17
.. 4 1406 1986 ,,, " -. . . .. . ,. ·- ... - - .. :::.... .. . -;.- -: l : ... · ·.:· . JJ ·: t ·· ·t -,; . . . ... : .. : -;.: . .. - . .. . . . . ,- . . ·, . .. .. JUI : c::- · ·· · · ·w - L 1.} .r.r .• 1 -·· .:• . ·--- - ,__ -. •• ••- , , 1 ,, lo -,.-,.,";;, ·· ..... ,=.,.-...... ,..--...... ,-="'!

,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

.. 4 ;.:wı

1406 ~) .

1986 ~;ı-

,,, " -. . . .. . -· ,. ·- ... - - . . :::.... .. . -;.-

• ~ -: l •

: ·· ·-~~ ... · ·.:· . JJ·: t·· ·t-,; . . . ... : .. : -;.: . .. - .

... . . . -.=~ ,-. . :§ ·, . ..

~~~~ ~ ~";}ıç.~! ;i_.,~

l=""~i· 'Y)_;~ı_, ~~~~ ~~

~~~i .. ~ı;.JJJ JUI ~·

: c::- ··· · :~.')U · ·w ı tıı.Jı - ~ıı L ~! 1.} ~ .r.r

.• 1

-· · .:• .

·---- ,__- . •• ••- • , , 1 ,, l o ;,..,~ -,.-,.,";;,·· .....,=.,.-......,..--......,-="'!

ı.~J~~;ii~~~;~;illı~~~~~~~~~j~~~~i::-~~;;~ii~ift

Page 2: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

~VJ y__..JI tp'v. ~~ yjJI 4. J.l.i ıJI.illl ~~~ ö:l~JUI ~\.:;if ı:>\5"" . ..

y.i~l J.;-J y __....ll i.iW J.;- ~)U J..l..,.2.4 ~i 4.1.:!J 4.1.:! Jli .:..~~ ~ ı:>i .!..ll.iS' ~.Wl .r-JI J yjJI ....ü.r. ~ Jl..A~I l.lı. ~~ ·~~ if ~1

ıJi .!Jl.) if tf':>~\ J. '~1.ı.l~ i~:JI if~ J-Uı :llı,sı__,..ll .;.,!_,:ll~~ ~ ~l,;a.:.JI t)J }:All J y_;JI w~ ı:>G. if j:lA:ll J If-;~~~~ ır-ı}JI c.:r.>J>JI

~ı.. w~ .)ı 'i_,wı ~.Jı.; .:r y\5 ı$i!;; ı:>i ~~ ıJA. if ~i:ıı ~.J .~w~ı ...:...i\5"" } W' ~ı ~ .:r ~.wı Jl J!.)'-~' .:r ~.wı if öW ? ~l5:.1ı ·i_,w~ ~ L.J .?~ ~ ._ili.; ~ ~ ~1 0:! ~ ı}' J:ı..-}1 )~ı öp

«~.;\:.lı ~ r}JI>> ~_;.. J ~ ~ «Jli.;.» ·.~' ı:>i .l2.:.-J~J 0ı ~ '-~ ~...ı.:...ll yi.:SJI ~ Jl~ 1325 ~j if .:.ıb..A..,..? :ll ~~i 6.....) J JJ...p ($.UI

. . ( 1) 01..1.:,-JI !.lı. J y __,..ll .:.>~\:.:..il ,y-

JL.J)i ~j:-~1 .r-JI 0:1 4L,..Ull ö_;AJI jJJ. ~~ i.i_,...JI j-..::.. y_;JI J.>- ..ıAl

o.lı. i-i_,.... ı:>i :ll ·ı:r-..l.f-.11 0:1 ~}\ ~ .!Jllı ~ ~.Wl ~~ ~~\ ~ı uJ_r:-jl if ~ ~~ J.;-~ ~ ~ J~:Jı {$?~~ ji ~ı if ~91~ ~Wl jS' .r.P ö_r-$' 4-')U:.l :>.>i>.' Jlı ı,r~ l.... ~.Jı.;J y __,..ı ı ~~

ı}' 4;~, ~l.b>lJ ~i r J.;- ~~ ıJA. i-i_,.... ~ ~ <.S'> y_;Jı ~ . . ·r:Jı 0:! ~

.l.:.fll _ Jl.,ı _ ~~~ .:ı_,:.All ~..ı...WI ~ ~__,.JI Wll ~ ~J (•)

Prof. Mahmoud Dhaoudi : «Contemporary Civilization's Crisis and Islamic Ethical ( 1) Principles of Scieoce» in Islam Today n°1, p.37 Pub. by ISESCO, Morocco.

Page 3: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

34

J y .,JI wL.. d' ö_r.-_y ~.Ai. 8!)5 ~ ~ r.lıi ı/LM.ll o.l.e. J ~ L.4---lJ .~_r:ll~ç.~l

~ ~_? ~1 ~ r~ if")L..~I tf.-:01 ı:.ıi ıJy-~ ~J 0='JJ'J1 c.:r->"Jj.JI 01 ~.l.e. ~Lo v--bJ ~_r:ll -~ ~ y_rJI ...:.ıt~~ ~JlSJl .r.~ 0}J~ Wl ıJL;~I ­~ <Şi r-:ı..ı...Q.j ı:.r ~ ~ ~~ ':ıl '(2) ~~ ı:.ı1~ J r--~ rJ.AJ ı:.r ~~ ı:.ıi.,A~I J ~ 4. ~ J>IJ:-'1 ~_r:ı1 r~ tJ.-:01 ı:.ıi ı:.r ~!f- ~ ~ ı:.ıj~ 1~'~ ~foJ .ı:ib:. ~)> J le)...~~ J>- ı:.>W~I ~J ~1~'\?1 ~..:.ı~\ r-:ıPI

: JW Jfi .~:NJ ~ Jl ~)1 J oç.J....!.i ~rı

ı:.r ~ d.A.b.i ı:.r ~ y!J ı:.r ~\.:.il.:.:. 11}t ~~ ·ı.r y,ı J ~ 01 v-l:.ll ~i ~~ Jo:-i ·Jı ç.l:.i t.. r~j'Jı J _,.Q;J ~ ~ ~ .r.i-J ~ ~ ı:.r ~ ~

~ ... ~~_ri~~

(5 ~':ıl- ~1 ~_,....) \

~~..lil ı:.r ~~ .u ~..w1 _,.,a:J\ J ~Wl ı:.ıi Jl ~..L.,all 1.1.e. J ~l.!.~l j~J .:..t:...ı'lı ~l:.i ı:.ıı ·~PJ ~~ _,....; ~}JI ~':Jı 4. ..:.ı)~ tf..illl r~~~ 4.;-:0~ ı:.r «~~~ı ...:.ı.J',_v» ~.ısi <}~ '~Ji 4......~ 4:.:ı:-'lı ~~ «Jr ~ts'» j_p-:0ı ~ rl.i <}' J>-~ tAJ~ ~J ~ o~i ~')!\ ıJi ~y ,~Li'Jı Jt.Akl 01~ J ...:.ıl;l.!..::0.J\ ...0~ ·, ,_

r- ~J , 1.940 A.:..... J ':ıl .u\..!..:::S"ı Jl ıJ_r-ı,jJI ç._~l ~.P- ~t.. rJ ~~~ JP .(3) ~Wl A.:..... ~~ı j')l.:.:. ':ıl J4i ~ .ı.iWl

J ~~ r\,l:ı.JI tJ.fo L~~ ~ ıJL;~I ..::_....; ı.>_r=-\ ~~ ı--:ı}JI ı:.ıl.,i!l ~J : J~ Jo:- Jfi ,~ı

~1.-,J ~~ ~ ~.rJ J.$" r\,l:ı.Jı Jl J2i~~

(259 ~':ıl - ö_AJI ~_,....)

ı:.r ~ <Şllı ~.rıı ı;ş_,)ı ~..w4 ~ ~~ ~ J'J~ r")L..~ı ı:.ıı ,Jo:-i J ~~ ':ı ~ı 1.1.e. ~ ~J <Şllı ı,;~.:-~ı ı:.ı~ _r-S'.l:lı ı:.r ~':ı <l.ii ':ıl 'rL...:ı:-'14 ~~ ':ı ~_r:.U ~~-til J>- ~..Wl l.ig.l ..ı..W~ j>JI y~ J)d ':JJ.:,;- l:J_r.iJ ,~4 <r868 A.:..... d_,:;.Jı) .12:>-~ı ı:.ıi JJrJı ~ · . .!.l!J)" ...:.ıli~ı rL...:ı:-i ~ <l.ii -~ j>-i~ ~rJJ ~'Jı ~Jt,.J 4l:>-I-:UI 4JL,as-l L~~ ..l..ai ..:.ıli~\ (:!~ J>- ._,.,i~

Joseph HeU : The Arab Civiliza~on, p. 91 . (2)

The Times of India, New Delhi, December 10, 1984, p.9 (3)

Page 4: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

35

üW~ 0~ı ~4ı>-J ~ -J ~ t~.f JJi 0ts" w-- .(4 ) I.?'Jı ~ J r>J' .ı.J ~ <:Ş.lll «0~1>> 4.!\.:;S' ~.u) ·~.r.d~ ~~~ ~ 1~ 0.)\....J~

ı...~..~) '(5) 0~1 ~_,ı~) ~t:ı~ _)_,.6:1' ı:.r li>-Y ü~ ü4p J.)!,ı ,~_)4 rlWI J ~ ~ .liı.>-~1 ~ 04 J_,All Jl ~1 .:r-1 _r-:5J1 <,~-..rJI r-lW\.ı l..b-

. J\:ll rLW' J ~.)~ JJ'lı

Ö.)~' ~ J_,..a>Jı Jl <r857 4.:...., ~_,.wı) ~r-ı... ıJ. l;.;.,.y. ı$'"-" ,J~ı ~ ~J

..UJ 'r~'Jı ,y- üL._,.ı....JI .:r -4;JI Jl...:.:S'~ ~_r.; ~ .ul\.ı ~1 ~l.:r .~\.ı ~lı ~ı .b- Jl ~ı Y) ~~.) J ~)\ 4.! ·~)

4..,;J..ı...J\.ı ~_r:ll ~ ~J.) lı.f ç.W:J 04 ~...lji C_;_ y ~)ll r-lWI J_ru_, l.lı> :

~ J-.l...l.ll ~ L.... (6) y.)\ ~ ~ ,p)~l _;.Wl ·0~1 J_ ~-~ı · .01..ı.:.JII.lı> ~- y_,.JI ~

. . " . ö.~-)Jı ~l-e>l-.ı O);ı · ~;; ,;,_.;- 4 ~~...ll <Y_r:li ·J ~..f~l .:_,!i y_,.JI ~ı~

ç.~'l ~~~ rr-)~ c~~~ .u.~ .:r ~u,Jı üUI_;.. _,ı:,:. .:r .!J.I~ ~ J.)i '1)

.)lliil 0--J ,«c$J~I ~_?» ..~....>...o J. J_,..a.:.JI y\.:;S' J 0~) LS' 0Li~l ~ ~ 0'1\S' ~ (<$.)~\ fJ- ,pbJI 0~1 J J-l&. lfo.lll) lfo.)l~\ JJz,lll ~

yfi \... (<:Ş.)\~1) ~ 0i ~ .!J.l~J ,.b-~ ~ .:r ~.?- ji..-'JI ..!.ldl 04 ~\s..)\ v-~' ıJ.ı Js- ~' d.lı> Jl ~W>~~ . ~ rl.I2.J' Y) .:r ..\S'i.:u ~ ~~ .:r

ç. _......{ $. ç.

~ 0\.ı ç.w.J\ .:r o..r.f ..l) 1. 4. 0~ .:.,"jj '.:r 0~ ~...lll ~)'J\ 0~~ 0\.ı LS' . ..ıw ~ . 0 c.~ ı.:i . 0'1\S' ~w.t W li)6:- ~~w . 0~c-~ 0Li'11 . ..:r~~.:r . r- .:r~ ,

.(7) e:-J' ~.u J+..; J ~ ~ 0~'11 J 0~ ..;.."jj ~ı ~~ Y) ~ ~~ J_rdl .:r ~ y_,.JI ~_r:ll ç.~ 0i ~ .!J.l~ ~ 'öj"Yı$­C>..ı JJi tA.;\ J§'.WI ~.r--\... 0!1 _? 'Jtk~l \.lı> ~ ,0_r-JI ._._b J !r.$" \.....LQj ~j?~ 4.ıi.:;S' J\.:......1 0!1 ,fl> o~ JJi 4. ((~\ J?.)» 0~ .;...:..; t._,.p_,.JI J ~ ,t_ı......l.ll Y)J y~'Jı Y) 0= 4.ıl..:dl Jl ~ JW.i «~1 J 0'1\.A.. ?» J~l

182 '-"' ,öf>löll (((y')l..) c,;ı;\?> : ..ı..-.ıı ..y:. J_p..uı (4)

P.K. Hitti : History of the Arabs, p.382 (5)

. 182 '-"' ,..;ıuı J~ı : ..ı..-.ıı ..y:. J_p..uı (6)

Prof. H. Nayyar Wasty : Muslim Contribution to Medicine, published in the Muslim (7) World League Journal, Vol. ll, p.60

Page 5: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

36

lA_r.? ~ y~'JI J .:..~ ~~J J>- o~i:.ı .:..t..._,ı...JI o-lı Jl ~_,4)1 y.l JW.~ . .:..LL:.-~' .:..\5" _rll

..12;~ <,?lll .:ı_,;)ı r ~ı.wı 0\ ~~ ..w <~\lı ~.ı.lt) ~_;ıı ~J-.ıJı ~"'j.ç. t...l

_,J_,k 'ifj J)f ..u..ı 'YllıJ} J ~}!~ .ı--l öj:t t/'J ,'0~ ~).) J>- .ı:1,...~ ~~-4.:... _;Si ~t......\ıı .r.? .;....b.J ~ı.wı J'l..,a.:..l ~ ı)l Jl ~\ J+..- y.l ~ 4. ~ı J ~~ o-lı J'l..,a.:..'YI ~ 0i Jl ~ ,J ~1..::--- 01\ J~\ ·ı:.r.- J ,ö.ı....JI J-:-b

.(8) ~\ .:..~!)~ iW:ıll ..6.l:>..ı ~

- Ü1 O) ~\ 01'-Y 4 j..a.AJI .:ıY'-! _;>-l 4 ~~1 ~_r::ll ~ 01~ J_rJ

J ~)\ 0l ~ ~ ~\11 J>- 0W~I J~ :fWI -_ 1-lı ~l..lı ..bJ <,?~1 (1288

L.... <,?_r.>c-11 ~\ b 0W~I ..:...,.j'Y .:..li~\ i4\J-~IJ.ll ~~\11 J>- Jr!l

.:..'YJL-. ~\ 011 ~y .U) .4JI~\ ~,;, ojtl;~ .ı.il:....~ .ıJtpll i~\~ J>-~ <,?lll .ı)Jt.A ~J Jl ~ <,?lll j~~~ rJ ,~_,...~1 ~J.ı.ll .ül.!..:S"4 ~~..::--- 01' 0.'-Y\5"

0'-YISJ 1..::--- 011 J>- -4~1-411.-t:..; ~Wl \.lı J>- l:.:._Y- L....J .0J} ~*ı .!).!.) ..t...ı ~\$. ~ j..,.J l._:;\5" \.lı 0\S) .~ o..LÜ~ ~.i.')\;1 J}> ,J -4~\ .:ıi.A=i')\.1 Y/' L....

·0\j~ ~1.:5' i.ıs- J>- JW 01\ ~ ~ ,y_,.JI ~~\11 ~!J yi.:S'

J'~\ ~' Jı '~ J ~ ~~ ~ ı)l if ~\ J.l ~ ı--l \.lı JS' -~ .(9) ıf r-. _r>\.WI ı:>l.W-JI ~\ YJ.rJI ~

Jl ~ if JJi ı) \S' W' ,~_,...JJI ~JJ.l' ~ )llAJ.:ı ~ U.,.,J ~ı J.\ i.U .UJ

r_f-» J «..;kll J j.-L.:JI» ~\:5" if ~_, .~1 .:..~ J-:-b ~y.:ı A..:rJi .:ı~J ~ J ö_;>:ı !)p 0\5" t... rJ y.:ıl ~ J>- ~_r::ıt · ıfJt... .ı.;\ «0jlAII ~_?

.~1 e,_.) _,, ~ ı)\,bL.l\ •. • . 'Jf""" . • ıf r-.

~_,..ll ~\ 0}' ~1 Ji .:ıY'-! ~} )\ ~y.ı.ll ~JJ.ll JL!..:S"\ ı} J..a.A.Iı ı) \S' l.)lJ

~1.:5' J ~ b.Jf- i.UJ ~\ ~y.ı.ll ~JJ.ll ~\ .U ~J 01t JJ_,.JI ~.x\Jı _r.dü 43)\ J'~ if 0j~ If-lll Js- ~ı J 0jWl o~ J efi\ 4. ((u~b>

.(1 O) ir-ll ~~\11 "-! ~ <,?lll ~1 rJ tl:.Jı

Ibid., p.61 (8) '

. ı ı ı ·ı/, 7 8 _~,Pj '~~\ «~~1>> ~ J ,~\.:,ı~ J}"' r-JJ ıJ.1. : t~..ıJ\ ~ ~p..ıJI (9)

,J}~ı .,_r.JI 'r tŞ.)W\ ~~ «~~~ .:ıL.Ill>> J .JJ\ ~~_;..ll~ .ll:..)\!«~~\ ..:..!;11>> (ı O)

.ıo7 ·ı/

Page 6: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

37

~~ ö}:; ~ ~).;11 ~ ı:91 J y _rJI w w If ~\ d..~\ o~ 0f o.P-i J. J~l \~ J ~):-~\ ..:..!;)\ y~~ L~.) ~ \_,AA:! r-I y _rJ\ 0i Js­t;)ü ~1.5 ~ ~ ~lA:!\.0~ ~o~_, ,r.sJı ı:.~l <~.~ !,iW:ob ~wL-ı

.~ı ~~ J>:. ı} ~ ~~ r#'

Page 7: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

1

ı !

·<

.,

ISLAM TODA Y

L'lSLAM AUJOlJRD'H·UI

·.ı .. J Information policy in

Islam 1

J lslamic Thought and political parti es

] L' education dans les minorites 1 islaıniques

6 La _ıeme Conference generale de l'ISESCO

l Oman, Gabon r Courrier ...

\0 4 - Rajab 1406 H 1 April - Avril 1986

i

' .... ·

. ·-·

Page 8: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

Arab Leg~cy to the Science .of Anatomy

Dr. Abdul Ali*

Of all the peoples in the world, the Arabs remain the most neglected and little-known people. Their temperament and culture are known mostly through·· the Arabian Nights. It is strange to note that even in modern times no other people has ·received so little consideration and study as have the Ara bs and their legacy. On the contrary, their contributions to Arab thought and progress ijave been consistently and systematically played down by Western historians of science. To prove this point one has to pick up any introductory book on the history of science. Usually, the book will jump from the Greeks to the Renaissance as though the intermediary period of the Middle Ages was totally barren from the point of view of the development of science: An example of this pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only 10 pages to Arab science ı.

That the Arabs had be.en the main bearers of the torch of knowledge and learning as well as the connecting-link between the Greco-Roman classical age and the modern scientific era is known only to the few Arabists specializing in the subject. This deserves to be made known to the non-Arab scholars and readers for a better u nderstanding of this people. A brief introduction to their legacy to the science of anatomy is attempted below.

The glaring achievements of the Ara bs in the science of anatomy are generally dismissed by European historians by saying that since they were forbidden by their religion to practise dissection of human bodies, they could not make any

(*) Head, Dept of Arabic - Govt. Hamidia Arts et Commerce College - Bhopal - lodia (1) Prof. Mahmoud Dhaouadi : «Contemporary Civilization's Crisis and Islamic Etlıical Principles

of Science» in Islam Today n.l, p. 37, pub by ISESCO, Morocco.

Page 9: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

ABDULAii 29

progress in anatamy, and consequently medical science nev er w e nt beyand Galen under tıiem 2.

Bu~ so far the critics ·have not been able to point out even a single instance in the religion of Islam forbidding dissection of human bodies for medical purposes. On the contrary, Islam has drawn man' sattention to his anatomical structure right from the stage of his conc~ption in .the womb to 'that of his d~livery as a child in the fallawing ~ords : ·

(0 mankind ! If ·YÇ>U ar~ in doubt canceming the Resurrection, then lo ! W e have created you from dust, then a drop of seed, then from a clot, then. from a little lump of flesh shapely and shap~lesş~ that We may make ~t c~ear for you. And We cause what We will to remain in the wombs for an appointed time, apd afterward Webring you forth , as infimts ... ) 3 (The Quran : XXII-5).

In this cantext it is worth m~ntioning that modern researchers have expressed their astonishment over the pe'rfection and accuracy with which the formatian and development of the human embryo has been deseribed in the above quranic vers~s. The findings of Dr. Keith Moore, a University of Toronto embryologist, corroborated by the test-tube baby pioneer, Dr. Robert Edwards, revealthat the above verses contain an accurate description of the stage by stage develôpment of the human enibryo. ·This idea was first proposed by Western ' . experts only in 1940, most of which has been proved only~ the past decade anda half 4.

Anather quranic verse which urges man to study the formatian and structure of bones and flesh in the body reads as follows :

(Look at the bones, how We adjust them and then cover them with flesh). (The Quran : II-259)

It is true that the mutilation of the dead body is forbidden in Islam is the light of the Prophet's saying : «Refrain from mutilating the body». But this is altogether in a different context. Even if it is conceded that the saying was interpreted by persons at the helm of affairs to mean· a ban on the dissection of the human body, researchers were not prohibited from performing anatamy on animals.

(2) Joseph HeU, The Arab Civilization, p . 91.·

(3) Translation by M.M. Pickthall. (4) The Times of lndia, New Delhi, December 10,1984, p.9.

Page 10: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

·30 Arab legacy of the science of anatomy

It isa well-known fact that al-Jahiz (d. 868 A. D.) used to slaughter animals for studying the internal parts fo their bodies. He also opened the belly of the pregnant animal to find out the number of embryos and the position of each one of them in the body 5. He is the first Arab author to have discussed on the basis of observation and experiment the natuı:e and characteristics of things like anim~s, plants and minerals. His Kitab-Ul-Hayawan (Book of Animals), in which he has quoted Aristotle, contans germs cif later theorie·s of evolution, adaptation and animal psychology 6. The celebrate-d Arab scholar Ibn-Ul-'Amid rightly says that the books of al-Jahiz teach science first and literature afterwards.

Similarly, Yuhanna Ibn Masawayh (d. 857 A. D.) procured monkeys fr~m Caliph Mutasim Billah for anatemical dissection. He operat~d upon them. to get more information about the human body. He was so enthusiastic about· learning the anatomical structure of the human body that he intended to sacrifice his own son for this purpose but the Caliph stood in his way and sent him monkeys.

There is .evidence to show· that the Arabs performed anatomy on human bodies also. As deseribed by the French scholar P .J. Andre, the Ara b physicians taught aniıtomy on dead human bodies at the medical school of Sicily in the tenth century A. D 7. ·

The Arabs.thoroughly scrutinized the Greek legacy to anatomy ani:i enriched it with their own contributions. The figure plates and diagrams of the parts of the human body as illustrated in Tasbrih-ul-Mansuri by Mansur Ibn Muhammad were not found in the Greek Iiterature. Writing in the eleventh century, Abdul Latif al-Baghdadi criticised Galen for asserting that the lower jaw is composed of only one bone. He himself examined about thousand skulls to fınd out the structure of bone in that part of the human body. Ali Ib n Abbas suggested that there were three layers in the walls of blood vessels. Likewise, Arab anatomists held that the human skull passesses eight bones, w hile Galen thought that it was composed of 'only seven bones. They further discovered that the ear contained three ossicles which facilitated the hearing capacity 8.

T~ey thoroughly master~çl the structure of the eye a,nd made considerable advance in ophthalmology. The above-mentioned Ibn Masawayh wr.ote the first scientific treatise on the subject titled Dagbal-ul-Ayn (Disorder of the Eye).

(5} Dr. Abdul Hamid : Afaq Islamiyyah, Cairo, p. 182.

(6} P .K. Hi tti : History of the Arabs, p.382.

(7} Dr. Abdul Harnid, op.cit. p. 182.

(8} Prof. H . Nayyar Wasty : Muslim Contribution to Medicine, published in the Muslim World League Journal Vol. ll, p. 60.

Page 11: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

ABDULAii 31

Anather important book the Ten Treatises on the Eye was written by his pupil Hunayn lbn Ishaq, who held that the structure of the nerves is similar to that of the brain. Abul Faraj maintained that there are canals in. the nerves through which sensations and movements flow.

Besides, Alauddin al-Qurayshi of Damascus found that food is fuel for the mainumance of the body's heat. This idea was developed much later in the West. Abu Sahl al-Masihi explained that the absorption of food takes place more through the intestines than the stomach. lbn Sina said that it starts with the mouth where digestive seeretian mixes ~ith the food 9.

. . Anather crowning achievement in the field of anatamy was made by lbn Nafis

(1210-1288 A. D.), who was the greatest physician of his time. He said that man has been interested in getting acquainted with the internal parts of the bodies of the animals since the stone age. He started dissecting their bodies by means of his teeth, nails and preliminary tools. So the history of anatamy is as old as that of man on earth.

Although some attempts ~ere made by Galen and Ibn Sina to know the system of blood circulation, the creclit of discovering it goes to lbn Nafis three centuries ahead of William Harvey who is\erroneously credited with having been the fırst discoverer of it. He criticised both Galen and lbn Sina, on account of which he was subjected to severe criticism by the admirers of these authors. This made him unpopular, as a result of which even some of the famous ..... biographers of Arab physicians like lbn Qifti have not recorded his life. Nevertheless, he became the greatest physician of his time. He also b ec am e the personal physician of Sultan Zahir Baybars, hero ·or the crusade wars ıo.

lbn Nafis has minutely and scientifically deseribed the lungs and the blood circulation. He was also the first to notice that the heart has blood vessels inside its muscles. His books al-Sbamil f-ii-Tibb (Comprehensive Study of Medicine) aıid Sbarb-Tasbrih-ii-Qanun (Commentary on the canon of lbn Sina) show that he must have performed anatamy on a number of dead human bodies, of which there was no dearth in the time of his patron and king Zahir Baybars, who killed large numbers of enemy soldiers in crusade wars.

While lbn Nafis discovered the pulmonary blood circulation, the Spanish Arab physician Ibn Rushd pointed out the blood circulation of the heart and deseribed its cause in his al-kulliyat. He proposed in his Commentary on the Canon of lbn Sina what is preseribed today by modern physicians and that is the change of climate for patients su ffering from lung diseases ı ı.

(9) Ibid, p. 61.

lll ..r ·1~ .r.?ı t ..:...ı.,S::ıı <)_,..ll ~ .J ~ıı.f.ı) .j.)l..ı> d)~: t_'-!~ı ~ •.) ... .5~1 ( 10)

j l07 ı/ ,J))fı ~).-ı ,~ ı$.>\J-1 ~ı •<J_,.Jı .:ıL.JJıt J ..ıli ~ _r-_;Jı ..~.,&- ~1.:..-)U lı.)._,..li .!-I_;Jıo (ll)

Page 12: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

32 Arab legacy to the science of anatomy

This brief introduction of the Arab legacy to anatomy gives a clear idea of the fact that they not only studied and assimilated the Greek legacy to this science, but also ·enriched it with their own coritributions which cannot be overlooked while recording the history of science and medicine.

·~

Page 13: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

L'apport des Arabes a la science de l'anatoınie

Abdul Ali (*)

Les contes des «Mille et une Nuits» ont pendant longtemps constitue la seule source d'inforınation sur la culture et le mode de vie des Arabes, en raison de la negligence et du manque d'interet dont a fait preuve l'Occidenr vis-a-vis de ce peuple. Cette attitude continue, d'ailleurs, a se manifester en Occident, sous di verses formes dont la plus eviden te se traduit par une volonte deliberee de camoufler la contribution des Arabes au progres uruversel et ala pensee humaine. ll suffit de cansulter les livres sur l'histoire de la science pour s'apercevoir que ces ouvrages relient la periode grecque directement a la Renaissance en faisant abstraction du Moyen Age, comme si cette periade n'a point compte dans le progres enregistre par la science. Rien done d'etonnant a ce qu'un Bemal ne consacre que 10 pages sur les 1325 des quatre volumes de son ouvrage «la Science a travers l'histoire» aux contributions des Arabes dans ce domaine (1).

Le fait que les Arabes aient porte haut le flambeau du savoir et qu'ils aient assure une heureuse transition entre l'ere classique greco-romaine et l'ere contemporaine, n'est connu, ou plutôt, reconnu que par un nambre tres reduit d'orientalistes. Des efforts doivent done etre deployes aupres des savantset des lecteurs non-arabophones afın de leur permettre d'acquerir une meilleure connaissance du Monde arabe et une meilleure comprehension de son peuple.

Nous allons essayer de presenter brievement, dans cette etude, l'apport des Arabes ala science de l'anatomie.

Les grandes decouvertes faites par les Arabes dans le damaine de l'anatomie ant generalement ete deniees par les historiens europeens sous pretexte que l'Islam interdisait aux Arabes de proceder a des dissections et qu'ils ne pouvaient done avoir pu contribuer au progres de l'anatornie. Selon eux, la

(•) Chef de la seetion arabe a la Faculte Hamidia des Arts et du Commerce - Bhopal - Inde. (1) Prof. Mah.ınoud Dhaoudi : «Contemporary Civilization's Crisis and lslamic Ethlcal

Principles of Science» in «Islam Aujourd'hui» N. 1, p.37, publie par l'ISESCO, Maroc.

Page 14: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

ABDULAii 155

science de la medecine ne pouvait remonter plus loin que l'epoque de Galien (2).

Cependant les critiques n'ont pu a ce jour encore trouver dans l'Islam ne serait-ce qu'une seule preuve qui atteste l'interdiction de pratiquer la dissection des cadavres a des fins medicales. Bien au contraire, l'Islam aattire l'attention de. l'honıme sur sa constitution anatomique et les differentes phases par lesquelles il passe, depuis la canception jusqu'a l'accouchemeni :

«Hommes ı Si vous etes en doute· au sujet du rappel des trepasses, souvenez-vous que Nous vous avans crees de poussiere, puis d'une ejaculati~n. puis d'une adherence, puis d'une masse· flasque elaboree ou non elaboree, afin de faire eclater l'evidencdt vos'yeux. Souvenez-vous que Nous deposons dans les uterus ce que ·Nous voulons, jusqu'a un terme fıxe, que Nous vous (en) faisons sortir ensuite, petit eİıfant...» (le Coran XXII,S) {3).

n convient de souligner a cet .egard, qu·e les savants n'oni pas manque d'exprimer leur stupefaction face a la perfection et a l'exactitude avec lesquelles ce verset c()ranique decrit la formatian et le developpement de l'embryon humain. En outre, les resultats obtenus par le docteur Keith Moore, embryologiste, a l'Qniversite de TorQnto, et qui ant ete par la su!te renforces par les decouverte~._du pionnier du «bebe-eprouvette», le docteur Robert Edwards, ant confırme que le verset coranique comportait une description p~ecise des differentes etapes \du developpement de l'embryon. Cette canception n'a ete avancee par les savants occidentaux qu'en 1940 et n'a pu etre confırmee qu'il ya a peine une quinzaine d'annees (4).

Le saint Coran contient egalement un verset qui incite l'honıme a etudier la ' .. formatian et la structure des os et de la chair du corps humain :«Regarde ces ossements comment Nous les reunissons et les revetons de chair». (Coran : II-256).

n est vrai que la mutilation des corps est interdite dans l'Islaın, canformement aux paroles du Prophete : «Ne mutilez pas le corps». Cependant, il s'agissait la d'un tout autre contexte. Quand bien meme ces paroles auraient ete interpretees par les autorites comme une interdiction de dissequer le corps humain, il n'a guere ete interdit aux chercheurs de pratiquer des travaux anatomiques sur les animaux.

C'est un fait qu' Al-Jahiz (decede en 868 ap. J-C) avait pour habitude d'abattre des animaux afin d'etudier leurs organes internes. n ouvrait aussi les ventres des animaux pleins afin d'y definir le nambre d'embryons et d'etudier l'emplacement de chacun d'eux (S). n fut aussi le premier auteur arabe a avoir etudie la nature et les caracteristiques des animaux, des plantes et des minerais, sur la base d'experiences et de travaux d'observation. Son ouvrage,

(2) Joseph Hell : Tbe Arab Civilization, p.91. (3) Le Coran, Regis Blachere, Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris, 1980. (4) «The Times of India», New Delhi, 10 decembre, 1984, p.9.

(5) Dr. Abdul Haınid : Afaq Islaıniyyab, le Caire, p.182.

Page 15: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

156 L'apport des Arabes a la science de l'anatomie

Kitab-Ul-Hayawan (Livre des aniınaux), dans lequel il cite Aristote, comporte·· des embryons de theories qui allaient etre developpees, par la suite, sur l'evolution, l'adaptation et la psychologie des animaux (6). Le celebre erudit arabe Ibn-Ul-' Aınid devait d'ailleurs dire, a juste titre, que les ouvrages d' Al-J.ahiz enseignent · d'abord la science puis, ensuite seulement, la litterature. '

De meme que Yuhanna Ibn Masawayh (decede en 857 ap. J-C) procedait a des travaux anatorniques sur des singes que le Calife Al-Mu'tassim Billah mettait a sa disposition. Il les utilisait en vue d'apprendre davantage sur le corps humain. n etait teliement iuıxie~ de decouvrir la structure et la composition du corps humain qu'il etait decide a sacrifler son propre fils, n'eiit ete l'intervention du Calife qui s'etait oppose ason plan et lui avait fait envoyer des singes. Des preuves existent qui montrent que les Arabes ont egalement effectue des travaux anatorniques sur le corps humain. Ainsi des savants arabes, comme devait l'indiquer le chercheur français P.J. Andr~, enseignaient l'anatornie sur des corps humains a l'ecole de medecine de Sicile au Xs. ap. J-C (7). En outre, les Arabes ont etudie de façon approfondie l'apport grec ala science de l'anatomie et contribue ason enrichissement par leurs propres rechercbes. Ainsi, les schemas et representations aıiatomiques des organes du corps bumain illustres dans le Tasbrib-ui-Mansuri de Mansur Ibn Muhammad, ne figurent dans aucun des ouvrages grecs. Deja au Xle siecle, Abdulatif-al-Baghdadi critiquait Galien qui affirmait que la macboire inferieure se composait d'un seul os. Il avait auparavant etudie quelque deux mille cranes en vue de deterrniner la structure osseuse dans cette partie du corps humain. Ali Ibn Abbas avait, quant a lui, releve l'existence de trois couches dans la paroi des vaisseaux sanguins. Les anatomistes arabes avaient en outre indique que le crane de l'homme se composait de buit os alors que Galien pensait qu'il n'etait forme que de sept. Par ailleurs, ces memes anatornistes arabes devaient decouvrir que l'oreille se composait de trois osselets qui developpent l'oui'e (8). lls ont egalement acquis une parfaite connaissance de la structure de l'oeil et ont considerablement contribue au developpement de l'opbtalmologie. Le meme Ibn Massawayh, cite plus haut, devait d'ailleurs ecrire le prernier traite scientifique sur ce sujet, et qu'il a intitule Dagbal-ul-' Ayun (troubles de l'oeil). «Les dix traites sur J'oeil», un autre ouvrage tout aussi precieux, fut ecrit par son disciple, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, dans lequel ce dernier soutient que la structure des nerfs est identique a celle du cerveau. Abdul-Faraj affirme pour sa part que les nerfs comportent des conduits par lesquels s'acheminent les sensations et les mouvements.

En outre, Alauddin-al-Qurayshi, de Damas, a decouvert que la nourriture est une source d'energie qui permet de maintenir la chaleur du corps de

(6) P .K. Hi tti : History of the Arabs, p.382 (7) Dr. Abdul Hamid, 182.

(8) Prof. H.Nayyar Wasty : «Muslim Contribution to Medicine», publie dans la revue «The Muslim World League Journal». Vol ll, p.60.

Page 16: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

ABDULAii . 157

l'homme. Cette idee ne devait etre developpee en Occident que bien des annees plus tard. Abu Sahl-al-Masihi a egalement fait remarquer que l'absorption de la nourriture s'accomplit par les intestins plus que par l'estomac. Quant a lbn Sina, il a releve que cette absorption commence dans la bouche, lorsque les secretions digestives se melangent avec la nourriture (9).

L'une des plus grandes decouvertes en matii:re d'anatomie fut l'oeuvre d'lbn Nafis (1210-1288 ap. J-C), qui fut le plus grand medecin de son epoque. n disait que depuis l'age de la pierre, l'homme a ·cherche a connaitre les organes intemes des animaux. na commence a les dissequer a l'aide de ses dents, de ses ongles et des outlls rudimentaires dont il disposait. Aussi l'histoire de l'anatomie est-elle aiıssi vieille que ceUe de l'homme lui-meme.

Quoique lbn Sina et Galien aient fait _quelques tentatives en vue de connattre le systeme de la circulation du sang, le merite de sa decouverte revient en fait a lbn Nafis qui l'a decouvert trois siecles avant William Harvey, auquel on attribue a tort la decouverte de ce systeme. lb!l Nafis a critique, a la fois, Galien et Ibn Sina, ce qui lui a valu des critiques acerbes de la part des adrnirateurs de ces deux savants. Sa popularite devait egalement en souffrir, a tel point que certains des plus"-ceU:bres biographes des medecins arabes, tellbn Qifti, ont omis de le mentionner dans leurs ouvrages. Cependant, cela ne l'a pas empeche de devenir le plus grand m~decin de son temps, et d'etre le medecin particulier du sultan .Zahir Baybars, heros des glierres des croisades. (10).

lbn Nafıs a decrit avec precision les poumons et la circulation du sang. Il ' , etait egalement le premier a avoir remarque que le coeur cantenait des vaisseaux sanguins a l'interieur des muscles cardiaques. Ses ouvrages Al S harnil fit-Tibb et Sharh Tashrih-il-Qanun indiquent qu 'il a du pratiquer l'anatomie sur un grand nombre de cadavres humains; d'ailieurs, il ne devait guere en manquer a l'epoque du roi Zahir Baybars, aux mains duquel un grand nombre de soldats ennemis trouverent la mort, lors des guerres des croisades. ·

Alors qu'lbn Nafis decouvrait la circulation du sang au niveau des poumons, Ibn Rushd, lui, expliquait le processus de la circulation du sang dans le coeur et en decrivait la cause dans son ouvrage Al Kulliyat. Dans son commentaire de l'oeuvre d'lbn Sina, il suggerait deja le remede preserit aujourd'hui par les medecins aux patients qui souffrent de maladies

· pulmonaires, a savoir un changement de elimat (11).

Cette breve introduction a l'apport des Arabes a l'anatomie mantre bien

(9) Ibid., p.61

(10) Dr. Sabiha Al-Dabbagh, «Baina William Harvey wa lbn Nafis», Al-Arabi, Kuwait, October 78, p.ll ı.

(ll) Alıdelaziz Ben Abdallah, «Al-Thur'aat aJ. ' Arabi», extrait de «Al-Lisaan Al·Arabi» Vol. ll, premiere partie, p.l07.

Page 17: ,, JJ·: t·· ·t-,;isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00339/1986_4/1986_4_ABDULALI.pdfthis pattern is Bernal's book : Science in History in four volumes of 1325 pages. The author has devoted only

158 L'apport des Arabes a la science de l'anatomie

qu'ils ont non seulement etudie et assimile l'heritage grec dans ce domaine precis, mais qu'ils l'ont egalement enrichi de leurs propres contributions, et que par voie de consequence leur apport ne devrait en aucun cas etre neglige dans l'elaboration de l'histoire de la science et de la medecine universelles.