+

AIM: How did Philip II extend Spain’s power and help establish a golden age?

Do Now: Review from 9th Grade*What do we already know about Spain by the start of the 1500s?

Unit Essential Question: What events led to the rise of absolute monarchies and the development of centralized nation-states in Europe?

+Charles V Inherits Two Crowns

1516 – Charles I (16), grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand, became King of Spain

1519 – other grandfather dies, Charles I becomes the heir to the Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands) Name changes to Charles V

Ruling two empires involved Charles in constant warfare

1556 – Charles V gave up his titles, abdicates the throne and enters a monastery Divides his empire, gives Hapsburg

lands to brother Ferdinand & Spain/Netherlands/overseas empire to son Philip -> Philip II

+Philip II Solidifies Power

Philip II makes Spain the foremost power in Europe.

42 year reign – expanded Spanish influence, strengthened Catholic Church, made his power absolute.

Hardworking, devout and ambitious

Escorial

+Centralizing Power

Centralizes power – every part of the government responsible to him

Reigned as an absolute monarch Divine Right

“Guardian of the Roman Catholic Church”

+Rise of Spain

Philip’s strategies to expand: 1. War

Gained kingdom of Portugal 2. Wealth

Silver and gold from Americas 3. Marriage

Build alliances & pacify potential enemies

Problem: Renaissance women did not live long

Philip II’s Marriages

MariaPortugal

Mary “Bloody Mary’ TudorEngland

Elizabeth ValoisFrance

AnnaAustria

+Battles in the Mediterranean & the Netherlands

Battle of Lepanto 1571 – Spain defeats Ottoman fleet off coast of Greece

Battled rebels for 21 years: Present day Belgium, the

Netherlands and Luxemburg Protestants and Catholics alike

opposed high taxes and autocratic Spanish rule

+The Armada

To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch Philip prepares a huge armada

1588: Spanish Armada 130 ships, 20,000 men and 2,400 pieces of artillery

English, under Queen Elizabeth I, outmaneuvered the Spanish

+An Empire Declines Throughout the 1600s, Spain’s strength and prosperity

decreased. 1. Philip II’s successors ruled far less ably 2. Economic problems 3. Influx of American gold and silver led to soaring

inflation

+Spain’s Golden Age

1550-1650 Spain’s Siglo de Oro Brilliance of its arts and

literature

El Greco – famous painter

Miguel de Cervantes – most important writer to Spain’s golden age. Don Quixote – Europe’s

first modern novel

+Activity1. Independently read and annotate

excerpt of Don Quixote2. Class discussion of novel and Medieval

Europe

+Let’s Summarize…

+

AIM: How did France become the leading power of Europe under the absolute rule of Louis XIV?Do Now: Review from 9th Grade*What do we already know about France by the start of the 1500s?

+Religious Strife1560s-1590s: religious

wars between the Catholic majority and French Protestants (Huguenots) tore France apart

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: August 24th, 1572.Symbolizes complete

breakdown of order in France

+Henry IV Restores Order

1589: Henry IV, Huguenot prince inherits throne

To end conflict he converts to Catholicism

Edict of Nantes (1598): grants Huguenots religious toleration

+Cardinal Richelieu

1610: Louis III inherits throne (only 9!) when Henry IV is assassinated

1624: Louis appoints Richelieu as his chief minister Spends the next 18 years

devoted to strengthening the central government

Worked to destroy Huguenots and nobles

Handpicked successor: Cardinal Mazarin

+An Absolute Monarch Rises

1643: Louis XIV inherits throne at 5 years old

1661: Mazarin dies, 23 year old Louis takes complete control of government

“I Am the State” (“L’etat, c’est moi”) Divine Right to Rule Takes Sun as symbol of absolute

power

Estates General did not meet from 1614-1789

+Strengthens Royal Power

Expands bureaucracy

Appoints intendants: royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out policies in provinces

French army – strongest in Europe

Jean-Baptiste Colbert – imposes mercantilist policies to bolster economy

+Versailles: Symbol of Royal Power

Versailles: immense palace of Louis XIV built in countryside of Paris

http://en.chateauversailles.fr/homepage

+A Strong State Declines

Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years At end of his reign, France was the strongest state in

Europe

Louis’s decisions eventually caused France’s prosperity to erode 1. Poured vast resources into wars to expand French

borders 2. Balance of Power 3. Persecuting Huguenots – 100,000 fled France.

Serious blow to French economy

+Activity: Louis XIV and Versailles1. Class will read “A Day in the Life of the Sun King”.2. With a partner complete part I (5 points)3. Independently complete either option for part II (10 points)

+Let’s Summarize…

+

AIM: How did the British Parliament assert its rights against royal claims to absolute power in the 1600s?Do Now: Review from 9th Grade*What do we already know about England by the start of the 1500s?

+The Tudors (1485-1603)

-Worked with Parliament

+

Activity: Elizabeth: The Golden AgeVideo Clips and Discussion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXCIMmpETaA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp5RBRjSAis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3Bq1h728X0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-7GoyusdtQ

+The Stuarts

James I (1603) – agreed to rule according to English laws and customs; soon was lecturing Parliament about “divine right.” Constant clash over money and

foreign policy Clashed with dissenters

(Protestants) who differed with the Church of England Ex: Puritans

+ Parliament & the Stuarts 1625: Charles I inherits throne

Behaved like an absolute monarch

1628: Petition of Right Prohibits the king from raising taxes without Parliament’s

consent or from jailing anyone without legal justification

Charles signs, dissolves Parliament the next year and for 11 years rules the nation without them.

1640: summons Parliament to suppress Scottish rebellion, they launch their own revolt

The Long Parliament 1640-1653 Its actions triggered the greatest political revolution in

English history

+The English Civil War

Between Parliament’s “Roundheads” and Charles I’s “Cavaliers”

Roundheads – led by Oliver Cromwell

Parliamentary forces eventually win around 1647

In 1649: Charles is executed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqCFSg5xSw4

Link to video clip. Charles’ execution

+The English Commonwealth

Parliament (the House of Commons), abolishes the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Church of England.

Declares England a republic, or Commonwealth, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell

Commonwealth falls apart in 1658 upon Cromwell’s death Groups in favor of monarchy

begin to gain power

+Oliver Cromwell – Monty Python Lyrics

Lyric Analysis and Discussion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2b9KahZMOKM

+Monarchy Restored

Charles II works with Parliament to repair shattered nation

Clash over wanting to restore Catholicism to England

1678: Charles dissolves Parliament and builds monarchy’s power

James II – continues to push for Catholic power and incites backlash Flees England in 1688

+Glorious Revolution

William and Mary become England’s monarchs with Parliament’s blessing

English Bill of Rights – ensures the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy

Creates a limited monarchy

+Constitutional Government Evolves

Constitutional Government: a government whose power is defined and limited by law Political Parties emerge

The Cabinet System: handful of Parliamentary advisors set policy

Office of the Prime Minister: head of cabinet

+Let’s Summarize…

+

AIM: How did the two great empires of Austria and Prussia emerge from the Thirty Years’ War and subsequent events?Do Now:Review from 9th Grade: What was the Holy Roman Empire?

+The Thirty Years’ War

A series of wars

Began in Bohemia – Ferdinand (Catholic Hapsburg King) sought to suppress Protestants and assert royal power over nobles

Defenestration of Prague -> sparked a general revolt

What began as a local conflict widened into a general European war. Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Poland,

Netherlands, Sweden

+The Thirty Years’ War

Mercenaries – soldiers for hire Burned villages,

destroyed crops, killed without mercy

Murder & torture = followed by famine and disease

Led to a severe depopulation 1/3 population in

German states loss

+The Thirty Years’ War

1648: Peace of Westphalia tried to bring about a general European peace and

settle other international problems

Outcome: France = winner Hapsburgs = lose Holy Roman Empire Netherlands and Swiss Federation become

independent states German lands divided into 360 separate states (remain

fragmented for 223 years)

+Hapsburg Austria

Austria – adds Bohemia, Hungary, parts of Poland and some Italian states to their land.

The War of Austrian Succession – Frederick II of Prussia vs. Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa: preserves empire and strengthens Hapsburg power

+Hohenzollern Prussia

Prussia emerges as a new Protestant power

Frederick William I – sets up an efficient central bureaucracy Gives Prussian nobles

positions in the army and government

Forges one of the best-trained armies in Europe

Frederick II – continues to use disciplined army, forcing all to recognize Prussia as a great power “Frederick the Great”

+Rivalry of Great Powers

1750 Great Powers – Austria, Prussia, France, Britain and Russia All formed alliances to maintain the balance of

power

Two key rivalries: France v Britain Prussia v Austria

+

Silent DiscussionSteps:1) Students travel silently around the room, choosing one of the issues to respond to at a time. You then write responses silently. 2) Provide Specifics. Analyze the specific. Explain WHY you believe the particular way you do. 3) Next, students silently read the first responses to the questions and counter-respond in writing to two or three of them.4) When the silent response time is completed, time can be used to read the responses out loud, to elaborate orally on any of the issues that cannot remain silenced and/or to evaluate the experience.

+Let’s Summarize…

+

AIM: How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great strengthen Russia and expand its territory?Do Now: Review from 9th Grade*What do we already know about Russia by the start of the 1500s?

+

Influences on Early

Russia

Vikings

Byzantines

Mongols

+The Ivans

Ivan the Great (III) – 1462-1505 Driving force behind

Moscow’s successes Limit power of boyars (great

landowning nobles) Took title of czar “Caesar”

Ivan the Terrible (IV) – 1550-1584 Centralized royal power Kept feudalism/manor

system Completely unstable

+Peter the Great

1697 – Journeyed to the West

Policy of westernization: the adoption of western ideas, technology and culture.

Became the most autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs Strengthen the military Expand Russian borders Centralize royal power

+Expansion Under Peter

Search for a warm-water port

War with Sweden

St. Petersburg

Toward the Pacific

+Legacy of Peter the Great?

Does he deserve the moniker ‘the great’?

+Catherine the Great

A German princess – marries Czar Peter III An efficient ruler Ruthless absolute

monarch Partition (division)

of Poland

+Peter I

1. Read biography of Peter the Great2. Independently answer question #13. Discuss #1 with a small group4. With a partner, create a speech

pretending you are Peter the Great

+Let’s Summarize…