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Rules Group leader Laptop Color pens, tapes,
papers, big size post it notes
Recording Notes taking Questioning Profile Survey Consultation Thinking Map SG notes TeLi Time References
1. Get one sketch book (at least 14 sheets)2. Before class, prepare your Thinking Map3. You may add during class discussion4. Credits will be given
1.Appoint a TeLi person during every class session (class leader)
2.Present new terms for the day 3.Briefly define the terms
Assessment
Laboratory reports 5-6 10%
Mini project 1 10%
Presentations/Assignments/Project 2-3 20%
Test 1 1 10%
Test 2 1 10%
Final examination - 40%Total 100%
1. Form into 4 in a group.
2. A group will be selected to present lab work of the day
3. Report may be submitted via these modes (will be announced later)
1. End class presentation
2. Blog / websites
3. Journal format
1. Form into 4-5 members in a group
2. Task will be posted in MyGuru2/Class
3. Presentations may be in form of…
1. Life presentation
2. Video presentation
3. Blog/Websites
4. LeT Kits
5. Performing Arts
6. Mapping
A scientific discipline to explain life at the molecular level uses the tools and terminology of chemistry to describe the
various feature of living things offer insights into the treatment of diseases e.g. cancer,
diabetes etc. Offer answers to :
e.g. what are we made of?
how do we work?
why we react in a certain way?
1. Biomolecule
2. Water chemistry
3. Protein : Structure & metabolism
4. Enzyme : Properties & Kinetics
5. Carbohydrate : structure & metabolism
6. Lipid : Classes & Metabolism
7. Aerobic metabolism
At the end of this topic, you should be able to :
1. Name the common functional groups2. Name the linkages in biological molecules3. Draw the general molecular structure of
biomolecules4. Explain the process of oxidation and reduction
• Biomolecules are compound of carbon and hydrogen (CH)
• Four major classes of biomolecules & building blocks:
What are the functions of biomolecules:
1. Synthesize larger molecules
2. Carry out special biological functions e.g ATP
3. Take part in complex reaction pathways
1. Carbohydrate sugars2. Protein amino acids3. Lipids fatty acids4. Nucleic acids nucleotides
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/02biologicalmolecules/02carbohydrates/15monosaccharides/index.shtml
Biomolecules
• Chemical properties of molecule are depend on by specific arrangement of atoms
= functional groups
• Most biomolecules contain more than 1 fn gp.
e.g. sugar molecules
Several hydroxyl gp
Aldehyde gp
Sugar and carbohydrates
• Contain alcohol groups & aldehydes/ketones
• Simple/monomer : monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose
• Polymer: polysaccharide
starch & cellulose; glycogen
• Complex :
nucleotide : contain ribose / deoxyribose
glycoprotein : protein contain carbohydrate
glycolipid : lipid contain carbohydrate.
Monosaccharides are connected by GLYCOSIDIC BOND via the process of dehydration
C4C1
Glycosidic bond
Amino acids, peptides and protein
• A.a. contains :
1. amino group
2. carboxylic acid group
3. side chain gp/R group
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds
Polypeptides : peptides ( up to 50 a.a)
protein (longer)
Fatty acids and lipids
• Contain :
1. one carboxylic acid
2. with long HC chain
•Are monocarboxylic acids
• Usually contain even number of C atoms
• water insoluble
• E storage
Alkyl gp
Contains
C & H atoms
Carboxyl gpRCH2 C
O
OH
• Monounsaturated f.a. = contain one double bond
• Polyunsaturated f.a. = contain two or more double bond
• Saturated f.a = only single bond (saturated with hydrogens!)
• one carboxylic acid with even C number & no branching
Fatty acids are combined with one glycerol to form a fat
molecule triglycerol // triacylglycerol //TAG
Through a process :esterification/dehydration/condensation
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
Contain :
1. 5C sugar
2. A nitrogenous base
3. Phosphate gp.
Base consist of purine or pyrimidine.
Assembling small molecules into polymeric macromolecules needs energy
Breaking polymeric molecules into smaller molecule produces energy
BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
All life processes consist of chemical reaction catalyzed by enzymes
What are the primary functions of metabolism?
1. To acquire and use energy
2. To synthesize molecules needed for cellular structure &
function
3. For growth & development
4. To remove waste & other toxins
Biochemical reactions involve enzyme catalysis
Most common reaction types:
1. Nucleophilic substitution
2. Elimination
3. Addition
4. Isomerization
5. Oxidation-reduction / redox reaction
Nucleophilic substitution
Def: one atom or gp substituted for another
R CO
CH2CO
SCoA
R CO
SCoA CH3CO
SCoA
CoA-SH+
+
Sulfur nucleophile attacks C=O
Nucleophilic Substitution-acyl
Addition: two molecules combine to give one. One molecule usually multiple bonded.
OCO
OCO
CC
HH
OCO
OCO
CCH2
HOH+ H2O
Addition occurs at C=C
hydration
Elimination - a molecule loses atoms usually in the form of a small molecule like
water.
OCO
CCH2
HOH
OPO32-
OCO
CCH2
OPO32-
+H2O
Water is lost to form phosphoenolpyruvate
PGA PEP
Isomerization: molecule rearranges atoms
OCO
CCH2
HOH
OPO32-
OCO
CCH2
HOPO3
2-OH
3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
Hydrolysis: water cleaves (splits) a covalent bond and inserts itself.
CH2OHCCH2
HOHOH
COH RO
CO RO
CH2O
C
CH2
H O
CO RO
CO RO
+ 3 H2O
+ 3
Hydrolysis of a fat
In biochemistry redox reactions are usually recognized by the following
changes:
• Oxidation occurs when a molecule loses two hydrogens and/or gains an
oxygen. (-2H & +O @ -2H @ +O)
• Reduction occurs when a molecule gains two hydrogens and/or loses
an oxygen. ( +2H & -O @ +2H @ -O)
Oxidation-reduction
Open up your text book: find out what is oxidation and reduction.
Oxidation CCH OHCH3
OO
CC OCH3
OO
NAD+
NADH + H+lactate puruvate
• Lactate is oxidized.• NAD+ is oxidizing agent.
ReductionCH3C -OH
IIO
CH3CH2 -OH
Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol
•Reduction occur as a molecule loses oxygen and /or gain hydrogen