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√. √. / f nAl dZi /. / t /. [/]. [t˘]. [tH]. [t]. Sets. /water/. [ice]. [steam]. [water]. Sets. /water/. Prototype. [ice]. [steam]. [water]. /t/ & [t] phones, phonemes, allophones. / t /. [/]. [t˘]. [tH]. [t]. Phonemic - phonetic. / p√k /. [pH√k | ]. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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English 306A; Harris
/t/
[t][t˘][/][tH]
/f nAl dZi/√ √
English 306A; Harris
Sets
/water/
[water][steam][ice]
English 306A; Harris
Sets
/water/
[water][steam][ice]
Prototype
English 306A; Harris
/t/
[t][t˘][/][tH]
/t/ & [t]phones, phonemes, allophones
English 306A; Harris
Phonemic - phonetic
[pH√k|]/p√k/
English 306A; Harris
/t/[t]
[t˘][t|]
[tH]
Phone, phoneme, allophone
[/]
[R]=
English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
Phone: a speech soundPhoneme: set of related speech soundsAllophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme)
[tH]/t/
English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
PhoneA noise systematically exploited by
communities of language users to construct signifiers
A concrete thing, not an abstract thingLanguage independentWatch for the brackets
[tH]
English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
PhonemeA mental entity, not an acoustic entityAn abstract notion, not a concrete notionLanguage dependentWatch for the slashes
/t/
English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
PhonemeRepresented by one of the allophones (the least predictable, most basic one), but not pronounceableA critical diagnostic: the minimal pair
pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil
English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
AllophoneDoes not make sense except in terms
of some specific phonemeThere is no such thing as “an
allophone”, only “an allophone of some phoneme”
It is defined by its relationship to aphoneme
[tH]/t/
English 306A; Harris
English
Phone, phoneme, allophone
Allophone[tH] is not “an allophone”, it is “an
allophone of /t/ (in English)”
[tH]/t/
English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
AllophoneA phone can be an allophone of more
than one phoneme (in a given language).
[R]/t/ /d/
English
English 306A; Harris
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
[R], [d], [D]
SpanishEnglish
English 306A; Harris
Phoneme*: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
[R], [d], [D]
* Phonemicdistinctions
English 306A; Harris
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone*: hard to hear
* Allophonesof the samephoneme
[R], [d], [D]
English 306A; Harris
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
English Spanishsoda [soR´] toro [toRo]
dough [do] donde [dAnde]
though [Do] todos [toDos]
English 306A; Harris
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
English Spanisheasy hard easy hard[d] vs [D]
[d] vs [R]
[d] vs [R]
[d] vs [D]
[R] vs [D]
[D] vs [R]
English 306A; Harris
English Spanish
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
/D/ [D]
[R] [d]/d/ [D] [d]/d/
[R] [r]/r/
English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
AllophoneA phone can be an allophone of different
phonemes in different languages.
[R]
/t/, /d/ /r/
[D]
/D/ /d/English Spanish English Spanish
English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
AllophoneA critical diagnostic: complementary distributionPhonetic similarity + mutually exclusive neighborhoods
[pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|]
English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Allophonic patternsThe same alternations with classes of related sounds
Phonological rulesExpressions in a formal notation for describing (‘predicting’) such alterations
[pHIl] [tHIl] [kHIl
X Y ⁄ W Z
English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Allophonic patternsThe same alternations with classes of related sounds
[tHIl] [stIl] [lIt|][pHIl] [spIl]
[lIp|]
[kHIl] [skIl] [lIk|]
English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
PhonesVoiceless stops
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
PhonesVoiceless stops
PhonemesVoiceless stops
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/
English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Allophones
PhonemesVoiceless stops
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/
and phonesand voiceless stops
English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Phonological rules
X Y ⁄ W Z
Express allophonic regularities
Have the form:
English 306A; Harris
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English
+stop-voice
+syllabic+stress +aspirated /
English 306A; Harris
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English
+stop-voice -release ⁄ #
English 306A; Harris
??? ???? ⁄ ??? ???
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English
English 306A; Harris
Phonological Rules: classes of sounds
/ p / [ph] / V
/ t / [th] / V
/ k / [kh] / V
+stop-voice
+syllabic+stress +aspirated /
English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Some English rules
Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings of stressed syllables
Stops (voiced and voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words
[+stop] [-released] ⁄ #
-voice+stop [+aspirated] / +syllabic
+stress
English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gon)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
Complementary distribution
English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gon)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
[+syllabic]
English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
[+nasal]
English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
⁄ [+nasal]
English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
[+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: English
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad)[gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God)[bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib)
Complementary distribution
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad)[gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God)[bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: English
What’s the rule?
[+syllabic] [+long] ⁄ [+voice]
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad)[gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God)[bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib)
English 306A; Harris
[Q], [Q˘], [Q‚][A], [A˘], [A‚][E], [E˘], [E‚]
[√], [√], [√][I], [I˘], [I‚]etc.
English vowel allophones
˘ ˜
English 306A; Harris
[Q], [Q˘], [Q‚][A], [A˘], [A‚][E], [E˘], [E‚]
[√], [√], [√][I], [I˘], [I‚]etc.
i.e., V, V:, V
/V/ [V:] / [+voice]
[V] / [+nasal]
[V] / elsewhere
˜
English vowel allophones
˜
˘ ˜
English 306A; Harris
/V/ [V:] / [+voice][V] / [+nasal]
[V] / elsewhere
˜
English vowel allophones
[+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]
[+syllabic] [+long] ⁄ [+voice]
English 306A; Harris
Nasalization: Scots Gaelic
[mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about)[ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud)[fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF]
(wet)
Complementary distribution
English 306A; Harris
[bQ‚˘n] (ban) [mu)] (about)[gA‚˘n] (gone) [ne)˘l] (cloud)
Nasalization
English Scots GaelicRegressive
Progressive
English 306A; Harris
Nasalization: Scots Gaelic
[+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]
What’s the rrrrrrrule?
[mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about)[ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud)[fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF]
(wet)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
Minimal pairs
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
i.e., V, V:/V/, /V:/
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
i.e., V, V:/V/, /V:/
What’s the rule?
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
None!There is no allophonic
variation in the data.
What’s the rule?
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
English 306A; Harris
Aspiration: Khmer
[pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also)[tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated)[kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)
English 306A; Harris
Aspiration: Khmer
Minimal pairs
[pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also)[tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated)[kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)
English 306A; Harris
Aspiration: Khmer
Minimal pairs
/p/, /pH//t/, /tH//k/, /kH/
[pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also)[tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated)[kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)
English 306A; Harris
(Phones), Allophones, PhonemesMinimal pairsComplementary distributionPhonological processes/rules
/f nAl dZi/√ √