© Boardworks Ltd 20061 of 37 Drugs © Boardworks Ltd 2006 1 of 37 These icons indicate that teacher’s notes or useful web addresses are available in the

© Boardworks Ltd 20061 of 37

Drugs


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KS4 Physical Education


Learning objectives

What we will learn in this presentation:

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What drugs are and why people use them

Socially acceptable drugs: the effects of tobacco and alcohol

Performance-enhancing drugs: the effects of stimulants, narcotic analgesics, diuretics, beta blockers and anabolic agents.

Drugs

Hygiene

The importance of cleanliness and hygiene

Identifying, preventing and treating athlete’s foot and verrucae.


Drugs

A drug is a chemical substance that affects the way the body works.

Sportspeople may take drugs to improve their performance. Some drugs are allowed, some are not.

Illegal drug use is known as doping.

Generally, drugs are developed for medical use.

All drugs are dangerous when misused.


Reasons for taking drugs


Types of drugs


Socially acceptable drugs

The two most important drugs that are considered to be socially acceptable are:

Alcohol

Tobacco (nicotine)

Nicotine is a legal drug, though it is slowly becoming less socially acceptable. Nicotine raises the heart rate and blood pressure.

Alcohol is socially acceptable in most sections of society. However it is banned in many sports for safety reasons – it acts as a sedative, slowing reactions and impairing judgement.


Smoking – what’s in a cigarette?



Nicotine is a mild poison. It makes your blood pressure and heart rate rise – this can make new smokers dizzy. It is highly addictive, which is why it is difficult to give up smoking.

Tar is a mixture of chemicals (formaldehyde, arsenic and cyanide to name a few). When cigarette smoke is inhaled, tar is left behind in the lungs. It causes many serious diseases.

healthy lungs smoker’s lungs



Carbon monoxide is an odourless, tasteless, poisonous gas.

It bonds with red blood cells in the same way that oxygen does, except that the bond is permanent. Blood cells carrying carbon monoxide can no longer transport oxygen, therefore reducing the amount of oxygen the blood can carry.

Up to 15% of a smoker's blood may be carrying carbon monoxide instead of oxygen. This means the heart has to work harder, putting strain on it and causing circulation problems.

It also makes smokers tired and breathless, reducing cardiovascular endurance.

Smokers tend to be at a disadvantage in sports that require an efficient and healthy cardio-respiratory system.


No Smoking Day

Concerns over the health effects of smoking led to the first No Smoking Day being held in 1984. No Smoking Day has been held annually ever since and has helped over one million people stop smoking for good.

www.nosmokingday.org.uk.For more information visit

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Alcohol

All alcoholic drinks contain a chemical called ethanol. This is what makes people ‘drunk’.

It doesn’t do much harm in small quantities, however larger quantities are dangerous.

Alcohol puts strain on your body, making you unwell – that’s why heavy drinkers may be sick and later suffer from a ‘hangover’.

However, alcohol also has more serious effects, both short- and long-term.


Alcohol – immediate effects

Immediate effects:

you relax and feel good

dizziness and poor balance

impaired judgement – you do and say things you normally wouldn’t

trouble controlling how you move (poor coordination)

slow reactions

blurred vision

impaired speech

aggressive behaviour

vomiting.

How do you think drinking alcohol before sport affects

performance?

Think about a range of different activities.


Alcohol – immediate effects

As well as impairing physical and mental abilities, alcohol causes the blood vessels of the skin to dilate, so body heat is lost and blood is diverted from the muscles.

Glucose is also excreted, lowering the levels of glycogen in the muscles. Drinking makes people feel tired and lethargic.

After drinking, some performers may lose their drive to train and perform.

Alcohol is a diuretic, so it causes dehydration. This is why people often get a headache. The extra urination also robs the body of essential minerals like magnesium and potassium. This can cause the heart to beat irregularly.


Alcohol – long-term effects

Drinking a lot of alcohol regularly over a period of time is likely to cause physical, emotional and social problems:

skin problemsliver and brain damagedamage to reproductive organsmemory loss / confusionheart and blood disordersstomach problemsfrequent infectionsweight gaindepressionrelationship problemsproblems with money and work.


The effects of alcohol on performance


Performance-enhancing drugs

Drugs can be used to improve performance. This could give some performers an unfair advantage and undermine the integrity of sport.

Sports governing bodies produce lists of banned substances, so that it is clear to both performers and coaches which substances they must avoid while training and competing.

The IOC (International Olympic Committee) has identified five classes of banned substances:

Stimulants

Opioid (or narcotic) analgesicsAnabolic agents

Diuretics

Peptide hormones, mimetics and analogues


Stimulants

Stimulants excite the nervous system and raise the heart rate.

They improve the reactions of a performer. Users usually feel more alert and display increased confidence in their level of ability.

Performers using stimulants can work for longer periods without feeling tired. This means that they can both train harder and perform better on the day.

Here are some common stimulants:

Caffeine (not prohibited)

Cocaine

Ephedrine

Mefenorex

Fenetylline

Norfenfluramine


Stimulants – side effects

Heavy usage can lead to high blood pressure, liver and brain damage.

They can cause irritability and aggressive behaviour.

Insomnia

Irregular pulse

A performer may feel low or depressed after the initial effects have worn off.

Sensory feelings can be suppressed.

Stimulants can have some nasty side effects:

Do you think that the side effects are worth risking to get the performance benefits of using stimulants?


Narcotic analgesics

Analgesics are pain killers.

Narcotics cause delirium and drowsiness.

Narcotic analgesics do both. They are sometimes referred to as opioids because they often contain opium derivatives.

These drugs are used by performers to suppress pain and enable them to carry on, even with an injury.The following are types of narcotic analgesics:

Morphine

Heroin

Codeine

Hydrocodone

Oxycodone

Fentanyl


Narcotic analgesics – side effects

Narcotic analgesics can have the following side effects:Narcotic analgesics are highly addictive – they are illegal in many countries unless administered by a doctor.The withdrawal symptoms are very unpleasant.Users may find it more difficult to concentrate.They lead to reduced coordination and poor balance.Pain is suppressed, causing performers can make injuries worse without realizing.They can cause mental apathy and lack of motivation.Narcotic analgesics can cause constipation.They can cause low blood pressure.


Diuretics

Diuretics increase the amount of water passed out of the body as urine.

Performers sometimes use them to reduce their body weight very quickly before a competition.

Diuretics can also be used as a masking agent – they flush out traces of banned substances in the body so that they don’t show up on doping tests.

Examples of diuretics include:

Frusemide

Probenecid

Acetazolamide

Indapamide

Some jockeys use diuretics to keep their weight down.


Diuretics – side effects

muscle weakness and cramps

heart damage

rashes

loss of sodium and potassium salts

dizziness and nausea

kidney problems.

Diuretics cause the body to rapidly lose water, so many of the side effects are the same as the symptoms of dehydration. They include:

Can diuretics really be described as ‘performance-enhancing’?


Beta blockers

Beta blockers block the action of adrenaline. They slow the heart rate and breathing rate and suppress feelings of anxiety and nervous tension.

They are used legitimately to treat people with heart disease and high blood pressure.

They can be illegally used by performers in some sports to calm their nerves and steady their hands.

Examples include:

Acebutolol

Propranolol

Betaxolol

Sotalol


Beta blockers – side effects

The side effects of beta blockers include:

poor performance in prolonged events

depression

insomnia

drowsiness.

Beta blockers are prohibited in snooker.


Anabolic steroids

Anabolic agents (steroids) are the most commonly used performance-enhancing drugs. They are hormones which help build and repair muscle and bone.

Anabolic agents occur naturally in the body.

Nandrolone

Clenbuterol

Stanozol

Testosterone.

However, they are also made artificially and can be used by performers to illegally improve their performance.

Examples include:


Anabolic steroids – side effects

The side effects of anabolic steroids are serious:

heart disease, which can be fatal

high blood pressure

bone, tendon and ligament weakness

severe liver disorders

aggressive behaviour

facial hair growth and deepening of the voice in women.

Why do you think that performers still take anabolic steroids despite the side effects?







For further information on all types of performance enhancing drugs visit:

The 100% ME programme encourages athletes to believe that they don't need to use prohibited substances or methods to succeed in sport. For further information visit:

WORLDANTI-DOPINGAGENCY

100% ME

uk sport


Exam-style questions

1. Richard plays doubles at his tennis club. He has noticed that his partner is often short of breath during long rallies despite being fit.

a) Richard thinks this is to do with his partner’s regular smoking. Why might smoking affect performance in this way.

b) Richard sometimes drinks alcohol before playing if the game is not important. Describe how the alcohol may affect his performance.


Exam-style questions

2. Elite performers in a variety of sports are tempted into taking performance enhancing drugs.

Anabolic steroids are a type of banned performance enhancing drug.

Narcotic analgesics are also banned.

a) What physical advantages would a performer gain from taking anabolic steroids?

b) What types of sport would this kind of drug give the greatest advantage in?

c) Why might an athlete take this type of drug?

d) Why are narcotic analgesics thought to be potentially harmful to athletes?


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Hygiene

Hygiene

KS4 Physical Education


Cleanliness and hygiene

discomfort

embarrassment

infections

Maintaining personal hygiene and the cleanliness of sports clothing is really important.

It prevents:

Showering and wearing clean clothes after exercising will prevent embarrassing body odour and itchy skin rashes.

Changing into fresh socks is especially important because feet are susceptible to nasty infections including athlete’s foot and verrucae. These are uncomfortable and can impair your sporting performance.


Athlete’s foot and verrucae

Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) is a common skin condition which causes the skin of the feet to become itchy, dry and cracked, especially between the toes.

It is caused by a fungus which feeds upon dead skin and thrives in warm, dark, moist places, like sweaty trainers.

Verrucae (or verruca singular) are warts on the soles of the feet.

They are caused by the human papilloma virus which forms painful, ‘cauliflower’-shaped lumps.



Athlete’s foot and verrucae are both highly contagious.

They are caught through:

skin-to-skin contact

walking barefoot in damp areas

sharing shoes, towels or socks.

Athlete’s foot can be treated with medicated powders, creams and sprays.

Verrucae can be treated by applying a wart gel or they can be frozen off by a doctor using liquid nitrogen.

Treatment



Alternate your shoes to let them air.

Wear flip-flops in changing rooms.

Do not share towels, socks or shoes.

Avoid cutting or scratching your feet.

People with verrucae should wear rubber verrucae socks when swimming.

Both conditions can easily be prevented by taking simple precautions:

Wash feet daily with soap and water.

Dry between your toes with a clean towel.

Avoid non-breathable footwear.

Wear clean cotton socks.


Activity

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© Boardworks Ltd 20061 of 37 Drugs © Boardworks Ltd 2006 1 of 37 These icons indicate that teacher’s notes or useful web addresses are available in the