Name: _________________________________________________________________POLYMER NOTES

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS1. Easy to ____________________2. Excellent _______________________ can be obtained 3. Produced with close dimensional tolerances 4. Economical 5. Low ____________________properties6. Poor ____________________resistance 7. Can be produced transparent or in different ____________________8. _________________________ to chemicals & corrosion.9. Thermal and electrical __________________________. 10. Generally _____________________________________11. Can be processed in various ways

Metals Ceramics/Glass

Polymers

Type of Matter Element or mixture Compound orMixture of compounds Mostly compounds

Type of Elements Metallic elements

Metals w/ nonmetalsOR

Semimetals w/ nonmetals

Nonmetals

Type of Structure Crystalline Ceramics = crystalline

Glass = amorphousMostly amorphous w/ some regions of

crystallinity

Type of Bonding Metallic bonding

Ionic bonding and network covalent

bonding

Covalent bonding and weak

intermolecular forces

List some examples these polymersSynthetic polymers=plastics Natural polymers

HISTORY OF POLYMERSDATE TYPE OF POLYMER USE

1850 table tennis balls and guitar picks

Name: _________________________________________________________________1900-1920

BakeliteRayonCellophanePolyvinyl chloride- PVC

1922 Staudinger suggested polymers are _____________________________—won Nobel Prize

1930 - 1940

Polystyrene

‘Dacron’ and drinks bottles, toys,engineering plastic and for clothing and stockings

used for non-stick pans

1950 – 1960’s

Polyethylene- (Tupperware), Polypropylene, Styrofoam, Saran Wrap, Velcro

Bags containers, packaging film, ropes, fasteners

1970 – 1990

PEEK (polyethyleneterephthalate)POM (Polyoxymethylene)

1990 – Present

Developing polymers for tissue repair, replacement and regeneration.Making solar cellsengineering polymers to give specific, desired properties such as biodegradability or biocompatibility

POLYMER DEFINITION

• POLY- “______________” • MERS- “______________”• Polymers are _________________________________ made of

thousands of repeated units called _______________• Monomers are connected with _____________________bonds

• Remember that covalent bonds occur when atoms ___________________ electrons

• This occurs with ________________________-polymers are mostly nonmetals

• Most common nonmetals in polymers • ______________________

• Most important because it makes the backbone of polymer chains

• It can make huge chains because ____________________________________• Other elements can be in polymers__________________, ________________,

Nitrogen, Chlorine, __________________, Silicon

HYDROCARBONSHydrocarbons are classes of chemicals made of carbon and hydrogen.

Name: _________________________________________________________________• Hydrocarbons are classes of chemicals made of

___________ and ________________ • Name is based on how many carbons are in the chain

Polymer Molecular Arrangements

• ALKANES – Hydrocarbons with _________________ bonds between all carbons– Remember: All carbons form 4 bonds– Example: Draw butane – Example: Draw propane

• ALKENES – Hydrocarbons with ___________________ bonds between at least 2 of the carbons

• Double bonds are _____________________ and more _________________ than single bonds• Example: Draw hexene

POLYMERIZATION• Polymerization-

– 2 methods of polymerization• _________________________• _________________________

• Addition Polymerization: – Occurs when monomers are added to one another usually by _____________________________– Initiator:

• 1- _____________• 2- _____________• 3- _____________• 4-_____________• 5-_____________• 6-_____________• 7- _____________• 8- _____________• 9- _____________• 10- _____________

Amorphous: Molecules arranged in coiled and tangled chains like spaghetti noodles

Examples:

Crystalline: Most of the molecules are arranged in chains stacked folded towels.

Examples:

Name: _________________________________________________________________– What happens to the length of chains as there are more initiators? ____________________

– Example: Draw how polyethylene is made from 2 ethene molecules

• Condensation Polymerization: Method of making a polymer that often _________________________ _________________________________ as a by product

– Examples: ______________, __________________, __________________SLIME LAB

Amount of PVA4%

Amount of Borax4%

Observations

50mL 1 mL

50mL 2 mL

50mL 4 mL

50mL 6 mL

50mL 10 mL

Slime and Crosslinking What about slime keeps it stuck together but still allows it to move and sag? _________________ What was the cross linker in slime? ______________________• Cross linking are __________________________________________________________________

• Crosslinking Properties – Higher tensile strength • More of a solid under high temps• ___________________________________________• More ____________________• More ________________, not ____________________• Resistance to _______________ cracking• Improved behavior at __________________ temps• Slightly better flame resistance

• PVA-polyvinyl alcoholo Uses

_________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Fishing baits

Cross Linking and Rubber

Vulcanization– Process of creating ______________________ in rubber

Name: _________________________________________________________________– If the chains were not linked together rubber would remain _______________ because

individual chains would _______________________________– This cross-linking gives the chains of molecules __________________, ensuring the ball returns

to its ____________________________________.– Changes rubber to ____________, ___________________ material (like in tires, shoe soles, hoses,

and hockey pucks) • Uses _______________________________• Named after Vulcan Roman God of ______________• Often called sulfur curing

Classification of Polymers1. Thermoplastic_______________ when heated and _____________________ when cooled Primary types of used for ________________________Formed/shaped when in _______________________ state. Ex: milk jug, shrink to fit polystyrene2. Thermoset

– _______________________ polymers– _______________________ – set into a solid _______________________– can’t be _______________________ by heat (they simply burn instead) – therefore it is very hard or impossible to _______________________– tends to be _______________________ than a thermoplastic.

– Ex: clothespins, urethane3. Elastomer

– Polymers that show a high degree of _______________________ like rubber– Are _______________________ polymers – Helps make seals, adhesives, molded flexible parts

– Ex: Latex Rubber Ball4. Other types of Polymers

– _______________________, Coatings, Films, _______________________

POLYMER DEMOS and ACTIVITIESPacking Peanuts Demo

• Some polymers are _____________ and some polymers are ______________ • Polar molecules are molecules that have __________________________• Polarity affects how they _____________________________________________

• ______________ things dissolve in _______________ liquids – starch peanuts & ______________

Name: _________________________________________________________________• ______________ things dissolve in ______________ liquids

– ______________ & ______________

Polymers in relation to water Hyrdophilic: _______________________________ Hydrophobic: _______________________________

Sodium Polyacrylate Demo (Water Lock)• Why did the sodium polyacrylate absorb so much water?

• When water is added the _________________________ (dissociates) ________________ _______________________________________________

• Can absorb up to __________________ mass in water

• Why did salt reduce how much water it absorbed?• adding more salt ___________________________________________________________

Applications of Sodium polyacrylate (water lock)o _______________________o _______________________o _______________________o _______________________

Sodium Polyacrylate (PolySnow)• How is this sodium polyacrylate (polysnow) different than sodium polyacrylate (Water lock)?

– Water lock: less cross linked, water absorbed __________________________ of polymer chains– Polysnow: more cross linked, water absorbed _____________________ of polymer chains

•

Types of Manufacturing 1. Injection Molding

a. STEPSi) Powder or pelletized polymer heated to liquid state and _________________________ through an

opening called a ____________ii) pressurized material is held in the _____________________________iii) ______ opens and part is removed by _______________ pins

b. ADVANTAGEi) Very precise control of shape and dimensions, _________ processing, _______ waste, _____

automation

Polar and nonpolar don’t mix Polar liquids and polar compounds mix

polysnow

Water lock

Name: _________________________________________________________________c. DISADVANTAGE

i) ________________, good for only ______________ parts, needs ________ pressure2. Extrusion

a. STEPSi) Polymer pellets are put in _________________ (barrel with continuous feed screw)ii) Material is ____________________________________iii) Material is ______________ carefully

b. Advantagei) Best suited for parts of _________________________ like pipes and rods, used for wraps, films, or

long continuous partsc. Disadvantage

i) Needs to be ______________________ to keep polymer stable

3. Blow Moldinga. STEPS

i) Softened plastic tube is extrudedii) Tube is clamped at one end and _____________________________________iii) Solid shell

b. Advantagesi) Makes ___________________ parts like bottles, fast cycle, not labor intensive, and relatively cheap

c. Disadvantagesi) Can’t control __________________ well, can’t mold details with __________________, need polymers

with __________________________________