DNA Barcoding

A way for identifying organisms to species using sequence information from a standard gene present in all animals Mitochondia: c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1)

Animals with more similar codes are more closely related.

iBOL International Barcode of Life

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Using Character Variation to Reconstruct Phylogeny

First step is to determine which variant form of each character was present in the common ancestor of the entire group

The character state present in the common ancestor Ancestral character

All other variant forms of the character arose later within the group Evolutionarily derived character

Using features to determine evolutionary history

Polarity of a character Refers to identifying which of characterisitc is

ancestral and which one(s) is derived Outgroup comparison

Method used to examine the polarity of a variable character

Outgroup Group that is phylogenetically close but not

within the group being studied The character state found both within the group

being studied and the outgroup is ancestral for the study group

Theories of Taxonomy Two currently popular theories of

taxonomy Traditional Evolutionary Taxonomy Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics)

A relationship between a taxonomic group and a phylogenetic tree or cladogram important in both theories Relationship can take on one of three formsMonophyly

A monophyletic taxon includes the most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

Theories of taxonomy

Paraphyly A taxon is paraphyletic if it includes the most

recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some but not all descendants of that ancestor

Polyphyly A taxon is polyphyletic if it does not include the

most recent common ancestor of all members of a group

The group has at least two separate evolutionary origins

Theories of Taxonomy Current State of Animal Taxonomy

Modern animal taxonomy Established using evolutionary systematics and

recent cladistic revisions Phylocode

New taxonomic system Being developed as an alternative to Linnean

taxonomy Replaces Linnean ranks with codes that denote

the hierarchy of monophyletic groups conveyed by cladograms

The terms “primitive,” “advanced,” “specialized” and “generalized” Used for specific characteristics and not for

groups as a whole

Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom

There are three domains. Archaea Eucarya Bacteria

In Eucarya we have 6 kingdoms Plants Animals Fungi Protista (Archaeabacteria) (Eubacteria)