ERVING GOFFMANFRAME ANALYSIS

AN ESSAY ON

Northeastern University Press Boston

2004

316.277.4 60.5 57 .. , .. , .. , .. [.. \, ..

57

. : : . . / .| .. ! .. ; . [.. |. .: , 2003. 752 . ISBN 5-93947-011-4 (1922-1982) XX . , , , , . , , , , . . , , , . 60.5

ISBN 5-93947-011-4 (.) ISBN 0-930350-91- (.) Northeastern University Press, 1986 , 2003 , 2004 |.. | , 2003

[ ..| : ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

: 7 58 61 81 101 145 186 217 269 320 386 435 473 542 604 677 697 702

. , (, , , ) , , , , . : , . , , : , . , . , , . , , , . , , , , , . , . , . , , , , , , . ,

8

..

: 1

9

, , . . ? . , , . . , , , . , , , , , . , , , 1. . . , . , , , , , , , . , 1960- , , . , , (, ) 1

. 2.

1922 . , , . , , , . 1945 . , -, . , , , . , 1940- , , , . , : . . , , () : , . ; , .. // . / I li-p. . . .. . .: Ad Marginem, 2000. . 19. ' (tollman E. Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. New ' York: Harper and Row, 1974. P. 440.1

Turner J. The structure of sociological theory. Bclmont, CA: Wardswoth Publishing Company, 1986. P. 449-450, 458.

10

..

:

11

; , . , . , , , , , 1 . , , , , . . 1949-1951 , . , , , , , , . , . : , , , . , () . , , , . , , , , , . : . , . . , 1

Goffman E. The service station dealer: The man and his work. Chicago: Social Research Institute, 1953 P. 37-39.

. . . , , . , . , , . , . , : , . . , , , , . : . , , . , , . . . , . , , . , , .

12

. .

:

13

, .1 , 1940- . . 2. . , . , , . , , . , . , . , , . ( --), . , . - . 1949 iioio . 1>1> . , , c i n i y r , no , . , I'1' Irving (iolTman and modern sociology. London: Polity Press, 1992. I. 35. '' , .1

, , , . , . : 1. , , . , , , , , , : , . 1950- . (1952) , , , . , , , , , , , . , (self), 2. , , I Me, , , . - , , , : ! , , . . , Goffman E. Symbols of class status // British Journal of Sociology. 1951. Vol. 11. P. 301-304. 2 Goffman E. The cooling the mark out: On some aspects of adaptation to failure // Psychiatry. 1952. Vol. 15. No. 4 (November). P. 462.1

14

. .

:

15

. 1950- . , , 1956 . . , . : (performance), (team), (region), (discrepant roles), (communication out of character) (impression management). , , . , , - . . , . , , , . . 1. , , . : . , , , . , , (, ). : , . , 1

. . . , , : , , , . , , , . , 1. , , . , . . , , 2. . . , , , , , ( ). : , , . , , . , . 1956 : , , 1 2

Goffman E. The presentation of self in everyday life. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1959. P. 14.

Ibid. . 81. Ibid. P. 229.

16

. .

: 17 . . , . 1964 . , , , 2 . , , . 1960- : . (1961) (1970) , . . . . , 3. , . , . . . , , . , . , . , , . 1 2 :)

, , 1 . 1959 : . "", - (self-as-performer) - (self-as-character). . : , , , . . . , . , . , , , . 1960- , : , , . 1961 . , 1954 1957 , , . 2 . asylums , , , . , , , , : , , , 1 2

1

Ibid. P. 244. .. : . . .

Goffman E. Asylums: Harmondswotrh: Penguin, 1961. P. 56. Goffman E. Stigma. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964. Neumann J. von, Morgenstern O. Theory of games and economic behaviour. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944.

18

..

:

19

(1971) . , , , . , . , , . , 1974 . (1981) . , , , , , . , , , . - . , . : , , , . . , . , , . 1968 1982 . 1981 . 1. 1

XX . ( ), , , . , . , . , . 1 , . , . , . . . , , - , , . , , , , . , , , . . . . . , , , . . . , , , , , 2. . , 3. . 1

2

Goffman E. The interaction order // American Sociological Review. 1982. Vol. 48. No. 1. P. 117. : . / . . .. // : / . .. . . 2. .: -, 2002.

:>

(1998) http://www.ucm.es/info/isa/books/vt/Bkv_OOO.htm Maclntyre A. After virtue. Brighton: Duckworth, 1981. P. 30-31, 109. : . : . .: ; : , 2000. Sennet R. The fall of public man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. P. 36.

20

. .

: 21 . , .. , , , 1 . , . , , , , : -. - , , , , , . . qualities, a performances , . : . . , . , , , . . - , . : , .' .. // . / . , . .. . .: --, , 2000. . 6, 7.

, , , , . , , , , , . , , , 1 . , . , . 2.

, , , . , : ?. . , ( , , ), 1 2

Burns . Erving Goffman. London: Routledge, 1992. P. 6. Manning Ph. Erving Goffman and modern sociology. London: Polity Press, 1992. P. 2

22

. .

: 23 , . , , . , , , , . , , , , ; 1 . . , . , . . , . .

. , . : , , , , , , , , . , . , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . 1 . , . . , . , . , , , . , , , 1

2. , , . , 1

The sociology of Georg Simmel / Trans, by K. Wolff. New York: The Free Press, 1950. P. 9.

- Collins R. Theoretical continuities in Goffman's work // Erving Goffman: Exploring the interaction order / Ed. by P. Drew, A. Walton. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1. 621.

28

. .

:

29

. , , . , , . , , , 1. , , , , : , , . . (doing friendship, doing knowledge, doing conversation). , , , , , . , . , , , , . . ' , .

I [

, , 2 . , . , 1

2

Garfinkcl 1 1 . On elhnometliodology // Ethnomcthodology / Ed. by R. Turner. Middlesex: Penguin, 1974. Williams R. Understanding Goffman's methods // Erving GofTman: Exploring the interaction order/ Ed. by P. Drew, A. Watton. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988.

, : , - . , a priori; , , 1. . . , . . , . , . . . . , , , , . , . , , , , .1

. // . . . 8 . . 3. .: - , 1994. . 158, 159.

30

. .

31

, , , . , XX . , , , , - . , , . , , , , . , , . , I Me. . , , face-work. . , . (performance). quality/performance . 1 ascription/achievement. (ascribed): , , , (achieved): , , . 1

, . , , , , (performance), ... . . . , , , . ; , . , : , , 1. , . -. , 2. quality performance . (. ). (, ) , (, ) . . , , , , , . ... . 1

Toward a general theory of action / Ed. by T. Parsons, E. Shils. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951.

'arsons T. A revised analytical approach to the theory of social stratification // iiixons T. Essays in sociological theory. New York: The Free Press, 1954. 1 393-394. iollmun E. The presentation of self in everyday life. Harmondsworth: Penguin, ')V). P. 26.

32

. .

:

33

, , , . , , , , , , , 1. , , , , . , . Quality performance. , , , . , . , .', . , , . , -. . . , , (arrangement), , , , , , - , 2 : . , . , , : , 1

. , . . , , 1. , . , , . .. . : , , , , ; . : , , , . , , . , , . : , . , , ?2. . , . , , . , . , , , , 3. (front) , (stage props) , , , 12

2

... . . 1. . .: , 1974. . 265, 268-269. Goffman E. Frame analysis: An essay in the organization of experience. New York: Harper and Row, 1974. P. 124.

.. . .: , 2000. . 259. :! Goffman E. Frame analysis: An essay in the organization of experience. New York: Harper and Row, 1974. P. 5732 - 9312

Ibid. . 127.

34

. .

:

35

, 1. , 2, , (dramatic realization). , . , , . , , . , , , : . , , . , , . . , , . . , . . , , . . . , 3 . . 1 2 3

, - (all-too-human selves) , . , , , . (teams) , , , . , 1. , , [9, . 102103].- (front regions) , . . , (back regions), , , , , . . , . . , , . : (dark secrets) , ; , ; , ; , Ibid. P. 75-76.

Goffman E. The presentation of self in everyday life. P. 28. Ibid. P. 37. Ibid. P. 66-70.

36

..

: 37 , . , , , . , . 1950- , , , . , . , , , , , , . , . , . . (encounter), (, ), (occasion), . - , , , . (social gatherings), , , . '^ . jBce . (involvement) (, , )1. ' GofFman E. Behavior in public places: Notes on the social organization of gathering. New York: The Free Press, 1963. P. 43.

; , 1. . , , , . , , , , , . - . , , , . . -, , ; -, , ; -, , , . . , -, . , , . , . . , , , , . (situational propriety) , . . . , 1

Ibid. P. 141-143.

.. , , . ( ) , . . , , . , , . , , . . . , , . : , 1. , 0 . , , , , . , , , : , . . , 1

:

39

. , . , , , , , . , , (, ). , , . , , . , . ? , . . , . , , , . (accessibility) . , , . . , . , . 11 , , ?

Goffman E. Asylums. Harmondswotrh: Penguin, 1961. P. 72.

40

. .

:

41

. . . . , . : , . . , . , . , , , , , , , , , , ( ). , . , ( ) . , , , , . , . (civil inattention)

, . , . , . , ,

, . , . , . , . , , . , , , . , , , , . , . , . , . , . . . , , , . , , (, - ), , . , . , 1. , .1

Goffman E. Stigma. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964. P. 84.

42

.. (frame)

:

43

, , . , 1. , , 2. , , . , , , . , , , , , , , ( ), ( ). 3. . , 4. (), (), . : {() & () & ( ) & ( )} , . : , , , , , , . 5 , , , Goffman E. Frame analysis: An essay in the organization of experience. P. 10. .. . .: , 2001. . 15. 3 . / . . .. . .: , 1977. . 239. 4 . . .: , 1979. 5 (19041981) - , , .2 1

. -. , , , , , , -. : . , . , , . , , , , . , . , (strips), . , . (primary frameworks), . , . , , , . , (, ) , , . , , , . , , . , ,

44

..

:

45

. , , , . , . . , . (keys) (keyings) . Key , . Keying . Keying . , . , () , : , , , . , , , . . (make-believe), (contest), (ceremonial), (technical redoing), (regrounding). , . . , ( , ) . , , . , . () , . , , .

, , , . . . , . , , , . , ( ), . , . , . , , , , 1. , , ( ), , , , , . , . , , , 2. . , , , , . , , . . , ' .. . 2- . .: , 2000. Goffman E. Frame analysis: An essay in the organization of experience. P. 83. ' '

46

. .

, , . , (Big Con), a , , . , . . containment, , . , , (), . containmenfa take in, . , - . , , () , containment , , . , , , . , , , . containment , (, , , contains him contains ). , . (containment),

I

:

47

, , , : (recontainment). , , containing of recontainment. ( ) . , , , . , . (anchoring) , 1 . , , , , . , : (bracketing devices), (roles), (resourse continuity), (unconnectedness) (what we are all like). , , . , (), , . (, ) , . , , , , , ; , . . , Ibid. P. 247-251.

48

. .

:

49

, , , . () , , . : , , , , . . , . , , , . , . , - , , , () ; , - , . . (game) , . , , , , - . , . - play (-

) game (). . . . : , , , , . , , , , . , 1. , , (), . , , , , , , . , , , , , , , 2 ) . . , . . , , , (iccrtz . Local knowledge. New York: Basic Books, 1983. P. 23-24. Schelling T. The strategy of conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, I960. P. 128.

50

..

:

51

, . , , , . , . , . . , . , . , . , , , . , . , . , . , , , , , . , 1. , . , , . -. 1

; ; , , . . , , , , , , . - . , , . , , , , . , , : , , 1. , , , . , . , - , . , , . , 2. , , . (trust) . , . 1

. / . . .. // . 1999. 1/2.

((oilman E. Interaction ritual: Essay on face-to-face behavior. P. 260262. ' Ihid. P. 237.

52

..

:

53

: (1) ; (2) ; (3) . (, ) , , .- , . . , . , : , . : , , 1. , , , 2. , , . , . , , 3. : (deference) (demeanor). , , . . , 4. , . 1 2 3 4

. , . , . : , , . , , 1 . , . , , . , . 2 ( , 1983 ) , 3. , , 4. : ( ), Searl J. Speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969. : . / . . .. . .: , 2002. ' , ' . . . , . 11|) , , . . . ' < Joffman E. Felicity's condition // American Journal of Sociology. 1983. Vol. 89. No. 1. P. 153. 1 A u s t i n J. How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. I : . / . . .. , .. . .: , 1999. ' , .1

Goffman E. The interaction order. P. 117. Goffman E. Interaction ritual: Essay on face-to-face behavior. P. 5354. Goffman E. The interaction order. P. 91. Goffinan E. Interaction ritual: Essay on face-to-face behavior. P. 55-57, 59, 77.

54

..

: 55 , , 1 . , , . , . , , . ( ) , ; , . . , , , , 2. , XX .

; 1 . , , , , () . , . , : , , . , , , . , , , () . , , , . ^ () . , , , . : (1) ', (2) ; (3) , ; (4) . : , . , Goffman E. Felicity's condition. P. 25.

. , , . . , , : , , , . , , , , ' Manning Ph. Erving Goffman and modern sociology. London: Polity Press, 1992. ' Collins R. Theoretical sociology. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, 1986. I'. 296.

56

..

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57

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=:

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, , , , ? , ? : ***, . ., - ? , , , . . , , , , . : ? : - , . , 1. , , ( , , ). , ? ( : " * * *, . .", ) ? , ? , ,1

Post hoc (.) . . .

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(benign fabrications), , , , , . , . . 1. , (playful deception), 1 2

Time. 1972. May 22. Lake A. Killers in Africa. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1953. P. 40-43.

(playful joking) (put-on). , ( ) - , , . , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , . . , , , , ; . .: Hammond . The contest system: A survival technique: Master's thesis / Department of Sociology-Anthropology. Washington University. 1965. .: Brackman J. The put-on. New York: Bantam Books, 1972.

150

151

1. . , : - . . , (leg-pulling), , - ; , . , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , , - ( ), . (practical jokes) , , . 1

. ( . : , , ( ) , , . 1.) (surprise parties) , . , , . . , . , , 2? , . (playful fabrication) , , , . ., . , , : . ,1

, , ( ) , - . , , , , . ( ) , , ; , . , . .: San Francisco Chronicle. 1965. October 17.

Bergson H. Laughter / Trans, by . Brereton, F. Rothwell. London: Macmillan, 1911. P. 1011. : , . - . , , , , - , . . . - . [.: . . .: , 1992. . 14. - . .] 2 , , .

152

, . , . , 14:0. , , , 1.

153

(corrective hoaxing). , . , . , ; . , . , . . , , . , -. , , , , 185 , 285 2 -. . , 3 . 1 2 3

, 1 2. , , , ^ , , 3. , 4. , . . , . . , 1 2

San Francisco Chronicle. 1965. October 25. San Francisco Chronicle. 1966. July 13. MacDougall C.D. Hoaxes. New York: Dover Publications, 1958.

(1882-1941) . . . Hone J.M. The Abyssinian princes who outwitted the british Navy // Grand deception / Ed. by A. Klein. New York: Ballantine Books, 1955. P. 112-115. 3 : 1936 , , , , 1923 , ( ) 12- Evael . W. Tnesba*. , - . , . .: MacDougall C.D. Op. cit. P. 280. , , , . , : , : . .. .: Time. 1970. October 5. * : absent w(ith)o(ut) leave (.) . . . 1 MacDougall C.D. Op. clt. P. 285ff.

154

155

, - , (, ), , 2. (experimental hoaxing). , , , , , . , . . , , , , . , , '. , , , . , ; , . , , , , , . , - . , , 1

, 1. , ; , , . , . , . , , , : , 2. . , . , , , , . 3 (ALS ) , . , 1

( ) , . . , , . . , , . , , . .: Asch S.E. Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments // Readings in Social Psychology / Ed. by E.E. Maccoby, et als. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1958. P. 175-176.

, , . , , . , , , . , , , , , . , . .: Ofshe R., Ofshe S.L. Choice behavior in coalition games // Behavioral Science. 1970. Vol. XV. P. 337349. , ; . 2 , ; , . 1 ALS American Language Survey. . .

156

, , . , . , . , , . . , , ALS. , . ? ? ? ? () four, (th) thirteen ( ): nine thirteen. [eh], , bad. , (very bad) (not so bad) ? bad , . , very not so bad , 1.

157

, , . , , . , , , | - , . . / , ' , , , , 1. . , ( ) . , , , . , 2; , , 1

, , . . , , , , , , . 2 . 3 . Labov W. The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966. P. 182-183. 2 , , . ., : Empy L.M., Rabow J. The provo experiment in delinquency rehabilitation // American Sociological Review. 1961. Vol. XXVI. P. 679-695. 3 . . : Erikson . Comment on disguised participant observation in sociology // Social Problems. 1967. Vol. XIV. P. 357366.1

, , , , , , , , . . : Orne M.T. On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications // American Psychologist. 1962. Vol. XVII. P. 776-783; Rosenthal R On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: The experimenter's hypothesis as unintended determinant of experimental results // American Scientist. 1963. Vol. LI. P. 268-283; Friedman N. The social nature of psychological research: The psychological experiments as a social interaction. New York: Basic Books, 1967. 2 .: Lear J. Do we need new rules for experiments on people? // Saturday Review. 1966. February 5. P. 65-70. ; , . : Katz J., et al. Experimentation with human beings. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972.

1581

159

. , , . 3. (training hoax). , , , , , , . ( , , , , 2.) , . ; , , . . -, , , . . , . - , . , . , - . , 3..: Milgram S. Behavioral study of obedience // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1963. Vol. LXVII. No. 4. P. 371-378; Milgram S. Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority // Human Relations. 1965. Vol. XVTII. P. 57-76. , , , . , . [ : . / . . . . .: , 2000. . .] 2 . : Wynne G. The man from Moscow. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1967. P. 92-95. 3 Fisher J. The art of detection. New York: Sterling Publishing Co, 1961. P. 96. , , .1

, , . , , 1. 4. , . , . , (, , , ; 2). , , , , , , , . , , . , , . , : , , , , . , , , . , , . (, , , , , .) .1 2

Phelan J. The underworld. London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1954. P. 81-82. , I, 12. . .

160

- [ - ] , - , . , - . , [] 1.

161

, ?1

: , . , .-. . 14 ( ). , . , , . , , , . , , , , ^.

, , , . . , , , , . ( ) . , , ., , , . , , - [] , , . . ( .) , , . , . , . , ; , - , .

, . . , . . , , . , - , , . , , - , . . . , , !Dash S., et al. The eavesdroppers. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1959. P. 221. 2 Philadelphia Inquirer. 1968. September 15.1

5. (paternal constructions) . , ; , , . . , , : , . , , San Francisco Chronicle. 1968. March 27.i, 9312

\162

163

, . , , . - , . , . , . . , . , . , . , 56- , : , , , . . 1. , ( ), . , , . , , , . , . , , , , ; , . , , . 1

, . , , , , . . , , . . . / . , , . , , . , , ... , , , -. , , , . , . , , , . , , , 1. , , . , , . , .' Money J., Ehrhardt A.A. Man and woman, boy and girl. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972. P. 118-119."

, . . .: Sampson G., Messinger Sh.L., Towne R.D. Schizophrenic women. New York: Atherton Press, 1964.

164

, . , -, , . , , - , . , , , . . . , , 1.

165

. , . , , , , . , , . , , , ( ) .

III , , , : , , , , . - , , . , , , . , , . , (construction), . 1. . ( ) : , , 1. (con game).1

6. . , , , . , : , , , ( ) . , , , , , . , , , , , . ( , , , , .) , , , . 1

San Francisco Chronicle. 1965. February 26. , , , , .

., : Cott H.B. Adaptive colouration in animals. London: Methuen & Co., 1940; Portmann A. Animal camouflage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959; Gallois R. The mask of Medusa. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, I960.

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, , . , . , , , , , , , , . , . 2. , (containment) . . , , , , . , , , , . , . , . . , . , , . , , . , ? , . ?1 , , . , , , , , , . , . , , , , , The Evening Bulletin (Philadelphia). 1971. July 22.

2

3

., : Cowles V. The Great Swindle. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960. Better Business Bureau . . . Brenton M. The privacy invaders. New York: Crest Reprints, 1964. P. 29-30.

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3. ( ), : , , , . , , , . , . , . : , , . . . . . , - . , , , 1. 1966 . , , , ; , , , , 2. , , , .1 San Francisco Sunday Chronicle. 1964. June 7. '' Keiss A.J., Jr. Police brutality: Answers to key questions // Trans-action. July-August. 1968. P. 10; Rubinstein J. City police. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1973. P. 388-390.

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. : , . , . , : 1; ( , ); , , , 2. , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , (, , , . .). 1

The Evening Bulletin (Philadelphia). 1969. November 5. Sheehy G. Nice girls don't get into trouble // New York Magazine. 1971. February 15. P. 26-30.

2

, , . .: Hinchley V. Spies who never were. London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1965. P. 70-84. .: San Francisco Chronicle. 1964. December 17.

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- , (, )1. ( ) , . , . , , , . , , , , , , , . , , 1

, . ( )1 , . , , . , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , , .

IV , , : . , , , , , . , : - , . , , , , - , ( ) . (, , , .) . , .1

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, , . .: Monat P. Spy in the US. New York: Berkley Publishing Corporation; Berkley Medallion Books, 1963. P. 177.

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. , , ,