects on the permeability of membranes. (Gill AO et al, 2004 )
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4. Anticancer properties
Cinnamon, cinnamon extracts, essential oils, and cinnamon cin-namaldehyde constituents
(Jonathan et al., 2003), kotomolide A (KuoPLe A. et al, 2008), isokotomolide A (Chen CY et al,
2007), cinnamyl compounds related to 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (Shin DS, 2007), 2′-
hydroxycinnamaldehyde (Hong SH. et al 2007), and isoobtusilactone A (Chen CY et al 2007)
exhibit anticancer and antitumor effects. Cinnamomum cortex's antitumor activity is considered to
be based on stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and is linked to the production of
TNF (tumor necrosis factor) (Haranaka K. et al, 1985). Cinnamic aldehyde inhibited L1210 cells
from leukemia by regulating protein synthesis by trapping amino acids containing sulfhydryl group
(Gould 1995).
5. Neurological Disorders
Compounds extracted from cinnamon extract (CEppt) significantly help in reducing the
development of toxic β-amyloid polypeptide (Aβ) oligomers and prevents its toxicity to neuronal
pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells (Kidane et al., 2004). Cassia displayed weak neuronal cell defense
against direct beta A (1-42) attack, a major cause of Alzheimer's disease (Kim DS, 2007). Another
study indicated that aqueous extract of C. Zeylanicum may reduce the accumulation of TAU and
lamentation which are two main characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. (Hoult et al., 1996)
EXTRACTION METHODS
Following are common extraction methods used for extraction of oils from Cinnamon, Clove and
Tulsi:
1. Distillation Method
This is the most common method used for separating the mixtures. This approach uses the different
properties of a component's boiling points to adjust its phase and detach from the other
component.(Qin et al., 2003) The process involves vaporization for a liquid, whereas it is called
sublimation for solids. Both processes take heat. All substances, whether they are liquids or solids,
are distinguished by a vapor pressure.(Anderson et al., 2004) The vapor pressure of a pure material
is the pressure exerted by the substance against the external pressure which is normally
atmospheric. Vapor pressure is a function of a condensed substance's ability to escape the
condensed phase. The higher the pressure of the vapour, the greater the propensity to escape. The
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material is known to boil when the vapor pressure of a liquid substance exceeds outer pressure. If
the external pressure is atmospheric pressure, the natural boiling point is called the temperature at
which a pure liquid boils at. Some solids are characterized by a similar phenomenon as boiling.
They simply vaporize directly into the atmosphere. Both vaporization and sublimation are
processes that can be used to purify compounds. (Verspohl et al., 2005)
Oil Extraction
The flavor of Cinnamon is attributed to an abundant aromatic oil that constitutes 0.5 to 1 per cent of
its composition.
The pungent taste and smell come from cinnamaldehyde (about 90 percent of the bark's essential
oil), and it darkens in color and forms resinous compounds by interacting with oxygen as it ages.
(Schmidt et al., 2006)
Various essential oils present in Cinnamon include trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate,
eugenol, L-borneol, caryophyllene oxide, b-caryophyllene, L-bornyl acetate, E-nerolidol, α-
cubebene, α-terpineol, terpinolene, and α-thujene. These oils can be extracted from cinnamon bark
as well as leaves. Oil yields depend on the cinnamon variety. Navashree and Nithyashree varieties
have a yield capacity of 56 and 54 kg dry quills / hectare per year in the early years when one
seedling or cutting is planted in a hill (Anandaraj, 2005).
Table.9. Percentage of oil and important volatile compounds extracted from different parts of
Cinnamon:
Variety Bark Oil Leaf Oil Cinnamaldehyde Leaf
Eugenol
Bark
Oleoresin
Navashree 2.7% 2.8% 73% 62% 8%
Nithyashree 2.7% 3% 58% 8% 10%
Steam distillation and Soxlet Extraction are two common methods that can be applied on clove,
tulsi and cinnamon for oil extraction. Steam distillation is the simplest method. It requires no
solvent, hence is a cheaper method. ( Sellar et al., 2001). It is also a safer method to extract oil.
The advantage of Steam Distillation is that it doesn’t alter the properties of oil. Whereas, Soxhlet
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Extraction requires solvent. The correct choice of solvent is important to obtain a good yield as
well as to prevent loss of volatiles This method is comparatively expensive and requires extra
attention. Long period of heating can alter the chemical composition of the oils. (Rujjanawate et al.,
2004).
METHOD DISTILLATION
The process of carrying out Distillation includes boiling, collecting and purification.
(Roger et al.,1994)
1.1. Simple Distillation
In simple distillation, all the hot vapors produced are immediately channeled into a condenser that
cools and condenses the vapors. Therefore, the distillate will not be pure - its composition will be
identical to the composition of the vapors at the given temperature and pressure, and can be
computed from Raoult's law. (Wang et al.,2000)
1.2. Fractional Distillation
It is a special type of distillation in which separation of a mixture into fractions is done by heating it
to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. (Tang et al.,1992)
1.3. Steam Distillation
Steam distillation is a method which involves bubbling steam through a heated mixture of the raw
material. By Raoult's law, some of the target compound will vaporize (in accordance with its partial
pressure). (Jayawardena et al., 2010).The vapour mixture is cooled and condensed, usually yielding
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a layer of oil and a layer of water. Steam distillation of various aromatic herbs and flowers can
result in two products; an essential oil as well as a watery herbal distillate. This is done for heat-
sensitive products.( Handa et al., 2008).
1.4. Water Distillation
In this method, the plant material is totally immersed in water and boiled. The steam and oil vapour
is condensed and the oil is separated from the water using the system. Water distillation remains the
recommended method for barks such as cinnamon, buds such as clove and plants such as tulsi,
sandalwood. (Roger et al.,1994).
1.5. SEPERATION
1. Soxhlet Extraction Method
Soxhlet Extraction is a continuous solid/liquid extraction in which the solid material from which
extraction has to be done is placed in a thimble. An organic solvent is then heated at reflux. As it
boils its vapors rises up and condensed by a condenser. The condensed solvent then fills up the
thimble. (Parthasarathy et al., 2008) After it fills with enough solvent, it automatically siphons back
down into container of organic solvent. This process takes place over and over again until all the
material to be extracted from solid in the thimble is extracted into organic solvent. It is done where
the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in solvent.
If desired component has solubility in solvent, simple filtration can be used.( Peter et al.,2001)
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Table.10.Possible Benefits of Cinnamon for Diabetes Symptoms
No. of Participant Cassia Daily Dose Results Reference
60 patients with type
2 diabetes (male and
female)
1, 3, or 6 g (powder) Cinnamon decreased
fasting blood glucose
levels, improved
blood lipid profiles
Khan et al (2003)
65 patients with type
2 diabetes (male and
female
3 g (water extract) Cinnamon decreased
fasting blood glucose
levels; did not affect
hemoglobin A1C
(A1C) or blood lipids
Mang et al (2006
25 postmenopausal
patients with type 2
diabetes
1.5 g (powder) No effect of
cinnamon on fasting
blood glucose or
insulin levels, oral
glucose tolerance, or
blood lipid
Vanschoonbeek et al
(2006)
60 patients with type
2 diabetes (male and
female)
1.5 g (powder) No effect of
cinnamon on fasting
blood glucose levels,
A1C, or blood lipid
profile
Suppapitiporn et al
(2006)
57 adolescent
patients with type 1
diabetes (male and
female)
1 g (powder) No effect of
cinnamon on A1C,
total daily insulin
use, or number of
hypoglycemic
episodes
Altshuler et al (2007)
43 patients with type
2 diabetes (male and
female)
1 g (powder) No effect of
cinnamon on fasting
blood glucose, A1C,
or insulin levels, nor
on blood lipids
Blevins et al (2007)
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Clove
This clove plant showing one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, gallic
acid and acetate and posses great potential for cosmetic, agricultural applications, food and
pharmaceutical.( Brud et al.,1997)
Spices as oregano, clove, mint, thyme and cinnamon, have been employed for centuries as food
preservatives and as medicinal plants mainly due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activitiesThe
larger producer countries of clove are India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Madagascar and
Tanzania specially the Zanzibar island. (Cimanga et al., 2002)
Biological classification
Scientific classification
kingdom Plantae
Phylum Angiosperms
Eudicots Rosids
order Myrtales
Family Myrtaceae
Genus Syzygium
Species S.aromaticum
Binomial name
Syzygium aromaticum
(L.) Merrill & Perry
(Wichtl et al., 1983)
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Medical benefits of clove
Medical benefits
Property Benefits Reference
Powerful germicidal properties Clove is commonly used in dental
treatment to alleviate toothache, sore
gums and oral ulcers. Gargling with
clove oil can also aid in sore throat
and poor breathing conditions
(Kaur et al., 2010)
Anti-Bacterial:
.
An effective aid to food poisoning,
clove oil effectively kills many types
of infected food bacterial infections
(Scalbert et al.,
2005)
Antiseptic:
Clove oil can be used to reduce
infections, cuts, bites and stings
from insects
(Rimpler et
al.,1999)
Anti-fungal:
Clove also helps to reduce fungal
infections, such as athlete's foot
(Sritabutra et al.,
2011)
Blood Purifier:
It not only purifies the blood, but
also helps to regulate blood sugar
levels, and may bring benefits for
diabetics.
(Maryam
Omidbeygi et al .,
2007)
General Immune System
Booster:
General Immune System Booster:
Clove oil opens the breathing
channels, serving as an expectorant
to treat many upper respiratory
disorders including colds, eye styes,
bronchitis, sinus conditions, antiviral
(Barbosa et al.,
2012)
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properties of cougClove and
washing purify the body, increasing
our resistance to disease.
Anti-Inflammatory:
Anti-Inflammatory:
Clove oil clears the respiratory
passages and serves as an
expectorant to treat many upper
respiratory problems including
colds, eye styes, bronchitis, sinus,
cough and asthma
(Kafle et al., 2013)
Cancer Prevention:
Preliminary studies indicate that
clove oil, particularly in cases of
lung, skin and digestive cancers,
may play a chemopreventiverole
(Zhang et al.,2013)
Prevention from toxic exposure:
Clove oil can prevent toxicity
associated to environmental
pollution exposure.
(Pourgholami et
al.,1999)
Cardiovascular Health:
It has been shown that the active
essential oil in clove, eugenol,
functions as an effective platelet
inhibitor preventing blood clots
(Wichtl M et al.,
1989).
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Specific Health Benefits of Cloves :
Cloves have analgesic properties, which can be used to treat various dental problems such as dental
aches. (Venarsky et al.,2006)These also improve blood circulation and memory, and are helpful to
the heart, liver, and stomach.Cloves can help treat many digestive problems, such as ulcers in the
stomach, flatulence and dyspepsia, as they activate the enzymes in your body and improve
digestion. (Lee et al., 2005). They help fight infections like cold, flu, bronchitis, arthritic pain and
the athlete's foot because of the antiseptic and germicidal benefits of cloves.( Makame Mbarawa et
al ., 2008)
Food benefits
To retain the scent and taste intact, clove is typically grounded just before the dishes are cooked
and added to the cooking recipes at the last minute. This is because the essential oils evaporate
from excessive cooking. (Lopez et al., 2005)
Since ancient times this common spice has been used to cook many popular dishes in Asian and
Chinese cuisine. Along with other spices such as garlic, cinnamon, turmeric etc. It is used to
marinating chicken, fish and meats.( Thomas et al., 2004)
Some Indian chicken curries and vegetarian and biriyani rice dishes contain cloves, and are used in
meat and rice dishes in the Middle East. (Rhayour et al., 2003)
These are also used with a number of curry powders in the cooking of soups, barbecue sauces,
pickling and as main ingredient. (Yang et al., 2003)
Solvent extraction
Solvent extraction is one of the most common and commonly used methods by which essential oils
are extracted from plants. Therefore, eugenol was also extracted using various solvents such as
methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, and hexane. The main impediments to solvent extraction are
the presence of other undesirable soluble contaminants in the food.6 However, this process still has
broad applications for the extraction of eugenol and other essential oils from various aromatic
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herbs. The clove buds are ground and wrapped in xlter paper followed by subjection of the xlter
paper to the thimble of extraction and injection into the 500 mL receptacle. In the Soxhlet
apparatus, a suitable organic solvent is used for extraction.7 The process ends by concentrating the
extracts collected at 50 C using a rotary vacuum evaporator.(Sethi et al., 2004).
In the conventional solvent extraction process, several modifications were made, showing higher
efficiency compared to the traditional method. As an example, the batch extraction process is an
attractive alternative to extracting Soxhlet. This method uses a reactor fitted with a four blade
agitator and a motor with a speed of 1200 rpm. Garkal et al.8 recently studied this process, which
extracted eugenol from tulsi plant leaves using methanol as a solvent, and reported satisfactory
efficiency in extraction. They further stated that the efficiency of eugenol extraction was not
affected by speed of agitation.(Wang et al., 2005).
Hydro distillation
Hydro-distillation is also one of the most widely used methods for extracting essential oils.9
Powdered samples (100 g of dried and ground clove buds) are soaked in water during the hydro-
distillation process. Dried clove sample is taken into 500 mL volumetric ask for hydro-distillation
and subjected to 4–6 hours of hydro-distillation. With addition of petroleum ether or other
appropriate organic solvent, the volatile distillate is then collected and saturated with sodium
chloride.
By using anhydrous sodium sulphate, the hydro-and ether-layers are isolated and dehydrated.
Finally, the sample is heated to 60 C in water bath for ether recovery and extract concentration. The
average oil yield using hydrodistillation is about 11.5 percent whereas the recorded concentration
of eugenol is 50.5–53.5 percent(M. K. Yadav et al .,2015)
Conclusion:
Tulsi is a popular home remedy for many diseases including wounds, bronchitis, liver disease,
fever, stomach disorders, genitourinary disorders, skin diseases, various types of psychosomatic
stress disorders. Tulsi Leaf extract has great potential as a curing agent for antimicrobial water.
The treatment is simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, accessible to all and the
components found in the Ocimum sanctum leaves have no side effects on humans compared with
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chemicals. More about the Tulsi extract treated water serves not only as germ-free, but also as
medicinal water.
Cinnamon is most health beneficial and Functional foods may be crafted by adding an active
ingredient which is known for its health benefits. The long list of cinnamon's beneficial
physiological effects shows it could be considered an essential part of human diet. The use of
cinnamon in an imaginative, usable food product is strategically and technologically feasible,
Clove is a very fascinating plant with tremendous potential as a food preservative and as a rich
source of antioxidants. Cloves represent one of the antiseptic premiers of Mother Nature. Eugenol
is the principal constituent responsible for the clove bud's medicinal properties and Cloves
represent one of the antiseptic premiers of Mother Nature. Eugenol is the clove oil's A drop being
400 times more effective as an antioxidant than wolf berries or blueberries. Clove is a medicinally
active herb with a strong heritage and history of culture. Clove has advantages in physical, mental,
and emotional health. Clove has antioxidants, antifungals, anti-virals and antimicrobials,
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