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Antenna Basics and Design of High Efficiency Planar Antennas -Fundamentals of Recent Millimeter-Wave and Mircowave Antenna Technologies-
Makoto ANDO and Jiro HIROKAWA
152-8552 2-12-1 Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology
2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
E-mail: {mando, jiro}@antenna.ee.titech.ac.jp
Abstract This seminar presents the basics for antenna technologies in millimeter-wave bands such as Friis transmission formula for line-of-sight free-space propagation and the loss of feed lines in array antennas. The design of series-fed reflection-canceling non-resonant slot arrays is discussed, where the amplitude and the phase are controlled easily by the slot length and the spacing. Technologies such as the post-wall waveguide and the diffusion bonding of laminated thin metal plates are demonstrated for realizing low-loss millimeter waveguides.
1.
IP
2. 2.1.
1 r
tP
tG
ph rS
rP
24t
r t p rPP G Sr
hp
= (1)
: Gt
: Gr
: Pt : Pr: r
tp rp
: Sr
1 G
r p
24t
pGP rp
= (2)
r
24t
tP Grp
ph tp
rp
p t rh = p p (3)
v =p x
h =p y+z
( ) 2r j= -p x y
( ) 2l j= +p x y
(a)
G eS
24
eG Sp
l= (4)
l(4)(1)
2 14r t t r p t t r p p
P PG G PG Gr L
lh hp
= =
(5)
pL r 2
60GHz l =5mm
r=1m=1000mm pL 68dB 10
pL 20dB
2.2.
tP iP
mh rh
r i m rP Ph h= (6)
mh G
21mh G= - (7)
rh
G D
m rG Dh h= (8)
D
S ah
24
aD Sph
l= (9)
ah
1ah =
(9)(8)
24
m r aG Sph h h
l= (10)
SG
mh rh ah
1
2.3. S G
d
zq
x
y
f
2 ()
2 z dN
( ) ( ) ( ), , expn
nF g a jnuq f q f= (11)
( ),g q f na n
u 0 cosu k d q=
0k 2p l
(k) ( ),g q f
(k)
N
3dB
11.3912 cos
2 Ndp l
p- -
( dp l ) 2 dN
l
N dp l [1]
a
bx
y
3 (4 )
3 4 x n y m
nma
( ),E q f
( ) ( ){ }, expnmn m
E u v a j nu mv= + (12)
0 sin cosu k a q f= 0 sin sinv k b q f=
nma nm n ma a a=
x() na y
() ma
(l) ( ) ( ) ( ), exp expn m
n mE u v a jnu a jmv= (13)
2
2.4. 4
3 4
4
Loss
[dB
]
Thickness [mm]
Dielectric Loss
Radiation Loss
Waveguide
CondutorLoss
MicrostripTriplate
4
tand
( )' " ' 1 tanr r r rj je e e e d= - = - (14)
g tand 1
0 0 01' ' tan2r r r
j j k j k kg a b e e e d= + = @ + (15)
da
01 ' tan2d r
ka e d@ (16)
tand
s
sZ
s we
12s s s
j jZ R jXj
wm wms we s
+= + = @
+ (17)
sR
12s
R wms ds
@ = (18)
d
2dwms
= (19)
d 1/e(=-8.68dB)
3d 5d
75.76 10
60GHz d=0.27mm
P lP P
( )2 20 02 2z zl PP P e P e Pz z a aa a- -
= - = - = =
(20)
a 2
*
21 12 2 2
sl R dlPP d
a = =
H
E H s (21)
()
0.127mm 2.20 (50W) 90 T () Emsemble(ver.5) 0.09dB -30dB 0.127mm 2.20tand=0.006
18mm 0.38mm 75.76 10s =
60GHz 0.037dB/cm 0.209dB/cm [2] 85% 3.76mm
1.88mm 75.76 10s =
60GHz 0.015dB/cm [2] 6%
2.5. 5
2 1
l 1 (=) 4 (=6dB)
6dB
(a)
(b)
5
3.
[3] 1 2
(i)
(ii) (iii) (iv)
3.1. 6
22
[3]
2 1
2#1
#2 1l 2l d 2l
1l d
2
31S 31S 21S
l1
l2d
1
2
3
6
3.2. 2 N n
na ( )E u
( ) ( )expn
nE u a jnu= (22)
u 0 cosu k d q= ( )E u up p-
1na =
( )1n -
1 u
Woodward-Lawson [4](v)
u nu n Np=
nu u=
3.3. n
( )231S n
( )2
231
2
nN
ii n
aS n
a=
=
(23)
( )231S n 3.1 ( )1l n
( )2l n ( )d n ( )31S n ()
( )21S n ()
7 n n+1
( )s n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )31 21 31360 360 1g
s nS n S n S n
l - = - + + (24)
gl
s(n)
S21(n)
S31(n) S31(n+1)
7
3.4.
4. 4.1. 8
2 1997 [5][6] laminated waveguide[7] substrate integrated waveguide[8]
ParallelPlates
PostDielectric
2.625mm
0.762mm
0.30mm
0.60mm
er=2.17
s=5.76x107
s=5.76x107 tand=0.00085
8
9 76.5GHz
a 0.762mm
re 00.286 rl e
0l
00.5 rl e
0.17dB/cm 9 2/3
-0.16-0.14-0.12-0.1
-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.02
0
6 7 8 9 10 11Length(mm)
Dielectric
Plates
Post
9
10
[9]
10
Slot a rray4-way Butlermatrix
HybridCross
couplerPhaseshifter
Hole
#1#2#3#4
10
4.2.
[5]61.25GHz 2080mm 2133dBi 6055%[10] PTFE
11 [11] 3 (i) 12 0.6mm 2.6tand=0.0008 h
h=0.3mm 75% 14% 38%(ii)
12 h=0.3mm 1.5 30%(iii)
11
12
PTFE 0.9mm 0.4mm 45mm LTCC
LTCC RF LTCC 5
4.3.
[12] 13 [13][14] 94GHz
3 WR10
25GHz
T 1.0mm
T
g0 .5lT-junction
Input Port RadiatingWaveguide
FeedWaveguid e
Waveguide (1.0mm)Slotted Pla te (0.3mm)
Base(5.0mm) 3.5mm ( WR10)1.5mm (feed aperture)
(a) overall view
(b) cross-section view 13
18x18 6055mm 14 HFSS 2.12dB 0.34dB 93.7GHz 31.4dB 60%93.7GHz 14dB 69%
0.8dB
90 92 94 96 98
26
28
30
32
34
Fre quency (GHz)
Gai
n (d
Bi)
90%
70%80%
Gain (S US304) Gain (Copper)
50%40%30%
H FSS (PEC) H FSS (SU S304) H FSS (c opper)
14
4.4. CMOS CMOS
CMOS () 10mm
4 60GHz 15 HFSS lumped port()
10mm 400mm 16 (10 mm)-13dB
200 mm
Si(e r=11.9 , tan d=0.005)
coppe r(s=20106 or S/m )
resin(er=3 , tan d= 0.01 or 0)
dipole antennalumped port(50 W)
5mm5mm
1mm10 400 mm
15
100 200 300 400-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Rad
iatio
n ef
ficie
ncy[
dB]
Thickness of the re sin layer [mm]
dipoleloop
cavity-backed slot
slot
16
14
5.
RF
[1] C.A.Balanis:Antenna Theory, 6 , Wiley, 2005 [2] R.E.Collin, Foundations for Mircrowave Engineering, 2
, 3 Mc-Graw Hill, 1992 [3] J.Hirokawa, M.Ando and N.Goto, Waveguide-Fed Parallel
Plate Slot Array Antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.40, no.2, pp.218-223, Feb.1992.
[4] P. M. Woodward and J. D. Lawson, The Theoretical Precision with which an Arbitrary Radiation Pattern may be Obtained from a Source with Finite Size, Proc. IEE, pt. 3, vol. 95, pp. 363370, 1948.
[5] Single-Layer Feed Waveguide to Excite Plane TEM Wave for Parallel Plate Slot Array AntennasAP97-311997-5.
[6] J. Hirokawa and M. Ando, Single-Layer Feed Waveguide consisting of Posts for Plane TEM Wave Excitation in Parallel Plates, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.46, no.5, pp.625-630, May 1998.
[7] H.Uchimura, T.Takenoshita and M.Fujii, Development of a Laminated Waveguide, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. vol.46, no.12, pp. 2438-2443, Dec. 1998.
[8] D.Deslandes and K.Wu, Integrated Microstrip and Rectangular Waveguide in Planar Form, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., vol.11, no.2, pp.6870, Feb. 2001.
[9] S.Yamamoto, J.Hirokawa and M.Ando, A Half-Sized Post-Wall Short-Slot Directional Coupler with Hollow Rectangular Holes in a Dielectric Substrate, IEICE Trans. Electron., vol.88, no.7, pp.1387-1394, Jul. 2005.
[10] T.Kai, Doctoral Dissertation, Chap.4 Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2006.
[11] M.Samardzija, J.Hirokawa and M.Ando, Dominant Quasi-TEM Mode Generator for Thin Oversized Dielectric-Coated Rectangular Waveguide, 2007 IEEE AP-S Intl. Symp., 327-8, Jun.2007.
[12] 94GHz , AP2008-35, 2008-6.
[13] AP88-39, 1988-7.
[14] , AP89-3, 1989-4.