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- 2 -

E}y; ngau; : GJikg; gpj;jDk; njhd;k kuGk;

(mfypiff; fijfis Kd;itj;J)

Mrpupau; : Kidtu; eh.,sq;Nfh

nghUs; : ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T

cupik : Mrpupau;f;F

ntspaPL : Nk 2012

gf;fq;fs; : 16

ntspaPL : kiyaUtp

28> Mo;thu; tPjp

tpkhdjsr; rhiy

GJr;Nrup-8

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GJikg; gpj;jDk; njhd;k kuGk;

(mfypiff; fijfis Kd;itj;J)

Nguhrpupau; Kidtu; eh.,sq;Nfh>

,izg; Nguhrpupau;>

gl;l Nkw;gbg;G ikak;>

GJr;Nrup - 8.

GJikg;gpj;jd; jk; gilg;Gfs; Fwpj;J nrhd;d thrfq;fNshL

fl;Liuiaj; njhlq;FNthk;.

tpku;rfu;fSf;F xU thu;j;ij. Ntjhe;jpfs; iff;Fs; rpf;fhj flTs;

khjpupjhd; ehd; gpwg;gpj;J tpl;litfSk; mit cq;fs;

msTNfhy;fSf;Fs; milglhjpUe;jhy; ehDk; nghUg;ghspay;y> ehd;

gpwg;gpj;J tpisahl tpl;Ls;s [PtuhrpfSk; nghWg;ghspay;y. cq;fs;

msTNfhy;fisj;jhd; vd; fijfspd; mUfpy; itj;J mse;J

ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;SfpwPu;fs; vd;W cq;fSf;Fr; nrhy;yptpl tpUk;GfpNwd;.

(gjp.M. Ntq;flhrygjp> GJikg;gpj;jd; fijfs;> g. 780)

vd;W GJikg;gpj;jd; jd;gilg;Gfs; Fwpj;J tpku;rfu;fSf;F nrhd;d

vr;rupf;ifNahL mtupd; gilg;Gfis mZFtJ nghUj;jkhapUf;Fk;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; - rpWfij tuyhw;wpy; jdf;nfd

xU jdpaplj;ijj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s GJikg;gpj;jidj; J}a fiy

,yf;fpathjpfSk; Nrhrypr ajhu;j;jthjpfSk; xUNrur; nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhLtJ

GJik. ,JNt mtu; gilg;Gfspd; #l;Rkk;. GJikg;gpj;jd; ve;jf; $z;LfspYk;

rpf;fpf; nfhs;shjtu;. mtu; gilg;Gfs; Nrhryprk;> ngupahupak;> fhe;jpak;> rpj;j

jj;Jtk; vy;yhk; NgRk;> mNj rkak; mtw;iwf; fpz;lybf;fTk; nra;Ak;.

nrh.tpUj;jhryk; vd;w ,aw;ngaUila GJikg;gpj;jd; NtW gy

Gidngau;fspYk; gj;jpupf;iffSf;F vOjpAs;shu;. Nrh.tp.> Nt@u; Nt.

fe;jrhkpf; ftpuhau;> urkl;lk;> $j;jd;> ee;jp> fghyp> Rf;uhr;rhup vd;gd mtupd;

rpy Gidngau;fs;. E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nrhe;jr; rpWfijfs; gilj;jNjhL

kl;Lkpd;wp Rkhu; E}W nkhopngau;g;Gr; rpWfijfs;> ftpijfs;> fl;Liufs;>

ehlfq;fs;> FWehty;> jpiug;gl ciuahly; vd;W ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy JiwfspYk;

jk; gilg;Gfis cUthf;fpatu; GJikg;gpj;jd;.

GJikg;gpj;jd; jd; fijfspd; nghJj;jd;ik ek;gpf;if twl;rp vd;W

nrhy;ypf;nfhz;lhu;> mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtupd; tho;f;ifg; gpd;dzp. mtupd;

ek;gpf;if twl;rp kdpju;fs; cz;lhf;fpa ju;kq;fs; Fwpj;jjhapUe;jJ. rhkhd;a

kdpju;fspd; eilKiw tho;f;ifAk; mtw;wpd; mtyq;fSk; mtupd;

rpWfijfspy; mjpf ,lq;fisg; gpbj;jd. r%fj;jpd; kPjhd GJikg;gpj;jdpd;

NfhgNk> mtu; gilg;Gfspy; Nfypahf> fpz;lyhf> ieahz;bfshf ntspg;gl;ld.

vj;jifa mwq;fspd; kPJk; jkf;F ek;gpf;ifapy;iy vd;gJNghy; mtu; fhl;ba

ghrhq;nfy;yhk; r%fk; Fwpj;j mtupd; vjpu;tpidNa.

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GJikg;gpj;jd; Mq;fpy topapy; cyfpd; gynkhopg; Gidfijfisf;

fw;whu;. jkpopYk; cau;e;j juj;jpy; rpWfijfisg; gilf;f tpUk;gp xt;nthU

rpWfijiaAk; xU Nrhjid Kaw;rp Nghy; nra;J ghu;j;jhu;. mjdhy;jhd; mtu;

fijfs; vJTk; xd;W Nghy; kw;nwhd;W ,Ug;gjpy;iy. jk;Kila fijfis

ntWk; Rthu];aj;jpw; fhfNth fUj;Jg; gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhfNth mtu;

gilf;ftpy;iy. GJikg;gpj;jdpd; xt;nthU fijAk; xU gpur;ridiag; NgRk;.

ghj;jpuq;fisNah> gpur;rpidfisNah Nkhjtpl;Ltpl;Lj; jd;id ,dq;fhl;bf;

nfhs;shky; xJq;fpf; nfhs;thu;. ,J mtu;gilg;gpd; ghzp.

xU jkpo;thrfd; GJikg;gpj;jd; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fs; vspjpy; Eioe;J

gilg;ig mDgtpf;f Kbtjw;F mtupd; tpNrlkhd fijnrhy;Yk; KiwNa xU

Kf;fpa fhuzk;. njhd;k Ntu;Kbr;Rfshy; fhg;ghw;wg; gLk; ,e;jpakuG

,ioNahLk; nkhopAk; fijahlYNk GJikg; gpj;jd; fijfspd; jdpj;jd;ik.

,e;jpaj; njhd;k ,jpfhr kuGfSk; irtj; jkpo; kuGk; fye;J GJikg;gpj;jdpd;

vOj;Jyif Ml;rp nra;tJ thrfu; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jJ.

njhd;kk;: ,yf;fpatpay;> cstpay;> khdpltpay;> r%ftpay;> kjxg;gpay;>

ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Nghd;w gy Jiwfspy; njhd;kk; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

jpwdha;Tj;Jiwapd; Kd;Ndhb ehu;j;uhg; gpiuapd; njhd;kk; Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit.

njhd;kk; flTsu;fisNah flTisnahj;j kdpju;fisNah

ghj;jpuq;fshff; nfhz;l fijnad;Wk; mJ tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F

mg;ghw;gl;lnjd;Wk; ,aw;ifapoe;j epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk;

mike;jpUf;Fk; vd;Wk; $Wthu;. njhd;kq;fs; mjpf rpuj;ijNahL

vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bait> cz;ikapNtNa epfo;e;jjhf

ek;gg;gLgit. vy;yh ,yf;fpa tiffSk; njhd;kj;jpypUe;Nj

Njhw;wKw;wd vd;gJ mtu; fUj;J. ( gh.kUjehafk;> njhd;kj; jpwdha;T>

g-s;. 12-13)

,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;fhd mbf;fUj;Jf;fs; vy;yhKk; njhd;kq;fspypUe;Nj

Njhw;wk; ngw;wd vd;W ehu;j;juhg; gpiuapd; fUJthu;. ngUk;ghYk; njhd;kq;fs;

kdpjd;> tpyq;F> jhtuk; Mfpatw;wpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpAk; kdpjd; vt;thW

,g;nghOJ cs;s epiyf;F> mjhtJ ,wg;G> ghy;czu;T> gytifahd r%ff;

fl;Lg;ghLfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F Ml;gl;ltdhf te;J Nru;e;jhd; vd;gd gw;wpAk;

tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

tpNfh(Vico) vDk; mwpQu; jkJ Gjpa tpQ;Qhdk; vDk;

E}ypy; Ez;zpa rpe;jidfs; njhd;kf; fUj;Jf;fspypUe;Nj

ntspg;gLfpd;wd vd;Wk; ftpijf;F ,JNt mbg;gil vd;Wk; kdpjd;

fw;fNtz;ba Kjy; tpQ;Qhdk; njhd;kNk vd;Wk; Rl;bf; fhl;bdhu;. mtu;

fUj;jpy; njhd;kq;fs; vd;git cz;ikahd epfo;r;rpfs; my;yJ tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfspd; fw;gid tbtq;fs; MFk;. ( gh.kUjehafk;> njhd;kj;

jpwdha;T> g. 7)

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njhd;kq;fis cUthf;fpatu; ahu;? vd;w Nfs;tpf;F cstpay; mwpQu; Aq; jUk;

tpsf;fk; MokhdJ> kdpj ,dk; KOtjw;Fk; nghJthd mbkdf;$W xd;W (the

collective unconcious) cz;nld;Wk; mjpypUe;Nj njhd;kq;fs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd

vd;Wk; Aq; fUjpdhu;. vdNtjhd; gyehl;Lg; gy ,dkf;fsplKk; fhzg;gLk;

njhd;kq;fspy; tpaj;jF xw;Wikfisf; fhzKbfpwJ vd;W mtu;

tpsf;fkspj;jhu;.

‘Guhzq;fspYk; ,jpfhrq;fspYk; ntspg;gLtJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l jdpegupd;

jdpr;rpe;jid my;y> kf;fspd; $l;Lr;rpe;jidNa MFk;’ vd;W khf;rpk; fhu;f;fpAk;

njhd;kq;fis tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

Muk;gf; fhyj;J kdpjk;> jhd; vjpu;nfhz;l ,aw;ifiaj; jd; fhyj;jpa

mwptpdhy; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kad;w Kaw;rpapd; ntspg;ghNl ,j;njhd;kq;fshFk;.

kdpj kdj;jpd; fw;gid Mw;wiyAk; tho;f;if mDgtj;jpd; %yk; ntbj;j

Kjy; fiy mikg;igAk; ,j;njhd;kq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jp epd;wd. gpd;dhy; tu;f;f

rKjhak; cUthd NghJ ,e;jj; njhd;kq;fspy; ,Ue;Jjhd; kjf;

flTs;fSf;fhd fijfs; khw;wp cUthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ld. (f.gQ;rhq;fk;>

njhd;kj; jpwdha;T> g.s;. 114-115)

njhd;kq;fs; ,Wfpa ghiwfs; my;y. capu;j; Jbg;Gs;sit> r%fk;>

fhyj;Jj; NjitfSf;Nfw;g njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. r%fk;

kl;Lky;y r%fj;jpd; xt;nthU mq;fKk; mtutu;fspd; fUj;Jyfpw;F Vw;gj;

njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,e;jpar; #oypy; Mupa jpuhtpl

murpay; epiyg;ghLfSf;F ,j;njhd;kq;fNs fsq;fshapd. Clfq;fs; ,e;Jj;Jt

ngUkuigj; J}f;fpg; gpbf;f ,j;njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

gilg;ghspfSk; njhd;kq;fisNa gilg;gpd; mbf;fUj;Jf;fshfTk;

gug;GiufshfTk; cj;jpfshfTk; mikj;J ntw;wp ngWfpd;whu;fs;. vdNtjhd;

nudpnty;yhf;> ‘cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w gilg;Gfs; vy;yhk;> Gjpjhff; fijia

cUthf;fpg; gilf;fg;gl;litfis tpl> gioa njhd;kq;fspd; Nky; kWgilg;Gr;

nra;ag; gl;litfshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd’ vd;fpwhu;. (f.gQ;rhq;fk;> njhd;kj;

jpwdha;T> g. 118)

cyf ,yf;fpag; gapw;rp kpf;f GJikg;gpj;jDk; njhd;kkuGfis kWMf;fk;

nra;Ak; gilg;G cj;jpiaj; jk; rpWfijfs; gytw;wpy; ifahz;L ntw;wp

ngw;Ws;shu;. GJikg;gpj;jd;> ,e;jpaj; njhd;kq;fspy; gue;j tPr;Rila

,uhkhazf; fijia tpflf;fijahf;fpg; gfb gz;Zfpwhu;.

,uhkhazf; fijiaj; jiyfPohf;fp tpflk; gz;Ztjw;Fg;

ghujpiaj;jhd; Kd;Ndhb vdr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ep[khd uhkhazf;

fij vd;W mtNu fpz;lyhff; Fwpg;gpLk; mtUila Fjpiuf; nfhk;G

vd;w fijapy; ,uhtzd; fijj; jiytd;> ,uhk- yf;Fkzu; vjpupfs;>

%j;jtd; gujDf;Fg; gl;lk; fl;lf;$lhJ> jdf;Nf fl;lNtz;Lk; vd;W

,uhkd; yf;FtNzhL Nru;e;J fyfk; gz;Zfpwhd;. ,jdhy; ehl;iltpl;Lj;

Juj;jg;gLfpwhd;. NghFk;NghJ ,uhkd; rPijiaj; J}f;fpr; nry;y>

njhlu;e;J nrd;W ,uhtzd; rPijia kPl;fpwhd;. Kbtpy; ,uhk-

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yf;Fkzu;fs; jpUe;Jfpwhu;fs;! GJikg;gpj;jdpd; ehuj uhkhazk;>

,uh[h[papd; gr;rhjhgk; fijfSf;Fg; ghujpapd; Fjpiuf;nfhk;G

Kd;Ndhbahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. (uh[; nfsjkd;> GJikg;gpj;jd; vDk;

gpuk;kuhl;r];> g.20)

,g;gbj; njhd;kf; fijkuGfis etPd cj;jpahy; Nfypr;rpj;jpuq;fshf;fpg; gfb

gz;ZtJ Nkiy ,yf;fpa gilg;ghf;f cj;jpfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.

fhye;NjhWk; njhd;kq;fs; kWgilg;ghf;fk; ngWtJ vy;yh nkhop

,yf;fpaq;fspYk; tof;fkhdJjhd; vd;whYk; GJikg;gpj;jd; Nghd;wtu;fs;

njhd;k kuGf; fijfisj; jk; gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Gjpa

kjpg;gPLfis mj;njhd;kq;fspy; ,lk;ngwr; nra;tNjhL Gjpa tpku;rdq;fisAk;

mjDs; nghjpj;J itf;fpd;whu;fs;. GJikg;gpj;jd; jk; vOj;Jf;fs; KOtjpYk;

,e;jpaj; njhd;k ,jpfhr kuGfisAk; irtj; jkpo; njhd;kkuGfisAk;

CLghthff; ifahSfpwhu;. E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mtUila gilg;Gfspy;

kWMf;fk; nra;ag;ngw;w njhd;kq;fs; gy vd;whYk; vy;iy fUjp ,uhkhazk;>

kfhghujk; vd;w ,uz;L ,jpfhrq;fspYk; ,lk;ngWk; mfypifj; njhd;kkuigg;

GJikg;gpj;jd; vt;thW ifahz;Ls;shu; vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu Ma;fpwJ.

mfypifj; njhd;kk;: tlnkhopapy; Kjy;fhtpak; nra;j thd;kPfpNa

Kjd;Kjypy; mfypiff; fijf;F ,yf;fpa cUtk; nfhLj;jhu;. thd;kPfp nrhd;d

fij ,J>

kfhKdp nfsjkUk; mfypifAk; Mrpukk; mikj;J tho;e;J

te;jdu;. mfypifapd; mofpy; kaq;fpa ,e;jpud; mtis milAk;

Nehf;fj;Jld; xUehs; nfsjkd; Mrpukj;jpy; ,y;yhj Neuk; ghu;j;J

nfsjkdhfp cUkhwp te;J ehk; ,g;NghNj $LNthk; vd;whd;.

te;jpUg;gJ fztd; ,y;iy> NjNte;jpuNd vd;gijj; njupe;Jnfhz;l

mfypif> ,e;jpuNd ek;ikj; Njbte;Js;shNd vd;W jd; moifg;gw;wp

fu;tg;gl;L mtDf;F cld;gl;lhs;.

gpwF NjNte;jpuNd tpiue;J Gwg;gL> mghaj;jpypUe;J cd;idf;

fhj;Jf;nfhs; vd;W vr;rupj;J mDg;g> cdf;F ed;wp vd;W$wp NjNte;jpud;

Gwg;gLk; Ntisapy; mq;Fte;j nfsjkd; ,e;jpud; Ntlj;ijf; fz;L

ele;jtw;iw czu;e;Jnfhz;lhu;.

%lNd! vd; Nt~j;ijj; jupj;Jf;nfhz;L Mrpukj;jpy;GFe;J

jfhjijr; nra;j eP Mz;ik ,of;ff;fltha; vd;W ,e;jpuDf;F

rhgkpl;lhu;. mfypifNa! eP ,q;Nf ePz;lfhyk; fhw;Nw czthf

ve;jnthU MfhuKkpd;wpr; rhk;gy;Nky; gLj;J ahu; fz;Zf;Fk;

njd;glhky; kiwe;J trpg;ghahf. gyfhyk; fopj;J ,q;F tug;NghFk;

,uhkd; ghjk; Mrpukj;jpy; gLk;NghJ cd; ghtk; ePq;Fk; vd;W

mfypiff;Fr; rhgkpl;lhu;.

jkpopy; Kjd;Kjypy; mfypifj; njhd;kk; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; gupghly;.

kpfr;RUf;fkhf mfypiff; fij ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy;

- 7 -

cs;s Xtpar; rhiyapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gy Xtpaq;fisf; fz;L tUNthu;> ,e;j

Xtpaj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;b>

,e;jpud; g+ir ,ts; mfypif ,td;

nrd;w fTjkd; rpdDwf; fy;YU

xd;wpa gbapnjd;W ciu nra;NthUk; (eg;gz;zdhu;> gupghly;>

gh. 19)

‘,t;TUtk; g+idtbtnka;jpa ,e;jpudJ> ,ts; mfypif> ,td; nfsjkd;>

,td; Nfhgpj;jyhy; ,ts; fy;YUthdthW ,J’ vd;W kf;fs; Ngrpr;nrd;w

fhl;rpia tUzpf;Fk; gFjpapy; mfypiff; fij ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;jpud; ngw;w

rhgk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,g;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy> Mdhy; gupghlypd; xd;gjhk;

ghlypy; Fd;wk;g+jdhu; nrt;Ntspd; kidtp NjtNridiaf; Fwpf;Fkplj;jpy; ‘

IapU E}w;W nka;e; eadj;jtd; kfs;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; ,lj;jpy; ,e;jpud;

Mapuk; fz;Zilatd; vd;W Rl;lg;gLtjhy; ,e;jpud; rhgk; epidTf;F

tUfpd;wJ.

gupghly; $Wk; tbtj;jpNyNa fk;gu; jk; ,uhkfhijapy; ,f;fijia

tptupj;Js;shu;. nfsjkUila rhgj;ijg; nghUj;jtiuapy; thd;kPfj;jpypUe;J

NtWgLk; fk;gu; mfypifapd; ghj;jpug;gilg;gpYk; kpf Kf;fpakhdnjhU

khw;wj;ijr; nra;fpd;whu;. jtwpioj;j mfypifiaf; fk;gd;> ‘neQ;rpdhy;

gpiog;gpyhjhs;’ vd;Nw tpRthkpj;jpuu; thapyhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp>

rhgtpNkhrdj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ,uhkd; nfsjkiu tzq;fp> ‘khrW fw;gpd; kpf;f

mzq;fpid mtd;if <e;J’ jd; gazj;ijj; njhlu;e;jjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd;

fk;gd;.

fk;gd; nra;j ,e;j khw;wq;fSf;Fg; gpwF mfypifj; njhd;kk; tlnkhopj;

njhd;kj;jpypUe;J jkpo;j; njhd;kkhf khw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ. fk;gUf;Fg; gpd;du;

mfypifj; njhd;kj;ij tpupthd tifapy; jdpE}yhf ,UE}w;Wj;

njhz;Z}w;iwe;J ntz;ghf;fshy; cUthf;fpj; je;jtu; nts;sf;fhy; Rg;gpukzpa

Kjypahu;. mtu; nra;j E}y; mfypif ntz;gh. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by;

mfypifj; njhd;kk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gyuhYk; kWgilg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;

ngw;Ws;sJ. mg;gilg;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU tifapy; Fwpg;gplj; jf;f

gilg;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

GJikg; gpj;jDk; mfypifj; njhd;kKk;: mfypifj; njhd;kj;ijf;

ifahz;L mfy;ia> rhg tpNkhrdk; vd;w ,uz;L rpWfijfisg; gilj;Js;shu;

GJikg;gpj;jd;. mfypifj; njhd;kj;ijg; nghWj;jkl;by; ,UNtW kuGfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xd;W tlnkhop mfypifj; njhd;k kuG> kw;nwhd;W jkpo;

mfypifj; njhd;k kuG. ,g;gb ,UNtW kuGfshff; fzf;fpy; nfhs;Sk;

tifapy; ,uz;L kuGfSk; khWgLfpd;wd. tlnkhop mfypifj; njhd;kj;jpy;

te;jpUg;gtd; ,e;jpud; vd;W njupe;Nj mtDld; $Lfpwhs; mfypif> fy;yhFk;

rhgk; mtSf;F ,y;iy. jkpo; mfypifj; njhd;kj;jpy; te;jpUg;gJ ,e;jpud;

vd;W mwpahky; fztd; vd;W epidj;Nj mfypif mtDld; $Lfpwhs;. kdjhy;

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fsq;fkw;wts; vd;W rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpwhs;. nfsjkdhy; fy;yhFkhW

rgpf;fg;gLfpwhs;. ,e;j ,Utif mfypifj; njhd;kq;fSk; ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; etPd gilg;ghspfSf;F gad;gLfpd;wd. GJikg;gpj;jd; ,tw;wpy;

mfypifj; jkpo;j; njhd;k kuigNa jk; gilg;Gfspy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.

Kjy;fij mfy;ia 1934-,y; vOjg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; fij rhgtpNkhrdk;

1943-,y; vOjg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L fijfSk; gilg;Gj; jsj;jpy; NtW NtW

Nfhzq;fspy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kjy;fij mfy;ahtpy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fshd

mfypif> nfsjku;> ,e;jpud; vd;w ngau;fs;jhk; njhd;kg;ngau;fs;> rk;gtq;fs;

vy;yhk; ,aw;ifahdit. ,aw;if ,fe;j GidTfNs fijapy; ,y;iy.

,e;jpud; NfhopNghy; $Tfpwhd;> Nfhopahf tbntLj;J tutpy;iy. ,e;jpud;

g+idNghy; nkJthf tUfpwhd;> g+idahftpy;iy. ,e;jpud; ,e;jpudhfNt

mfypifiaf; $Lfpwhd;> nfsjkd; Ntlj;jpy; tutpy;iy. mfypif

fy;yhftpy;iy> ,e;jpud; rhgk; ngwtpy;iy> ,e;jpuid nfsjku;

kd;dpj;JtpLfpwhu;. fij KOikAk; elg;gpaNyhL ,ize;Jnry;fpwJ.

nfsjku;jhd; ,yl;rpaf; fjhghj;jpukhfpwhu;.

‘kdj; J}a;ikapy;jhd; fw;G. re;ju;g;gj;jhy; cly; fsq;fkhdhy; mgiy

vd;d nra;a KbAk;.’ (gjp.M. Ntq;flhrygjp> GJikg;gpj;jd; fijfs;> g. 135)

nfsjkupd; ,e;jf; Nfs;tp fw;nghOf;fk; gw;wpa Gjpa tpsf;fj;ij thrfDf;Fj;

jUfpwJ. nfsjkupd; ,e;j thrfj;ij ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; fw;Gf; Nfhl;ghL

vdyhk;. kdj; J}a;ikjhd; fw;G> cly; fsq;fk; fw;Gf;NfL MfhJ vd;w

,f;$w;iwf; nfhQ;rk; Mo;e;J Nehf;fyhk;. cly; fsq;fk; vd;gjpy; tUk; fsq;fk;

vd;wnrhy; fw;G gw;wpa gioa njhd;kq;fis mg;gbNa Nghw;wpg;

ghJfhf;fpd;wikia czuKbAk;. J}a;ik> fsq;fk; vd;w ,uz;L nrhw;fSk;

ngz;cly; Fwpj;j Mz;ika thjq;fisNa ,q;F Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

,uz;lhtJ fij rhg tpNkhrdk;. mfypif> ,uhkdhy; rhg tpNkhrdk;

ngw;wgpd; tho;e;jjhfg; GJikg;gpj;jdhy; fw;gid nra;ag;gl;l tho;f;ifiag;

NgRfpwJ ,f;fij. ,jpfhrf; fijahfNt> ,jpfhrf; fijapd; ePl;rpahfNt

,jidg; gilf;fpwhu; GJikg; gpj;jd;. rhg tpNkhrdk; GJikg;gpj;jd;

gilg;Gfspy; jdpr;rpwg;GilaJ> jkpopd; kpfr;rpwe;j rpWfijfspy; xd;whfg;

Ngrg;gLtJ. fijiaj; njhlq;FKd;Nd ‘uhkhaz gupr;ra Ks;stu;fSf;F

,e;jf;fij gpbglhky; (gpbf;fhky; $l) ,Uf;fyhk;. mij ehd;

nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy.’ Mrpupaupd; ,j;jdpf;$w;W Kd;Diuahf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

mfypif ,uhkdhy; rhg tpNkhrdk; ngWtjpy; fij njhlq;FfpwJ.

,uhkd; fhy;Jfs; gl;Lr; rpiy ngz;zhfpwJ. ‘neQ;rpdhy; gpio nra;ahjtis

eP Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJjhd; nghUe;Jk;’ (Nkw;. E}. g.529) vd;fpwhu; tpRthkpj;jpuH

Nfhjkdplk;. Nfhjkd; mfypif tho;f;if kPz;Lk; njhlq;FfpwJ. mfypif

kdjhy; fsq;fkw;wts; vd;gij Nfhjku; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;. Mdhy; Cu; cyfk;

mtisj; J}w;WfpwJ. ‘rhg tpNkhrdk; fz;lhYk; ghg tpNkhrdk; fpilahjh? ‘(Nkw;. E}. g.535) ,uhkhazf; fij neLfpYk; mfypiff; fij njhlu;fpwJ. rPij

- 9 -

rpiw kPl;Gf;Fg; gpd; rPijAk; ,uhkDk; xUehs; mfypiaf; fhz tUfpd;wdu;.

mfypif rPij ,tu;fspd; jdpj;j ciuahlypy; ,yq;ifapy; ele;j rk;gtq;fisr;

rPij nrhy;ypf;nfhz;bUe;jhs;. rhg tpNkhrdk; fijapd; cr;rk; ,g;gFjp>

mf;fpdpg; gpuNtrj;ijr; nrhd;dhs;. mfypif Jbj;Jtpl;lhs;.

mtu; Nfl;lhuh? eP Vd; nra;jha; vd;W Nfl;lhs;.

mtu; Nfl;lhu;> ehd; nra;Njd; vd;whs; rPij mikjpahf.

mtd; Nfl;lhdh? vd;W fj;jpdhs; mfypif> mts; kdrpy;

fz;zfp ntwp jhz;ltkhbaJ. mfypiff;F xU ePjp> mtDf;F

xU ePjpah? Vkhw;wh? Nfhjkd; rhgk; FlNyhL gpwe;j epahakh?

,UtUk; ntFNeuk; nksdkhf ,Ue;jdu;.

cyfj;Jf;F ep&gpf;f Ntz;lhkh? vd;W $wp nkJthfr; rpupj;jhs;

rPij.

cs;sj;Jf;Fj; njupe;jhy; Nghjhjh? cz;ikia cyFf;F ep&gpf;f

KbAkh? vd;whs; mfypif. thu;j;ij twz;lJ.

ep&gpj;Jtpl;lhy; kl;Lk; mJ cz;ikahfptplg; Nghfpwjh>

cs;sj;ijj; njhltpy;iy ahdhy;? epw;fl;Lk;> cyfk; vJ? vd;whs;

mfypif. (Nkw;. E}. g.539)

kdjhy; fsq;fkw;W ,Ue;jhNy NghJk; vd;W mfypiff;F Ngrg;gl;l

mwk;> rPij tpraj;jpy; cyfj;Jf;F ep&gpf;f Ntz;lhkh? vd;whfpwNj> Vd;?

mfypiff;F xU ePjp mtDf;F xU ePjpah? CUf;F cgNjrk; nra;Jtpl;Lj; jd;

kidtp vd;fpw NghJ epahak; Vd; khWfpwJ? vJ khw;WfpwJ? Nfhjkd; rhgk;

FlNyhL gpwe;j epahakh? vd;W nfhjpf;Fk; mfypif kPz;Lk; fy;yhfpwhs;.

GJikg;gpj;jdpd; ,e;jr; rhg tpNkhrdk; fij Mo;e;J gbg;Nghu;f;F

,uz;L rpf;fy;fis vOg;gpapUg;gjhf f. ifyhrgjp fUJfpwhu;.

1. neUf;fb Vw;gLk; nghOJ fztd; kidtp cwTg;

gpur;rid vg;gbj; Njhd;WfpwJ> mjhtJ kdpj cwTfs;

gw;wpa rpf;fy;.

2. xOf;fk;> mwk; vd;gitf;Fk; tho;f;iff;Fk; vt;thW

Kuz;ghL Njhd;WfpwJ> mjhtJ mwtpay; -Moralityngw;Ws;s typik gw;wpa rpf;fy; (f.ifyhrgjp> mbAk;

KbAk;> g.156)

kdpj cwTfs; gw;wpa rpf;fiyAk;> mwtpaypd; typik gw;wpa rpf;fiyAk; NgRk;

rhg tpNkhrdk; ,r;rpf;fy;fSf;F ntspg;gilahf tpil$wtpy;iy vd;ghu;

ifyhrgjp.

mfypifj; njhd;kj;ij kWgilg;ghf;fk; nra;j gyUk; cstpay;

Nehf;fpNyNa ,j;njhd;kj;ij mZfpAs;shu;fs;. GJikg;gpj;jDk; rhg tpNkhrdk;

ngw;w gpd;du; mfypif> Nfhjkd; ,Utupd; kdjpYk; ,ioNahLk; Fw;w czu;r;rp

gw;wpg; gyglg; NgRfpwhu;. mfypiff;F mr;r czu;r;rpNa NkNyhq;fp epd;wJ.

,ay;ghd Ngr;R ,y;iy> kw;wtu; Ngr;irAk; ,ay;ghf vLj;Jf;nfhs;s

Kbatpy;iy.

- 10 -

mfypiff;F gak; neQ;rpy; ciwNawptpl;lJ. Mapuk; jlit

kdRf;Fs; jpUg;gpj; jpUg;gpr; nrhy;ypg; ghlk; gz;zpf;nfhz;L>

me;j thu;j;ij rupjhdh vd;gij ehY nfhzj;jpypUe;Jk; Muha;e;J

ghu;j;Jtpl;Lj;jhd; vijAk; nrhy;Yths;. Nfhjkd; rhjhuzkhfr;

nrhy;Yk; thu;j;ijfSf;Ff; $l cs;su;j;jk; cz;Nlh vd;W

gijg;ghs;. (gjp.M. Ntq;flhrygjp> GJikg;gpj;jd; fijfs;> g.

531)

NfhjkDf;F mtsplk; Kd;Nghy; kdf; fsq;fkpd;wpg; Ngr

ehntotpy;iy. mtis md;W tpiykfs; vd;W Rl;lJ>

jd;ehf;ifNa nghRf;f itj;Jtpl;lJ Nghy ,Uf;fpwJ. vd;d

NgRtJ? vd;d NgRtJ? …,UtUk; ,Utpjkhd kdf;Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ue;J jtpj;jhu;fs;.

NfhjkDf;Fj; jhd; Vw;wtsh? vd;gNj mfypifapd; ftiy

mfypiff;F jhd; Vw;wtdh vd;gNj Nfhjkdpd; ftiy (Nkw;. E}.

g.530)

Nru;e;J tho;e;jhYk; ,UtUk; ,uz;L tpjkhd kdf;Nfhl;ilfSf;Fs; tho

Neu;e;jjhy; Vw;gLk; cstpay; rpf;fy;fNs rhg tpNkhrdk; fijapd; Kjy;ghjp.

rhg tpNkhrdk; fijapd; ,uz;lhk; ghjp> ,uhkd; fij vd;w xw;iwj;

njhd;kj;jpw;Fs; ,aq;Fk; rPij> mfypif vd;w ,ul;ilj; njhd;kq;fisf;

Fwpj;jJ. mjhtJ rPijj; jPf;Fspg;G xU njhd;kk;> ,j;njhd;kk; fw;G- neUg;G-

cyfk; vd;gNjhL njhlu;GilaJ. mfypif fy;Yapu; ngwy; kw;WnkhU

njhd;kk;> ,j;njhd;kk; fw;G- cly;-kdk; vd;gtw;NwhL njhlu;GilaJ. ,e;j

,uz;L njhd;kq;fisAk; ,izf;Fk; njhd;kk; ,uhkd; Fwpj;j njhd;kk;. rPij>

mfypif vd;w ,uz;L njhd;kq;fSf;Fs; ,aq;Fk; nray;ghLfs; xNu

tha;ghl;by; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. xj;j tha;ghl;by; ,aq;Fk; ,f;fijfspy; khWgLk;

kjpg;gPLfs; Fwpj;j tprhuizNa GJikg;gpj;jdpd; rhg tpNkhrdk; Kd;itf;Fk;

rpf;fy;. ,r;rpf;fy; mfypif topahf vOg;gg;gLfpwJ. njhd;kj;jpy; ,J

mfypifapd; Fuyhf xypj;jhYk;> tuyhW neLfpYk; ngz;fspd; xw;iwf;

FuyhfNt vjpnuhypf;fpd;wJ.

rPij> mfypifj; njhd;kq;fspd; nray;ghLfs;:

1. rPij

flj;jy;

jPf;Fspg;G

kuzk;

,uhkd; ,uhtzd;

- 11 -

2. mfypif

ghYwT

fy;yhjy;

rhgk;

Nfhjkd; ,e;jpud;

NkNy cs;s tiuglq;fs;> ,uz;L njhd;kq;fSk; nray;ghLfspd; top xNu

tha;ghl;by; ,aq;Ftij czu;j;Jfpd;wd. ,uz;L njhd;kq;fspYk; ,uhkDk;

NfhjkDk; gupRj;jkhdtu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. Mz;fs; gupRj;jkhapUf;Fk; NghJ

ngz;fSk; mg;gbapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gjpy;- epu;g;ge;jpg;gjpy; vd;d

jtW? vd;gJ Nghd;w ju;f;fk; ,uz;L njhd;kq;fspYk; fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Mdhy; ,uhtzd;> ,e;jpud; Mfpa ,uz;L Mz;fspd; ghypay; kPwy;fs;

Xuq;fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. Mz;fspd; ghypay; kPwy;fs; cs;s r%fj;jpy; ngz;fs;

clyhYk; kdj;jhYk; fsq;fg;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epu;g;ge;jpg;gJ

vg;gbr; rhj;jpakhFk;. ‘Mg;gpspd; xU ghjpiaj; jpd;Wtpl;l gpwF KO

Mg;gpisf; ifapy; itj;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;gijg;Nghy;’ vd;W ,jid

tpsf;Fthu; vq;fy;]; (vq;fy;];> FLk;gk; jdpr;nrhj;J muR Mfpatw;wpd;

Njhw;wk;> g.110)

rPijapd; jPf;Fspg;G mfypifapd; kdjpy; Nfhgf;fdiy vOg;gptpLfpwJ.

mtu; Nfl;lhuh? vd;W ,ay;ghfj; njhlq;fpa mfypifapd; Ngr;rpy; ,uhkd;jhd;

Nfl;lhd; vd;W njupe;jJk; mtd; Nfl;lhdh? vd;W mdy; tPrj; njhlq;FfpwJ.

,jidf; fz;zfp ntwp vd;fpwhu; GJikg;gpj;jd;. jPf;Fspg;G gw;wpa rPijapd;

vjpu;tpid vd;dthf ,Ue;jJ? mfypifNghy; ntspg;gilahf vjpu;;f;Fuy;

vOg;gtpy;iy rPij. khwhf> ‘cyfj;Jf;F ep&gpf;f Ntz;lhkh? vd;W $wp

nkJthfr; rpupj;jhs; rPij.’ vd;w GJikg;gpj;jd; tupfspy; tUk;> nkJthfr;

rpupj;jhs; vd;gjpy; rPijapd; NfypAk;> fpz;lYk;> NfhgKk;> Mj;jpuKk;>

,ayhikAk;> mOifAk; mLf;fLf;fhf ntspg;gLtij czuKbAk;. cyfj;Jf;F

ep&gpf;f Ntz;lhkh? vd;W Ntz;Lnkd;Nw mfypifapd; Nfhgj;ijf; fpswptpLk;

thu;j;ijiaf; ifahSfpwhs; rPij. jhd; Ngrhjij nay;yhk;> Ngr Ntz;baij

nay;yhk; mfypif NgRfpwhs; vd;gjhy;. Ngrl;Lk;.. Ngrl;Lk;.. tuyhw;wpd;

topneLfpYk; xLf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd; Fuy;> Fuy;tis newpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd;

Nfhgf;Fuy;> cs;Sf;Fs; kfpo;fpwhs; rPij. rPijapd; nksdk;> rPij Ngrhj Ngr;R

mJ.

GJikg;gpj;jd; ifahz;l vj;jidNah njhd;k kuGfspy; mfypifj;

njhd;kk; kpFe;j jdpj;Jtk; cilaJ. mfypif kPz;Lk; fy;yhdJ cstpay;

- 12 -

rhu;e;jJ vd;whYk;> mwq;fs; Fwpj;j mfypifapd; tprhuiz r%fk; gw;wpaJ>

r%ff; fl;Lkhdq;fs; gw;wpaJ. rhg tpNkhrdj;jpy; mfypif ,uz;L

tpthjq;fisj; njhlq;fp itf;fpwhs;.

1. kdpjdh? ju;kkh? vJ Kf;fpak; vd;w tpdh.

2. ,uz;lhtJ> cs;skh? cyfkh? ,uz;by; vjw;F ehk; cz;ikaha;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpdh.

ifNfapaplk; ciuahLk; jUzj;jpy; mfypif ju;kq;fs; Fwpj;j

ru;r;iriaf; fpsg;Gfpwhs;> ‘kdpjUf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhj ju;kk;> kdpj tk;rj;Jf;F

rj;JU’ ,J mfypifapd; thjk;. ,t;thjj;jpy; ju;kj;Jf;F Kjd;ikapy;iy>

kdpjj;jpw;Nf Kjd;ik.

‘cs;sj;Jf;Fj; njupe;jhy; Nghjhjh? cz;ikia cyfj;Jf;F ep&gpf;f

KbAkh?’ vd;w thjj;jpy; mfypif cs;skh? cyfkh? vd;w tpdhtpw;F mtNs

tpilAk; $Wfpwhs;. cyfk; vJ? vd;w mfypifapd; Nfs;tpNa ,jw;F

gjpyhfpwJ. fhyk;> ,lk;> egu; rhu;e;J cz;ikfs; khWgLk; NghJ cyfk; vd;gJ

vJ? vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwJ.

ngz; - fw;G: GJikg;gpj;jd; kw;Wk; ,d;dgpw ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L

vOj;jhsu;fs; gyiuAk; mfypifj; njhd;kk; ftu;e;jpUf;fpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;

Mq;fpyf; fy;tpahy; ek;ktu;fs; ngw;w ngz;Zupik Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;Nt. 19

Mk; E}w;whz;by; fhy;nfhz;l ngz;Zupik tpopg;Gzu;T ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lg;

gilg;ghspfshy; mtutu; rhu;GfSf;Nfw;Ng tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpfhr>

Guhzj; njhd;kq;fshy; fl;likf;fg;gl;l ngz;-fw;G gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfs; me;jj;

njhd;kq;fspd; JizNahNl tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

ngz;fw;ig- ngz;zbikia typAWj;Jtjpy; njhd;kq;fs; kpFe;j

gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd. Guhz ,jpfhrj; njhd;kq;fs; ngz;- ngz;cly;- ghypay;

kPwy;fs;- jz;lidfs; vd;w xt;nthd;wpd; topahfTk; ngz;fis ,Wf;fpf;

nfhz;Nl te;jd. njhd;kq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;w up~p> up~pgj;jpdp gw;wpa fijfspy;

,e;j tsu;epiyfisf; fhzyhk;.

1. jhUfhtdj;J up~pfs; mtu;fs; gj;jpdpfs; gw;wpa fe;jGuhzf;

fijf; Fwpg;Gfspy;> rptngUkhd; gpr;rhlz Nfhyj;jpy; gpwe;j

Nkdpaha; jhUfhtdj;jpy; gpr;irnaLf;f te;jNghJ

up~pgj;jpdpfs; mtu; mofpy; kaq;fpg; gpd;dhNyNa

Ngha;tpLfpwhu;fs;. Nfhgk; nfhz;l up~pfs; mgprhu Xkk; nra;J

rptid mopf;f Kad;whu;fNs my;yhky; jq;fs;

kidtpau;fisj; jz;bf;ftpy;iy. fw;Gf; Nfhl;ghL ,Wf;fk;

ngwhj fhyj;Jj; njhd;kk; ,J. typikahy; ngz;izj;

Nju;e;njLj;j fhyk;.

2. mfypiff; fijapy;> te;jpUg;gtd; ,e;jpud; vd;W njupe;Nj

mtNdhL $ba mfypifiaAk; ,e;jpuidAk; nfhskd;

- 13 -

rgpj;jhd;. fw;G ngz;fSf;F typAWj;jg;gl;l fhyj;Jj; njhd;kk;

,J.

3. NuZfhNjtp- [kjf;fpdp up~p fijapy; clyhy;

jtwpiof;ftpy;iy nad;whYk; kdjhy; jtwpioj;jhs; vd;W

$wp kfidf; nfhz;L jiyiaj; Jz;bj;jhu;fs;. fw;Gf;

Nfhl;ghL ,Wf;fk; ngw;w fhyj;Jj; njhd;kk; ,J.

4. fhu;j;jpifg; ngz;bu; - rg;j up~p khju;fs; gw;wpa njhd;kq;fs;

tltu; njhd;kq;fspNyAk; jkpo;j; njhd;kq;fspNyAk; fw;G

gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfspd; gy;NtW epiyfisr; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

,e;jpud;> rptdpd; fUit VO Jz;lq;fshfr; rpijj;J fhu;j;jpifg;

ngz;bu;fspd; fztd;khu;fshfpa up~pfsplk; ju> mtu;fs;

mj;Jz;lq;fisj; jPapypl;Lj; J}a;ik nra;J jk; kidtpau;fSf;Fj;

jUfpd;whu;fs;. mUe;jjp jtpu;j;j MW up~p gj;jpdpfSk; rptdpd;

mf;fUit cz;L MW Foe;ijfisg; ngw;nwLf;fpd;whu;fs;. gupghly;

Ie;jhk; ghlypy; ,r;nra;jp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. jj;jk; fztd;khu;fNs

rptdpd; fUitj; jPapypl;L J}a;ikg; gLj;jpj; jUtjhy; up~p

gj;jpdpfshfpa fhu;j;jpifg; ngz;bu;fspd; fw;Gf;F VJk; gq;fk;

tutpy;iy vd;W ,j;njhd;kk; mikjp fhz;fpwJ.

,g;gbj; njhd;kq;fspd; topahf ,Wf;fk; ngw;w ngz;- fw;G gw;wpa

fUj;jhf;fq;fSf;F vjpuhd ngz;Zupik> Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk; Fwpj;j Gjpa

fUj;jhf;fq;fisr; rKjhaj;jpy; gjpf;f ,e;jj; njhd;kq;fisNa

ifahStnjd;gJ gilg;Gj; jsj;jpy; xU ntw;wpfukhd cj;jp.

njhd;kq;fspd; nefpo;Tj; jd;ik ,jw;Fg; ngupJk; Jizepw;fpd;wJ.

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- 14 -

Jiz epd;w E}y;fs;:

1. jp. KUfuj;jpdk;> GJikg;gpj;jd; rpWfijf;fiy> 1976

2. f.ifyhrgjp> mbAk; KbAk;> 1996

3. ruRtjp NtZNfhghy;> njhd;kf; fijfs; Nfhl;ghl;L Ma;Tfs;> 1997

4. uh[; nfsjkd;> GJikg;gpj;jd; vDk; gpuk;kuhl;r];> 2000

5. ,uh. Ntq;flhrygjp (gjp.M.)> GJikg;gpj;jd; fijfs;> 2001

6. Nguh. f. gQ;rhq;fk;> njhd;kj; jpwdha;T> 2005