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Document Number

Please Return To DOCUMENT CONTROL

Dr. Baum K. Lee Harza Engineering Company 150 South Wacker Drive Chicago, ILL 60606-4176

Dear Dr. Lee:

Hung Tao Shen Rt. 2 , May Road Potsdam, N.Y. 13676

Marc~Ai~A ~~mEERINO CO;.:,

I '-I )'-17 g " Data Received ~/ l~ = fl:;11tnd Te OS: ,.cc. ~4::-L> Classified tor Filing by ___ --Project Number Glassiftcation Subject Desi!Jilation

As a follow up of our telephone conversations with regard to ice hydraulics problems of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project, I am enclosing the following information for your consideration.

1. A desc~iptive summary of some of the computer programs on river ice.

2. A few additional publications which gives some of the background information.

3. A copy of my resume.

The above mentioned computer models were developed for applications on the St. Lawrence River. However, inmy opinion, since the theory used in these models are general in nature, they can be used to model arctic rivers with minor modifications.

If you are interested in using these models for your project, I will be happy to serve as a consultant to Harza. The following is the fee schedule for providing the technidal services for the above referenced consulting project during the year of 1983:

1) H .. T. Shen . . . . . . . . . ~ $300/day for providing services at Potsdam

$400/day plus travel expenses for providing services outside Potsdam

2) Engineering Assistant • • • • $120/day for providing services at Potsdam

$160/day plus travel expenses for providing services outside Potsdam

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[}{]£00~£c§ffi3£®@@ Susitna Joint Venture

Document Number

Please Return To DOCUMENT CONTROL

Hung Tao Shen Ht. 2 , May Road Potsdam, N.Y. 13676

Marc1ft~~A M~r1tEERIN~ CO.

Date R~ceived '-I}) 7 g ) Hculr:d To cJ\ iL c;_ ~:L-D Dr. Baum K. Lee

Harza Engineering Company 150 South Wacker Drive Chicago, ILL 60606-4176

Dear Dr. Lee:

Classified for Filing by ___ --Project Number Glass!ftcation Subject Designafion

As a follow up of our telephone conversations with regard to ice hydraulics problems of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project, I am enclosing the following information for your consideration.

1. A descriptive summary of some of the computer programs on river ice.

2. A few additional publications which gives some of the background information.

3. A copy of my resume.

The above mentioned computer models were developed for applications on the St. Lawrence River. However 1 in my opinion, since the theory used in these models are general in nature, they can be used to model arctic rivers with minor modifications ..

If you are interested in using these models for your project, I will be happy to serve as a consultant to Harza, The following is the fee schedule for providing the technical services for the above referenced consulting project during the year of 1983:

1) H.T. Shen . . . . . . . . . . $300/day for providing services at Potsdam

$400/day plus travel expenses for providing services outside Potsdam

2) Engineering Assistant • • . . $120/day for providing services at Potsdam

$160/day plus travel expenses for providing services outside Potsdam

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Dr. Baum K. Lee -2- March 30, 1983

3) Computer time and supplies ,.,vill be charged at the actu:1l cost ..

Sincerely yours§

~~~h:~ Enclosures

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ADDRESS

RESUME

HUNG TAO SHEN

Rt .. 2, May Road Potsdam, NY 13676

August 1983

PRESENT POSITION

Professor (effective July 1, 1983) Department of Civil and Environmental Clarkson College of Technology Potsdam, New York 13676 Phone: (315) 268-6606

Engineering

PERSONAL DATA

EDUCATION

Residence: Rt. 2, May Road, Potsdam, NY 13676 Phone: (315) 265-94J9 Date of Birth: May 4, 1944 Place of Birth: Shanghai, China Citizenship: U.S.A. Married, two children

Ph.D. (Mechanics and Hydraulics) University of Iowa, 1974

M. Eng. (Water Resources Engineering) Asian Institute of Technology, 1969

B.S. (Civil Engineering) Chung Yuan College, 1965

SPECIAL TRAINING

HONOR

NATO Advanced Study Institute on Mechanics of Fluid in Porous Media, 1982

ASCE Arctic Offshore Engineering Short Course, 1981 University of Iowa Ice Engineering Short Course, 1978

1981 John w. Graham, Jr~, Faculty· Research Award Clarkson College of Technology

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES

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Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson College of Technology, 1981 - 1983

Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cl~rkson College of Technology, 1976 - 1980

Engineering Analyst, Sargent & Lundy, Chicago, Illinois, 1974 - 1976

Research Associate, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1970 - 1974

Research-Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 1969 - 1970.

Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan College, Taiwan, R.O.C., 1966- 1967

RESEARCH INTERESTS

Ice Engineering Dispersion Processes in Rivers and Groundwater Mechanics of Granular Flow Mathematical Modeling of Hydraulic Processes

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

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Technical Program Chairman and Proceedings Editor, 1983 ASCE Hydraulics Division Specialty Conference, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Member, (Chairman 1982-83). Session Programs Committee, Hydraulics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers (1980-1984)

Reviewer of proposals for Water Resources, Urban and Environment~! Engineering Program, NSF; U.So Army Research Office, Department of Army; and New York Sea Grant Institute

MEl'-'1BERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

Ame.rican Geophysical Union American Society of Civil 'Pr:jineers American Society for Engineering Education American Water Resources Association International Association for Hydraulic Research International AssociatiJn for Great Lakes Research

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PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

Book

Shen, H.T., (ed.), Frontiers of Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the ASCE Hydraulics Division Specialty Conference, MIT, Cambridge, MA, Aug. 1983.

Journal Articles and Proceedings Papers

Yapa, P.N.D.D., and Shen, H.T., "Roughness Characteristics of the Upper St. Lawrence River Ice Cover," Proceedings, Twentieth Congress, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Moscow, U.S.S.R., September 1983.

Shen, H.T., "Hydraulic Resistance of River Ice- State of Research," Frontiers of Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings, 1983 ASCE Hydraulics Division Specialty Conference, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 1983.

Halabi, Y.S., Shen, H.rr., Papatheodorou, T.S., and Briggs, W.L., "Transport and Accumulation of Frazil Ice Suspensions in Rivers," Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Mathematical Modelling, Zurich, Switzerland, August 1983.

Shen, H.T., and Yapa, P.N.D.D., "Simulating Growth, Decay, and Break-up of the St. Lawrence River Ice Cover, 11 Proceedings, 6th Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, Ottawa, June 1983.

Chiang, L.A., and Shen, H.T., 11 Numerical Simulation of Thermal­Ice Conditions in the Upper St. Lawrence River," Proceedings, 40th Eastern Snow Conference, Toronto, Canada, June 1983.

Papaspyropoulos, G.T., Papatheodorou, T.S., and Shen, H.T., "Collocation Finite-Element Simulation of Thermal-Ice Regimes in Rivers," Mathematical Modelling, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 1982.

Shen, H.T., and Ruggles, R.W., "Analysis of River Ice Cover Roughness," Applying Research to Hydraulic Practice, Proceedings of the 1982 Hydraullcs D1vis1on &nnual Conference, ASCE, Jackson, MS, August 1982~

Halabi, Y.S., Shen, H.T., Papatheodorou, T.S., and Briggs, W.L., "A TWo-Dimensional Numerical Model for Mixing in Natural Rivers," Proceedings, International Conference on Computational Methods and Experlmental Measurements, Wash1ngton, D.C., June 1982.

Shen, H.T., and Ruggles, R .. W., "\r\l'inter Heat Budget and Frazil Ice Production in the Upper St. Lawrence River," Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 2, Apr. 1982.

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Ackermann, N.L., Shen, H.T., and Ruggles, R.W., "Transport of Ice in Rivers," Proceedings, IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec City, Canadar July 1981.

Shen,, H.T., and Ackermann, N .L., "Wintertime Flow and Ice Conditions in the Upper Sto Lawrence River," Proceedings, IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec City, Canada, Julv 1981.

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Shen, H.T., 11 Surface Heat Loss and Frazil Ice Production in the St. Lawrence River," AWRA Paper No. 80040, Vol .. 16, No. 5, Water Resources Bulletin, Dec. 1980.

Shen, H.T., Ackermann, N.L., Landry, S.J., 11 Formation of Hanging Ice Dam," Proceedings, Symposium of Surface-Water Impoundments, ASCE/AGU/~WRA, Minneapolis, Sept. 1980.

Shen, ~i. T. , and Ackermann, N. L. , "Wintertime Flow Distribution in River Channels," Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 106, No. HYS, May 1980.

Shen, H.T. 1 "Longitudinal Dispersion in Natural Streams," Vol. II! Proceedings, International Conference on Water R~sources Development, Second Congress of the As1an and Pacific Regional Division of IAHR, Taipei, Taiwan, May 1980.

Wart, R.0-., Ackermann, N.L., and Shen, H.T., "Interpretation of Critical Void Ratio Using Information Theory," Preprint No. 3626 ASCE National Convention, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1979.

Shen, H., and Shen, H. T. , "Solu·te Transport in Adsorptive Porous Media Flow," Proceedings, Third Engineering Mechanics Division Conference, ASCE, Austin, Texas, Sept. 1979.

Ackermann, N.L., Shen, H.T .. , and Free, A.P., "Mechanics of River Ice Jam," Proceedings, Third Engineering Mechanics Division Conference, ASCE, Austin, Texas, Sept. 1979.

Shen, H.T., and Landry, S.J., "Design Basis Floods for Inland Nuclear Power Plants," Civil Engineering and Nuclear Plant, Vol. I, ASCE, April 1979.

Harden, T.O., and Shen, H.T., "Numerical Simulation of Mixing in Natural Rivers," Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. lOS, No. HY4, Aprll 1979.

Ackermann, N.L., and Shen, H.T., 11 Rheological Characteristics of Solid-Liquid Mixtures," A.I.Ch.E. Journal, March 1979.

Shen, H.T., and Harden, T.O., "The Effect of Ice Cover on Vertical Transfer in Stream Channels," AWRA Paper No. 77118, Water Resources Bulletin, Dec. 1978.

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Ackermann, N.L., and Shen, H.T., "Flow of Granular Material as a Two-Component System, 11 Proceeding., U.S.-Japan Seminar, Continuum Mechanical and· Stat1st1cal Approaches in the Mechanics of Granular Materiais, Sponsored by NSF and JSPS, Senda1, Japan, June 5-9, 1978.

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Shen, H.T .. , "Transient Mixing in Hiver Channels," Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. EE2, June 1978, and D1scuss1on Closure, Dec. 1979.

Shen, H.T., "Line Source Dispersion with Application to Mixing in River Channels," AWAR Paper No. 77069, Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 1, Feb. 1978.

Shen, H.T., discussion of "Forces Due to Nonlinear Waves on Vertical Cylinders," by J. Raman and P. Venkatanarasaiah, Journal of Waterways, Harbors, and Coastal Engineering DlVlSlon, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. 1"7W3, Aug. 1977.

Shen, H .. T., and Shen, H., discussion of "Analytical Solution for 3-D Diffusion Model," by T.Y. Kuo, Journal of Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No~ EE4, Aug. 1977.

Shen, H.T., and Farell, C., "On the Calculation of Nonlinear Wave Forces, 11 Proceeding of the Second Annual Engineering Mechanics Division Spec1alty Conference, ASCE, Raleigh, N.C., May 1977.

Shen, H.T., Comment on "Transverse Mixing in Natural Channels," by N. Yotsukura and W.W. Sayre, Water Resources Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1977.

Shen, H.T., and Farell, C., "Numerical Calculation of the Wave Integrals in the Linearized Theory of Water Waves," Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 21, No. 1, March 1977.

Sherr, H.T., and Huang, W., "Computation of Seismic Induced Flow Landslide," Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. II, Ed. C.S. Desai, V1rginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, June 1976.

Shen, H.T., "Transient Dispersion in Uniform Porous Media Flow," Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. HY6, June 1976, and Discussion Closure, Sept. 1977.

Shen, H.T., Manam, P.R., and Huang, w., discussion of "Seismic Response of Reservoir-Dam System," by E.B. Wylie, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. HYl, Paper 11817, Jan. 1976.

Shen, H.T., discussion of "Urban Runoff by Linear Subhydro­graphic Method," by J.-s. Chen and K.S. Saigal, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. H~7, Proc. Pa-per 11399, July 1975.

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Farell, c., and Shen, H.T., "Wave Resistance Theory of a Sub­merged Spheroid," Proceedings, The 17th American Towing Tank Conference, California In~titute of Technology, Pasadena, June 1974.

Ackermann, N.L., and Shen, H .. T., "Pumping From a Shallow Water Aquifer in Coastal Region," Proceedings, IAHR Thi;::-teenth Congress, Kyoto, Japan, Oct. 1969.

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Farell, c., and Shen, H.T., "Wave Resistance Theory of a Sub­merged Spheroid," Proceedings, The 17th American Towing Tank Conference, California Jn9titute of Technology, Pasadena, June 1974.

Ackermann, N.L., and Shen, H.T., "Pumping From a Shallow Water Aquifer in Coastal Region," Proceedings, IAHR Thirteenth Congress, Kyoto, Japan, Oct. 1969.

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Technical Reports

Batson, G.B., Shen, H.T., Maytin, I.L., VanDeValk, W.A., and Gopalaswamy, 11 Investigation of Ice Conditions in the St. Lawrence River, Winter 1981-82, 11 Report No. DTSL55-82-C-C0198, U.S. Department of Transportation, Wash1ngton, DC, September 1982.

Shen, H.T., VanDeValk, W.A., Batson, G.B., and Maytin, I.L., "Field Investigation of a Hanging Dam in the St. Lawrence River," Report. No. DTSL55-82-C-C0198A, U.Sa Department of Transportat1on, Wash1ngton, D.C., Aug. 1982.

Shen, H.T., and Yapa, P.N.D.D., 11 Simulation of Undersurface Roughness Coefficient of River Ice Cover," Technical Report No. 82-6, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson College of Technology, July 1982~

Shen, H. T. , et al. , "Winter Flow, Ice, and ~'leather Conditions of the Upperst-:-I:"awrence River, 1971-81, Vols. I-IV," Technical Report 82-1 to 82-5, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson College of Technology, July 1982.

Halabi, Y.S., and Shen, H.T., "A Two-Dimensional Collocation Finite-Element Model for Transient Mixing in Natural Rivers," Technical Report 81-4, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineer1ng, Clarkson College of Technology, Aug. 1981.

Shen, H.T., and R.W. Ruggles, "Ice Production in the St. Lawrence River Between Ogdensburg and Massena," Report No .. DTSL55-80-C­C0030-A, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., Aug. 1980.

Batson, G.B., Shen, H.T., and Ackermann, N.L., "Investigation of Ice Conditions in the St. Lawrence River, Winter of 1979-80," Report No. DTSL55-80-C-C0330, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., Aug. 1980.

Shen, H.T., "Frazil Ice Production in the St. Lawrence River Near Massena, New York," F'inal Report submitted to SLSDC/DOT, Nov. 1979.

Ackermann, N.L., and Shen, H.T., "Relationship Between Ice-Covered Flow Conditions and Winter Climate on St. Lawrence River," Final Report submitted to SLSDC, Oct. 1979.

Batson, G.B., Shen, H.T., Ackermann, N.L., Candee, K.I., and Landry, S. J. , "Investigation of Flov7 and Ice Conditions, Sparrowhawk Point to Murphy Island, St. Lawrence River, Winter 1978-79," Repo·rt No. DOT-SL-79-552, U.s. Department of Transportation, Wash1ngton, D.C., July 1979o

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Batson, G.B., Ackermann, N.L., Shen, H.T., Candee, K.I., "Survey of Flow and Ice Conditions in the Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River, Winter of 1977-78," Report No. DOT-SL-78-519, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., June 1978~

Shen, H.T., r'Effects of Uniform Curren·t on Wave Forces," Final Report submitted to Engineering Foundation for Research Project #RD-A-76-2, Dec. 1978.

Shen, H.T., "Hydrodynamic Loading on the Submerged Intake Structure," Internal Report No. SAD-241, Sargent & Lundy, Chicago, Illinois, July 1976.

Shen, H.T., and Manam, P.R., "Design Basis Floods for Nuclear Plants," Internal Report No. SAD-196, Sargent & Lundy, Chicago, Illinois, March 1976.

Wu, S.T., and Shen, H.T., "Safety of Plant Situated on a Bluff in the Event of Accidental Chlorine Release from River Barge," Internal Report No. SAD-218, Sargent & Lundy, Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 1975.

Shen, H.T., and Farell, C., "Numerical Calculation of the Wave Integrals in the Linearized Theory o;E Water Waves," IIHR Report No. 166, Iowa Institute of Hyd;raulic Research, Iowa Clty, Iowa, Nov. 1975.

Huang, W., and Shen, H.T., "A Study of the Movement of Liquefied Alluvium at the Ultimate Heat Sink Area," Internal Report No. SAD-180, Sargent & Lundy, Chicago, Illinois·, March 1975.

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CONFERENCE AND SEMINAR PRESENTATIONS

Shen, H.T., "Modeling Resistance Effects of the St. Lawrence River Ice Cover," Center of Cold Regions Scienc Engineering and Technology and Department of Civil Engineering, SUNY at Buffalo, April 1983.

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Shen, H.T., "Modeling Ice Cover Effect of the St. Lawrence River, 11

Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Canada, Jan. 1983.

Shen, H.T., "Hydraulic Resistance of River Ice Cover," U.S. Army Cold R~gions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N.H., Dec. 1982.

Shen, H.T., "Hydraulic Effects of St. Lawrence River Ice Cover," Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, NOAA, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Oct. 1982.

Shen, H.T., Ruggles, RoW., "Analysis of River Ice Cover Roughness,n 1982 ASCE Hydraulics Division Specialty Conference, Jackson, MlSSlSSlppi, Aug. 1982.

Halabi, Y.S., Shen, H.T., Papatheodorou, T.S., and Briggs, W.L., "A Two-Dimensional Numerical MoGel for Mixing in Natural Rivers," International Conference on Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, Washington, D.C., June 1982.

Shen, H.T., Yapa, P.N.D.D., 11 Simulation of Undersurface Roughness Coefficient of River Ice Cover," 25th Conference on Great Lakes Research, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, May 1982.

Shen, H.T., "On Hydraulic Transient Modeling of Ice Covered Rivers," Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab., Ann Arbor, Michigan, Oct. 1981.

Shen, H.T., and Acke::-mann, N.L., "Wintertime Flow and Ice Conditions in the Upper St. Lawrence River, .. IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec City, Canada, July 1981.

Ackermann, N.L., Shen, H.T., and Ruggles, R.W., "Transport of Ice in Rivers," IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Quebec City, Canada, July 1981.

Shen, H.T., "Analysis of Winter Heat Budget in the Upper St. Lawrence River," Twenty-fourth Conference on Great Lakes Research, IAGLR, Columbus, Ohio, April 1981.

Shen, H.T., "Ice Conditions in the Upper St. Lawrence River," Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, University of Iowa, Iowa Clty, Iowa, April 1981.

Shen, H.T .. , "Study of Ice Generation in the St. Lawrence River," Presentation/Workshop organized by St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, Montreal, November 1980.

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Shen, H.T., "Ice and Flow Conditions in the Upper St. Lawrence River," St. Lawrence River Study Group, Associated Colleges of the St. Lawrence Valley, Oct~ 1980.

1 h II , 1 Papaspyropou os, G.T., Papatheodorou, TeS., Sen, H.T~, Numer1ca Simulation of River Thermal Regimes," Euromech 130 Colloquium, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, July 1980.

Shen, H.T., Ackermann, N.L., and Landry, S.J., "Formation of Hanging Ice Dams," Symposium of Surface-Water ~mpoundrnents, ASCE/AGU/AWRA, Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 1980.

Wart, R.J., Ackermann, N.L., and Shen, H~T., "Interpretation of Critical Void Ratio Using Information Theory," ASCE National Convention, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 1979.

Shen, H., and Shen, H.T., "Solute Transport in Adsorptive Porous Media Flow," Third ASCE-EMD Conference, Austin, Texas, Sept. 1979.

Ackermann, N. L. , Shen, H. T. , and Free, A. P. , "Mechanics of River Ice Jam," Third ASCE-EMD Conference, Austin, Texas, Sept. 1979.

Shen, H.T., and Landry, S.J., "Design Basis Floods for Inland Nuclear Power Plants," ASCE National Convention, Boston, Massachusetts, April 1979.

Shen, H.T., "Flood Plain Hydrodynamics, 11 Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Jan. 2:.979.

Shen, H.T., 11 Mathernatical Models for Mixing in Natural Rivers," Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Chung Yuan College, Chungli, Taiwan, Jan. 10, 1979.

Shen, H.T., "Transient Mixing in Natural Rivers," Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Jan. 12, 1979.

Shen, H.T., "Mathematical Simulation of Transport Process in Natural Rivers," Joint Seminar, AIT Alumni Assoc./China Engineering Consultants, Inc,, Taipei, Taiwan, Jan. 17, 1979.

Ackermann, N.L.; and Shen, H.T., "Flood Plain Modeling," ASCE Hydraulics Division Specialty· Conference, College Park, MD, Aug. 1978.

Shen, H. T., Ackermann, N. IJ. , and Candee, K. I. , "Transverse Flow Distribution in Ice Cove;r:ed Channels," ASCE Hydraulics Division Specialty Conference, College Park, MD, Aug. 1978.

Ackermann, N.L., and Shen, H.T., "Flow· of Granular Material as a Two-Component System," U.S.-Japan Joint Seminar, Mechanics of Granul~r Materials, Sandai, Japan, June 1978.

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Shen, H.T., "Line Source Dispersion in Surface and Groundwater Flows," Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa, March 1976.

Sherr, H.T., and Hwang, w., "Computation of Seismic Induced Flow Landslide, 11 Second International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, Blacksburg, VA, June 1976.

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RESEARCH GRANTS AND CONTRACTS

"Mechanics .of Flow Landslides," Clarkson College, with N.L. Ackerrnannr Nov. 1976 ($2,800).

*"Effects of Uniform Current on Wave Forces," Engineering Foundation/ASCE, Sept,~ 1977 - Dec. 1978 C$10,000}.

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"St. Lawrence River Ice Condition Survev, 1977-78," SLSDC/U.S. ~ .

Department of Transportation, with N.L. Ackermann and G.B. Batson, Feb. 1978- July 1978 ($51,786}.

"Mechanics of Ice Jam Formation in Rivers 111 CRREL/U.S. Army,

with N.L. Ackermann, Nov. 1978,... Nov. 1981 C.$90,0001.

"Investigation of Flow and Ice Conditions, St. Lawrence River, 1978-79," SLSDC/U.s~· Department of Transportation, with N.L. Ackermann and G~B. Batson, Jan. 1979- Aug~ 1979 l$74,000).

"Relationship Between Ice Covered Flow Conditions and Winter Climate," SLSDC, with N.,L. Ackermann, Apr. 19.79 - Oct. 1979 ($2,000}.

"Fraz i 1 Ice Produci:ion in the St, La\vrence River, n SLSDC 1 Sept. 19 7 9 - Nov . 19 7 9 C$ 3 ' 50 0 } •

"Study of ice Conditions in the Stp Lawrence River, 19791980,n SLSDC/U~S. Depar·tment of Transportation, with N.L. Ackermann and G.B. Batson, Feb. 1980 - Aug. 1980 (_$44,000}..

11 Ice Cover Effects on Hydraulic Transient Analysis, n· Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory/NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, with N.L. Ackermann, Sept. 1980- Feb. 1983 ($61,363}.

"Shear Flow of Water Borne Fragmented Ice Fields, 11 National Science Foundation, with N-L. Ackermann and C.D. Ponce-Campos, Dec. 1980 -.May 1982 C$71,632).

"Formation of Hanging Ice Dams in the Upper St. Lawrence River," New York Sea Grant Institute, Office of Sea Grant/NOAA, u.s. Department of Commerce, Ja,n .. 1981- Dec. 1982 {$57,600).

"Technical Report on He.ad Losses Between Iroquois and Morrisburg r St. Lawrence River," St1' Lawrence Seaway Development Corp., July 1981- Sept. 1981 C$3,5001.

"Study of Ice Conditions and Hanging Dams in the St~ Lawrence River 1981-82," SLSDC/U.S. Department of Transportation, with G.B. Batson and l.L. Maytin, Jan. 1982 .,.. Aug. 1982 ($.57 ,950).

*The ASCE/Engineering Foundation Research Initiation Grant Award for 1977-78.

-­. "-'

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'/. ·:_.·; ,:~" ....... : .. ;~! ,.

\ \\

•,\ ·~

·,\

"Hydraulics of Hanging lee Dams," New York State Sea Grant Institute, Office of Sea Grant/NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Jan. 1983 ..... Dec., 1985 (.$107 ,350).

13

"Mathematical Modelling of Ice Conditions in the Sto Lawrence River,., SLSDC/U.S. Department of Transportation, with G.B. Batson and I .L. Maytin, Jan. 1983 - Dec., 1983 l$70, 0001.

·, (f.

_]

' .. !i ·---...~~~~~_::_:_...;..L__;~---~·-·;·~~---· -· -------------d" __,__o_

GR~DUATE THESIS DIRECTED

Student Name

+ Avery, K.A.

Harden, T.O.

+ Smith, D.C.

+ Wart, R.J.

+ Free, A.P ..

Candee, K.I ..

Landry, S.J.

Mihm, J.E.

Papaspyropoulos, G.T.

h. + c lOU, K.F.

Ruggles, R.W.

Halabi, Y.S.*

Yapa, P.N.D.D.

Chiang, L.A ..

Degree

. M.E.

M.E.

M.E ..

M.E.

M.E.

M.E.

M.E.

M.S.

M~ S.

J?h.D~

Ph.D.

M.S.

Title' and Date

Hathernatical Modeling of River Flood Plains, Aug. 1977

Numerical Simulation of Mixing in Natural Rivers, May 1978

Two-Dimensional Flood Plain Modeling, July 1978

Interpretation of Critical Void Ratio Using Information Theory, July 1979

Ice Jam Formation: A Mathematical Model, July 1979

Flow Distribution in Ice Covered Channels, July 1979

Frazil Ice Transport and Hanging Dam Formation, Dec. 1979

Squat Phenom~~a of Vessels in Excavated c~ .. annels I Aug. 19 8 0

A Collocation Finite-Element Solution of the Convection­Di~fusion Equation, Mar. 1981

. Surface Ice Jams in Rivers Having Nonuniform Flow, Apr'! 1982

Analysis of Resi$tance Coe~­ficient of River Ice Covers, Dec. 1981

Numerical Simulation of Transport Processes in Rivers, Apr .. 1982

An Unste~dy Flow Model for the St. Lawrence River with Ice Cover, In J?rogress

A Nm~erica1 Model for the St. Lawrence River Thermal-Ice Reg~me, July 1982.

*Mathematics ctnd Computer Science

+Served as thesis co-advisor

Program

••••

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Student Name

Pasquarell, G.C.

VanDeValk, W.A.

Ruggles, R.W.

Foltyn, E.P.

COURSES TAUGHT

CE 470 CE 570* CE 572 CE 574* CE 673* CE 527* CE 672* CE 671*

Degree

M.S.

M.S ..

Ph.D.

:Ph.D.

Hydraulic Engineering Advanced Hydrology

15

Title and Date

Hydraulic Analysis of Ice Covered Ch~nnel Networks, In Progress

Field Investigation of a Hanging Dam in the St. Lawrence River, Dec~ 1982

Hydraulics of Hanging Ice Dams, In Progress

Mathematic Model of River Ice Dynamics, ln Progress

Open Channel Hydraulics Hydrodyn~ic Dlspersion and Sediment Transport Coastal Engineering Advanced Fluid Mechanics Hydrodynamics Ice Engineering

SERVICE TO CLARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Graduate Committee, CEE Department, 1976-1980

Library Representative, CEE Department, 1977-1981

Vice Chairman, Fluid and Thermal Science Group, School of Engineering, 1978-19.80

Chairman, Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Science Group, School of Engineering, 1980-1983

*New courses initiated

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Program I.

Program II.

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

ON

RIVER ICE HYDRAULICS

Calculation of Frazil Ice Production

Numerical Simulation of River Ice Cover Thickness and Water Temperature

';; (

Program III. An Unsteady Hydraulic Model for Ice Covered River

* For further information, contact Dr. H.T. Shen Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Clarkson College of Technology Potsdam, N.Y. 13676 Phone: 315-268-6606

-268-7701

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Computer Program I

Calculation of Frazil Ice Production

Reference

Shen, H.T. and Ruggles, R.W., "Winter Heat Budget and Frazil Ice Production ~n the Upper St .• Lawrence River," Water Resources Bulletin, April 1982.

• · ,. .. ~ •, • ";;: , .. , · ~" ·. r·• ~. .• ,.... • ... .. I 61 ' .. ;

j

1 '

This computer program will analyze the ice production rate

{heat loss rate) for a river. Temporal and spatial distribu-

tions of heat exchange rates in the study reach for a given

winter can be calculated. Calculations are based on the energy

budget method using available water temperature data, weather

data, stage-discharge data, and data on areal extents of ice

. J..n cover in the study reacho Heat exchange components included

the computation are heat exchanges through the free surface, bed

heat flux, ~rictional heating, and the thermal energy contained

in the incoming flow through the upstream boundary of the reach.

In its present form, the winter season is de£ined as the 91-day

period beginning on December 18 of each year. Up to thirty-

three control cross-sections can be used to define the spatial

distribution of heat exchange rateso

Input data are to be prepared according to the following

sequence:

Cards A. READ (5,20) N,F (N,M) 20 FO~AT (I3,F5.2)

This set of cards gives the width of ice cover at stations along the river on the day when the a0rial photography data is available.

F (N,M) = Average value of (ice cover width/top width of the. channel) between the M-th and the (M + l)th cross sections on the N-th day of the winter.

Cards B. READ (5,82) TW (Ill) 82 FORMAT (F6.1)

This set of data cards consists of 91 mean daily water temperature data at the upstream end.

TW (Ill) = Water temperature, in °C, at the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom on the Ill-th day of the winter-

Cards CD

Card D.

(J

READ (5,88) QB (Il5) 8 8 FORMAT (F·lO. 4)

This set of data cards consists of 91 daily bed heat flux data.

QB (IlS) = Bed heat influx per unit area (ft3 of ice/day-ft2) on the I15-th day of the winter.

READ (5,1) IYEAR 1 FORMAT (IS)

IYEAR =Year at which the winter ends, e.g., 1975 for the winter of December 1974 to March 1975.

Cards E. READ (5,51) TAIR, TD, \WEL, SPRESS, CC, 'rWATER 51 FORMAT {lOx, 6Fl0.5)

Each one of this set of data cards will input weather conditions at a given hour, and should be arranged according to their time sequence. On each card, the first 10 columns are reserved for indexing purposes which can be used to punch month, date, and yearD The next 60 columns are to be used to input the following six variables.

TAIR - Air temperature, oF• I

TD - Dew point, op. I

WVEL - Wind speed, knots;

SPRESS - Atmospheric pressure, inches;

cc - Cloud cover in tenths;

TWATER - Water tempreature, oc

The input of weather data is at 4 hour intervals, i.e., 6 cards each day. Since the mean daily water temperature data are used, the water temperature data needs to be given only for the first card of each day.

Cards F. READ (5,20) (H(J),J=l,6), Q(I) 20 FORMAT (6x 1 7F8.0)

This set of cards consists of 91 cards, which will input daily values of stage-discharge datao

H(J)

Q (I)

-Stage, in ft., at six gaging stations in the reach.

- Daily mean discharge, in cfs, for the I-th d~y of the winter.

Cards G. READ (5,94) B(I6) 94 FORMAT (Fl0.3)

This set of data cards will input thirty-three values of the channel width at control cross­sections.

B(I6) =Top width, in ft., of the channel at the I6-th cross-section.

Cards H. READ {5,96) DX(I7) 96 FORMAT (Fl0.3)

This set of data cards will input thirty-two values of distances between successive control cross-sections.

DX(I7) =Distance, in ft., between the I7-th and the (I7+l)th cross-section.

Outputs of this program include two parts. The first part

presents daily values of the ice production rates and contri-

butions from each heat exchange component. These include:

QUB = Thermal energy influx contained in the flow entering the reach through the upstream boundary;

SQFS - Total surface heat loss rate in the study reach;

SQB - Total bed heat flux in the study reach;

SQF - Total frictional heating in the study reachi

SQFF - SQFS+SQB+SQF;

I - SQFF+QUB

The second part of the output gives distributions of heat

exchange rates along the river for each day of the winter.

_]

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Computer Program II

Numerical Simulation of River Ice Cover

Thickness and Water Temparature

Reference

L.A. Chiang, "A Numerical Model for the St. Lawrence River Thermal-Ice Regime," M.So Thesis, Clarkson College, July 1982.

,, - -. ~·--~II:

'- ,,

This computer program will numerically simulate the rate

of ice cover growth and dissipation for a river with ice cover

and open water areas. At each time step, the spatial distri-

bution of net heat flux (both ice covered and no-ice conditions)

of the water temperature and ice thicknesses are first

calculated. Surface heat exchange calculations are based on

existing empirical formulas for each component. The water

temperature distribution is analyzed by the one-dimensional

longitudinal dispersion equation, solved by a collocation

finite-element schemee The ice cover thickness is calculated by

a finite difference approximation assuming linear thermal

gradients. Heat exchange components included in the computation

are heat exchange through the free surface and the air-ice

interface, the bed heat flux 1 penetrated solar radiation, bed

heat flux and heat flux from water to the ice covera A hundred

and one nodal points are selected to define the spatial distri-

bution of heat exchange rates, water temperature, and ice

thickness.

Flow charts which outline the computational scheme are

presented in Figs. Al - A.3. Comparisons for measured ana

simulated ice thicknesses for two river stations are shown in

Figs. la and lb.

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( START ~ READ AND CONSTRUCT

7 DETEHNINE COEFFICIENTS OF

PROBLEM AND SCHEME CONVECTION-DIFFUSION EQNo

CONSTANTS

CONSTRUCT EQUATIONS OF COLLOCATION SCHEtlli FOR

EACH ELEHENT GENERATE FINITE ELEMENT

SPECIFICATION

CALL TRIDLU (SOLVE THE LINEAR SYSTEM

I INPUT BED HEAT AND UP- 7- FOR WATER TEMPERATURE

STREAM WATER CHANGE, lla(I))

TEMPERATURE

UPDATE VALUES X(I) = X(I) + lla(I)

SPECIFY INITIAL ICE THICKNESS ULO = UL P~D INITIALIZE ARP~Y X URO = UR

• CALCULATION OF HYDRAULIC SPECIFY THE WATER TEMP.

PARAMETERS FOR EACH NODE

CALCULATE THE ICE COVER THICKNESS

.CALL SHELD (NET SURFACE HEAT 1 EXCHANGE AND PENETRATED NO - 1/llt? --SOLAR ·.RADIATION) ·~ NT>

1 YES

I CALL HEATN (NET HEAT FLUX PRINT OUT WATER TEMP. L BOTH ICE COVERED AND ICE AND ICE COVER

FREE CONDITIONS) THICKNESS_..,.-

YES ~ ICE BREAKUP? -..

a lNO NO - .

IRGl > 81? ---======----. YRS

STOP .

Figure A.l Flow Chart - Main Program

'w t I •·' "" • •• ., .,. , ... ~ • ·- ' : '\ I I _, , • 1 ,.,.,. • ' r \" ~~ ,· ·~ 4 , .,, • 1 ...,. 0 0 ' ... • • * k " ' ' ' \ " : ' ., ' ~; . .., 1 ' li. t ,. t • f :...J!'!.... ~ .. lj tJ ..... _. • 'II-.~ o oJ. '•.. ~ 0 • - ' ,~_!.:"• '! ' . ......, • ,, '" ... ....... ... • ...... ,._- o- . .. ,.,.. , ... . .

START

INITIALIZATION

READ WEATHER DATA

NO

CALCULATE SHORTWAVE RADIATION

YES

HODIFY ALBEDO

NO L::_-c~J1NO~O~F~N;O~D~-~~l~Qli:=;-~?-----------r---------------~ YES

NO

NO

YES

MODIFY EQN. FOR SATURATED

VAPOUR PRESSURE

CALCULATE ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION

YES

YES

(

NO(ICE GROWTH)

. YES(ICE~D~E~C~A~----­

CALCULATE IC

CALCULATE BACK RADIATION,

EVAPORATION, AND CONDUCTION

CALCULATE NET HEAT EXCHANGE

YES

SURFACE TEHP.

)

Figure A.2 Flow Chart - Surface Heat Exchange Subroutine

.. ~ • •-w>

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c START ) -

~CE EXIST? NO

----- YES

~ ~11RFAC!'" ~ .. .._.,._~~...!N.:::,O_ ~GE "> • ...

YES CALCULATE ICE GROWTH AT THE ICE/WATER

INTERFACE

CALCULATE ICE DECAY AT THE

AIR/ICE INTERFACE

CALCULATE ICE DECAY AT THE

ICE/WATER INTERFACE

COMPUTE TOTAL ICE THICKNESS CHANGE

~ ~"URF ACE u~.::: YES EXCHANGE>O?

1 NO YES

vlATER TID-1PERATURE:-;;?>--~----...J

NO

------- ~~~~~Y!E~SJ -=::::::: .. YELOCITY >60 CH/SE

NO

COMPUTE ICE FORMATION

SET WATER TEMPERATURE = 0

' COMPUTE TOTAL ICE THICKNESS

1-------------~bET ICE THICKNESS=O ...,_-.__ __ ..Jj_

Figure A.3 Flow Chart - Ice Cover Thickness Subroutine

• ~ - .... J" J: _ ... ,.

~ ... ~ ... ;~: .... "f" .. ~"" ... r~~'.1'""-": .... ~· .. u-·•-;~.~l <( .. ~·""!~~\. ..... ,~' .... ........_. eL~-- ..,.....uv ..... ~ ..... "_.__ ........... 1..:...!'-t.::: ... -~::t"',.. '"',.. .. ;~.- • ..o--·, "-.. '"""-.;"1.& ~-·~···· .. ~...._ .... • "' "• ... tr~·:.... , ':t'.-.:.. ..,.'1."'\l: 9f "".:_"1.•,.~: ... :::;-~:-t,·\!- .. -.w-•-..,,

L

• . ·- ... ~~-!'"""

Input data are to be prepared according to the fol~owing

sequence:

Card A. Read (5, 111) XEND, TEND, SIGMA, DT

ll], F¢RMAT (4F 10. 0)

This card gives the finite-element domain and scheme specifications.

XEND - The total distance in x-direction, miles;

TEND - The input final time value, days;

SIGMA - a in the implicit scheme for discretization :.n time;

DT - The interval of each time step, days;

Card B. Read (5, 115) NTP

115 F¢RMAT {_I3).

NTP - The number of time pieces, each piece repre~;ents one day;

Card c. Read l5, 115 )_ NDT

115 F¢RMAT (.I3)

NDT - Number of elements for each time piece, sa~-if DT - 0~5 day~ NDT = 1/DT = 2;

Card D. Read (5, 112) L, N

112 F¢RMAT (2I3)

L - Level of automation;

L - 1 For irregular grid points

L - 2 For piecewise uniform partition

N - Number of elements;

Card E. Read (_5, 1121 lv:IFE, MO

112 F¢RMAT (2I3).

MFE - Level of output;

if MFE = 1 output problem and scheme's constant

J

·. MO - Level of output;

if MO = 1

Card F. Read (5, 113) NP

113 F¢RMAT (I3)

output initjal nodal degrees of freedom

NP = N·umber of pieces (.i.e., control cross sections)

Cards G. Read (5, 114) (NELP(N}, N=l, NP)

114 F¢ffit1AT (_16I3)

This set of cards specify number of elements for each piece.

NELP(N) =Number of elements at the N-th piece;

Cards H. Read (5, 115} (XLEFT(~}, N=l, NE}

Cards I.

115 F¢RMAT (8F5. 0.1

This set of cards speci~y coordinates of left end point for each piece.

XLEFT(N) = Coordinates of left end point at the N-th piece;

Read (5,*) QBEDl, QBED2, KDAYl, KDAY2

This set of cards consists of five different stages of bed heat influx per unit area (ft3 of ice melted/ day-ft2). ,.·It is in a free format.

QBEDl - The value of bed heat flux on the day of KDAYl;

QBED2 - The value of bed heat flux on the day of KDAY2;

KDAYl - Days corresponding to the bed heat flux,

KDAY2 - Days corresponding to the bed heat· flux,

Cards J. Read (.5 , 6). TW (_Jl S l

6 F¢RMAT (Fl0.3)

QBEDl;

QBED2;

This set of data cards consists of 82 mean daily water temperature at the Iroquois Dam.

I

I

1 j

I l\

L

TW(Jl5) 0 - Water temperature, in C, at the Iroquois Dam on the Jl5-th day of the winter;

Cards K. Read (5,*) THICKl, THICK2, KG, NED

This set of data cards specify the observed initial ice thickness at five different locations with free format.

THICKl Observed initial . thickness at the - 1ce location KG, em;

THICK2 - Observed initial ice thickness at the location NED, em;

KG - The location at which the initial ice thickness lS THICKl;

NED - The location at which the initial ice thickness is THICK2;

Cards L. Read (5,*) SUNAl, SUNA2, ~ffiTEl, MATE2

This set of data cards consists of 3 cards, which will input the coefficient a for calculating the solar radiation.

SUNAl

MATEl

SUNA2

MATE2

- Coefficient a for January;

- The beginning day of calculation (i.e., 1 on JAN 17);

- Coefficient a for February; ...

- The total number of days from JAN 17 to mid-day of FEB

Cards M. Read (5,*) SUNBl, SUNB2, MATEl, MATE2

This set of data cards consists of 3 cards, which will input the coefficient b for calculating the solar radiation.

The illustration for this set of cards is the same except that the coefficient a is replaced by coefficient b.

The order of Cards L and Cards M is set in an alternative ordere

0·"' JY...•'t~ ~~~ ·..,,._ 'w .)t l P'"Yf.~ .. r .. • )ii, ~ .,,,..itt.#'' .... __ ., il ... , .... a. '• .. ~If. "t.."'"~ * .. ~JJ. ~ .. to't~ ... ~. ~ '..; ~1 .. ~ ,.. ~ ,~ ~··", .., .. .' ,, ';14 •tf*"..... • f 8 "'* ' ;""""'"~ ,~ - • • - • 0 " ... • -~- -., I ,+_ _ .j,j .. ,.1:..~.•• :~ ~,/.,. i'' 0:.,.._.,<~:_',-f'P- 1,_t.:•'\_,;_ ;:t_ '• ••.'..,• ' ~ ;...i;, .}"' '-. ~'" • '-f ,J·;_~ - ..,,., -:1 ~ "' ..,.~.u-::•! " • ,, . ..., o•""t ";,-t>

I ····---~-·~·-··· .. ... .. ····---·-·.J ....

L

Cards N. Read (5,1) Dl, D2 1 Zl

Cards 0.

Cards F.

l F¢RMAT (.3F5-l)

This set of data cards input the transverse distribution of channel depth at each cross section of the river.

Dl

D2

Zl-

- The depth at left end of a small width segment in a certain cross section of a river, ft;

- The depth at right end of a small width segment of the same cross section of river, ft;

- The width of the small segment, ft;

Read (5,20) DX(Jl)

This set of data cards specify the distance of each cross-section from the beginning point (0) of calculation in x-direction.

DX (Jl) - The distance of cross section Jl away from the beginning point in x-direction, ft;

For each cross-section, Card 0 follows C~rds N immediately

Read (5,61) TAIR, TDEW, WVEL, SPRESS, CC

61 F¢RJY1AT (lOX, SFlO. 5)

Each one of this set of data cards will input weather conditions at a given hour, and should be arranged according to their time sequence. On each card, the first 10 columns are reserved for indexing purposes which can be used to punch month, date, and year. The next 50 columns are to be used to input the follo-v;ring five varial:)les:

TAIR - Air temperature, -:>F;

TD - Dew Point, OF;

WVEL - Wind speed, knots;

SPRESS - Atmospheric pressure, inches;

cc Cloud Cover . tenths; - J.n

The input of weather data is at 4-hour intervals, i.e., 6 cards each day.

t I l j

I I I

I J i

l ~ , I t ! l ~ l l

I I

I

I I l f

I

l r I

_j

s u ...

(Jl [J) (l)

~ ~ u

·.-I .c 8

(l) u H

s u ..

(Jl

Ul (l) ~ v .-. u

·.-I .c 8

(l) u H

L

STA:F2 NOD£:38

-

sa

43

/ - ...........

/. r.......- .12) f) 0~

1'--, • !!) -

'! Q 12)

-22

-t

l I I l J I

ea

Days After Jan. 16, 19~8

Figure 1a Comparison of Computed and Measured Thickness, Station F2

STA:F'I NOD£:59

ea

4B

- ..... e v ...... 0~ Gi

/ w

\ -

~ 0

- \

2a

-• I I I ·-

9 40 ea

Days After Jan. 16, 1978

Figure ~~1b Comparison of Computed and Measured Thickness, Station Fl

Computer Program III

An Unsteady Hydraulic Model

for Ice Covered River

J i _j

I •' ,. -

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L

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This computer program is capable of simulating flow and

ice conditions in a natural river continuously over a winter

season. Major components of the program are described as the

following:

1. Hydraulics of the river flow. The time dependent flow

conditions, i.e., discharge and water surface profile, in

the river are solved using a four-point implicit finite-

difference scheme. The modified St. Venant equations for

ice covered river (Ref. 1) are used as the governing

equations ..

2. Formation of the river ice cover. The formation of the

initial ice cover is simulated using the theory of Pariset

and Hausser (Ref. 5).

3. Roughness of the Ice Cover. The undersurface roughness of

the ice cover changes continuously during the winter. The

£• ~el developed by Shen and Yapa (Refs. 2 and 3) is used

to simulate the time-dependent variation o£ the ice

roughness.

4. Growth and Decay of Ice Cover. The change in the ice cove.r

thickness is commonly modeled by using a freezing degree­

day method in the form of h. = AIS . This formula can only ~

be used to simulate the growth of ice cover. In the

present program a modified method is used. This method

calculates the ice cover thickness by the formula (Ref. 4)

2 h0

+ a(S) • •

can be used to simulate the growth-decay and break-up of

_j

ice cover. Figure 1 shows the comparison of simulated and

measured ice cover thickness and break-up dates for a river

station for nine winters •. The two vertical dash lines for

each year in the figure indicate the observed break-up time.

The program in it's present form can be used to s:~mulate

a river consisting of ap to 30 branches. Basic inputs required

for the program include river geometry, upstream and downstream

boundary conditions (discharge or level}, initial flow condi-

tions, daily air temperature 1 and model constants. ThE~ output

will be the continuous description of flow and ice conditions

in the river~ including ice cover geometries 1 discharg4::

distribution and water surface profiles. Fig. 2 shows the

comparison of measured and simulated water levels for gaging

stations in the St. Lawrence River for the winter of 1977-78.

The standard error of the simulated water level drop is 3%.

L _j

-.. ! ' ! . . \ '· lt1t.'. • '\ \ . •• ~ •• ... ' ...

1\

1 l_-.

""" ~ \../

'<

ig. 1. Comparison of Measured and Simul; d Ice Cover Thickness and Break-up Date

30 12 . . I I

lO l

lo

79-80 1 R0-I +

(1

I~ I, l, I, I

~' 20 ++ I I r I

I I I I I I I I I I I I

I J\

~ ·~

~

t tl

IO I

I t

I

I I I I

~0 I I I 7 6-: 7 7 I \ I I I I 7 7-:7 8 . I I \ I I I 7 8-; 7 9 I _L I

20 ....... ~, I I

I ..

10 I /t + t

71-72 73-74 75-76

I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I i I I

0 . . 0 2 o 4 0 6 o Z o · 4 O Go 2. o 4. Cl 'o

t Cffl.L 1 l: &"/ ~

,;:;

-~

? ·j 0j :,~

. :,i&; •J

r~

·L.-. . '

247r---------------------------------------------------------~

245

241

A239 • ~

tr­v

--1237 w > w _J

o::235 w t-<( :l:.

233

K:tNGSTON

OGDENSBURG

~~

CARDINAL''

J:ROQUOJ:S H.W .~

~

HORRISBURG

PO\.IER DAM

~-.,.,.,.---'"",

• 231 · 1 e 20 t 0 20 1 0 20 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

YEAR : 1978

Fig. 2. Comparison of Measured and Simulated Water Levels

·---;r--~--"•·•·------- ------.........-~·-- ,_. _____ . ______ ..___..____,M, ____ __,_~--------~-............. -,. ---.. ,O,N •• ...,

/1

·::::0

.._;?

., il 0

~) '•

L

BRIEF SU~rnARY FOR DATA INPUT

INPUT DATA SET 1

Card 1

Cards 2 and 3 nb values for each branch

Card 4

Card 5

Card 6

DT, TMAX, PSI~ MAXIT, HL, HLDN, AR 7 MAXSTP, PROPT

ARES, NEXIT

NUNUP

NR - No. of branches

NB - No. of nodal points

NSKIP - No. of days to be skipped. (The program can start simulation from any given day of the winter. If simulation is to start from initiation of ice cover NSKIP=O.)

DT - Time increment (usually 1 day)

TMAX - Length of the simulation [No limit] (e.g. 90 days)

PSI - Weighting factor e in numerical scheme (usually e = 0.75)

Ml~IT - Maximum number of iterations allowed in Newton-Raphson scheme (usually 8)

HL and HLDN - Assumed water levels at U/S and D/Se (Not necessary to give correct value since the program will find the correct value if you give a guess.) ·

AR - Area of reservoir U/S (if exists)

MAXSTP - Number of iterations for initialization (10 is usually enough)

PROPT - Print option; currently four options are available, e.g., 1 gives simulated water levels at selected stations only, 4 gives detailed results of simulation.

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. "

'

l~ ' .'

. '.

-. ;~: ~¥;~~- \ l :i~~ -

1\RES - Area of the downstream reservoir (if exists)

NE:XIT - Node thdt enter the downstream reservoir or downstream end

NUMUP - Number of branches connected to upstream reservoir (maximum 2)

INPUT DATA SET 2

Cards 1 through 28

Cards 29

INPUT DATA SET 3

Geometric properties of the river area.~ length, topwidth, etc. for each branch

(NB Cards) Nodal input array. Defines the incoming and outgoing branches for each mode.

This set contains time dependent boundary data {discharge or

level) and daily air temperature data.

_j

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REFERENCES

1. Shen, H.T. and Ruggles, R.W., "Analysis of River Ice Cover Roughness," Proceedings, ,ASCE Hydraulics Divisi~n Conference, Jackson, MS, 1982.

2. Shen, H.T., Yapa, P.N.D.D., "Simulation of Undersurface Roughness Coefficient of River Ice Cover," Report No. 82-6, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson College of ~echnology, Potsdam, N.Y., July 1982.

3. YaiJa, P.N.D.D., and Shen, H.T., "Roughness Characteristics of the Upper St. Lawrence River Ice Cover,n Proceedings, Twentieth Congress, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Moscow, U .. S.S.R .. , September 1983.

4. Shen, H.T., and Yapa, P.N.D .. D., "Simulating Growth, Decay, and Break-up o£ the St. Lawrence River Ice Cover," Proceedings, 6th Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, Ottawa, June 1983.

5. Pari set, E. , Hausser, R., and Gagnon, A. , "Formulation of Ice Covers and Ice Jams in Rivers," Journal of the ~ydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol .. 92, No. HY6, 1966.

_j

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RIVER ICE COVER ROUGHNESS 165

Q~t:.!:_rmination of RoL.ghness Coefficient

To solve Eq. 12 for n1 using an iterative procedure, a reasonable initial guess is needed. For river reaches which consist of subreaches which are either fully open or fully ice covered as shown in Figure 3, the following difference equation can be obtained from Eq. 12.

2 2 2 2 0 nb I:J.x Q c nb llx Q

H - H = 1: -----·-- + E ··-----U D 2.208 A2R413 2.208 A2

tb.)4/\l + F)4/3 A (14)

in which, H11 , HD = water level at the upstream and the downstream ends of the reacfi, o and c refer to subreaches \.lith free surface and ice covers, respectively. Assuming that the channel cross-sectional area in the reach can be approximated by the average of areas at the upstream and downstream ends, A, Eq. 14 can be solved explicitly for ni. This ni value can be used as the first approximation in the iterative procedure:

n - Pb 2.208 A2R4/3

i - nb { (=-)[ { o (HU-HD)

pi

0

_ £.1lx}3/4 _ !]}2/3 c r t1x

(15) 2 2 c Q nb E llx

in which R0 = A/pb, and Pi = average width of the channel at the ice­water interface. A similar yet more cumbersome expression can also be obtained to account for partially covered conditions. Since it was found that the iterative scheme will converge to the correct solution even with a wrong initial gue~.;, Eq. 15 will also be used for partially covered conditions.

With the approximate ni value calculated from Eq. 15, the drop in water surface level in each subreach can be obtained from Eq. 12.

n2 2 - llH = _b_ Q llx

2.208 A2 g(ni) (16)

in which,

g(n.) = (Pb)4/3(Qa)2(~-) + /b)4/3(·QB)2(_A)(l + F')4/3 1 A a Q Aa A B Q Af3 (17)

Using Eq. 16 and the measured water level, u0

, at the upstream station, the water level at the downstream station can be calculated. If the calculated downstream level Hf) does not equal the measured value, HD, then modification on the calculated ni value is required. Let llni b~ the correction required in order to eliminate the difference llHC = H5 Hn, then

llHc

or

2 2 llx nb Q llx dg(n.) E ---· lm.[ --.2. .. ]

2.209 A2 1 dni

""'-.~-~-..,-------------·-· -----....,.....,.--·----------~

(18)

. I

I

I •I

.,

~

166 APPLYING HYDRAULIC RESEARCH

c n1

11H lmi = -I:J.~x-=-------

2 E [G F' (l+F' )l/3)

in \<.lia:!.ch,

2 2 n Q llx p /'l Q I

b [(2.)4 ~(_i_)2(_A)(l + F')4 3] 2.208 A2 A f3 Q Af3

G =

(19)

(20)

The repetitive use of Eqs. 19 and 20, until Hg converges to HD, will give the correct value of the roughness coefficient ni.

APPLICATION TO THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

The method developed in the preceeding section is applied to a reach in the St. Lawrence River between water level gaging stations at Cardinal, Ontario, and the Iroquois Control Dam (Figure 1). This reach is located downstream of Galop Island. Due to the large flow velocity and the installation of the Galop ice booms, a major portion of the Galop Island reach remains open each winter. With the existence of open-water areas, a large amount of frazil ice is accumulated underneath the ice cover to form hanging ice dams. Since detailed hanging dam profiles are not available, the reduction in channel cross-section area due to hanging dams are not included in the computation of ni. The effect of this reduction in flow area of flow resistance is effectively accounted for as a part of the form loss contributed to the roughness coefficient, ni. The reduction in flow area due to the solid ice sheet is included in the computation. Ice thickness data obtained by the St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Canada, are used. The areal extent of ice cover is obtained from aerial photographs provided by the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (7).

Daily roughness coefficients ni for winters between 1974-1981 are calculated based on mean daily discharge measured ~t the Iroquois Dam and level data obtained from the Power Authority of the State of New York. Detailed flow, ice cover conditions, and water temperature data are given in Ref. 7. Cross-sectional geometries are obtained from Ref. 4 and summarized in Table 1. It is recognized that nb for alluvial rivers may vary with flow conditions. Since analysis of flow data in the study reach for periods before the formation of the ice cover and after the disappearance of the ice cover indicated the

Table 1. Cross-Sectional Geometry at the Reference Water Level

Parameter Cardinal Iroquois H.W. t-:.-

Reference Water Level (IGLD 1955) 240.80 ft. 239.90 ft.

Width 2620 ft. 2620 ft. Wetted Perimeter, pb 2690. 916 ft. 2683.1298 ft. Cross-sectional Area 92900 sq. ft. 82700 sg. ft.

i

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VOL. 18, NO. 2 WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN

AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION APRIL 1982

WINTER HEAT BUDGET AND FRAZIL ICE PRODUCTION IN THE UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER1

Hung Tao Shen and ~oger W. Ruggles-2

ABSTRACI': Wmter heat budget and frazil ice production in the St. Lawrence River between the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom and the Moses­Saunders Power Dam are analyzed. Contributions of each heat ex­change component, and spatial distributions of heat exchange rates are calculated for three typical winters. Based on the calculated heat bud­get, the amount and distribution of frazil ice generated in the study reach is analyzed. The result of this study indicates that the thermal energy contained in the river water flowing into the study reach is a dominate factor in the heat budget analysis. The heat flux from the channel bottom accounts for an important portion of the total heat budget during the ice covered period. (KEY TERMS: frazil ice; heat budget; river ice; St. Lawrence River.)

INTRODUCTION

It is commonly recognized that seasonal variation of air temperature can be represented ~y a single harmonic \Vith a periodicity of one year. Due to the effect of surface heat ex­change processes, variations of water temperature in a river generally follow the same pattern. In regions with severe winter climates the water temperature can only fall to approxi­mately 0°C. The excess heat loss due to the surface heat ex­change will lead to the generation of ice. Hence, subfreezing winter climates will commonly cause an ice cover on rivers. Open water areas will exist, however, in reaches where flow conditionss such as those produced by high surface velocity, prevent the formation of an ice cover. In ice covered reaches, atmospheric conditions will govern the rate of melting or thickening of the ice cover while in open water areas atmos­pheric conditions could cause periods of supercooling during which large quantities of frazil ice could be produced.

As the only natural outlet of the Great Lakes, the St. law­rence River conveys water from the Great Lakes basin to the Atlantic Ocean. The river flow is regulated by the Moses­Saunders Power Dam, located approximately 90 miles down­stream of lake Ontario. Each winter stable, uniform ice covers are formed in the river. During the perod of formation, ice covers progress upstream from obstructions, such as dams and ice booms, to a region of high velocity where a stable ice cover is difficult to establish. In these high velocity regions open water exists throughout the winter. A portion of the frazil ice produced in the open water area will accumulate

underneath the ice cover downstream to form hanging ice dams. The formation of hanging dams and frazil ice accumula­tion will create head losses in addition to those of the solid ice sheet. These additional head losses have detrimental effects to both power and navigation interests in the river.

In this study, heat exchange rates in the 40-mile reach of the St. Lawrence River, between the Ogdensburg-Prescott Ice B.>om and the Moses-Saunders Power Dam (Figure 1 ), arc" studied using the method of heat budget analysis. The heat budget analysis is used to estimate the amount and distribu­tion of frazil ice, which is the source of the ice mass that con­tributes to the formation of an initial ice cover and hanging ice dams. The analyses are carried out for three typical win· ters, i.e., winters of 1974-75, 1977-78, and 1978-79. These three winters are selected based on an earlier analysis that in-1icated that the surface heat losses correspond to the mini­mum, the average, and the maximum of the 1 0-year period between 1969-1979 (Shen, 1980).

HEAT EXCHANGE COMPONENTS

The heat budget in a river reach includes contributions fro., surface heat flux, frictional heat, and heat transfer through the channel bottom. In the open water reach, heat exchange through the free surface is the most important component. Bed heat influx and frictional heating are relatively small in com­parison \vith heat loss from the free surface. An ice cover in­sulates the river water from en.ergy exchange with the atmos­phere. The thermal condition in th~ river is then dominated by the bed heat influx, which represents a net heat input into the river and dissipates the frazil ice as it is tnmsported along the river. The net rate of heat loss along an ice covered river can be expressed as

(1)

where rjJ is the net rate of heat loss per unitlength of the river; Bs is the top width of the river; Bi is the width of the ice cover;

1Paper No. 81065 of the Water Resour~;es Bulletin. Discussions are open until December 1, 1982. 2 Respectively, Associate Professor and Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental "Pngineering, Oarkson College of Tech­

nology, Potsdam, New York 13676.

251 WATER RESOURCES BULU1TIN

_j

, ,. l-~ ...... ~ • ", . $, ' ·"" <t ~ • rsT• '' · ,.(, 1

•· ~· .t• ·A~ • ~ .·'-•. • ,,• - ~, .. •'.··, • ,_,., ...... 0 • • '· :• ::;'-".'Po~: '••~•••·- ~>, , .. • ... 0 ';~:: l . • !"- - .j .· . \~. • • .':"'- 1.- .~ ?' ,; """ ' ~ ;; 1 • ~. .. .... --.... _. :· • ... '., ' ': • ... ... ................... ,.. • ... .. • ••

Shen and Ruggles

L

in which, 'Yw is the specific weight of water, 62.4 lbs/ft3; and A is the total area of the reach, m2.

Other Heat Exchange Components

The heat transfer from the flow to the underside of the ice cover, cf>wi' is governed by the proces~ of turbulent heat trans­fer ami can be expressed as (Ashton and Kennedy, 1972)

(15)

where, Tm is the temperature of the ice water interface, equal to 0°C; hwi is a heat transfer coefficient which can be esti­mated from empirical correlations of the form

(16)

where, constants C1, C2, a, and b can be estimated from em­pirical data (Haynes and Ashton, 1979). Dimensionless param­eters are defined as

. D Nu = ~i (Nusselt number)

2kw

Re - pUD (Reynolds number) '2Jl

and

JlCp Pr = - (Prandtl number)

kw

(17)

(18)

(19)

where, D is the depth of the flow; kw is the thermal conducti­vity of water; p is the density of water; Jl is the dynamic vis­cosity of water; U is the mean flow velocity; and Cp is the specific heat capacity. Since the temperature of frazil laden river water under the ice cover is 0°C, the contribution of the turbulent heat transfer c/Jwi is neglected.

The heat loss due to snow falling into the water, c/Jsn' can be estimated by

(20)

where, 4 i~ the latent heat of fusion of ice; ci is the specific heat of ice; Ta is the air temperature; and Cs is the mass of snow accumulation over unit area of water surface per unit time. Since the contribution due to the snowfall is not sub· stantial compared to the total heat loss of the season (Frey­steinsson, 1970), this contribution is also neglected in the analysis.

Thermal effluents are discharged into the river from chemi· cal plants at Maitland, Ontario, approximately six miles up· stream of the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom. These effluents cUscharge into the river, at a rate of about 90 cfs and a temperature of about 25°C, affect the water temperature at the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom slightly. Since these effluents

'J~ • * ~~ ' .

~- • h·"'.- '- l-...,U' .'"~• ~,._. -·~· ~ - ... • -· ., ..

254

are discharged into the river upstream of the study reach~ their effects are included in the analysis as part of the th• 1rmal energy flux across the upstream boundary (the Ogden! burg­Prescott Boom).

HEAT BUDGET CALCULATION

For the convenience of interpretation the net rate o: total heat exchange in the river reach is expressed in terms of the volume rate of ice production, and is calculated by t 1e for­

mula

X L * I = QUB + J cpi dx (21)

0

where, I is the net rate of frazil ice production in tt e study reach, ft3/day; QuB is the thermal energy influx ac ·oss the .. , * upstream boundary, expressed in terms of ft.j of ice day; ¢i equal to cp*/Pi4• is the ne1. rate of heat exchange per unit length of the river, expressed in ierms of ft3 of ice/dzy-ft; xis the distance along the river channel in the stream wise c irection, ft; XL is the total length of the study reach, ft.

The amount of thermal energy influx through the ;pstream boundary can be calculated from the flow rate a 1d water temperature at the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom.

(22)

in which, Qw is the flow rate in the river, cfs; Pw i 3 the den­sity of water; CP is the specific heat of water; T 0 i: the water temperature at the upstream boundary (Ogdensbu g-Prescott Boom); an1 Pi is the density of ice.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Calculations are made, during three selected win ers, of the rate of total heat exchange in the study reach, contr butions of each heat exchange component and spatial distri 1utions of heat exchange rates along the river. Figure 3 sl ows daily values of total heat exchange rate, I, in the st tdy reach throughout each winter. During periods of negativt values of I there is a net heat input into the study reach. Nl frazil ice w.,s generated in these periods. Two major compon• nts in the heat budget analysis, i.e., the thermal energy input tc the study rea~h through the upstream boundary, QuB• and ti :e surface heat exchange in the study reach, c/Jwa are also shov 'n. These results indicate that early in the winter, before the 'ormation of ice cover when the water temperature is above th ~ freezing temperature, the thermal energy influx from upstr~a. :1 and the surface heat exchange are the two dominate compom nts in the total heat budget of the study reach. Once the water tempera­ture dropped to the freezing point, the contributim of Qus becomes negligible. During the period when th1 river is covered by ice the insulation effect of the ice cover r \akes the contribution of the bed heat influx an important cc mponent of the total heat budget of the reach. The otal ice

WATER RESOURCES BUt LETIN

_j

L

Shen and Ruggles

..

2400 e .. I . 0 .,.

I~ ...

\ e

';; .. " ... lg

.a . 0

I~ 1-f I , ..

0 4 .. e .. \ 1 .. j! u

,. \ l' 12/lZ/78 I . " \ "t \ I I .. ...

\I l /~

......

\ ....

::! ~ l . -. I A

l-~~ I • i _/'h \ \ ~ \ \ .. VI \ ~ '·I 0

\~ :; \ ./\ \~ /\t' .0:

"\.1 u

" 00() "' lt \ I ;\'kJ V \ '\ ... ...

v ·w- l/4/79 \ £

400 \ \

0

Cross-Section No.

Figure 6. Distribution of Heat Loss Rates Along the River on Selected Dates of the Wmter of 1978-79.

0

S.d l'oat flua_ .--~ ----- -o.J ~

1914-75

i -o.z

! ~ -o Jl--------------------;·0.3

(J/1) •~ s~ &o 10 eo 90

(J/Jil (f/lSl (rtz8) (MilS)

Oata

Figure 7. Daily Variations of Frictional Heat, Bed Heat Flux, and River Discharge.

The winter of 1977-78 represents an average winter. During this winter, main ice covers were formed around January 10, 1978, and stayed during a major portion of the winter. Rela­tively small open water areas existed. A large portion of ice production occurred during the ten-day period between December 31 and January 10, when ice covers were not fully developed. Once ic.J covers are fully developed, most of the ice produced by surface heat loss in the open water area is balanced by the heat influx through the bed along the reach, as indicated by Figure 3. Figure 5 shows the distribution of heat exchange rates along the river. This indicates that al­though the total net heat exchange in the study reach is very small during the ice covered period, the amount of frazil ice produced at open water areas could be very large. The large frazil ice production during the mid-winter period in reaches near Cardinal and Iroquois Dam is an obvious source of hang­ing dams which formed at downstream sections.

256

The winter of 1978-79 is a typical cold winter. Since the ice production rate during the time of the formation of the main ice sheet is less than that of the winter of 1977-78, the open water areas are slightly larger during the winter of 1978-79. Due to the larger open water area and the colder weather, the ice production of the winter of 197 8-79 is larger than that of the winter of 1977-78. During the mid-winter of 1978-79, a large amount of frazil ice was produced near Cardinal, as shown in Fjgure 6, which caused the formation of a large hang­ing dam between Iroquois and Cardinal. This hanging dam was observed during the field study of the winter of 1978-79 (Bat­son, eta!., 1979). A comparison of Figures 5 and 6 also indi­cates that there should be less frazil accumulation downstream of Iroquois Dam in the Ogden Island reach during the 1978-79 winter than that of the 1977-78 winter. This conclusion is also confirmed by the previous field studies (Batson, et aL, 1980).

This study shows that frictional heating accounts for not more than a few percent of the total heat budget in the study reach and can be neglected in the analysis. The bed heat influx is an important component, especially for colder winters when the open water area is small. The thermal energy contained in the river water as it flows into the study reach from upstream is an important factor in the heat budget analysis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported in part by the St. Lawrence Seaway De­velopment Corporation, U.S. Department of Transportation, under Contract DTSL55-80-CC0330. Partial support provided by the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory and the New York Sea Grant Institute, both of NOAA. The U.S. Department of Commerce is also acknowledged.

LITERATURE CITED

Ashton, G. D. and J. F. Kennedy, 1972. Ripples on Underside of River Ice Covers. ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics Division 98(HY9): 1603-1623.

Batson, G. B., et al., 1978. Survey of Flow and Ice Conditions in the Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River, Winter of 1977-78. Report No. DOT-SL-78-519, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washing­ton, D.C., 80 pp.

Batson, G. B., eta/., 1979. Investigation of Flow and Ice Conditions, Sparrowhawk Point to Murphy Island, St. Lawrence River, Winter of 1978-79. Report No. DOT-SL-79-552, U.S. Department of Trans­portation, Washington, D.C., 158 pp.

Freysteinsson, S., 1970. Calculation of Frazil Ice Production. Proceed­ings of the Symposiu .n on Ice and Its Action on Hydraulic Struc­tun~s, International Association for Hydraulics Reseru.ch, Reykjavik, Iceland, 12 pp.

Haynes, F. D. and G. D. Ashton, 1979. Turbulent Heat Transfer in Large Aspect Channel. Report 79-13 1 U.S. Army Cold Regions Re­search and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, 5 pp.

O'Neill, K. and G. D. Ashton, 1980. Bottom Heat Transfer to Water Bodies in Winter. Report to be published, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire.

Paily, P. P., E. D. Macagno, and J, F. Kennedy, 1974. Winter-Regime Surface Heat Loss From Heated Streams, IIHR Report 155, Insti­tute of Hydraulic Research; University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 137 pp.

WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN

_j

Wmter Heat Budget and Frazil Ice Production in the Upper St. Lawrence River

L

-

Shen, H. T., 1980. Surface Heat Loss and Fratil Ice Production in the St. Lawrence River. Water Resources Bulletin 16(6):~96-1001.

Shen, H. T. and R. W. Ruggles, 1980. Ice Production in the St. Law­rence River Between Ogdensburg and Massena. Report No. DTSLS5-80-C-c033Q-A, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington; D.C., 152 pp. .

Trainer, F. W. and Salvas, E. H., 1962. Ground-Water Resources of the Massena-Waddington Area, St. Lawrence County, New York. Bulle­tin GW-47, Water Resources Commission, State of New York, Al-· bany, New York, 227 pp.

• ' •• "J• • ~ I ., ' - ,· • •\ I •

257 WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN

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, :' . , " t,, ...... ~ 1' •• ".(~

INTER):ATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR HYDRAULIC RESEARCH

ROUGF~~ESS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER ICE COVER

POOJITHA N.D.D. YAPA Research Assistant

(Subject A.b)

HUNG TAO SHEN Associate Professor

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Clarkson College of Technology

Potsdam, N.Y., USA 13676

SYNOPSIS

In this paper, a method for simulating the variation of the roughness coefficient of a rough river ice cover is developed. The roughness coefficient was found to be affected by the ambient air temperature, the flow velocity, and the size of the open water area.

.... .... RESUME

Dans ce papier on amplifie une methode pour simuler la deviation du coefficient de la rudesse d'une couverture glacee d'une riviere agitee. On decouvre que le coefficient de la redesse est affecte par la temperature de l'air ambient, la velocite de l'ecoulement de lveau, et le volume de l'etendue de l'eau ouverte.

1

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INTRODUCTION

The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, constructed jointly by Canada and the United States in 1958 induced significant changes in the ice regime of the St. 'Lawrence Rivere The project particularly affects the ice regime in the Internati0nal Rapid Section upstrsam of Lake St. Lawrence, which is the impoundm~nt formed by the Power Dam. In this paper, a method is developed for simulating Manning's roughness co~fficient (n

1) of the under surface of the ice

cover in an 8.4-mile (13.5-km) reach of the rlver between Iroqouis Dam and the town of }ferrisburg (Fig. 1). In this reach, the initial ice cover is formed by the accumulation of frazil ice slush. This ice cover was created by reducing the flow at the Hoses-Saunders Power Dam. Due to the high flow velocity in the river between Iroquois and Pinetree Point, an open-water area exists downstream of the Iroquois Dam every winter. The length of the open-water area varies between 1/4 mile to 2 miles (0.4 km to 3.2 km) depending upon the.severity of the winter. It is observed that n. values in this river generally decrease from a high initial value at the end oflthe formation period to a low value at the end of the season with fluctuations during the winter. The high n. value at the end of the freeze-up period~ n. . , varies from year to year and i~ dependent

h h · . . 1 . lUltf d Th £1 . . h . upon ow t e lnltla lee cover lS orme . e uctuatlon ln t.e 2ce cover roughness is largely dependent upon the transport and deposition of frazil ice produced in upstream open-water areas.

MODEL FORMULATION

Values of n. for the ice cover between the"Iroquios Dam and Morrisburg are calculated for t~n winters between 1972 and 1982, bas£~d on daily mean flow values at the Moses-Saunders Power Dam and water levels at Iroquois Dam and Morrisburg. A bac~~ater model using the Belokon-Sabaneev formula [1] taking into considera­tion the existence of open-water area in the river reach was developed by modifying the model of Witherspoon [3]. The model was used to compute ni values from the flow and level data [2]. The computed n. values, along with the size of open-water area, the ambient air temperature, the river discharge, and channel geometries form the data base used for developing the simulation model for n .• The only existing method for simulating the time-dependent variation of n. is the method developed by Nezhikhovskiy [1]. This method, however, has tEe follm¥ing shortcomings: 1) It is difficult to select n. . . for a river reach with large variations in the initial ice cover thickness ~u~Rl~s the ones with large hanging dams; 2) The size of open-water area and the severity of the winter are not clearly defined which makes the selection of the value of decay constant difficult. The application o£ Nezhikhovskiy's model to the St. Lawrence River also shows that this model cannot adequately describe the observed variations of ni.

Based on the preceeding discussions, a simulation model as depicted i.n Fig. 2 is proposed. This model considers that the roughness coefficient of an ice cover consists of two components. One component, n , is a simple function of time and the other, n, .is a fluctuating component wgich is a function of the ambient air temperature, the flow velocity, and the size of open-water area immediately upstream. Expressing in functional forms the simulation model can be described by the following equations:

2

_j

L

-

-n1 = nd + n (1)

in which, the component nd is the smaller value computed from Eqs. (2) and (3).

and,

n ={ kAT

a -T u

StL e ) + n d en

-T kA (T + T ) U a t.

(2)

(3)

for t < tF (4)

(5)

in which, S = (1/StL)log (~n); t =time from the beginning of the freeze-up, days; t~ = duration of tEe freeze-up period; t = duration between the beginning of the freeze-up and the beginning of the brea~-up period; Lln = the difference between the ice roughne-s coefficient at the end of the freeze-up period, n. 't'

d e · · 1 ~n~ 1 and the beginning of the break-up, n d; a, y, an = emp1r~ca const~nts equa to 2, 0.5, and 2, respectively; T =e~verage mean daily air temperature cf the three preceeding days in terms ofathe freezing-degree-days; °F-day; T = a base temperature equal to 25°F-day; U = average of the flow velocity of th~ day under consideration and that of the preceeding day in fps, calculated from discharge assuming a mean cross sectional area of 12x104 gq. ft. (1.12 x 10m2); A= open water area in the study reach in the unit of 10 sq. ft. (9.29 x 104m2); k = empirical constant equal to 0.0125; and T = empirical constant equal to 11 when U < 1.9 fps (0.58 m/s) and equal to 9.when U > 1.9 fps(0.58 m/s).

The value of n. . reflects the combined effects of the resistance of the flat ice cover and tR~f of hanging dams which may have formed in the study reach. The variation of n. . from one winter to another is governed by the difference between the volijg~tof frazil ice produced during the f.reeze-up period and the volume of frazil ice used to form the initial ice sheet. This dependence is assumed since the frazil ice produced in excess to that needed for a flat ice cover will accumulate underneath the ice cover to form hanging dams of various sizes. Noting that the frazil ice production is roughly pro­portional to the product of the free surface area and air temperature~ and th~t the initial thickness of ice cover is governed by the flow velocity, a functional relationship, Eq. (6), may be established.

n. 't = f (T , A, AI , Q , etc.) ~n~ ao o o (6)

in which, T = air temperature during the freeze-up period in freezing-degree ao day; A = the total area of the reach; AI = area of the ice cover at the end of the freeze-up period; and Q = the dischgrge during the freeze-up period. An analysis of the historical gata for the ten winters, as summarized in Table 1

1

shows that the effect of Q0

is negligible, and Eq. (7) may be used to estimate n. . t. ~nl.

ninit = 0.0045X + 0.018

= o.o5t• for

for

X <

X >

3

::·

8 X 10~ (7)

8 X 108

_j

L

in which, X = product of the air temperature (FDD) and the size of the open­water area at t = tF. The ni value at the end of the season is a function of n .. , i.e.,

1.n1.t

nend = (ninit - 0.00161)/2.243 (8)

Using the model, values of n are simulated for ten winters and compared with field data. Drop in water l~vels from the Iroquois Dam to Morrisburg are also computed using s:L'1lulated n. valueso As shown in Table 2, the correlation between the actual n and ~he simulated n values·is 0.88, with a standard error of estimate equal toi0.005. The correlation coefficient between the measured and simulated head losses in the study reach is 0.975. Results for both then. values and water levels for a typical winter ar: presented in Figs .. 3 and ~-

SUMMARY &~ CONDwUSIDN

In this paper a simulation model·is developed for determining the Manning's roughnees coefficient of a river ice cover formed from the accumulation of frazil slush. In this model, the roughness coefficient is considered to consist of a component which is a simple function of time and a fluctuating component which is a function of the open-water area~ r:he ambient air temperature, and the flow velocity. Both components are formulated by considering physical processes which govern the roughness of the ice cover. Model constants are determined for the reach of the St. Lawrence River between Iroquois Dam and Morrisburg based on flow and level data. for ten winters. A comparison between measured and simulated roughness coefficients and water levels show that the model is capable of simulating the field data with good accuracy. The model is expected to be applicable to similar river ice covers, although different model constants would be needed for each river reach under consi~eration8

BILBIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

1. NEZHIKHOVSKIY, R.A. Coefficients of Roughness of Bottom Surface of Slush Ice Cover Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, No. 2, 1964.

2. SHEN, H.T., YAPA, P.N.D.D. Simulation of Undersurface Roughness Coefficient of River Ice Cover, Report No. 82-6, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson College of Technology, 1982.

3. WITHERSPOON, D.F. Hydraulic Resistance of Ice Cover in the International Rapids Section of the St.. Lawrence River, Proc~edings of l.J'orkshop on Hydraulic Resistance of River Ice, Environment Canada, Burlington, Canada, 1980.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is supported by the Great Lakes Environmental Research Labora­tory, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, under Contract No. NA80RAC0014.

4

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L

TABLE 1

INITIAL ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT AND RELATED PARAMETERS

'~inter Season

1972-73 1973-74 (a)

(b) 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82

NOTE:

T ·AO ao o ninit

Tao· (°F-day)

too (10 ft 2)

Qo (103 cfs) (108 °F-day-ft2)

0.041 30 20 230 0.056 30 40 210 0.052 35 30 250 0.039 25 . 20 228 0.054 45 30 220 0.044 30 20 220 0.053 27 30 210 0.040 35 12.5 210 0.034 27 10 220 0.029 35 6.5 210 0.039 37 ·10 220

I

l°F = 0.55°C after substracting 32; 1 ft 2

1 cfs = 0.028 ems.

6.0 12.0 10.5 5.0

13.5 6.0 8.1 4.4 2.7 2.3 3.7 .

2 = 0.093 m ;

'

TABLE 2

Year

CORRELATION BETI.JEEN SIMULATED AND ACTUAL VALUES OF ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS AND HATER LEVELS AT MORRISBURG

n. Water Level 1.ce at Morrisburg

Starting No. of 2 Std. Err.

Dec.l Data Points Corr. Coeff. 10 xStd. Err. Corr. Coeff. (ft) "!,

1972-73 58 .880 .288 .981 .251 1973-74 50 .699 .688 .924 .564 1974-75 22 .886 .l,:03 .950 .205 1975-76 46 .744 .663 .947 .581 1976-77 70 .641 .555 .880 . 4-28 1977-78 71 • 938. .301 .979 .303 1978-79 64 .864 .324 .982 .254 1979-80 36 .804 .310 .979 .223 1980-81 51 .700 .315 .957 . 254 1981-82 71 .919 .232 .991 .161 . TOTAL 539 . 882 .468 .975 .369

·;-

NOTE: 1 f t = 0. 305m

5

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L ' #

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Typical Ice Condition in the St. Lawrence River between Ogdensburg and Massena, N.Y. La condition de la glace typique de la riviere St. Lawrence entre Ogdensburg et Massena, N.Y.

Figure 2. The Conceptual Model. Le modele du dessein

Figure 3. Comparison of the actual and the Simulated Manning's roughness coefficients of the ice cover, Winter of 1977-78. La comparaison des coefficients de rudesse veritables et simules selon Manning, hiver 1977-78.

' Figure 4. Comparison of the measured and simulated water levels at Iroquois Dam I and Morrisburg, Winter of 1977-78. l La comparison des niveaux d'eau mesures et simules au Iroquiosbarrage j et Morrisburg, hiver 1977-78. I

I .

6

* '·

-'

' OGDENSBURG

E] Open Water

D Ice Cover

• Gaging Station

Figure 1

0 Miles 5

Typi::::.al Ice Condition in the St. Lawrence River between Ogdensburg and Massena, N.Y.

~a condition de la glace typique de la riviere St. Lawrence entre Ogdensburg Et Massena, N.Y.

0. :::J Q) N

ll c

a; 0 (.)

Ill Ill G .E Cl :::J 0 0:

0. :::J

..:.::: ('Q <U ... CJ

"inrt

1 l>n

l ~-nertl tL

Time, t

Figure 2 The Conceptual Model Le modele du dessein

-

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J

I ~·

~ J

~ I I I f

' -

L

..-. )--u... c en % 0 ........ _J _J 1-1 :c ......,

-<

69

48

28

e

-----. ,.... , ,~-r- - .... ___ ~

69

49

2B ~ < 0

a~ '-"

-29 0

-49 e

..-. V')

369 t:;

289 '-" ' ..,-, ~ r---...,---- DISCH I f 'I / • I I \ ,., ... - :r: , ______ .... ' .I\,... ~

L------------~--~-' __ v ______ -L-----------L------------~--------~ 200 ~ e.e DECF:MBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

WINTER STARTING DEC. 1 1977 Figure 3

APRIL

Comparison of the actual and the Simulated Manning's roughness coefficients of the ice cover, Winter of 1971-78

La comparaison des coefficients de rudesse veritables et simules selon Manning, hiver 1977-78

244 f 242

249

-238 t: .._..,

_J u.J

236 > .

~ 234 t ~ 232'

23a[ '-_____ ,__;...J __ ,_. ---.... .,.._~--- .--J:...,.-______ _,___,__ _____ ,_,

DECEMBER JANUARY r£BFUARY MARCH APRIL

WINTER STARTING DEC. 1977 Figure 4

Comparison of the measured and simulated water levels at Iroquois Dam and Morrisburg, Winter of 1977-78

La comparison des niveaux d'eau mesures et simules au Iroquois barrage et Morrisburg, hiver 1977-78

c:- j ~

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