CHAPTER 17 ENTERING THE WORLD STAGE

CH. 17-1 THE LURE OF IMPERIALISMAMERICAN HISTORY

IMPERIALIST ACTIVITY

IMPERIALISM—the extension of a nation’s power over other lands

Imperialistic thoughts—Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Japan

ECONOMIC INTERESTS Industrialized countries were looking at

other nations for new customers Africa, Asia, Latin America

MILITARY NEEDS Industrialized nations created strong

navies to defend their shores and protect trading interests

Navies needed bases where ships could refuel and make repairs

Nations needed strategic locations

IDEOLOGY Two popular ideologies for imperialism: 1) a strong sense of NATIONALISM (love

of one’s country) 2) feeling of cultural superiority Social Darwinists believed that when

nations competed only the strongest survived

THE SCRAMBLE FOR TERRITORY Late 1800s—European imperialist

powers had taken control of vast territories in Africa and Asia

The British Empire rules about 25% of the world’s land and population

Mid 1800s—Americans believed it was their manifest destiny to expand to the Pacific Ocean. Now people thought the USA should expand beyond that

TAKING CONTROL OF HAWAII

Hawaii was an ideal spot for coaling stations and naval bases for ships going to and from Asia

EARLY CONTACT 1778—British explorer, Captain James

Cook visited Hawaii After Cook’s visit, Hawaii’s Chief

Kamehameha united the 8 major islands under his leadership

He created a monarchy and began a profitable trade in sandalwood

1820s—US ships began arriving in Hawaii frequently, bringing traders and missionaries

Missionaries came to convert natives to Christianity

Missionaries and their families settled down and began raising crops (sugarcane)

Foreigners also brought diseases that the Hawaiians were not immune to.

Population declined—300,000 (1770s) to 40,000 (1893)

SUGAR INTERESTS GAIN POWER Americans had a sweet tooth Sugar planters became very rich

Planters needed workers Few native Hawaiians left, so people

brought in from China, Japan, Philippines

1874—Kalakaua becomes king Americans had gained control of land

and economy Kalakaua was nationalistic and

promised to put the Hawaiians back in power

Kalakaua signed a treaty with the USA to send sugar to America tax free

Sugar tycoons wanted more power over Hawaiian affairs

PLOTTING AGAINST THE KING A group of business leaders, planters,

and trades formed a secret society called the Hawaiian League

Purpose—overthrow the monarchy and establish a democracy in Hawaii under control of the Americans

Conflict between business and King escalated in 1886

The US wanted Pearl Harbor in exchange for renewing the sugar treaty

King Kalahaua would not give up independence of any part of the islands

Hawaiian League forced the King to sign a new constitution at gunpoint in July 1887

King called it the BAYONET CONSTITUTION

It severely restricted the King’s powers and deprived most Hawaiians of the vote

King forced to give up Pearl Harbor

American warships had a permanent home in Hawaii

Sugar planters had political control over Hawaii

US revoked the Sugar treaty in1890 to support sugar producers on the mainland

Hawaiian business leaders thought the only option was to become part of the US

Secret talks about annexation began

END OF THE MONARCHY King Kalakaua died in 1891 His sister, Liliuokalani, became queen She was a nationalist that wanted to do

away with the bayonet constitution January 1893—Queen announced the

monarchy would be restored

In response, business leaders plotted to over thrown her

American Minister to Hawaii, John L. Stevens, ordered four boatloads of Marines to take up positions about the royal palace, aiming cannons and machine guns at the building

The rebels declared an end to the monarchy

Queen Liliuokalani surrendered under protest January 17, 1893

Rebel leaders formed a new government with Sanford B. Dole as president

Stevens recognized the new government and said the islands were under the protection of the US, all without official authorization

ANNEXATION President Cleveland put the treaty on

hold and ordered an investigation Investigator condemned the revolt and

offered to put the Queen back on the throne

Cleveland agreed but Dole would not step down

Cleveland would not use the military to back the Queen but he would not support annexation either

He passed the issue to the next president, William McKinley

McKinley favored annexation Congress narrowly voted in favor in 1898. Hawaii was now a territory and became the

50th state in 1959. 1993—Congress formally apologized for the

US’s role in overthrowing Liluokalania

INFLUENCE IN CHINA

China stayed isolated from the rest of the world

Foreign traders could only go to the port at Guangzhou

1842—British forced China to open 5 ports

US also gained greater trading privileges

China spent the next 50 years keeping foreign influence out

1895—Japan took over Taiwan Russia, France, Germany, and Great

Britain carved out their own SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

A geographic area where an outside nation exerts special economic or political control

US proposed the OPEN DOOR POLICY in 1899

The aim was equal trading rights in China

No other countries agreed to the open door policy

Secret society known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists began attacking foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians

This society was known to westerners as the Boxers

June 1900—the Boxers laid siege to the capital Beijing in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion

Western nations rushed 20,000 troops including 2,000 Americans

The troops quelled the rebellion September 1901—China signed a

humbling settlement agreement Western nations realized that competition

would hurt Chinese trade

INFLUENCE IN JAPAN

Japan was not known as an imperialist nation

Mid-1800s—US pressures Japan to open its ports to trade

1853—President Fillmore send Commodore Matthew Perry and 4 ships into Tokyo Bay

Japan had never seen steamships before

Japan knew it couldn’t defend itself against a modern navy

1854—Japan signs a treaty with the US opening up trade

Japan began a rapid modernization program

1904—RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR broke out

Spring 1905—both sides ask President Roosevelt to broker a peace treaty

Both sides met in Portsmouth, NH to finalize a treaty

Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize

Japan was clear victor over Russia and hungry for territory

They wanted to expand in the Pacific to balance out US interests

Roosevelt wanted to show how powerful the US military was

1907—4 squadrons of battleships, known as the Great White Fleet, began a 43,000-mile round-the-world journey

Led by Rear Admiral Charles Sperry Fleet stopped in 20 ports on 6 continents,

including Japan The fleet returned home in 1909 THE END