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歐盟推動的綠色政策 133 歐盟推動的綠色政策 施惇怡* 綱要 壹、前言 貳、貿易總署之綠色相關政策 參、環境總署之綠色相關政策 肆、能源總署之綠色相關政策 伍、氣候行動總署之綠色相關政策 陸、企業與產業總署之綠色相關政策 柒、稅務與關務總署之綠色相關政策 捌、移動與運輸總署之綠色相關政策 玖、歐洲 2020 策略旗艦倡議資源效率之歐洲 拾、展望 壹、前 為因應氣候變遷挑戰與環境永續發展議題,歐盟執委會( European Commission)由貿易總署(Directorate-General for Trade, DG TRADE)、環境 總署( Directorate-General for Environment, DG ENV )、能源總署 Directorate-General for Energy, DG ENER )、氣候行動總署 Directorate-General for Climate Action, DG CLIMA )、企業與產業總署 Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry, DG ENTR)、稅務與關務總 * 現任:駐歐盟兼駐比利時代表處經濟組商務秘書 學歷:國立台灣大學社會學系社會學理論組、國立政治大學新聞學系碩士班

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<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D203034BCDAB7F9B1C0B0CAAABABAF1A6E2AC46B5A62E646F63>
CommissionDirectorate-General for Trade, DG TRADE
Directorate-General for Environment, DG ENV
Directorate-General for Energy, DG ENER
Directorate-General for Climate Action, DG CLIMA
Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry, DG ENTR *
16
Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union, DG TAXUD
Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport, DG MOVE



135



2007 11 30 WTO
an Environmental

climate-friendly technologies
wind turbinessolar panels

http://ec.europa.eu/trade/wider-agenda/development/
generalised-system-of-preferences/ 1971
http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2007/november/tradoc_136955.pdf WTO Mr. Pascal Lamy 2007 12 9
WTO http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sppl83_e.htm http://unfccc.meta-fusion.com/kongresse/SB28/downl/080609_SB28_Mahesh_
Sugathan.pdfICTSD 2008 6 9 Trade in Climate Mitigation Goods and Services :opportunities and challenges 28-30
16



http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/climate_intro_e.htm
The Environmental Goods and Services Sector - A Data Collection Handbook
2009

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRES/Resources/469232-1107449512766/Trade_ Restrictiveness_dataset_environmentalgoods.pdf

137






4 50
2006 7 12 ECNo 1013/2006

Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their
DisposalOECD the OECD
Decision on Control of cross-border movements of waste destined for recovery
operations
( green list waste )

III IIIA OECD(
OECD )
LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2007R1418:20110723:EN:PDF
2011 7 9
ECNo 661/2011 (EC) No 1418/2007
3 OECD

mixtures

Affairs Council 2001 4 3

2003

WTO
WTO
WTO


development




multi-criteria analysis

environmental taxestradable permit
systemstargeted subsidies

Environmental Fiscal Reform
Environmentally Harmful Subsidies
Gross Domestic Product, GDP
GDP

2009 8 20 GDP
2010 a pilot version
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/studies.htm http://ec.europa.eu/governance/impact/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/mbi.htm


16
Plan
JobsIntegrated
GuidelinesThe
EU Sustainable Development Strategy, EU SDS
2009 7 EU SDS
2009 Review of SDS

Industrial Policy (SCP/SIP) Action Plan

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0397:FIN:EN:PDF



SDS

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, EMAS
Ecolabel Scheme
Environment Technologies Action Plan, ETAP
Green Public Procurement, GPP
Eco-design of Energy-related Products Directive, EuP
European Compliance Assistance Programme for SMEs,
ECAPProduct Environmental Footprint
http://ec.europa.eu/

SCP/SIP
2008 7 16 Public procurement for a better
environment
GPP
life-cycle costing, LCC
legal guidance
indicatorsmonitoring
GPP
2.
2009 GPP
Collection of statistical information on GPP in the EU
2011 GPP

those criteria that can be
incorporated into a public procurement procedure for goods, services or works in
order to reduce the environmental impact of the purchase
GPP
”greening”
1.

2008 10 1 GPP
Copying and graphic paper
Cleaning products and services Office IT
equipmentConstructionTransportFurniture
ElectricityFood and Catering services
TextilesGardening products and services2010 6
8 2 GPP Windows
Thermal insulationHard floor-coveringsWall
PanelsCombine Heat and Power, CHP
Road construction and traffic signsStreet lighting and
traffic signalsMobile phones
GPP FAQs http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/faq_en.htm#criteria1GPP Criteria http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/first_set_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/second_set_en.htm
16
146
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/
index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/faq_en.htm#criteria

Treaty establishing
()
energy package
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm
16
1990 20
20 20
10
2009 6
()
CO2

2005 1 2 CO2
ETS

CO2

()

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/

149
()
2008 6 11 2008/50/EC

PM2.5
2011 2020
2010 20
development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
3
2001 EU SDS 2006
public funding


http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/existing_leg.htm
REACHRegistration, Evaluation and Authorization and
Restriction of Chemicals 2006 12
1907/2007 2007 6 1
11 1

evaluation
CMRPBTvPvB SVHC candidate list
ECHA authorization

REACH
2008 6 1 12 1
REACH 2008
6 1 3 11

2009 1 1
1
2013 2018 ECHA 1
24,675 10 2011 5 5http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/
LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2006R1907:20110505:EN:PDF
4
REACH
3
45
6

REACH
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/reach_intro.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/
index_en.htm

2008 12 31 ECNo
1272/2008 mixture
CLP Regulation on classification, Labelling and Packaging of substances
and mixtures
10 154-155 97 12
10 156 97 12 2011 4 19 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
16
152
2010 12 1 2011 1
3 ECHA

3,114,835


ECHA
agree an entry

CLP REACH
REACH 2013 2018 REACH 23
CLP

CLP

mandatory
LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2008R1272:20110419:EN:PDF
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/classification/index_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/ghs/index_en.htm
http://echa.europa.eu/clp_en.asp
http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html
2003 2 2002/96/EC
waste electrical and electronic equipment , WEEE
2002/95/EC restriction of the use of
certain hazardous substances , RoHSWEEE
RoHS 2010 12 1 2011 9 10
2005 8
2006
PBBPBDE 6

WEEE RoHS
2010 12 1 WEEE
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002L0096:2010120 1:EN:PDF
2011 9 10 RoHS http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002L0095:20110910:EN:PDF
16
65
WEEE
6 2018
Photovoltaic panel

45 4
2020 65

2016 4045 2022
65
2011 7 1 2011/65/EU
RoHS RoHS 2 2011 7 21
lead WEEE
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/file.jsp?id=5723502&language=en&mailer=true 49

155
the flame retardants Polybrominated biphenyls, PBB
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDE 6




RoHS
EEE22014 7
3
56—CE marking



(Treaty on the
Functioning of the European Union, TFEU) 194 (Title XXI: Energy)
market-based tools CO2

sustainable and secure energy 2020


pan-European3
45

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0639:FIN:EN:PDF http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy2020/energy2020_en.htm
energy package

2020

hydro-electric powergeothermal energy
biomass

electricity
2020 10

16
2020
National
Renewable Energy Action Plans 2010 12 5

Transparency Platform
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/
support schemes


2003 2003/30/EC
2010
0062:EN:PDF http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/targets_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/reports/reports_en.htm

159
2020 20


ecodesign requirements for energy-related products, ErP

Directive 2004/8/EC cogeneration
2006/32/EC
UNFCCC
16
2005/32/EC EuP

CE
HVAC

10

/

LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2005L0032:20080321:EN:PDFEuP

10 162-164 97 12
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0660:FIN:EN:PDF http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/studies/ecodesign_en.htm
2009 2012
(incandescent bulb)
2009/125/ECErP
2009 11 EuP
all goods having an effect on energy
consumption during their use
CE

2012
2011 3 8 2011
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/ecodesign/legislation_en.htm http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:285:0010:
0035:EN:PDF http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/action_plan/action_plan_en.htm
40




http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/index_en.htm



Technological Development, FP 3
http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/index_en.cfm
7 the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, FP7

163




1



linking Caspian Sea countries and the Middle East to the European Union, including the Nabucco pipelinehttp://www.nabucco-pipeline.com/portal/page/portal/en

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/legislation/legislation_en.htm

165

EU Emission Trading
System, EU ETS






CO2
ECCPEU
Emission Trading System, EU ETS 41 http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/lowcarbon/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/lowcarbon/ccs/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eccp/index_en.htm
16


2005 The EU
Emissions Trading System, ETS

11,000 power stationsindustrial plants
installations

CO2Nitrous oxide
"cap and trade" principle

surrender
enough allowances to cover all its emissions
71 2009 6 25 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2003L0087:20090625:EN:PDF http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/cap/index_en.htm
ETS 3 1 2005-2007
2 2008-2012 3 2013 2
National allocation plans, NAPs
allocate 3

3 ammonia
2008 1 23 2003/87/EC
2009 6 5 2009/29/EC
2003

ETS 2013 industrial installations
Carbon Leakage


criteria 3

NAPs
NAPs 3
2020

2009 4 23 2009/29/EC
2003/87/EC
performance2007 - 2008
CO2

2020 http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/auctioning/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/benchmarking/index_en.htm 78

169
2012
DG Climate Action
2011 9 26 2012 ETS
2010

2020
20-20-20 1990 20
20/
2009 6 5 20-20-20the
EU climate and energy package
1. ETS1 2013 2020
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation/index_en.htm 4053126http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm 84The climate and energy package()

NAPs 2005-2007 1 2008-2012
2 11,000 ETS
2013 3
auction
cap 2020
2005 21 2013
3 2020
3 3 CDMClean Development
Mechanism

offset emission
45
2011 4 27 ETS 2013
2011

2020 2020 ETS
2005 10
2020 20 2006 9.2 2



171

CCS 2020
CCS
CCS
()
30
20Analysis
of options to move beyond 20 greenhouse gas emission reductions and
assessing the risk of carbon leakage20 30

—Roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0265:FIN:EN:PDF http://ec.europa.eu/clima/news/articles/news_2010052602_en.htm
2050 1990 80-95


offsets
()resource-efficient
storage, CCS 2020 2025
() 2020 1990
20 25
2020 202030
40 2020 30

1,750 2,300 4,000
150


http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0112:FIN:EN:PDF
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC
1997 Kyoto Protocol
()Kyoto Procotol
3 21 195

UNFCCC 1997 12 11 Kyoto
Procotol 2005 2 16 37
6
2008-2012
UNFCCC

Clean Development Mechanism, CDMJoint Implementation,
JI
2012 1990 8
15 2004 2007
12 10 6 8

2020
2020 2050
1990
COP 15

175
2010 12 11-29 16
COP 16Cancun Agreement
funds
2012
1990 20 2
30 2 1.
2. 2012

()
2011 11 28 12 9
Durban Mr. José Manuel Durão Barroso
2011 9 20 1 Leaders' High Level
Dialogue on Climate Change 90

Measurement, Reporting and
Verification, MRV
(3)
(4)
(5)
20 G201996 12 16
8 (
) 12 (

)


1992

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/
negotiations/future/index_en.htm
()
The European Environment Agency,
EEA
15.5 41 2009
6 15
8 Ms. Connie
Hedegaard

2020


http://ec.europa.eu/clima/news/articles/news_2011100701_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/cooperation/index_en.htm
16
Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and
Production (SCP) and Sustainable Industrial Policy (SIP)


http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/what/millenium-development-goals/index_en.htm 23


2energy related products, ERPs

performance

plan/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/ecodesign/index_
en.htm()()
16







WTO

Level Group on Competitiveness, Energy and the Environment




2010 10 28 2020 —
An Integrated Industrial Policy for the Globalisation Era: Putting
Competitiveness and Sustainability at Centre Stage

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/policy-integration

(globalisation reflex)



Small Business Act, SBA
eco-market
eco-innovation
2.
2011
250
99
globally competitive clusters and networks

2020
2011

cohesion policy
8. 2011
sustainable mobility
bio-based
http://ec.europa.eu/trade/trade-growth-and-jobs/
2010 11 9 2010 - 2015
Trade, Growth and World Affairs

300 1 2.5
5 3 2

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/industrial-competitiveness/industrial-polic
y/index_en.htm
()


Study on the competitiveness of European Companies and Resource
Efficiency 2007 - 2013
Competitiveness and innovation framework program (CIP) 2007 - 2013
—Brochure on
Sustainable Industry: Going for Growth Resource Efficiency

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/sustainable-
_sustainable_industry_150711_en.pdf
186
in a sustainable growth contextStudy on Competitiveness of European
Companies and Resource Efficiency
eco-performance

figures 8 & 11 respectively
material productivityfigure 10
()
Industrial policy: Reinforcing competitiveness
2011 2011

1
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/industrial-competitiveness
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/industrial-competitiveness/industrial- policy/files/ecr_2011_en.pdf
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/industrial-competitiveness/industrial- policy/files/ms_comp_report_2011_en.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies
/sustainable-business/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/
2009 1 14 2008/18/EC

3 /

taxes
1992
1997
mineral oils2003 10 27 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:009:
0012:0030:EN:PDF

the Energy Taxation Directive
2004 1 1 1
2
2001 11 1 2
biofuels

2020
5

2003 5 8 1 — 2003/30/EC

2005 12 31 2 2010
2004 5 1 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2003L0096:20040501:EN:PDF 2010 4 1 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2003L0030:20100401:EN:PDF
2 2003/96/EC 16
pure or blended
2050





20 2
GJ 9.6
GJ 0.15

CO2

()
2008 3 2010 12

co-modality


package

lorriesrail freight

0433:FIN:EN:PDF
6-8
2009

Transport
() Proposal for a Directive on road tolls for
lorries

() Rail Transport and Interoperability
communication
2011 3 28 2050 Transport
2050—Roadmap to a Single European
Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system

193

2030 20 2008 2050 60
1990
40 40
() 50

10 40 2030 2050
10 Transport 2050
()


0144:FIN:EN:PDFhttp://ec.europa.eu/ transport/strategies/2011_white_paper_en.htmWhite paper 2011


2050
60cars
vans CO2 passenger cars
CO2 2015130g
CO2/km 2020 95g CO2/km 2012
2020 modalities
2012
CO2 26 CO2
CO2 5
CO2 2013

ETS 2011 10 6 the
Advocate General (AG) of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) Ms. Connie Hedegaard 2011 11 10
Transport emissions and infrastructure

195
America and Others ETS
Ms. Connie Hedegaard
3
International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO 3
3

Multi-annual Financial
Framework, MFF 20
2020


2020 —
2010 3 2020Europe 2020
10
Financial Framework 2014-2020 http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm
16
Sustainable Growth
5
20/20/20
1990 20 20
/ 20

efficient EuropeAn Industrial policy for the
globalization 2
()
()
1990 20
20/ 20() 10 40()
2 405384http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_
en.htm 7 ()A digital agenda for
EuropeInnovation UnionYouth on the move ()Resource efficient Europe
An Industrial policy for the globalization()
An agenda for new skills and jobs
European platform against poverty http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/tools/flagship-initiatives/index_en.htm

197
5.

30



2
Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe 2050

2005
http://ec.europa.eu/resource-efficient-europe/index_en.htm http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0571:
FIN:EN:PDF 88 117 2050 80-95 1990


199



2010 10 28 An
integrated industrial policy for the globalisation era

2.

industrial-policy/index_en.htm()
16
2020 —



2020
MarketsRaw MaterialsTackling the
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/2020_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/strategy/2020_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/index_en.htm 88130 http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/action_plan/action_plan_en.htm 117131 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/comm2006/2020.htm 115 () http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/strategy/2020_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/connecting/proposal-ten-t_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/international/security_of_supply/cooperation_en.htm

201
Challenges in Commodity Markets and on Raw Materials
3 1
23

45
6
7
WEEE
nations environment programme, UNEP
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/files/docs/
communication_en.pdf
2014-2020 a Multiannual Financial
Framework 2014-2020


2020
Mr. Janez POTONIK 2011 5 11
UN Commission on Sustainable Development, CSD

6 Rio+20 2
Green economy in the
context of sustainable development and poverty eradication
Institutional framework for sustainable development
P
2010 3 2020Europe
2020
Rio+20
POTONIK 2011
http://ec.europa.eu/budget/reform/ POTONIK 2011 5 11 Towards a global transition
to a green economy UNCSDhttp://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/

203



POTONIK 2011 7 22
“On the Road Again” – But with a new Roadmap2011 9 12
We need to transform our economies2011 9 19 Resource challenges for Europe2011 9 29 Sustainability as a means to Europe's Future Competitiveness2011 10 3 "Rio+20 must succeed and Europe will play its part"2011 10 11 An economy that does not leave the Earth behind
()
16



“doing/producing more with less” 21

205