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Om

For other uses, see Om (disambiguation).Omkara redirects here. For the 2006 Bollywood film,see Omkara (2006 film). For the 2004 Kannada film, seeOmkara (2004 film).Om/Aum (; in Devanagari as o [], au

The Om symbol in Devanagari

The Om symbol in Tamil

[], or om [m]) is a mantra and mystical sound

of Hindu origin (geographically India and Nepal), sa-cred and important in various Dharmic religions suchas Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The syllable isalso referred to as omkara ( okra) or aumkara( aukra), literally om syllable, and in Sanskritit is sometimes referred to as praava, literally thatwhich is sounded out loudly.Om or Aum is also written (om [m]), where ispluta (three times as long), indicating a length of threemorae (that is, the time it takes to say three syllables) an overlong nasalised close-mid back rounded vowel ,though there are other enunciations adhered to in receivedtraditions. It is placed at the beginning of most Hindutexts as a sacred incantation to be intoned at the beginningand end of a reading of the Vedas or prior to any prayeror mantra. It is used at the end of the invocation to thegod being sacrificed to (anuvakya) as an invitation to andfor the latter to partake of.

1 Name, phonology and writtenrepresentation

The Sanskrit name for the syllable is praava, from a rootnu to shout, sound, verbal pra-nu- being attested as tomake a humming or droning sound in the Brahmanas,and taking the specific meaning of to utter the syllableom" in the Chndogya Upanishad and the Shrauta Sutras.More rarely used terms are akara (lit. symbol, character)or ekkara (lit. one symbol, character), and in later timesomkra becomes prevalent.Phonologically, the syllable is /aum/, which is regularlymonophthongised to [] in Sanskrit. It is sometimesalso written with pluti, as o3m (), notably by AryaSamaj. When occurring within a Sanskrit utterance, thesyllable is subject to the normal rules of sandhi in Sanskritgrammar, however with the additional peculiarity that af-ter preceding a or , the au of aum does not form vriddhi(au) but guna (o) per Pini 6.1.95 (i.e. 'om').The om symbol is a ligature of Devanagari (U+0913) + (U+0901) (o, encoded in Unicode atU+0950 , the Tibetan script variant at U+0F00, theTamil variant at U+0BD0, and the Chinese versionat U+5535).

1

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2 2 HINDUISM

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva within an OM

Many Hindus use Religious symbols on their vehicles, this imageshows the Om on a motorbike.

2 Hinduism

The syllable om is first described as all-encompassingmystical entity in the Upanishads. Today, in all Hinduart and all over Nepal and India, 'om' can be seen vir-tually everywhere, a common sign for Hinduism and itsphilosophy and theology. Hindus believe that as creationbegan, the divine, all-encompassing consciousness tookthe form of the first and original vibration manifestingas sound OM.[1] Before creation began it was Shun-yksha, the emptiness or the void. Shunyksha, mean-ing literally no sky, is more than nothingness, becauseeverything then existed in a latent state of potentiality.The vibration of OM symbolises the manifestation ofGod in form (sguna brahman). OM is the reflectionof the absolute reality, it is said to be Adi Anadi, with-out beginning or the end and embracing all that exists.[1]The mantra OM is the name of God, the vibration ofthe Supreme. When taken letter by letter, A-U-M rep-resents the divine energy (Shakti) united in its three el-ementary aspects: Bhrahma Shakti (creation), VishnuShakti (preservation) and Shiva Shakti (liberation, and/ordestruction).[1]

2.1 Early Vedantic literature

Further information: Mandukya Upanishad

The syllable is mentioned in all the Upanishads, spe-cially elaborated upon in the Taittiriya, Chndogya andMndukya Upanishad set forth as the object of profoundreligious meditation, the highest spiritual efficacy beingattributed not only to the whole word but also to the threesounds a (a-kra), u (u-kra), m (ma-kra), of which itconsists. A-kara means form or shape like earth, trees,or any other object. U-kra means formless or shapelesslike water, air or fire. Ma-kra means neither shape norshapeless (but still exists) like the dark energy content ofthe Universe. When we combine all three syllables weget AUM which is a combination of A-kra, U-kra, andMa-kra.[2] According to Yajurveda, Swastika is the sym-bolic representation of Om in Hinduism.The Katha Upanishad states:

The goal, which all Vedas declare, which allausterities aim at, and which humans desirewhen they live a life of conscience, I will tellyou briefly it is aum"The one syllable [evkara, viz. aum] is in-deed Brahman. This one syllable is the highest.Whosoever knows this one syllable obtains allthat he desires.This is the best support; this is the highest sup-port. Whosoever knows this support is adoredin the world of Brahma. (1.2.1517)[3]

The Chndogya Upanishad (1.1.1-1) states:

om ity-etad akaram udgtham upsta / aum itihy udgyati / tasyopavykhynam

The udgi:t ["the chanting, that is, the sylla-ble om] is the best of all essences, the highest,deserving the highest place, the eighth.

The Bhagavad Gi:t (8.13) states that:

Uttering the monosyllable Aum, the eternalword of Brahman, one who departs leaving thebody (at death), he attains the Supreme Goal(i.e., he reaches God).

In Bhagavad Gi:t (9.17): Lord Krishna says to Arjuna I am the father of this universe, the mother, the supportand the grandsire. I am the object of knowledge, the pu-rifier and the syllable o. I am also the ig, the Sma andthe Yajur Vedas.The Bhagvad Gi:t (17.23) has:

om tatsatiti nirdesho brahmanstrividhah sam-ratah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_theologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Godhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastikahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Krishnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita

2.2 Puranic Hinduism 3

OM, tat and sat has been declared as the tripleappellation of Brahman, who is Truth, Con-sciousness and Bliss.

In the following stra it emphasises, The repetitionof Om should be made with an understanding of itsmeaning.[4]

2.2 Puranic Hinduism

The Om Parvat in Darchula district, Nepal. Its snow deposit issaid to resemble the om symbol.

God Ganesha is sometimes identified with the om

In Purnic Hinduism, as per Vayu Purana, om is the rep-resentation of the Hindu Trimurti, and represents theunion of the three gods, viz. a for Brahma, u for Vishnuand m for Shiva. The three sounds also symbolise thethree Vedas, namely (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda).The Padma Pura states, a-kreocyate viu rr u-krea kathyate ma-kras tu tayo