Pass4sure.BCABA.272 - GRATIS EXAM · 2015. 3. 25. · Pass4sure.BCABA.272.QA Number : BCABA Passing Score : 800 Time Limit : 120 min File Version : 6.1 There is a

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Pass4sure.BCABA.272.QA

Number: BCABAPassing Score: 800Time Limit: 120 minFile Version: 6.1


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Sections1. Volume A2. Volume B3. Volume C


Exam A

QUESTION 1Billy, a 20-year-old male, has the capacity to give consent for treatment. The behavior analyst hasdeveloped a program and explained it to Billy. Procedures, benefits, rights, and other information also wereshown to him. The one element still needed for informed consent is approval from

A. Billy.B. clinical review committee.C. human rights committee.D. Billy's parents.

Correct Answer: ASection: Volume AExplanation

Explanation/Reference:

QUESTION 2From an ethical standpoint, target behaviors and program goals should be selected

A. by service providers and staff members who are knowledgeable of the consumer's needs.B. by the consumer or their representative in consultation with an interdisciplinary team.C. so that they ultimately facilitate transition to independent living.D. that most closely adhere to the standards of the community.

Correct Answer: BSection: Volume AExplanation


QUESTION 3Fred does not follow some of the directives imposed by the direct care staff. A behavior analyst has beenasked to put a program in place that will get Fred to comply with all directives. The behavior analyst shouldFIRST

A. differentiate between compliance rates across different directives.B. request that staff provide a ratio of compliant behaviors to noncompliant ones.C. determine a list of potential reinforcers for the behavior program.D. consider the ethical implications of training Fred to comply with all directives.

Correct Answer: DSection: Volume AExplanation

Explanation/Reference:Updated.

QUESTION 4A behavior analyst specializing in developmental disabilities is informed by a cousin at a family gatheringthat their 2-year-old child has just received a diagnosis of autism and severe intellectual disability. Thecousin asks the behavior analyst for advice. Which statement BEST conforms to the ethical andprofessional standards for behavior analysts?



A. It would be unprofessional and unethical for the behavior analyst to advise a relative.B. The behavior analyst can consult with their cousin, but only on an informal basis once the cousin hires

their own behavior analyst.C. Early intensive behavioral intervention may suit the child and family. The behavior analyst should

suggest some people for the cousin to contact.D. Tell the cousin that the child will benefit from behavioral intervention with the impact of the intervention

depending on the specific treatment that is implemented.

Correct Answer: CSection: Volume AExplanation


QUESTION 5From an ethical standpoint, which source provides the MOST appropriate information for justifyingimplementation of a program to change a person's behavior?

A. daily reports from the direct care staff who work with the person routinelyB. graphed data from the program staff who observe the person regularlyC. written recommendations from the medical staff who treat the person on a regular basisD. written requests from the administrative staff who are ultimately responsible for the person's care



QUESTION 6A behavior analyst develops a program that decreases a baby's crying when her diaper is soiled. This is anexample of

A. development of a procedure to decrease maladaptive behaviors.B. differential reinforcement of alternative responses.C. extinction.D. misuse of a practitioner's ability to control behavior.



QUESTION 7A behavior analyst is asked to review a point system to be used in an elementary school. According to theprogram, participation in extracurricular activities such as sports or choir is contingent upon earning "goodcitizen" points. "Good citizen" behaviors are clearly defined. Ethical standards should lead the behavior


analyst to recommend which of the following with regard to earning extracurricular activities?

A. Implement the contingency as designed.B. Modify the contingency to include points earned for academic performance.C. Obtain the consent of the students' parents.D. Require points to be earned outside the classroom.



QUESTION 8After collecting baseline data and verifying the hypothesis, which of the following is the BEST approach touse when selecting behavior change procedures?

A. Ask professionals in the individual's environment to list procedures to address the unique circumstancesinvolved.

B. Use a procedure that has previously been found to be socially valid based on staff evaluations.C. Limit selection to behavior change procedures that are consistent with those documented in the

behavioral literature.D. Review all journals containing procedures that may apply to the behavior targeted for change.



QUESTION 9Which statement is an example of "philosophic doubt"?

A. Attention is the most powerful reinforcer for most clients so it will probably work with Freddie.B. I have many reservations about using the principles of behavior in designing treatment programs.C. I really do not think that food functions as a reinforcer for Linda since she often misses meals.D. Past research has shown that verbal behavior training is effective but this could change when new

research is conducted.



QUESTION 10Which is NOT true of determinism?

A. Science is based on determinism.B. Determinism is in contrast to empiricism.C. All science is predicated on determinism.D. The universe is orderly and follows universal laws.




QUESTION 11What is the reinforcing consequence in "I itch, therefore I scratch?"

A. automatic positive reinforcementB. automatic negative reinforcementC. proprioceptive positive reinforcementD. proprioceptive negative reinforcement



QUESTION 12Which is NOT a characteristic of applied behavior analysis?

A. describing behavior in a way that can be objectively measuredB. precisely describing procedures and the rationales for using themC. an emphasis on the current function of the behavior in questionD. reliably determining the variables that initially caused the behavior



QUESTION 13One of the properties of behavior is

A. size.B. effectiveness.C. repeatability.D. universality.



QUESTION 14Sue consults with her supervisor to be certain her procedures are conceptually systematic. Conceptuallysystematic procedures are

A. based on empirical evidence of their effectiveness.B. derived from experimental analysis of similar behavior in the field.C. identifiers of functional relations between a behavioral dimension and an environmental event.D. linked to and described in terms of the basic principles of behavior.

Correct Answer: D


Section: Volume AExplanation


QUESTION 15Three boys with autism, ages 710 years old, served as participants in a study. During baseline, staff usedresponse blocking when five instances of aggression or head-banging occurred within 10 seconds, untilattempts ceased for 1 minute. During baseline and treatment, each occurrence of aggression and head-banging was recorded daily and converted to the number of responses per hour. Treatment comprised adifferential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) schedule coupled with response blocking afterevery head-banging or aggression. The staff initially applied the treatment to head- banging, whilecontinuing to take a baseline on aggression. After noting treatment effects on head- banging, the staff thenapplied the treatment to aggression.What is the independent variable?

A. DRI schedule with instruction on the incompatible behaviorB. DRI schedule and response blockingC. rate of the incompatible behaviorD. number of head-bangs and aggressions per hour



QUESTION 16In the past, Parnelli consistently drove at high speeds on city streets. However, he was pulled over and hadto immediately pay a very expensive fine. Afterward, Parnelli very seldom drove at high rates of speed.Which of the following might account for the effect of the lost money resulting from paying the fine?

A. negative punishmentB. negative reinforcementC. positive punishmentD. escape conditioning



QUESTION 17Patrick is participating in a toilet training program. For the first several sessions his trainer, Moira, promptedhim to go to the toilet and she delivered edibles and praise each time he correctly voided. Eventually, Moirawas able to fade prompts as Patrick began to go to the toilet and void independently.Which of the following BEST describes this process?

A. establishing operationB. negative reinforcementC. shifting from respondent to operant behaviorD. transfer of stimulus control




QUESTION 18Fiona cannot independently open her lunchbox. It is lunch time. The teacher closes the latch on Fiona'slunchbox and places it in front of Fiona. The teacher has manipulated the

A. consequence.B. establishing operation.C. contingency.D. prompt.



QUESTION 19The dependency between a response and the stimuli that precede and follow it is referred to as a

A. behavior chain.B. behavioral correlation.C. contingency.D. functional response class.



QUESTION 20A functional relationship is said to exist when two events

A. are similar in content.B. consistently co-vary.C. occur at the same rate.D. occur simultaneously.



QUESTION 21Larry engages in self-injurious behavior which is maintained by automatic reinforcement. This behaviorresults in abrasions on both of his arms as a result of intense scratching. The behavior analyst decides tohave Larry only wear long sleeved shirts as an initial effort to reduce the behavior. This is an example ofwhich type of procedure?

A. extinctionB. deprivationC. punishmentD. differential reinforcement




QUESTION 22A person engages in target behaviors in environments different from the original training environment.This is a demonstration of

A. stimulus generalization.B. response generalization.C. stimulus discrimination.D. response induction.



QUESTION 23Terry notices that his heart rate increases and he begins to sweat when he enters the dentist's officebecause the office is associated with painful, unpleasant dental work. He also is reluctant to makeappointments and seems to want to do anything else but go to the dentist. His physical symptoms are anexample oF.

A. operant behavior.B. respondent behavior.C. escape conditioning.D. aversive conditioning.



QUESTION 24The defining feature of operant conditioning, as contrasted with respondent conditioning, is that theprobability of behavior in operant conditioning is changed because of

A. changes in consequences.B. conditioning history.C. environmental changes.D. stimulus pairing.



QUESTION 25Echoic behavior is controlled by a



A. non-verbal stimulus, the response matches that stimulus, and reinforcer is specific.B. verbal stimulus, the response matches that stimulus, and reinforcer is non-specific.C. verbal stimulus, the response matches that stimulus, and reinforcer is specific.D. verbal stimulus, the response does not match that stimulus, and reinforcer is non-specific.



QUESTION 26A behavior analyst is conducting a communication training session with a child. The behavior analyst saysto the child, "Say your name." The child says, "Sarah." and the behavior analyst delivers a reinforcer. Whattype of verbal operant was the behavior analyst's statement?

A. echoicB. mandC. promptD. tact



QUESTION 27Tact behavior is controlled by a ________ stimulus. The reinforcer for tact behavior is _____.

A. non-verbal; non-specificB. non-verbal; specificC. verbal; non-specificD. verbal; specific



QUESTION 28Mr. Myers asks Susan what her favorite food is. Susan answers, "Spaghetti." This is an example of a (n):

A. autoclitic.B. intraverbal.C. mand.


D. tact.



QUESTION 29Contingency-shaped behavior is:

A. based on phylogeny, whereas rule-governed behavior is based on ontogeny.B. established as a function of relations among unconditioned stimuli, a response class, and

reinforcement.C. more resistant to extinction than rule-governed behavior.D. established as the result of a person's experience.



QUESTION 30When Katie was learning how to stir-fry vegetables, her hand brushed the side of the very hot pan and shenow refuses to make stir-fried vegetables. Her refusal is a result oF.

A. negative punishment.B. negative reinforcement.C. conditioned punishment.D. unconditioned punishment.



QUESTION 31A descriptive assessment generally includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A. development of hypotheses.B. gathering of historical information as well as current sources.C. graphic representation of data.D. manipulation of variables.



QUESTION 32Narrative recording is used to compilE.

A. data on various tasks the person can perform, such as putting on a shirt or tying shoe laces, to further


identify skills training goals.B. demographic data such as age, marital status, sex, and educational experience and to identify

appropriate interventions.C. information, which can be used to set inclusion goals, concerning proximity and social contacts with

non-disabled peers in segregated settings.D. a running account of the behaviors and environmental circumstances to identify further behaviors and

related variables worthy of analysis.



QUESTION 33Reviewing written documentation of a student's life and behavior is one method used for collectinginformation when conducting A.

A. descriptive assessment.B. functional analysis.C. narrative recording.D. reinforcer assessment.



QUESTION 34The most appropriate tool for performing a behavior pattern analysis is a (n):

A. ABC form.B. daily schedule.C. narrative recording.D. scatterplot.



QUESTION 35Narrative recording indicates the following:Sequence #1:As Dad goes to change Rita's diaper, Mike screams. Dad puts Rita down, moves towards Mike, and tellshim "be quiet."Sequence #2:Mom is sitting next to Mike when the phone rings. She gets up, answers the phone, and starts talking to afriend. Mike starts screaming. Mom tells the friend good-bye and hangs up the phone. She then goes toMike and tells him to stop screaming.

Which is the MOST plausible hypothesis? Mom and Dad's behavior is most likely

A. being negatively reinforced by escape.B. being positively reinforced by attention.


C. elicited by separation anxiety.D. evoked by feelings of jealousy.



QUESTION 36Alonzo tries to run out of his classroom without permission and forcefully resists attempts to stop him.Behavioral assessment information leads to two hypotheses regarding Alonzo's behavior. The behavioranalyst decides to conduct systematic manipulations to determine functional relationships. The MOSTimportant reason to do this is to

A. convince Alonzo that running out of the classroom without permission can be dangerous.B. determine why Alonzo tried to run out of the classroom.C. increase the likelihood of selecting effective interventions.D. determine whether or not the door to classroom should be locked.



QUESTION 37A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of time-out for physical aggression. The time- outprocedure would be considered the:

A. baseline measure.B. dependent variable.C. independent variable.D. response measure.



QUESTION 38When conducting an analogue functional analysis, the condition commonly used as a control is the:

A. home condition.B. play condition.C. social attention condition.D. demand condition.



QUESTION 39


Which method is the BEST to use when presenting categorical data from a functional analysis?

A. a bar graphB. anecdotal reportC. scatter plotD. standard celeration chart



QUESTION 40What is the next step in the assessment process if data from the functional analysis do NOT support theoriginal hypothesis?

A. Base the intervention on the original hypothesis and re-assess after a time lapse.B. Design a package intervention to address all possible functions of the behavior.C. Continue to conduct the functional assessment until the data coincides with the original hypothesis.D. Alter the hypothesis regarding the maintaining variable of the behavior based on the results of the

functional assessment.



QUESTION 41When developing a task analysis, a behavior analyst would first:

A. assess the mastery level of the individual.B. conduct a functional assessment of the target skills.C. determine the necessary component steps.D. observe the individual to collect baseline data.



QUESTION 42In general, when a behavior analyst is asked to help someone make friends, the behavior analyst shoulD.

A. avoid interfering in interpersonal relationships.B. refer the person to a counselor, social worker, or other professional.C. evaluate the current social repertoire.D. set up a social skills training program.




QUESTION 43Holly is learning to use a spoon to feed herself. Applesauce is known to function as a reinforcer. Herteacher has selected the following objective for Holly: "Given a spoon and a 3-ounce dish of applesauce,Holly will independently scoop the applesauce to her mouth." This objective is incomplete.Which component is missing?

A. antecedent stimulusB. consequence conditionC. prerequisite skill criteriaD. standard of performance



QUESTION 44Speed, magnitude, durability and generality of effect are some of the MOST important

A. dimensions of behavior that lend themselves to quantification more readily than others.B. variables that are overlooked by other social sciences in solving problems.C. variables to consider when selecting reinforcers and punishers.D. components of treatment packages used in treating the most severe behavior problems.



QUESTION 45Jim's teacher has taught him to say, "Hello, how are you?" and when he does this, she delivers praise. NowJim says this whenever he meets anyone, and some people say,

"Fine, how are you?" What is the natural consequence for Jim's behavior?

A. increased number of friendsB. continuous reinforcementC. improved social repertoire for JimD. the responses of the people he meets



QUESTION 46When shopping with her dad, Sally knocks items off the shelf, especially canned goods. The cans make aloud noise when they hit the floor. Her dad decides to teach her an alternative behavior.

What alternative behavior is the BEST choice to teach?

A. Sally pushes the shopping cart with both hands.


B. Sally drops items into the cart when her dad gives them to her.C. Sally keeps her hands in her pockets while in the store.D. Sally holds dad's hand while shopping and gets to let go when quiet.



QUESTION 47When setting criteria for behavior change, behavior analysts attempt to implement the simplest mode ofintervention necessary to elicit the desired outcome. As such, the identified outcome criteria should be

A. applied to ecological assessments to generalize skills.B. developed prior to the identified intervention.C. initially broad in focus with subsequent reduction to a target response.D. measured independent of practice effects or reactivity.



QUESTION 48Jamie and Morgan have similar behavior challenges and similar daily schedules. A behavior analyst hasspent extensive time and effort on developing and implementing Morgan's plan, which is proving to be verysuccessful. How should the behavior analyst proceed with developing a treatment plan for Jamie?

A. Because the behaviors are topographically similar, implementing the plan designed for Morgan wouldbe appropriate as it is the least restrictive option.

B. Complete a separate functional assessment and plan for Jamie.C. Use the same plan for both, just ensure the ecological variables correspond to the student.D. Do a separate functional analysis, but the same behavior supports can be applied to both students.



QUESTION 49The use of a withdrawal design is LEAST appropriate when:

A. evaluating an intervention for severe problem behavior.B. evaluating the effects of an intervention for behavior that has multiple functions.C. extraneous variables cannot be controlled.D. multiple participants are being evaluated.




QUESTION 50When using an alternating treatments design it is important to randomly:

A. assign participants to treatment conditions.B. select participants from the population of interest.C. order treatment conditions presented during each phase.D. change each criterion level.



QUESTION 51When using a changing criterion design, the BEST demonstration of experimental control would beproduced if the:

A. criterion level is changed in equal increments.B. criterion level is changed slightly on each manipulation.C. criterion level is set well above that of the behavior.D. behavior changes concurrently with the criterion level.



QUESTION 52The PRIMARY advantage of using a multiple baseline design across subjects is that:

A. an intervention may be applied to more than one individual.B. experimental control can be demonstrated without a reversal.C. it is the most effective method for establishing functional relations.D. more individuals benefit from the effects of an intervention.



QUESTION 53Jamie frequently falls to the floor and screams at school. Preliminary behavioral assessment data indicatethat his tantrums are maintained by attention and escape from demand situations. Jamie's behavior analystwants to examine precisely how attention and escape conditions affect these behaviors. The behavioranalyst does not want to conduct the analysis in Jamie's classroom because she would not be able tocontrol for potentially important factors. Relating to this scenario, which statement is TRUE?

A. Analyses that involve experimental conditions are almost always conducted in the person's naturalenvironment.

B. The behavior analyst could conduct the analysis in a vacant classroom, but the generality of the findingsis an issue to be considered.

C. The behavior analyst should conduct detailed interviews with the teacher and school staff to determinefunctional relations.

D. Only if the analysis is conducted in Jamie's classroom can a reasonable hypothesis be generated.




QUESTION 54Carlos participated in a toothbrushing skill acquisition program. When he started the program, he neededphysical assistance to perform each step. After two weeks, he met all objectives and was able to completeeach step independently. The program involved the use of graduated guidance, praise, and tokenreinforcement. In the future, the behavior analyst would like to examine which procedures made theprogram most effective (i.e., guidance, praise, or token reinforcement). To determine this, the behavioranalyst could use a

A. component analysis.B. discriminant analysis.C. nonparametric analysis.D. parametric analysis.



QUESTION 55The behavior analyst has had good results with an intervention she designed that makes access to videogames contingent upon playing with other children. She now wants to compare the effects of differingamounts of video game access time. She should conduct a

A. changing criterion study.B. nonparametric study.C. parametric study.D. reversal study.



QUESTION 56Which of the following measures would be the MOST appropriate for reporting head banging during each 5-minute interval of work?

A. duration of head bangingB. latency from a request to the first responseC. rate of head bangingD. inter-response time




QUESTION 57A person "getting wet" in the rain is NOT considered an occurrence of behavior because "getting wet"

A. does not specify an interaction between an organism and its environment.B. can occur under only one, very specific environmental condition.C. is a hypothetical construct and cannot therefore meet the criteria for an occurrence of behavior.D. does not have social or clinical significance in a science of human behavior.



QUESTION 58The BEST definition for mouthing behavior would be any instance of LukE.

A. placing his mouth on any object for at least 5 seconds.B. placing his open mouth on a non-nutritive object or placing a non-nutritive object in his mouth.C. making contact with his mouth to any non-nutritive object.D. mouthing a non-nutritive item for 3 or more consecutive instances within a 30 second interval.



QUESTION 59Susan recorded data on a student's fidgeting behavior in the following way: She divided a 10-minuterecording period into 10-second intervals and recorded in each interval a "+" if the target behavior occurredat least once. The percentage of intervals of target behavior occurrence was about 45%. The data resultingare most likely to be an

A. accurate measure of inter-response times.B. inaccurate measure of inter-response times.C. overestimate of the occurrence of the behavior.D. underestimate of the occurrence of the behavior.



QUESTION 60A major benefit of product recording is that:

A. it is the easiest recording method.B. it is used when a behavior results in a certain tangible outcome.C. the observer does not have to be present when the behavior occurs.D. one can always determine who engaged in the behavior that led to the product that was recorded.

Correct Answer: CSection: Volume A


Explanation


QUESTION 61Observation sessions should be scheduled so that the representativeness of the data can be maximized.Considering behaviors occurring in a school setting, which of the following options is consistent with thisrecommendation?

A. Behaviors are given letter-codes that represent the complete topographical definition of the behaviors,e.g., "on-task academic behavior" is represented by "O" on the recording sheet.

B. Observations should be made only when the behavior is likely to occur most frequently during a day, forinstance, during a particular academic class.

C. Recordings of behavior during the whole school day may be needed initially to assess therepresentativeness of samples within the day.

D. Representativeness can be assured by scheduling observations in sessions of 60 minutes or more inthe morning and afternoon school schedule.



QUESTION 62Frequency would be the MOST appropriate measure for which scenario?

A. The behavior analyst wants to reduce the number of times Jack hits Jill.B. Jack wants his employees to increase the number of kits made in one hour.C. Jack's parents want him to reduce his persistent hand flapping.D. Jill wants to increase her son's compliance with room-cleaning requests.



QUESTION 63What is the MOST important measure of behavior when the goal is to decrease the number of cigarettessmoked per day?

A. duration per cigaretteB. inter-response timeC. percentageD. rate



QUESTION 64For which of the following would it be appropriate to measure duration?


A. Amy responds very slowly to instructions during her discrete trials teaching sessions.B. Ethan leaves his work station and wanders around the building.C. Sarah takes so long to begin her math assignments in class that she is never able to finish on time.D. Ryan is trying to increase the speed of his typing at the computer keyboard.



QUESTION 65Although tests have confirmed that Matthew is not deaf, his mother is worried because Matthew is veryslow to respond when she calls to him. Frequently, she has to resort to touching him before he looks at her.Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate for measuring Matthew looking when called?

A. latencyB. frequencyC. inter-response timeD. duration



QUESTION 66When determining the specified time interval to prescribe at the start of a DRO intervention, which of thefollowing dimensions of the target behavior is MOST relevant?

A. latencyB. frequencyC. durationD. inter-response time



QUESTION 67Tony is supervising a work crew at the post office. Every day, his clients are supposed to check each wastebin and empty those that contain trash. Tony takes data on the number of waste bins emptied by the crew.In order to report data in terms of percentage of occurrence Tony MUST also know:

A. that some waste bins contained trash.B. how many waste bins contained trash.C. how many waste bins were in the office.D. This behavior is not amenable to percent of occurrence reporting.




QUESTION 68Trials to criterion refers to a measure of

A. fluency.B. performance.C. rate of correct responding.D. interobserver agreement.



QUESTION 69The rehabilitation therapist wants to determine if the sensory integration sessions are helping to reduceEd's hand-slapping. What is the BEST method for recording momentary time-sampling data?

A. Fifteen-minute observation periods are divided into 3-minute intervals. Staff then record whether or nothand-slapping is occurring at the end of each 3-minute interval.

B. Twenty-minute observation periods are divided into 10-minute intervals. Staff then record whether or nothand-slapping is occurring during each 10-minute interval.

C. Thirty-minute observation periods are divided into 2-minute intervals. Staff then record whether or nothand-slapping occurs at any moment during each 2-minute interval.

D. One-hour observation periods are divided into 10-minute intervals. Staff then record whether or nothand-slapping occurs at all during each 10-minute interval.



QUESTION 70A behavior analyst is conducting research on the accuracy of a student's responding to written mathproblems based on the final answer with no scoring of intermediate calculations. Which is the BESTmethod for obtaining accurate inter-observer agreement results?

A. Researcher and observer sit together to score the student's work.B. Photocopies of the student's work are scored independently by researcher and observer.C. The student's scratch paper is scored if researcher and observer do not agree on a response.D. Researcher scores the student's work and the observer reviews the researcher's scores for accuracy.



QUESTION 71A teacher is tracking the performance of both math and spelling assignments for each of her 25 students.For feedback purposes, she wishes to display each student's percent correct for both areas using a linegraph. What would be the MOST effective and efficient way to accomplish this?


A. Prepare a large graph for spelling and a similar one for math and place on the graphs the average datafor the entire class in the two content areas.

B. Prepare a separate graph for each student and, using a unique symbol for each content area, recordthe data and connect the similar symbols to create data path lines.

C. Prepare a single large graph and display each student's data for the spelling and math areas usingunique symbols for each student and for each content area.

D. Prepare two graphs for each student, one for spelling and one for math, because there is no appropriatemethod for reporting these two content areas together on the same graph.



QUESTION 72What does this graph depict?

A. current level and data path of the response measureB. current level, data path, and stability of the response measureC. data path, average level, and variability of the response measureD. data path, trend, and variability of the response measure



QUESTION 73The response rate for this cumulative record would BEST be described as:

A. a steady state.B. increasing trend.C. decreasing trend.D. This graph is not a cumulative record.



QUESTION 74This graph BEST exemplifies:

A. clear demonstration of an effective intervention.B. a decrease in variability due to the intervention.C. a change in the level between baseline and intervention phases.D. a change in the trend between baseline and intervention phases.




QUESTION 75An experimental design that starts with a baseline phase, followed by a treatment phase, then anotherbaseline phase, and ends in the same type of treatment phase is called a (n):

A. ABA design.B. reversal design.C. multi-element design.D. multiple baseline design.



QUESTION 76Which characteristic of the response measure shown in this graph changed from baseline during theintervention phase?

A. levelB. trendC. rateD. variability



QUESTION 77Wilma argues with her coworker, who shares the same workstation. Even though Wilma and her coworkercan articulate the workplace rules, repeated instructions to cease this behavior have gone unheeded andthey are becoming enemies. What would be the MOST appropriate antecedent-based solution?

A. Instruct the coworker to stay away from Wilma.B. Give Wilma breaks away from her coworker whenever arguments begin.C. Assign Wilma to a different workstation.D. Place signs in the workstations identifying appropriate workplace behavior.



QUESTION 78To definitively identify effective reinforcers for an individual, it is necessary to:

A. complete a reinforcer assessment.B. complete a preference assessment.C. ascertain what reinforcers the individual has access to.D. interview people who know the individual well.




QUESTION 79Once a stimulus has been determined to function as a reinforcer in a particular contingency, which of thefollowing is likely to be true?

A. The reinforcer should be adjusted to vary during the observation period.B. The reinforcer should be used with others in the immediate environment.C. The effect of the reinforcer may strengthen with relevant deprivation.D. The effect of the reinforcer will weaken if a variable interval schedule is used.



QUESTION 80The reinforcement schedule that produces a high steady rate of responding is:

A. FI.B. FR.C. VI.D. VR.



QUESTION 81In order to obtain the GREATEST increase in the value of an identified reinforcer after satiation hasoccurred, the behavior analyst shoulD.

A. deliver the reinforcer non-contingently.B. reduce the magnitude of the reinforcer.C. thin the schedule of reinforcement.D. temporarily remove the reinforcer.



QUESTION 82A child's behavior is being reinforced on a VR 8 schedule during intensive teaching. During the sessions,the child begins to get out of the chair. In order to address this problem, the behavior analyst should switchto which schedule?

A. VR 1


B. FR 6C. FR 8D. VR 4


Explanation/Reference:'D' is exact option.

QUESTION 83Jimmy is watching his favorite Saturday morning cartoon and playing with his train set. The cat walks pasthim and he pulls its tail. Jimmy's mother takes away one of his train cars. This is an example oF.

A. response intervention.B. antecedent manipulation.C. response cost.D. overcorrection.



QUESTION 84Which does NOT increase the effectiveness of punishment?

A. availability of alternative responsesB. inability to avoid the punisherC. intermittent delivery of the punisherD. reinforcement frequency for alternative behavior



QUESTION 85A punishment contingency is LEAST likely to produce which effect?

A. Undesirable emotions may result.B. Aggressive or violent behavior may be evoked.C. A more appropriate replacement behavior may develop.D. The person delivering the punisher may become an aversive stimulus.



QUESTION 86An extinction procedure involves:


A. withholding all reinforcement.B. withholding the maintaining reinforcer after the occurrence of the target behavior.C. removing all attention from the client when the target behavior occurs.D. removing the SD for the target behavior.



QUESTION 87Unwanted side-effects associated with the use of an extinction procedure are MOST likely to appear:

A. immediately after the extinction burst.B. after the individual realizes that the procedure will be implemented consistently.C. when ratio schedules are increased too rapidly.D. shortly after the procedure is first implemented.


Correct Answer: DSection: Volume BExplanation


QUESTION 88If a client exhibits problem behaviors throughout the day and evenings regardless of what is going on in theenvironment and what activities he/she is participating in, which would be the BEST way to reduce the highfrequency and increase latency?

A. Use a differential reinforcement procedure for the absence of problem behaviors for an amount of timewith a high magnitude reinforcer as a reward.

B. Use a high magnitude punishment procedure every time he/she exhibits the problem behavior.C. Use a low magnitude punishment procedure every time he/she exhibits the problem behavior.D. Use a fixed ratio reinforcer every time he/she exhibits appropriate behavior.

Correct Answer: ASection: Volume BExplanation


QUESTION 89In order to replace a behavior targeted for change with a behavior that topographically does not resemblethe target behavior, which differential reinforcement procedure would be BEST?

A. DROB. DRH


C. DRID. DRL

Correct Answer: CSection: Volume BExplanation


QUESTION 90For which scenario would discrimination training be an appropriate behavior change strategy?

A. Nathan hits others during math class but not during other classes.B. Peter loves to talk to his peers, which is very disruptive during church.C. Suzi refuses to eat dinner, but she does eat breakfast and lunch.D. Tabitha gloats when she wins a game and pouts when she loses.

Correct Answer: BSection: Volume BExplanation


QUESTION 91A teacher gives a student a piece of paper and asks him to draw a picture. To request a crayon, the studentlooks at the teacher and says, "Crayon." In response to this, the teacher replies, "Say, 'Crayon please'." Thestudent complies with the request and the teacher gives them a crayon. This exchange is an example oF.

A. coincidental teaching.B. incidental teaching.C. precision teaching.D. vicarious teaching.



QUESTION 92When using direct instruction programs, teachers are often signaling students to respond in unison andmoving through the tasks at a brisk pace so that they can:

A. group students and build fluency.B. identify errors and build fluency.C. group students and identify errors.D. maintain speed and finish lessons.



QUESTION 93Instruction that focuses on speed and accuracy of responding can BEST be described as promotinG.


A. frequency.B. mastery.C. fluency.D. precision.



QUESTION 94Keller's Personalized System of Instruction features which of the following characteristics?

A. responses per minute per individual and repeated measuresB. individual performance goals, assisted prompting, and repeated measuresC. required study guides, lecture and discussion notes, and individual goalsD. mastery, self-paced progress, reading materials, proctors, and optional lectures



QUESTION 95The purpose of including untaught items or tasks within a Discrete Trial Instruction program is to assess:

A. context.B. fluency.C. generalization.D. mastery.



QUESTION 96Behavioral contracts must includE.

A. a summary of the functional assessment; the target behavior; and the consequences for its occurrenceand non-occurrence.

B. vocal descriptions of how the behavior is to be measured; the consequences for its occurrence andnon-occurrence; the contract manager; and the target behavior.

C. written descriptions of how the behavior is to be measured; when behavior must occur; theconsequences for its occurrence and non-occurrence; the contract manager; and the target behavior.

D. a summary of the functional assessment; written descriptions of how the behavior is to be measured;when behavior must occur; the contract manager; and the target behavior.




QUESTION 97In a token economy, what type of reinforcers are the tokens themselves?

A. conditional reinforcersB. generalized conditioned reinforcersC. generalized unconditioned reinforcersD. unconditional reinforcers



QUESTION 98Mr. Winston has developed a reward system in his classroom where only those students who havesubmitted homework for 5 out of 5 days in the week receive a reward from the "treasure box." This is anexample of a (n):

A. co-dependent group contingency.B. dependent group contingency.C. independent group contingency.D. interdependent group contingency.



QUESTION 99What is a likely benefit of having trained a client to say both "truck" and "vehicle" in response to your saying"fire engine"? The client will now likely:

A. point to pictures of trucks or vehicles.B. say "fire engine" when you present a picture of it.C. say "truck" when you say "vehicle."D. point to a truck when you say "vehicle."



QUESTION 100Considering the potential impact of behavioral contrast, what is a likely outcome when there is an effectiveprogram targeting compliance at school when no formal program is implemented at home? Compliance athome would be predicted to:

A. be more variable.B. decrease.C. increase.


D. stay the same.



QUESTION 101To increase the likelihood of beginning a difficult task:

A. arrange a reinforcer for its completion.B. do several easy tasks first.C. arrange for periodic reminders.D. establish a deadline for completion.



QUESTION 102The matching law states that when responding is reinforced on concurrent VI-20 and VI-50 schedules, the:

A. number of responses will match the number of reinforcers obtained.B. proportion of responses for each alternative will become equal over time.C. organism will respond exclusively to the alternative with the highest rate of reinforcement.D. proportion of responses across the two alternatives will equal the proportion of reinforcers obtained for

those alternatives.



QUESTION 103In order to evoke a mand for "cookie," the behavior analyst shoulD.

A. give the child a cookie.B. deprive the child of cookies.C. show the child a picture of a cookie.D. say "cookie" and praise repeating the word.



QUESTION 104A client with a history of escape maintained problem behavior begins to throw the puzzle pieces a fewminutes after starting to work on the task. What is the BEST programmatic change for the behavior analystto make?


A. Remove the puzzle and implement a time-out procedure.B. Teach the client to request escape using an adaptive behavior.C. Implement an overcorrection procedure to reduce puzzle piece throwing.D. Increase the amount of social praise delivered for successful task completion.



QUESTION 105Clifford's lawn work is steady and up to standard as long as his work is verbally praised approximately everytwelfth completed mower circuit. However, at times the crew chief is unable to praise his work at thatmoment. When praise is not forthcoming, Clifford usually stops working. The best way to facilitatemaintenance and generalization of Clifford's work, using a self-management technique, would be to:

A. have fellow workers provide praise when Clifford stops working.B. have the crew chief use a variable schedule of reinforcement.C. increase the delay in reinforcement until the afternoon.D. teach Clifford how to request reinforcement for the target behavior.



QUESTION 106Which is the BEST example of stimulus generalization?

A. Bonnie learned to choose and wear coordinated outfits but after one month she would only select redoutfits.

B. Jim was taught to say "hello" and continues to say "hello" to his trainer.C. Ricky became more productive in math and simultaneously his reading improved.D. Tim learned to ask for help from his teacher and now can ask a fellow student for help.



QUESTION 107All of the following are appropriate methods for promoting maintenance and generalization of newly trainedbehaviors EXCEPT:

A. gradually adding stimuli from the natural environment into the training setting.B. gradually altering the training antecedents to match naturally occurring ones.C. training others to reinforce the behavior in the natural setting.D. varying cues in the natural environment to match those in the training setting.




QUESTION 108One of the basic requirements for staff training is that the:

A. completion of training should be based on the demonstrated competency of the staff.B. skills should be measured only upon the completion of training.C. training should be accomplished by observation followed by a question-and-answer session.D. underlying competency-based principles should be taught.



QUESTION 109Steve is a behavior analyst working with staff members who are not implementing programs on a consistentbasis. Staff report that the heavy workload interferes with their ability to run the programs consistently. Whatshould Steve do FIRST to address this problem?

A. Go to the direct supervisor and request that an incentive system be implemented for all staff.B. Begin to assess the staff's daily routine in order to identify any time conflicts that might exist.C. Revise the daily work schedules and routines, with the assistance of the supervisor, so that potential

time conflicts can be avoided.D. Implement additional training for staff that are not able to perform to criterion.



QUESTION 110As part of evaluating procedural integrity on a school based program, it is important for the behavior analystto assess the quality of data collected by a teacher.

The BEST method is for the behavior analyst to?

A. take data on student performance simultaneously with the teacher.B. compare student's self-graphed data to data collected by the teacher.C. compare data collected at the same time by the teacher and another teacher.D. compare her/his observation of a student's performance with data collected by the teacher from an

earlier training session with the student.



QUESTION 111A married couple wants a behavior analyst to assist them in creating a happier home life for their family.The behavior analyst shoulD.

A. provide counseling to the couple related to the problems that they identify as most important.


B. refer the family to another professional, since this type of issue is not amenable to applied behavioranalysis.

C. set up contracts between the parents and children that require the parents to reinforce appropriatebehavior using things that the children identify as important to them.

D. explain how behavior analysis could be used to assist the family so that they can make an informeddecision about proceeding.



QUESTION 112Adherence to "procedural integrity" promotes generalization by facilitatinG.

A. normalization.B. ethical treatment of consumers.C. consistency of instruction.D. spontaneous changes in intervention procedures.



QUESTION 113Having obtained appropriate consent, a behavior analyst wishes to communicate data to non-behavioranalyst colleagues and family of the client. The most appropriate presentation strategy is:

A. standard celeration charts.B. short video clips of client performance and line graphs.C. bar graphs comparing client performance to performance of peers.D. short video clips with a written anecdotal report.


Explanation/Reference:Still valid.

QUESTION 114The decision to develop and implement a behavior intervention plan is not made unless:

A. the behavior has the potential to cause harm.B. data show the need for behavior change exists.C. the interdisciplinary team has determined that it is necessary.D. staff who will implement the procedures have demonstrated proficiency.




QUESTION 115Sammy is having a difficult time completing his independent math worksheet on two-digit division. He isfrustrated and doesn't understand how to solve the equations.

Sammy raises his hand and asks for "help." The teacher assists Sammy. Sammy's asking for "help" is?

A. receptive language.B. an intraverbal.C. an autoclitic.D. a mand.



QUESTION 116Tommy is looking at a photo album with his dad. He looks at his dad and then points to a picture of hismom and says, "Mommy." This is an example oF.

A. a tact.B. transitivity.C. receptive language.D. matching to sample.



QUESTION 117Identifying the steps involved in evacuating the group home during a fire drill is an example of a (n):

A. interdependent group contingency.B. chaining procedure.C. intervention plan.D. task analysis.



QUESTION 118Jack, a behavior analyst, is consulting about a student who engages in face slapping. A recent functionalanalysis clearly determined that the behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement. In the past,reinforcement procedures alone were found to be ineffective. The current intervention consists of apunishment procedurE. pulling the student's hands away from his face contingent on any attempts to slapand saying, "No!" Jack shoulD.

A. move ahead and collect data on the plan and revise as indicated regularly.B. refer to another behavior analyst who works with punishment only cases.C. re-do the assessment, add a reinforcement procedure, and plan to eliminate all punishment procedures.D. add a reinforcement procedure that focuses on replacement and/or incompatible behaviors and move


forward with the plan.



QUESTION 119Ingrid is attempting to learn to speak English. Her teacher, Rosa, presents pictures of preferred items,states the label in English, and prompts Ingrid to repeat them. Over time, Rosa stops labeling items andbegins to present Ingrid with a variety of pictures of the same items. Rosa is trying to promotE.

A. echoic behavior.B. manding behavior.C. stimulus generalization.D. response generalization.



QUESTION 120Missy is using a multiple probe across participants design to evaluate the effects of peer tutoring to teachthree students to complete division problems. These three students have had no prior instruction in division.Missy MOST LIKELY chose a multiple probe design rather than a multiple baseline design becausE.

A. the students' baseline scores will be zero.B. the students could not miss class very often.C. other extraneous variables may cause their skills to improve.D. she is interested in comparing the effects of three interventions at once.



QUESTION 121Teaching a receptive-identification task falls in the category of _____ instruction.

A. tactB. mandC. listenerD. intraverbal



QUESTION 122The "hero procedure" refers to a contingency in which an individual, or small group, earns a reward for a


class. This procedure is an example of what type of group contingency?

A. dependentB. independentC. interdependentD. semi-dependent



QUESTION 123A reliable measure is one that is:

A. socially valid as indicated by caregiver reports.B. effective as evidenced by peer-reviewed journal articles.C. trusted to be practical and to produce accurate data.D. consistent across observers and measurement occasions.



QUESTION 124A behavior analyst is working with an adult client, who is deemed competent. There are multiple potentialbehavior targets that need to be addressed including smoking cigarettes, nail biting, and compulsive handwashing. As a first goal, the behavior analyst wants the client to focus on eliminating smoking but the clientwould prefer to focus on nail biting. The behavior analyst shoulD.

A. develop a self-management plan for eliminating nail biting as this is the preference of the client.B. develop a self-management plan for eliminating smoking as this behavior poses a serious health risk for

the client.C. convince the client to change their first goal to elimination of smoking.D. refer the client to another behavior analyst as there is a discrepancy in goal setting priorities.



QUESTION 125A behavioral assessment indicates that the problem behavior of a young woman is maintained by othersbringing things to her or taking things away following occurrence of the behavior. Since the behavior resultsin physical injury, the decision to decrease its occurrence has been made. Which is the BEST generalapproach?

A. Determine a potential punisher and deliver it following every occurrence of the behavior, but do notprovide or remove other things following the occurrence.

B. Prevent the behavior by physically blocking each response.C. Stop providing or removing things following the behavior and allow it to undergo extinction.D. Use protective equipment that prevents injury and establish a replacement behavior that results in

things being provided to or removed from the woman.




QUESTION 126A behavior analyst responsible for the evaluation of a behavior change program has been unable to getothers to collect data on the targeted behaviors. The others involved, including other service providers, arerelying on personal anecdotes and questionnaires to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. Theprimary consumer reports satisfaction with the results so far. To evaluate the program, the behavior analystshould:

A. check the reliability from the questionnaire's information.B. conduct formal interviews to supplement the available information.C. obtain data on the targeted behaviors.D. use available information only.



QUESTION 127Marvell is working on a new case with a student who refuses to attend school. Before deciding on atreatment plan, Marvell schedules interviews and observation sessions. This is an example of whichassumption of behavior analysis?

A. determinismB. empiricismC. skepticismD. parsimony



QUESTION 128The behavior analyst reviews Sandra's data and concludes that her behavior is spontaneous; that is, itoccurs randomly, and not as a result of any other event(s).

Which of the assumptions underlying behavior analysis has been violated in this interpretation?

A. determinismB. empiricismC. philosophic doubtD. parsimony




QUESTION 129Which of the following is most likely an example of reinforcing consequences?

A. A company gives an annual bonus to its employees. Employees are happy.B. Law enforcement officer gives a ticket to a speeder. Driver stops speeding.C. Child loses a sticker each time they talk out in class. Rates of talking out decrease.D. Student is sent to detention for fighting. Student is found in detention every week.



QUESTION 130Behavior that can be directly observed only by the person behaving is calleD.

A. covert behavior.B. overt behavior.C. operant behavior.D. respondent behavior.



QUESTION 131A behavior analyst decides to replicate a published research project but finds that the information provideddoes not allow them to complete the project without more information from the author. The article violateswhich dimension of applied behavior analysis?

A. effectiveB. ethicalC. conceptually systematicD. technological



QUESTION 132Three boys with autism, ages 710 years old, served as participants in a study. During baseline, staff usedresponse blocking when five instances of aggression or head-banging occurred within 10 seconds, untilattempts ceased for 1 minute. During baseline and treatment, each occurrence of aggression and head-banging was recorded daily and converted to the number of responses per hour. Treatment comprised adifferential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) schedule coupled with response blocking afterevery head-banging or aggression. The staff initially applied the treatment to head- banging, whilecontinuing to take a baseline on aggression. After noting treatment effects on head-banging, the staff thenapplied the treatment to aggression.In this scenario, how was direct replication shown?


A. Baseline and intervention conditions were included.B. A baseline condition was implemented.C. A changing criterion design was used wherein the criterion for reinforcement was gradually changed

over time.D. The intervention was implemented in a staggered fashion across target behaviors after the initial

baseline.



QUESTION 133Which of the following scenarios involves a behavioral contingency?

A. James ate dinner tonight and came down with indigestion.B. While throwing a chair, Linda bit her tongue.C. Susan hit her head on the wall, and a staff person asked her to stop.D. When asked to do her tasks, Doris said, "I will not do that!"



QUESTION 134A functional relationship exists only iF.

A. changes in a response class produce a functional consequence.B. changes in a stimulus class consistently alter a property of a response class.C. reinforcement is contingent upon responding.D. a stimulus elicits a response without previous conditioning.



QUESTION 135Intraverbal behavior is controlled by A.

A. verbal stimulus; the behavior does not match that stimulus; and the reinforcer is non-specific.B. verbal stimulus; the behavior matches that stimulus; and the reinforcer is specific.C. verbal stimulus; the behavior matches that stimulus; and the reinforcer is non-specific.D. verbal stimulus; the behavior does not match that stimulus; and the reinforcer is specific.




QUESTION 136Which situation is the BEST example of contingency-shaped behavior?

A. A task analysis is used to teach Lilly how to clean her room.B. Dean is able to change the scale on a computerized graph after reading "how to" instructions.C. Billy's mother tells him not to touch the stove because he could burn himself. Billy does not touch the

stove.D. Jennifer sees a candy bar and she mands for it. Jennifer's sister gives her the candy bar and she eats it.



QUESTION 137One limitation of descriptive analysis is that it:

A. does not allow the behavior analyst the opportunity to measure, record, and interpret the data on thetarget behavior.

B. does not permit the precise determination of functional relationships.C. provides a less than adequate description of the topography and intensity of behavior.D. violates the individual's right to privacy.



QUESTION 138A narrative recording is used to clearly determine all of the following EXCEPT:

A. duration of a behavior.B. function of a behavior.C. presence of a particular behavior.D. topography of undesirable behavior.



QUESTION 139The systematic presentation and examination of information in an ABC format, where A represents theantecedent stimuli, B represents the behavior, and C represents the consequences following the behavior,is calleD.

A. a consequence analysis.B. a functional analysis.C. a response analysis.D. a descriptive assessment.

Correct Answer: DSection: Volume B


Explanation


QUESTION 140To change the occurrence of hitting others, two procedures were compareD. differential reinforcement ofincompatible behavior and time-out. The outcomes were examined within and across subjects. Awithdrawal design was employed. An independent variable in this study was:

A. aggression.B. frequency across phase changes.C. return to baseline.D. time-out from reinforcement.



QUESTION 141Available resources, applicable federal and state laws, programmatic costs, and a person's adaptive skills,learning history, and personal interests should all be considered as part of the process oF.

A. collecting empirical data.B. conducting a baseline of target behaviors.C. manipulating ecological factors.D. prioritizing goals and objectives.



QUESTION 142In order to decrease the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior effectively, a behavior analyst shouldsimultaneously increasE.

A. reinforcement for all other behaviors.B. acceptable alternative behaviors.C. consequences for inappropriate behavior.D. response effort for incompatible behaviors.



QUESTION 143In order to promote generalization in intensive teaching, the behavior analyst shoulD.

A. teach loosely.B. use the same SD.C. use few exemplars.


D. teach in the same environment.



QUESTION 144The use of an alternating treatments design should be considered iF.

A. it is important that multiple interventions be evaluated quickly.B. one needs to evaluate the effects of a single intervention across multiple settings.C. the results of multiple reversal designs are ambiguous.D. there is the possibility that the effect of one intervention will influence the effect of another.



QUESTION 145Experimental control is demonstrated in a changing criterion design by a change in behavior:

A. across settings.B. across individuals.C. when returning to baseline.D. to meet predetermined levels.



QUESTION 146John's instructional program has successfully increased the number of words he reads correctly per minute.The procedures used include special worksheets, contingent reinforcement for number of words readcorrectly, and peer tutoring. The behavior analyst wants to determine which part or parts of the treatmenthave been effective, so he systematically dismantles the treatment and withdraws elements until thereading no longer improves. The behavior analyst is completing A.

A. component analysis.B. multi-element design.C. parametric examination.D. reversal design.



QUESTION 147One of the MOST important reasons for writing a precise definition of behavior is that a precise definition:


A. produces greater interobserver agreement and requires less training time for observers.B. allows for easier and more reliable quantification of temporal locus and temporal extent.C. increases the likelihood that the behavior of interest will be reliably detected by observers or

measurement equipment.D. makes calibration checks of observers or measurement equipment less necessary.



QUESTION 148A behavior analyst is asked to consult about a 10-year-old child who gets out of his seat during class atleast once every 15 minutes. The behavior analyst wants the teacher to collect data on the child's on- taskbehavior. Given that the teacher works alone in the classroom with 30 children, the BEST procedure toemploy would bE.

A. interval recording.B. latency recording.C. duration recording.D. time sampling.


Explanation/Reference:Corrected.

QUESTION 149To address hitting others, two procedures were compareD. differential reinforcement of incompatiblebehavior and time-out. The outcomes were examined within and across subjects. A withdrawal design wasemployed. The BEST response measure to use in this study is frequency oF.

A. the incompatible behavior.B. being sent to time-out.C. hitting others.D. reinforcer delivery.



QUESTION 150During the hour immediately following meals, Bill asks for more food. Data are collected only during thishour after each meal. Which method of data collection would be MOST accurate?

A. duration recordingB. frequency recordingC. narrative recordingD. partial-interval recording

Correct Answer: B


Section: Volume BExplanation


QUESTION 151During three 30-minute observations, Linda gouged her eye 8, 17, and 12 times, respectively. Each incidentlasted between 1 and 3 seconds, with an average duration of 1.3 seconds. Which is the BEST dimension tocontinue to measure?

A. durationB. inter-response timeC. latencyD. rate



QUESTION 152A parent reports that her 2-year-old daughter uses a number of stalling techniques to avoid bedtime onceshe is told to go to bed. What would be a good progress measure for going to bed when told?

A. frequencyB. inter-response timeC. latencyD. compliance



QUESTION 153A child with food refusal behaviors accepts one bite out of the ten bites that her caregiver offered.What measure should be used to record this behavior?

A. durationB. latencyC. percent of occurrenceD. trials to criterion



QUESTION 154Data were collected on the percentage of intervals at the end of which Thomas was present at hisworkstation. Which is the BEST method for displaying these data?

A. cumulative record


B. equal-interval line graphC. scatterplotD. standard behavior (semilogarithmic) chart



QUESTION 155In this graph, what is plotted on number 1?

A. dependent variableB. independent variableC. sessionD. setting



QUESTION 156What could be done to clarify the differentiation in the frequency of aggression among the environmentsshown in this graph?

A. Use an equal interval graph.B. Record data for an entire week.C. Include more environments along the horizontal axis.D. Change the vertical axis so that the range is zero to twenty.



QUESTION 157Margarita exhibited the following counts of maladaptive behaviors. The previously implemented procedureto help her (Procedure A) was discontinued on 10/5 and the present procedure (Procedure B) wasimplemented. Procedures were implemented 2 times per day (once in the morning and once in the evening)for 20 minutes per session.

The AM and PM data for each procedure were graphed separately. What can be inferred from the data?

A. The data across Procedure A and Procedure B show no change or trend.B. The data for Procedure A show an increasing trend.C. The data for Procedure A show the desired change in behavior.D. The data for Procedure A suggest that it is more effective than Procedure B.




QUESTION 158All of the following are examples of the use of setting events EXCEPT:

A. giving consumers choices of which tasks they would like to perform and which reinforcers they wouldlike to receive.

B. moving activities to locations where maladaptive behaviors are highly unlikely to occur.C. planning to ignore the target behavior within all environments.D. prefacing hard tasks with easy tasks.



QUESTION 159Deane's friend takes her to the mall every week. She frequently hugs people whom she does not know. Thebehavior analyst wants to use an intervention that includes reinforcement of appropriate behavior whenDeane does something other than hugging. Which intervention would be MOST appropriate?

A. Teach her friend to provide reinforcement when Deane greets others appropriately.B. The behavior analyst goes to the mall and gives tokens to Deane for appropriate interactions.C. Teach her friend to hug Deane when she appropriately interacts with others.D. Teach her friend to provide tokens for appropriate interactions.



QUESTION 160Post-reinforcement pause is MOST characteristic of which schedule?

A. continuous reinforcementB. fixed ratioC. variable intervalD. variable ratio



QUESTION 161When given free access to playing with blocks, crayons, and trucks, Jeff plays with blocks about 50% of thetime, plays with crayons about 30% of the time, and plays with trucks the remaining 20% of the time.According to the Premack principle, which of the following is true?

A. Playing with trucks will serve as a reinforcer for playing with crayons.B. Playing with trucks will serve as a reinforcer for playing with blocks.C. Playing with crayons will serve as a reinforcer for playing with blocks.D. Playing with crayons will serve as a reinforcer for playing with trucks.




QUESTION 162When using time-out in a classroom, which concern is the MOST important to consider?

A. Escape behavior could be punished.B. Removal from the classroom may decrease learning opportunities.C. The limited potential for abuse of the technique.D. The social validity of time-out.



QUESTION 163Harley tells a variety of offensive and inoffensive jokes to coworkers at lunchtime who laugh at all of thejokes, telling Harley that he's funny. When Harley tells jokes at the evening meal to housemates, theycomplain to Harley about the offensive jokes. If the behavior analyst wants the evening meal withhousemates to become an S for Harley's offensive joke-telling, she should instruct Harleys'?


A. housemates to provide attention for Harley's inoffensive joke-telling.B. housemates to provide no attention for Harley's offensive joke-telling.C. coworkers to provide no attention for Harley's offensive joke-telling.D. coworkers to provide attention for Harley's inoffensive joke-telling.



QUESTION 164Which of the following is NOT a consideration when evaluating extinction as a possible intervention?

A. correct determination of the reinforcerB. feasibility of eliminating reinforcementC. eliminating the opportunity for the occurrence of the target behaviorD. plan for an initial increase in the target behavior




QUESTION 165An approach to reducing problem behavior called __________ involves providing reinforcers on a (n)__________ schedule regardless of the occurrence of the problem behavior.

A. noncontingent reinforcement; intervalB. differential reinforcement; intervalC. noncontingent reinforcement; ratioD. differential reinforcement; ratio



QUESTION 166Which procedure is used in fading physical prompts?

A. forward chainingB. backward chainingC. graduated guidanceD. least-to-most prompting



QUESTION 167A teacher tells students that completing assignments will help them to do well on the exam. How can theteacher ensure that this will be an effective rule?

A. Provide a review session covering the assignments prior to the exam.B. Provide assignments that are closely related to the material on the exam.C. Provide various reinforcers for those who complete the assignments.D. Provide various reinforcers for those who do well on the exam.



QUESTION 168Andrea has limited speech abilities. She has been attending speech therapy and is required to performspeech exercises at home. Other than her training sessions, Andrea chooses to remain essentially non-verbal. One evening, Andrea's sister called to invite Andrea on an outing. Andrea listened to her sister'sinvitation over the phone and nodded in excitement. Andrea's mother pointed out that her sister could notsee her through the phone and that Andrea would need to speak so that her sister would know if shewanted to go. Andrea then said, "Yes, I want." This is a form oF.

A. contextual manipulation.


B. direct instruction.C. incidental teaching.D. whole task training.



QUESTION 169Two responses (such as putting on a sweater and lighting a fire) that produce the same result describE.

A. the matching law.B. functional equivalence.C. stimulus generalization.D. response generalization.



QUESTION 170If B is behavior, R is reinforcement, and 1 and 2 are the alternatives of a concurrent schedule, then wouldimply that the:

A. number of responses will match the number of reinforcers obtained.B. proportion of responses for each alternative will become equal over time.C. organism will respond exclusively to the alternative with the highest rate of reinforcement.D. proportion of responses across the two alternatives will equal the proportion of reinforcers obtained for

those alternatives.



QUESTION 171When given by a thirsty person in response to the question, "What do you want to drink?" the spoken word"water" is functioning as a (n):

A. intraverbal.B. mand.C. codic.D. tact.



QUESTION 172


Mary Lee has been working on compliance. Given the same mand, in a 15-min. segment, Mary Leecomplied with her teacher 4/5 times, her speech therapist, physical education teacher and mother 2/5times. Six months later, given the same mand, in a 15-min. segment, Mary Lee complied with the bus driver4/5 times, her physical therapist 4/5 times, the lunch lady 4/5 times and the vice-principal 4/5 times. Thisscenario is an example oF.

A. response generalization.B. stimulus discrimination.C. stimulus generalization.D. stimulus equivalence.



QUESTION 173For promoting maintenance, which approach is MOST appropriate?

A. Continually reinforce the behavior in the natural environment.B. Discontinue the schedule of reinforcement used in the training environment.C. Implement a token economy including point gains and point losses for use in both the training setting

and the natural environment.D. Use a reinforcement schedule that most closely approximates the schedule in the natural environment.



QUESTION 174When providing behavior analytic services to a child in a school setting, a behavior analyst should

A. work independently while completing the functional assessment.B. solicit treatment recommendations from other team members.C. enlist the support of other members of the interdisciplinary team.D. avoid collaborating with providers who use non-scientifically validated procedures.



QUESTION 175The teachers have identified bullying as a problem behavior for a particular student. What should thebehavior analyst do next?

A. Raise awareness of the impact of bullying by holding a school-wide discussion.B. Collect information about the frequency and duration of the behavior.C. Develop an operational definition of the behavior.D. Conduct a functional analysis of bullying.

Correct Answer: C


Section: Volume BExplanation


QUESTION 176In an attempt to promote verbal behavior in her child with developmental delays, a mother is followingrecommendations to wait for her child to spontaneously make the corresponding vocal response beforeproviding her with the followinG. cookies, juice, help, M&Ms, chips, milk, sandwich, and "more." The verbalresponse the mother is attempting to promo

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