© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 CHAPTER 5 States of Consciousness PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

CHAPTER 5

States of Consciousness

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation


Lecture Overview Understanding Consciousness

Sleep & Dreams

Psychoactive Drugs

Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness


Understanding Consciousness

Consciousness: an organism’s awareness of its own self & surroundings

Alternate States of Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc.



Understanding Consciousness

Controlled Processes: Mental activities requiring focused attention

Automatic Processes: Mental activities requiring minimal attention


Sleep & Dreams: Circadian Rhythms

Circadian Rhythms: Biological changes occurring on a 24-hour cycle Our energy level, mood, learning, & alertness

all vary throughout the day. Sections of the hypothalamus called the

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) & the pineal gland regulate these changes.


Brain’s Role in Circadian Rhythms


Sleep & Dreams: Disrupted Circadian Rhythms

Disrupted circadian rhythms from shift work, jet lag, & sleep deprivation may cause alterations in mood, concentration, motivation, attention, & motor skills.


Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep(NREM Sleep)

NREM sleep (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement): includes Stages 1 through 4 involves lower-frequency brain waves,

decreased pulse & breathing,& occasional, simple dreams

serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)


Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep (REM Sleep)

REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep) involves high-frequency brain waves,

increased pulse & breathing, large muscles serves a biological need may play a role in learning & consolidating

new memories


Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night



Pause & Reflect:

Assessment

Can you label the three key areas of the brain involved in circadian rhythms?


Pause & Reflect:

Assessment

Judging by the cat’s posture, which cat is in NREM sleep and which is in REM sleep?


Sleep & Dreams: Research

The EEG, EOG, & EMG are common tools for sleep research.


Sleep & Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves


Sleep & Dreams: Over the Life Span


Sleep & Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals


Sleep & Dreams: Why Do We Sleep?

Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities

Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep evolved to conserve energy & as protection from predators


Sleep & Dreams: Why Do We Dream?

Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires & anxieties

Biological View (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells

Cognitive View: dreams are a type of information processing


Sleep & Dreams: Sleep Disorders

Two major categories:

1. Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, & quality of sleep

2. Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep


Sleep & Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias

Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early

Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep

Narcolepsy: sudden & irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours


Sleep & Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs


Sleep & Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias

Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep

Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal & feelings of panic


Psychoactive Drugs

Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception


Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms

Drug Abuse: Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others

Addiction: Compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity


Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued)

Psychological Dependence: Desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug

Physical Dependence: Changes in bodily processes that make a drug necessary for minimal functioning


Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued)

Withdrawal: Discomfort & distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs

Tolerance: Bodily adjustment to higher & higher levels of a drug leading to decreased sensitivity


Psychoactive Drugs: How Drugs Work

Agonist Drug: Mimics a neurotransmitter’s effect

Antagonist Drug: Blocks normal neurotransmitter functioning


How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Agonists vs. Antagonists)



Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories

1. Depressants: Act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium)



Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued)


Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants

2. Stimulants: Act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)



Pause & Reflect: Psychology at

Work

Studying psychology helps explain why and how the stimulant methamphetamine destroys the teeth & gums of chronic

users.


Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates

3. Opiates: Act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)


How Cocaine Mimics Endorphins


Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens

4. Hallucinogens:

Produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)


Psychology at Work: Club Drug Alert!

Popular “Club Drugs”: Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol) MDMA (Ecstasy) GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) Special K (Ketamine) Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)



Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, & produce an ASC



Hypnosis: Trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, & intense focus



Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.


Pause & Reflect: Assessment

• Do you recognize the following myths about hypnosis?

1. Forced hypnosis

2. Unethical behavior

3. Exceptional memory

4. Superhuman strength

5. Fakery


End of CHAPTER 5

States of Consciousness

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

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© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 CHAPTER 5 States of Consciousness PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation