I. Jefferson’s foreign policy problems

Jefferson won re-election by a landslide (without Burr); D-R grew as the nation grew.

Both Britain and France attacked U.S. ships , impressing sailors into military service.

Embargo Act

Jefferson got Congress to pass the Embargo Act, outlawing trade with almost all European countries.

Hurt only U.S.; NE smuggled to the British; Jefferson lost popularity

Native options

Early 1800s - 4 native options:

1. accept white culture

2. blend native/white culture

3. return to rel. tradition (the Prophet/Prophettown)

4. fight (Tecumseh)

Match ‘em

Jefferson’s victory Impressment Embargo act Smuggling The Prophet Tecumseh

Fight the whites Return to religious

traditions Kidnapping sailors Western support

from Louisiana Purchase

II. War of 1812 causes

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811; William Henry Harrison fought at Prophetstown, burned it later.

Cause 1: Natives increased attacks, armed by British? War Hawks Clay (Ky) and Calhoun (SC) angry.

Cause 2: impressment

Impressment – British ships stopped American ships and impressed sailors into military service in British navy.

Most famous: the Chesapeake; 1807.

American problems, successes Smaller army and

navy, angry Native Americans.

U.S. attacked Canada and lost.

William Henry Harrison defeated British and Natives (killing Tecumseh) at Battle of the Thames

review

Name 2 causes of the War of 1812. What was the most famous

impressed ship. What disadvantages did the U.S.

have? Where did the U.S. unsuccessfully

invade? Who was the hero of Tippecanoe,

and who died there?

III. End of war

Superior British navy blockaded coast; attacked Washington D.C. after war with Napoleon ended

British burned capital, Madison/Dolly Madison fled

American heroes

British attacked Ft. McHenry at Baltimore next; Francis Scott Key witnessed its successful defense, wrote Star-Spangled Banner.

Andrew Jackson won Battle of Horseshoe Bend against Creeks in Alabama

War ends in stalemate

Treaty of Ghent – boundaries restored, no promises on impressment, no winner

Battle of New Orleans – Jackson, Americans, pirates, and free African-Americans defeated British in less than an hour.

Match ‘em

Washington D.C. Blockade Jackson Francis Scott Key Fort McHenry Treaty of Ghent

New Orleans Burned No winner or

promises on impressment

Horseshoe Bend

I. President Monroe

Hartford Convention – Federalists wanted more NE influence, considered secession

Federalists died as party; Monroe elected 1816 (4th Va Pres) – Era of Good Feelings - 1 party, nationalism, ec. boom

American System – Henry Clay Banking System/2nd

Bank of U.S., loans to industry

Protective tariff – help U.S. industry, pay for

Internal (transportation) improvements – National Road/Cumberland Highway, canals to transport the goods

challenges

Panic of 1819 – London banks called in loans; American banks, Americans ruin.

Missouri Compromise – 11 free states, 11 slave states; Missouri wanted admission as slave state; negotiated by Henry Clay

solution

Maine admitted as free state to keep Senate balance (northern House advantage), 36’30 line drawn in Louisiana Territory.

Monroe Doctrine – 1823, Latin American countries independent; no more European colonization in W. Hemisphere

Review – match ‘em

Hartford Convention

Era of Good Feelings

Panic of 1819 Missouri

Compromise Monroe Doctrine American System

No more colonies No slavery above

line 2nd Bank of U.S.,

protective tariff, internal improvements

Bank loans called in

NE Federalists made themselves irrelevant

One party, prosperity, nationalism

II. More nationalism

Chief Justice Marshall strengthened the Supreme Court and the national government with his decisions.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Maryland can’t tax the National Bank – Supremacy Clause, necessary and proper clause/implied powers

More decisions

Dartmouth College v. Woodward – Daniel Webster protected Dartmouth’s charter from New Hampshire

Gibbons v. Ogden – Gibbons’ coastal license outweighs Ogden’s NY steamboat license.

Setting national boundaries Convention/Treaty

of 1818 – set boundary with Canada at 49 degrees north.

Adams – Onis Treaty (1819) – got Florida from Spain (Thanks to Andrew Jackson) and set border with Spain

Review – match ‘em

Adams-Onis Convention of

1818 McCulloch v.

Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden Dartmouth College

v. Woodward John Marshall

Nationalist Chief Justice

Set border with Canada Got Florida, set

Spanish border New Hampshire can’t

mess with college charter

National steamboat license stronger then NY license

State can’t tax national bank

I. Election of 1824

Democratic-Republican splintering, no conventions: 4 Republicans running: Jackson, Adams, Crawford, Clay.

Jackson got the most votes but no majority, so decision went to House of Representatives.

Corrupt bargain?

Jackson, Adams, and Crawford were top 3, but Clay was Speaker of the House.

House chose Adams, who shortly named Clay as Secretary of State: charged by Jackson supporters with corrupt bargain.

President John Quincy Adams His National

Republican politics were unpopular: national roads, canals, universities, tariff, anti-slavery, pro- Cherokee.

The Tariff of 1828 was particularly seen as “The Tariff of Abominations” by the South

review

Turn around and take 1 minute to explain to someone how John Quincy Adams became President, and how his Presidency went.

Then listen to that person tell you the same thing.

See if there is anything either one of you needs to add.

II. Jacksonian Democracy

“Old Hickory” Andrew Jackson elected 1828, 1st Democrat, landslide election over JQ Adams.

Jackson, Democrats benefitted from states dropping property requirements for voting; 3 times as many voters; champion of “the common man; “ wild party when inaugurated

Spoils system/patronage

To the victor go the spoils” – political winner puts his supporters in office.

Jackson thought any common person could run the government, so why not give jobs to his friends –not as many “patronage” jobs as most think (1/5).

Whigs

Jackson vetoed as many bills as 1st 6 Presidents combined; vetoed Maysville Road bill because thought Kentucky should do it.

The Whig party hated “King Andrew” for taking too much power; agreed on little else

review

What was Jackson’s party? How was he able to win a landslide

in 1828? What was Jackson’s practice of

giving jobs to political supporters called? This seems corrupt today – why’d he do it?

What party was the Jackson haters? Why the name?

What did Whigs believe?

III. Jackson and the Trail of Tears 5 civilized tribes –

Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, tried hard to assimilate into American society.

Cherokee especially; Chief Vann owned slaves, Sequoyah developed alphabet

Georgia

Farmers wanted Cherokee land for growing; gold discovered in Dahlonega.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – Marshall ruled Cherokee were “domestic dependent nation” and couldn’t sue

Trail of Tears

Indian Removal Act 1830 – tribes had to move out west; Cherokee sued in Worcester v. Georgia and won: “Marshall has made his decision; let him enforce it.”

Trail of Tears – Georgia to Oklahoma, ¼ (old and children) died along the way; Cherokee had to pay for the armed accompaniment.

review

What were the 5 civilized tribes? Who tried the hardest? How? What was discovered in Dahlonega? Explain ruling in Cherokee Nation v.

Ga. Explain ruling in Worcester v.

Georgia. What law said the Indians had to go?

Where? Who and how many died on the Trail

of Tears? What did the Cherokee have to pay

for?

IV. Jacksonian policies

Jackson was called a bigamist in 1828 for having married Rachel before here divorce was final; she died during lame duck period.

Never forgave enemies; later fired his Cabinet for being snobs to Peggy Easton, wife of Secretary of War; relied on informal “Kitchen Cabinet.”

Nullification Crisis

The South hated the Tariff of 1828 – “tariff of abominations” – and nullified the Tariff of 1832.

VP Calhoun, SC, and South threatened to secede if tariff wasn’t ended – states’ rights;

Calhoun at Jefferson Day: “the union.. Next to our liberty most dear.”

Jackson: “our federal union. It must be preserved.”

Clay ends the crisis

Calhoun v. Jackson, who threatens to send army South to enforce tariff and hang Calhoun– Enforcement Acts

Clay’s Compromise of 1833: South agrees to pay lower tariff; nullified Enforcement Acts

Match ‘em

Bigamy charge Tariff of

abominations Nullification crisis Calhoun’s threat Jackson’s threat Henry Clay

South threatened nullification

Civil War Country almost

goes to war over the Tariff

Compromise of 1833: South pays lower tariff.

South would secede

Killed Rachel

I. Jackson and the Bank War Whigs sent

recharter of 2nd Bank of U.S. to Congress 4 years early, 1832, prior to Pres. Election.

Jackson hated Clay, vetoed the Bank on behalf of the people, and defeated Clay for President in 1832

Pet banks

Jackson replaced the Bank of the United States with state banks, or wildcat banks, or pet banks, run by Jackson supporters.

These banks loaned paper money to land speculators, causing inflation

Panic of 1837

Specie Circular – loans had to be in gold/silver; suddenly no money flowing , caused Panic of 1837

Jackson’s fault, but his successor Martin Van Buren paid the price for it.

review

Why didn’t Jackson like the 2nd Bank of the U.S.?

Who was the President of the 2nd Bank of the U.S.?

What did Jackson replace the Bank of U.S. with?

Who ran the pet banks? What happened to the pet banks?

How did this affect the economy?

II. Life in the Age of Jackson Population doubled

(biggest cities – NY, New Orleans, Chicago) and moved west during Jacksonian Era.

Ecology (beaver, otter, buffalo) decimated; Yellowstone Park created by first conservationist (environmentalist), George Catlin

35 million immigrants to U.S. Irish farmers fed

Europe during Napoleonic Era, starved due to potato famine after

Young men took labor jobs; nativism – immigrants resented for wages and Catholicism, struggled (“paddy wagons”) then flourished through machine politics.

German immigrants

Push factors: failed farms or failed revolution in 1848.

Better educated Germans settled Pennsylvania, west in Wisconsin/Texas; contributed Conestaga wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten (children’s music), abolition, Lutheran drinking on Sunday

Nativist cartoons

Nativism over the years

review

What were the three biggest cities? How was ecology damaged Who created what national park? What were the push factors for the

Irish? How did the Irish fare? What were the push factors for the

Germans? Where did Germans settle? What contributions did Germans

make to American culture?

III. industry

U.S. industrialization slow: cheap land, scarce labor, hard to compete with Britain.

Samuel Slater brought factory system from England to U.S 1791; Whitney’s cotton gin 1793 made slavery profitable 5000% increase – “King Cotton.”

factories

Whitney also developed interchangeable parts: caused and won Civil War.

New England factories: rocky soil, dense population, shipping and seaports; tariff to help compete with Britain

labor

Long hours, low wages, 10 hour days came with suffrage;

Children, women (Lowell system), and Irish immigrants; $5 a week

cult of domesticity upon marriage – moral education

inventions

McCormick Morse Howe and Singer John Deere

Steel plow Reaper Sewing machine Telegraph

review

Slow industry Slater Whitney New England Lowell, Mass Cult of domesticity

5000% increase Rocky soil, dense

population, shipping and seaports

Women’s important role in home

Women’s factory Cheap land, scarce

labor, tough competition

Interchangeable parts

I. transportation

Overcoming states’ righters, National Highway completed 1852; turnpikes made money

Steamboats – Fulton’s Clermont went up Mississippi; Clippers went across Atlantic

Canals and railroads

1825 Erie Canal linked Atlantic Ocean and Hudson River to Great Lakes; more transported through Buffalo than New Orleans

Railroads cheaper, didn’t freeze in winter, 1st 1828, 30,000 miles by 1860

Regional integration

Out west stagecoaches, pony express from St. Joseph Missouri to Sacramento, lasted 18 months

South – cotton; west – grains and livestock; East – machines and textiles; all linked

review

What did the National Highway have to overcome to be built?

1st steamboat – who/what? What ships went quickly across

Atlantic? What did the Erie Canal link? Name 2 advantages of railroads over

canals. Name 2 forms of western

transportation. What economic role did each region

play?

II. Reform movements - 2nd Great Awakening

Age of Jackson (1830s) response to Deism, rationalism - Revivals once again spreading across the country.

Teachings: anyone can be saved; inspired many abolitionists, other reformers

Leaders of 2nd Great Awakening Charles Finney,

Peter Cartwright – traveling preachers, tent revivals, common man religion, women reformers

Baptist and Methodists grew in South; split from northern denominations

Mormons/Latter Day Saints Mormon church

founded in New York by Joseph Smith, killed in Illinois.

Brigham Young led Mormons to Utah, where Mormons settled and flourished; polygamy delayed statehood

review

Draw a diagram of the Second Great Awakening. Try to answer the questions who what when where why?

III. Women’s rights

Rebelled against “cult of domesticity” –couldn’t vote, own property if married, could be legally beaten like slaves

Amelia Bloomer short skirt with pants – bloomers – in rebellion to unhealthy corsets and dresses

leaders

Elizabeth Katy Stanton – mother of 7, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott (SAM) - Quaker influence

Seneca Falls Convention 1848; Declaration of Sentiments – “all men and women are created equal; call for suffrage

temperance

Women’s groups initially called for moderate use of alcohol.

Grew into calls for Prohibition; Maine law, drinking decreased

review

What basic rights did women lack? Who rebelled against women’s

dress? Who were the top 3 leaders of the

women’s rights movement? What meeting/document/issue in

1848? What was temperance? How

successful?

I. Literature

Transcendentalists – Emerson and Thoreau; Whitman - we’re all connected by the Oversoul; skepticism of authority

Emerson – Self-Reliance; Thoreau – Walden; Whitman’s poems

Effect of Thoreau

On The Duty of Civil Disobedience – Thoreau jailed in protest of the Mexican War.

Louisa May Alcott – Little Women

Other writers

Washington Irving – “Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

Hawthorne – Scarlett Letter

James Fennimore Cooper – Last of the Mohicans

Darker writers

Edgar Allen Poe – “The Raven,” “Fall of the House of Usher”

Herman Melville – Moby Dick - obsession

Match the writer

Whitman Emerson Thoreau Melville Hawthorne Poe Irving Cooper Alcott

The Raven Self-Reliance Moby Dick The Scarlett Letter Little Women Leaves of Grass Legend of Sleepy

Hollow Walden Last of the

Mohicans

II. Other reformers

Nativism – fear of immigrants – taking jobs, lowering wages, too Catholic and unassimilated

Know-Nothing Party – secret nativist political party – “I know nothing”

Individual reformers

Horace Mann – Father of public education; Superintendent of Massachusetts schools

Dorothea Dix – humane treatment of the mentally ill, who had been kept in prison and worse

review

What was the fear of immigrants called?

What political party did they form? What man was the “Father of public

education?” Where was he from? Who worked on behalf of the

mentally ill?

III. Utopian communities

Utopian communities were supposedly ideal societies, more communal in nature

New Harmony Indiana- Robert Owen – didn’t work for lack of cooperation

Others

Brook Farm, Massachussetts – a transcendentalist community; ruined by fire and debt.

Shakers (1770s–1940) – Quaker offshoot community with no sex or marriage; ruined by lack of procreation; danced in church

Oneida

Founder Noyes – duty to God is to be happy.

Share everything including lovers; survived by making steel animal traps, then silverware.

Match ‘em

Utopia Oneida Shakers New Harmony Brook Farm

No procreation Fire and debt

ruined it No cooperation Free love and

silverware Perfect place/ideal

society

IV. Cotton and slavery

“King Cotton” accounted for half of U.S. exports after 1840.

Britain’s top export was cotton cloth, got 75% of fiber from the South; would help in a war?

Planters

Southern oligarchy – rule of rich; only 1733 families owned more than 100 slaves.

Planter kids went to fine schools (Calhoun to Yale), served the public, and admired Sir Walter Scott’s stories of chivalry.

Most whites

Slavery problems: 1. Cotton ruined

land; people moved N&W.

2. One crop economy: debt, dependence on North

3. Small slaveowners and nonslaveowners (75%) struggled.

review

In groups of 3-4, make a pyramid diagram of the Southern economy and white South.

I. Slavery

4 million slaves by 1860; most on plantations; “Black Belt” form SC to Louisiana.

Slave trade outlawed 1808; most white slaveowners owned 10 or less

Treatment varied

House servants>field hands;

Whipping, collars; $2,000 investment, Christian duty.

Most slaves lived in intact families; slave auctions most cruel parts of American slavery – “sell down the river.”

Slave life

Slave Christianity focused on Exodus; escape of God’s children from Egypt.

Disobedience took the form of slow work, breaking tools, feigning illness, poisoning food, and escaping.

review

How many slaves? Where? What punishments? How often and

why? What was the importance of slave

auctions? What role did Christianity play? How did slaves disobey?

II. African-American roles 250,000 free African-

Americans in South – vulnerable in South; couldn’t vote or attend school in North.

Slaves who performed well could become overseers and drivers, sometimes some of the cruelest to other slaves.

Slave rebellions

Stono Rebellion 1733

Gabriel Prosser 1800, Richmond Virginia

Denmark Vesey – free black, Charleston, 1822

Nat Turner 1830 – slave preacher, Virginia

Slave codes

After Nat Turner, Slave codes – no:

1. education 2. guns 3. slave preachers, 4. night meetings 5.time off

plantation without a pass.

Review – match ‘em

Free blacks Stono Rebellion Gabriel Prosser Denmark Vesey Nat Turner

Led by free African-American

Slave preacher South Carolina

1733 Richmond, Virginia

1800 Vulnerable in

South, few rights in north

III. Abolitionists

Abolitionism – opposition to slavery, arising from Quakers and Second Great Awakening.

Early efforts racist – American colonization society; supported Liberia’s creation 1822, Monrovia the capital; 15,000 went but most slaves weren’t African.

Religion and abolitionists Theodore Weld,

saved in Burned Over District published American Slavery As it Is.

Lyman Beecher headed Lane Theological Seminary, fathered 3 famous abolitionists including Harriet Beecher Stowe.

radicals

1831 William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator: (quote p. 364) “I WILL BE HEARD!” – wanted the north to secede.

Sojourner Truth – speaker (“Ain’t I a woman?”) fought for abolition and women’s rights

ID:

American colonization society Monrovia, Liberia Theodore Weld Lyman Beecher William Lloyd Garrison Sojourner Truth

IV. Abolitionist politics

Frederick Douglass, escaped slave, orator (“stole this body”), published his autobiography in 1845, friend of Lincoln.

Liberty Party 1840, Free Soil Party 1848, Republican Party 1850s opposed the spread of slavery;

abolition unpopular in North, which depended on cotton.

South

South began defending slavery as good; abolitionists like the Grimke sisters had to leave.

The Bible and Aristotle supported slavery; slaves portrayed as happy, better off than northern workers or Africans.

Freedom to petition?

Gag resolution 1836: all antislavery appeals in House of Reps had to be tabled without debate; defeated by Rep. John Quincy Adams.

Southern postmasters arrested if they didn’t destroy abolitionist mail.

review

Tell about Frederick Douglass. ID 3 antislavery parties and describe

their position on slavery. How did the South defend slavery? How did the South clamp down on

free expression?

I. Presidential Politics

Van Buren ran in 1840 against William Henry Harrison, aging hero of Battle of Tippecanoe.

Whigs chose Harrison – “Log Cabin/hard cider, Tippecanoe and Tyler too” – narrowly won.

Meanwhile in Texas…

Texas was part of Mexico, who invited Americans to come settle.

Pres. Santa Anna demanded new Texans convert to Catholicism and renounce slavery; refused by Stephen F. Austin

Remember the Alamo!

Santa Anna killed nearly 200 Texas, including Jim Bowie, Davie Crockett, and William Barrett Travis.

After a similar massacre at Goliad, Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto, winning independence for the Republic of Texas 1836.

review

Make a 3 step sequence chart of the campaign of 1840.

Make a 4 step sequence chart of the creation of the Republic of Texas.

II. Meanwhile back in Washington…

President Harrison, stressed from office seekers and long speech, died of pneumonia within a month.

Tyler vetoe’d Clay’s bank, didn’t support Whigs’ nationalism; kicked out of his own party.

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny – belief that U.S. should spread its government and way of life to Pacific.

Believers wanted U.S. to annex Texas, take over California and Oregon.

Election of 1844

Dark Horse James Polk (D), promising to annex Texas and using the slogan “54’40 or fight,” defeated Clay (W) in 1844.

Tyler annexed Texas during the lame duck period.

review

Describe the Harrison/Tyler presidency.

What was Manifest Destiny? What land did its supporters want?

What did Polk promise when he ran for President? Whom did he defeat?

What did Tyler do during the lame duck period?

III. Tensions for Polk

Tensions with Britain:

1. debt 2. snobs toward

common man. 3. U.S. aid for

Canada uprising 4. border dispute

concerning Maine 5. joint ownership

of Oregon Territory

Diffusing tensions

Maine border set; Polk settled for ownership of Oregon border up to 49 degrees north.

Polk would have had to fight a two-front war with Mexico and Britain to get 54-40.

California and Texas

With Britain showing interest in acquiring California from Mexico, Polk sent John Slidell to offer $25 million for it.

Dispute over Texas border: Mexico said it was Nueces; U.S. said it was Rio Grande.

review

List 5 tensions between U.S. and Britain.

How was the Oregon question settled?

Why was Polk flexible on Oregon? Why was Polk worried about

California? How much did he offer for it?

What was the dispute concerning Texas?

IV. War with Mexico

Polk sent Zachary Taylor (to become 12th President) into the disputed territory with troops.

When Mexico attacked, Polk asked Congress for war declaration: American blood had been shed on American soil.

Mexican-American War, 1846-1848

Anti-War Whigs protested; Lincoln introduced “spot resolution:” show the spot where American blood was shed.

“Old Rough and Ready” Zachary Taylor defeated a numerically superior Mexican army at Buena Vista, but couldn’t get to Mexico City.

Ending the war

“Old Fuss and Feathers” Winfield Scott landed at Vera Cruz and fought his way to Mexico City.

Nicholas Trist negotiated Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo: U.S. got half of Mexico, more territory than La. Purchase, for $15 million.

38-14 Senate vote; some wanted all of Mexico and some wanted none.

review

Name the 2 war heroes, their nicknames, and where they fought.

What Treaty ended the War? Who negotiated it?

How much did the U.S. get? How much did we pay?

Who was unsatisfied?

II. Reform movements

Abolitionism – effort to end slavery

Frederick Douglass – speechmaker, former slave (nobody believed it) “I stole this body”

Sojourner Truth – fought for abolition and women’s rights

More abolitionists

William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator – Massachussetts newspaper editor: “I will not retreat a single inch and I will be heard.”

Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Lincoln: “You’re the little lady who started this war”

ladies

Harriet Tubman – conductor on Underground Railroad

Grimke sisters – South Carolina abolitionists who appealed to Southern Christianity; had to leave the South

review

Abolitionism Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth William Lloyd

Garrison Harriet Beecher

Stowe Harriet Tubman Sarah and

Angelina Grimke

Effort to end slavery

SC sisters had to move

Underground railroad

Uncle Tom’s Cabin The Liberator Speechmaker,

former slave, friend of Lincoln

Speechmaker, women’s rights advocate

Utopian communities

Set up perfect societies

New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Shakers Usually didn’t last

very long because perfection was difficult