Analysis of Data Reports in Published Journal Articles

Introduction

Two Studies Evaluated Procedures used: Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Summary of Studies Evaluated Statistical Tests and Results Hypothesis Testing Errors Consequences Additional Corroborating Studies

Summary References

Parametric Procedures

Parametric- can be described as limits or boundaries or guidelines.

Methodology: A)Questionnaire B) Exposure assessment monitoring C) Individual physical health assessment D) Laboratory examination E) Work analysis

Symptoms Acute Chronic

Activities

Nonparametric Procedures

Nonparametric – is explanation and assumptions that are made which are met. Also nonparametric procedures are quick answers with little calculations.

Obesity- being over weight with excessive body mass index

Health Cost - increasing cost due to obesity

Why Procedures Were Used

Parametric Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology “Pesticide exposure, risk factors and health problems

among cut flower farmers: a cross sectional study” (Hoppin, Umbach, London, Lynch, Alavanja, & Sandler, 2006).

Nonparametric “Obesity in the Midst of Unyielding Food Insecurity in

Developing Countries” (Vang, Singh, Lee, Haddad, & Brinegar, 2008).

Statistical Tests Used- Meat Study

Prospective Cohort Study Commonality-Adventist Lifestyle

Self-Administered Questionnaires Dietary Intake, Anthropometrics, Disease

History and Demographic Factors. Adequate sampling

8,401 Baseline Non-Diabetic Cohorts

17-Year Follow-Up

Statistical Tests Used- Pesticide Study

Prospective Cohort Study

Commonality-Pesticide Applicators

Self-administered Questionnaires

Medical History, Smoking Habits, and

Demographic Factors

2nd Follow-Up Questionnaire

Adequate Sampling

17,920 Farmers and 2,255

Commercial Applicators

4-Year Time Frame

Results of the Tests

Both studies are inferential

Both studies are positively correlational

Meat study concludes meat consumption may increase chances of contracting diabetes

The pesticide study associates frequent use of pesticides with increased chance of developing respiratory problems

Hypothesis Testing

Alterative Hypothesis (1)

Null Hypothesis (1)

Hypothesis Testing

Alterative Hypothesis (2)

Null Hypothesis (2)

Consequences For The Studies

Type 1 Error

Type 2 Error

Consequences For The Studies (Cont)

Type 1 Error (the researchers)

Type 2 Error

Additional Studies (Meat & Diabetes)

Iowa Woman's Health Study 35% Increase In Risk Of Diabetes

Health Professionals Study 27% Increased Risk For Diabetes

Nurses Health Study 26% Increased Risk Per Serving

Additional Studies (Pesticides & Respiratory Outcomes )

Study of Asthma & Allergies In Children 12.4% Of The Population

Was Affected

Study In Serra Gaucha & Southern Brazil 95% Of Population Was

Affected

Additional Studies Conclusion

Do Studies Corroborate

Does Meat Cause Type 2 Diabetes

Do Pesticides Cause Respiratory Problems

Summary

Organophosphate insecticides has a role in Respiratory outcomes

Respiratory illness four times higher in farm workers

Summary

Increase risk of diabetes with diet high in red meat.

Connection between Saturated and low polyunsaturated fats being linked to hyperinsulinemia

Association of red meat with elevated levels of glucagons and cortisol hormones

Positive Correlation with a diet rich in fish linked with low rate of diabetes

References

Faria, N., Faccini, L., Gastal, F., & Tomasi, E. (2005). Pesticides and respiratory symptoms among farmers. Retrieved on --------from http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-89102005000600016

Fung, TT., Schulze, M., Manson, JE., Willett, WC., & Hu, FB. (2004). Dietary patterns. Meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in woman. Retrieved on ----------------from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553416

Hoppin, J., Umbach, D., London, S., Lynch, C., Alavanja, M., & Sandler, D. (2006). Pesticides and adult respiratory outcomes in the agricultural health study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1076(1), 343-354. Retrieved -------------from Ebscohost.

Loma Linda School of Public Health. (2009). Adventist Health Studies. Retrieved -------------

http://www.llu.edu/public-health/health/mortality.page

References

Meyer, K., Kushi, L., Jacobs, D., & Folsom, A. (2010). Dietary Fat and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Iowa Women. Retrieved on ---------from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/9/1528.full#T1

Salameh, P.R,, Baldi, I., Brochard, P.,Raherison, C.,Abi Saleh, B., & Salamon, R. (2003). Respiratory symptoms in children and exposure to pesticides. Retrieved on------------, from http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/22/3/507#T2

Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A & M University System (2008).  Using Pesticides Private Applicator Manual.  Texas Cooperative Extension, AgriLife.

Van Dam, R., Willett, W., Rimm, E., Stampfer, M., & Hu, F. (2010). Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men. Retrieved on -----------------, from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/3/417.full#T4

Vang, A., Singh, P., Lee, J., Haddad, E., & Brinegar, C. (2008). meats, processed meats, obesity, weight gain and occurrence of diabetes among adults: findings from adventist health studies. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 52(2), 96-104. Retrieved -------------from Ebscohost.