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极极极极极极极极极 matter under extreme conditions 极极极极极极极极极极极 [email protected]

极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

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极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions. 浙江近代物理中心鲁定辉 [email protected]. Big Bang + Inflation 时间( s) 温度( eV) 事件 10 -36 10 24 大统一时期 10 -32 10 23 暴涨开始 10 -12 10 12 电弱相变 10 -6 10 9 质子、中子产生 10 -2 -10 2 10 6-7 核合成 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

浙江近代物理中心鲁定辉[email protected]

Page 2: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

宇宙学模型

Big Bang + Inflation

时间 (s) 温度 (eV) 事件10 - 36 1024 大统一时期10 - 32 1023 暴涨开始10 - 12 1012 电弱相变10 - 6 109 质子、中子产生10 - 2 - 102 106 - 7 核合成1013 1 原子形成,星系1017 - 18 10 - 4 ( 3K , 137+2

亿年 )

Page 3: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

中子星和夸克星 (QGP) QGP: a state of matter in which the quarks inside

protons and neutrons will blend together in a high-energy soup.

惯性约束聚变 (ICF) 有关的 HEDP 拍瓦( 10^15-Petawatt )激光与等离子体相互作用

Data: 实验室与天体观测相结合

Page 4: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

QCD 相图

实验室

Rho 2001

天体粒子

phase diagram

Page 5: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Keck telescopes onMauna Kea, Hawaii

Very Large Telescope (VLT) onCerro Paranal in northern Chile

HST in orbit

•国际上高精度天体观测设备 Hubble 空间望远镜

多种望远镜和探测器(射电、红外、 X 射线和射线、宇宙线等

Page 6: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

钱德拉 X 射线 (2004) :

“Cassiopeia A” ,仙后座的巨大超新星恒星残留,距离地球有 1 万光年。爆炸图像显示该恒星已经坍

缩成为一颗新生的中子星 . 包含的大量有价值信息足够天文学家们花上几年的时间来深入分析研究。

Page 7: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

直径 10 公里,质量却比地球大 100万倍。像陀螺似的旋转高速摆动,以每秒 3 次的频率发出无线电脉冲。

39 年 ,Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff.

67 年 ;Bell-Hewish. 74 年 Nobel prize

已经发现 400 多颗。 银河系可能有 10 万

颗!

Page 8: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Cross section

Relativity :压强向中心递增 内核:超流体,奇异星 中心:夸克物质( QGP ,新结构,色超导 ) 温度效应?

GTRgR 82

1

Page 9: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

RHIC

Au 核加速到约 200AGeV (质心系动能),金核对撞产生自由形态的夸克,这时夸克 - 胶子等离子体运动形式与理想液体性质十分相似(粘性极低)

Page 10: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

液气相变 -- 高能质子轰击金核

Page 11: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

实验证明了热斑的形成 Nature V.412,798(2001)

内爆压缩( DT 靶丸)

L=1200m

L=1350m

L=1600m

实验

模拟

Page 12: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

NIF (国家点火装置) : 1.8MJ(5-10ns), 计划 2006 年 48 束, 2008-2009 年 192 束。 2010 年左右将在实验室中演示热核点火和自持燃烧过程。 ( 我国 2020 年点火 )

Page 13: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

巨行星(氢)演化与状态方程关系敏感( D2 的 EOS )

Page 14: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

中子星或黑洞对白矮星的强烈的吸积(形成吸积盘)发射的 X射线,以及 X 射线引起的光致电离等离子体(平衡和非平衡)是研究吸积致密天体动力学的重要内容。

Page 15: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

相对论重离子碰撞(非平衡输运过程)中子星的结构

GTRgR 82

1

Questions:1. 如何描述高温,高密度物质?2. 夸克自由度重要吗?3. 诊断 : QGP 信号 (周期变化 ,双轻子 ,j/psi) 核聚变产物

Page 16: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

物态方程 1

Page 17: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

D 和 Cu 状态方程图 约 1Mb 条件下氘的 EOS 出现以前未知的状态

物态方程 2

Page 18: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Conventional approach

非相对论 Schrodinger 方程 (Lippman-Schwinger Eq) + N-N potential 3N system (Faddeev Eq) 4N system (Yacubovsky Eq) ……. Nuclear matter (208Pb center)

( Hartree-Fock, MFT)

Page 19: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Saturation (饱和性 )

结合能 ( -16MeV ) 费米动量( 1.36 fm^-1 )

Page 20: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Quantum Hadrodynamics

Many baryon problem Consistent framework (Lorentz covariance) QCD-motivated (Lagrangian , symmetries)

VVmFF

mgMVgiL

V

SSV

2

22

2

1

4

1

)(2

1)]()([

Page 21: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Why Sigma, Omega meson?

Page 22: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Mean Field Theory场方程由 Euler-Lagrange 方程给出:

均匀核物质

0)](([

)(2

2

SV

VV

SS

gMVgi

gVmF

gm

02

000

20

)(

)(

V

V

S

S

m

gVxV

m

gx

Page 23: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Equation of State -Relates pressure and energy density

由能动量张量给出:

静态流体

gmVmi

LgL

T

SV )2

1

2

1(

)(

2220

2

00

3

1

T

TP ii

Page 24: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

物态方程

2*2

0

33

2*2

22

2

2

2*2

2

0

33

2*2

22

2

2

)2()(

22

)2(3)(

22

MkkdMMg

m

m

g

Mk

kkdMM

g

m

m

gP

F

F

k

S

SB

V

V

k

S

SB

V

V

Page 25: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

耦合常数

9.195

1.267

22

22

22

22

Mm

gC

Mm

gC

V

VV

S

SS

Page 26: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

中子星(白矮星,黑洞) 是检验核物理,粒子物理,凝聚态物理,强磁场,广义

相对论的宇宙实验室! ( 4 种力!)物态方程对其演化至关重要! Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation

静态球对称恒星结构基本方程(外解与Schwarzschild度规连接)

')'('4)(

)(21

)(

)(41

)(

)(1

)()(

0

2

13

2

drrrrm

r

rGm

rm

rpr

r

rp

r

rrGm

dr

dp

r

其中

Page 27: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

qmc1

Page 28: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

qmc3

Page 29: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

质量与中心密度 (QHD,QMC)

Page 30: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

质量 -半径关系

Page 31: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

对于有限温度问题 用 bag估算

015.0

3

5

/72.0

144

30

fm

Bc

c

fm

MeVT

Page 32: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

温度场论

核物质,奇异物质,夸克物质的热力学性质,物态方程,相变

强作用系统的相变:液气相变,手征相变,夸克退禁闭相变,色超导相变

强子性质(质量,耦合“常”数)随温度的变化

热力学势 TkBH

B

BeTrZ

ZTkVV/)(

00 ln),;,(

Page 33: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

由热力学关系得到

其中重子数随温度分布22

/])([

/

1

1)( *

VVB

TkkEkk

mg

enn

B

)]()([)2(

)]()([)2(

)(22

)]()([)2(3

)(22

0

33

2*2

0

33

2*2

22

2

2

2*2

2

0

33

2*2

22

2

2

TnTnkd

TnTnMkkdMMg

m

m

g

TnTnMk

kkdMM

g

m

m

gP

kk

k

B

kk

k

S

SB

V

V

kk

k

S

SB

V

V

F

F

F

0/,0/ 00 V

Page 34: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Eos with T

Page 35: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

模型的改进? 如以 QHD 为基础提出新的状态方程 Serot and Walecka, Adv. Nucl. Phys. 16,1(1986) Furnstahl,Serot,Tang,NPA615,441(1997) QMC:Gichon e.a.NPA601,349(1996) Other effective field theory (NJL model) ref: W.Bentz e.a., nucl-th/0210067 ref: Wilczek e.a. CFL, NPB537(1999)443 PRL86(2001)3492

Page 36: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Open questions

更完整的致密天体图象(中子星,奇异星,夸克星,或其混合)

新物质结构,强子相到夸克相相变规律毫秒,亚毫秒脉冲星的发现

( Chandra,INTEGRAL)旋转中子星的解?(与 Kerr 度规连接)强磁场 (exp(12) 高斯 )影响 --两极喷射

Page 37: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

1 Quark matter is not simple Fermi gas, since the interaction between quarks could cause Fermi-sea unable

Space homogeneity: 2SC, CFL, LOFF state

Space inhomogeneity? e.g., lattice structure?

Page 38: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Hybrid star 猜想

Strange matter in bulk is absolutely stable?

Bodmer-Witten

In certain neutron stars the shedding of angular momentum and energy over time causes the star to contract. As the star's core density increases, some neutrons can "melt," creating an environment in which normally unstable particles such as hyperons and strange quarks can survive indefinitely(?) and can even come to predominate in more and more of the star (a, b, c). An estimated 1% of all neutron stars are undergoing this sort of transition.

Page 39: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

CollapseCollapseCollapseCollapseBurning PhaseBurning PhaseBurning PhaseBurning Phase Supernova ExplosionSupernova ExplosionSupernova ExplosionSupernova Explosion

Neutron Stars

or

Strange stars?

Witten (1984), PRD, 30, 272

Haensel et al. (1986), A&A, 160, 121

Alcock et al. (1986), ApJ, 310, 261

Neutron stars or Strange stars?Neutron stars or Strange stars?

“QGP & quark stars” http://vega.bac.pku.edu.cn/~rxxu R.X. Xu

Page 40: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

Three issues are challenging the conventional neutron stars models:

1, Drifting subpulses2, Thermal spectra of NSs3, Precession of radio pulsars

Page 41: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

学问学问,要学“问” 思考题:1. 中子磁矩,质子自旋之起源?2. 原子弹、氢弹物理机制有何不同?

欢迎有兴趣同学与我 e-mail联系讨论 (SRTP ,毕业论文等 )

Page 42: 极端条件下物质形态 matter under extreme conditions

谢谢各位!