00Path intro.doc

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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

A good medical vocabulary is one of your most important tools. Medicalterminology is the professional language of those who are directly or indirectlyassociated with the art of healing.

It is not difficult to acquire a good working knowledge of medical terminology.Most medical terms are composed of certain roots or stems, derived from Greekor Latin and used in combination with prefies and suffies. Greek forms arecorrectly used with Greek prefies and suffies, and Latin forms with Latinprefies and suffies. Many !hybrids! are in use, however" a well#known eampleis the noun !appendicitis! which is made up of the Latin !appendi! and theGreek suffi !#itis.$ %he first step in acquiring a useful medical vocabulary is to learn to analy&ewords # to break them down and then determine the meanings of the component

parts. %he net step, of course, is to assemble these meanings and thusestablish the full definition of the word that is under study. A practical way to startthis study is to select a few words that relate to a product or products beingdetailed to physicians. Analy&e these words, develop their full meaning andcorrect usage, and then use them in the proper place and association. 'ith alittle practice and after memori&ing a relatively small list of stems or roots, avocabulary of frequently used medical terms is easily acquired" building it upbecomes an interesting and fascinating study.

ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

%he analysis of medical terms is a systematic breaking up of the words into theircomponent parts # ()*+I*-, -++I*- and )//%- 0-%*M-1. 'ord roots or stems are the simple elements that constitute the basis on whichwords are formed. %hose used in medical terminology generally indicate anorgan or part of the body. %hey are modified by combining them with prefies orsuffies or both. +or eample in the word !arthritis! which means !inflammationof the 2oints,$ the basic term or root is !arthr#,$ from the Greek !arthron! meaning

2oint. It is modified by adding the suffi !#itis! denoting !inflammation.$ 3y placingthe prefi !peri#! before the word we get !periarthritis,$ a term meaninginflammation of the tissues around 0peri1 the 2oint. (refies are the most frequently used elements in the formation of medical termsand usually consist of one or two syllables placed before a word to modify itsmeaning" e.g. !hypo#,$ a Greek word meaning under or below, combines with !#dermic! 0from the Greek !derma! #the skin1 to form the frequently used term!hypodermic.$ Most prefies have a final vowel which is dropped if the stem orroot which follows it begins with a vowel, e.g. hypo and adrenia combine to form!hypoadrenia,$ meaning adrenal insufficiency.



%he Latin derived word !subcutaneous! is formed with the prefi !sub#! 0under1and cutaneous 0from !cutis4 #the skin1. It is the equivalent of the Greek term!hypodermic.$-uffies are added at the end of a word to produce nouns, ad2ectives or verbs.

*amples4 !ot#! 0from !otos! #the ear1 plus the suffi !itis! forms the noun otitis.%he same stem, plus the suffi !#ic! gives us the ad2ective !otic.$ %he word!crystal! 0from crystallos1 plus the suffi !#i&e! produces the verb !crystalli&e.$ %rue suffies are abstract syllables attached at the end of a word, root or stem.+or instance in the word parenteral, the end syllable !#al! denoting of or

pertaining to, or belonging to, is a true suffi, an abstract element at the end of aword serving a formative or inflectional function only. %he prefi !par! from theGreek !para! means beyond or apart from, or other than and the root !#enter!from the Greek !enteron! means intestine. (arenteral, therefore is an ad2ectivemeaning not (or other than) pertaining to the intestine and is commonly used to

indicate the route of administration of therapeutic agents # 5/% via the intestinalcanal as when taken orally, but by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenousin2ection. Many endings are not true suffies but are nouns or ad2ectives added tothe root to form compound words and may be referred to as !combining forms.$%hey have a concrete sense as in !adenoma! 0!aden! #gland plus !oma! #tumor,forms !adenoma! #a glandular tumor1. %he following tables present a number of suffies, roots and prefies, selected onthe basis of frequent usage, and arranged in a manner to facilitate study, %hesuffies are classified according to their meanings into diagnostic, operative andsymptomatic suffies and combining forms. +or each word#element, the

meaning is indicated , followed by an eample of a word in which it appears.'ith this as a starting point the way should be clear for developing other terms,using the same element in combination with others to form a word.



DIAGNOSTIC SUFFIXES and COMPOUNDING ELEMENTS

Suffix: Meaning: Exampe

#asthen weakness 0a#neg. andsthen#strength1

neurasthenia" nervous prostration

#cele swelling, hernia,protrusion

gastrocele" hernial protrusion of thestomach

#emia blood anemia" deficiency of red blood cells

#iasis presence of, or conditionof

cholelithiasis4 presence of calculi0stones1 in the gallbladder

#itis inflammation dermatitis" inflammation of the skin

#oma tumor carcinoma4 a malignant growth

#osis a condition, usuallymorbid" also indicates anincrease

neurosis4 functional dis#order of thenervous system.leucocytosis4 increased white cellcount.

#path"#pathy

disease, suffering cardiopathy4 any disease of theheart.

#phobia persistent, abnormal fear claustrophobia4 fear of being closedin

#ptosis downward displace#ment, falling

gastroptosis4 downwarddisplacement of the stomach

#rrheis rupture hysterorrheis4 rupture of the uterus

#tropho growth atrophy4 a wasting away

#tropic turning toward, changing cephalotropic4 having an affinity for0turning toward1 brain tissue

OPERATIONAL SUFFIXES and COMPOUNDING ELEMENTS

Suffix: Meaning: Exampe:

#centesis puncture or tapping cardiocentesis4 surgical puncture ofthe heart

#desis binding or fiation arthrodesis4 surgical fiation of a 2oint

#ectomy ecision" a cutting out tonsillectomy4 removal of tonsils

#ostomy making an opening into0os#mouth1

colostomy4 making a more or lesspermanent opening into the colon

#otomy incision into phlebotomy4 opening into a vein0phlebos1

#oscopy inspection, eamination bronchoscopy4 eamination of thebronchi with an endoscope

#pey fiation, suspension hysteropey4 fiation of the uterus tothe abdominal wall

#plasty plastic repair of" surgicalcorrection

hernioplasty4 plastic repair of ahernia

SYMPTOMATIC SUFFIXES and COMPOUNDING ELEMENTS



Suffix: Meaning: Exampe:

#algia pain otalgia4 pain in the ear" earache

#dynia pain gastrodynia4 pain in the stomach

#genic producing pathogenic4 giving origin to disease

#lysis breaking down" dis#solution

keratolysis4 separation of the hornylayer of the skin

#oid like fibroid4 a tumor of fibrous tissue,resembling fibers

#penia deficiency" decrease leukocytopenia4 decrease in numberof white cells

#rhea flow or discharge diarrhea4 abnormal frequency andfluidity of stools

#rrhagia ecessive flow hemorrhage4 copious bleeding

R!!": Meaning: Exampe:

aden# gland adenitis4 inflammation of a gland

angio# vessel angiospasm4 -pasmodic contractionof the blood vessels

arthr# 2oint arthritis4 inflammation of the 2oints

auri# ear auris media4 the middle ear

blephar# eyelid blepharoplegia4 para#lysis of aneyelid

bucca# cheek buccolabial4 pertaining to the cheekand the lip

cardi# heart cardiodynia4 pain in the heart

cerebro# brain cerebral4 pertaining to the brain

cephal# head, brain cephalad4 toward the head

cervi# neck cervicitis4 inflammation of the neck of the uterus

cheil# lip cheilitis4 inflammation of the lip

chir# hand chiromegaly4 enlargement of thehands

chole# bile cholangitis4 inflammation of the bileduct

cost# rib costectomy4 ecising or resecting arib

crani# skull cranial4 pertaining to the skull

cysto# bladder" sac cystatrophia4 atrophy of the bladder

cyt# cell erythrocyte4 red blood cell

cut# skin cutaneous4 pertaining to the skin

dacry# tear dacryocystitis4 inflammation of thetear sac

denti# tooth dentalgia4 toothache

derma# skin dermatosis4 disease affecting the



true skin

encephal# brain encephalitis4 inflammation of thebrain

enter# intestine enteroptosis4 downwarddisplacement of the intestine

gastr# stomach gastric4 pertaining to the stomachgloss# tongue glossoplegia4 paralysis of the tongue

glyco# sweet0sugar1 glycosuria4 abnormal quantity ofglucose in the urine

hem# blood hyperemia4 ecess of blood in anypart of the body

hepat# liver hepatitis4 inflammation of the liver

hyster# uterus hysteropey4 fiation of a displaceduterus by a surgical operation

gingiv# Gums gingivitis4 inflammation of the gums

kerat# 6ornea keratocentesis4 puncture of the

cornealacryma# %ear lacrimal4 pertaining to tears

laryng Laryn laryngoscope4 instrument for oculareamination of the laryn

lip# +at lipoma4 a fatty tumor

lith# -tone lithotomy4 removal of a stone bycutting into the bladder

mening# Membrane meningeal4 relating to meninges

myel# marrow0the spinalcord17

myelitis4 inflammation of the bonemarrow or the spinal cord

myo# Muscle myalgia4 painful muscle

myring# ear drum0membrana tympani1

myringitis4 inflammation of the eardrum

nephr# 8idney nephrotoic4 toic or destructive tothe kidney

neuro# 5erve neurasthenia4 nervous ehaustion

ophtalm# *ye ophthalmic4 pertaining to the eye

opt# vision or sight optometer4 a device for measuringthe power and range of vision

os#" 0or#1 Mouth oral4 pertaining to the mouth

ot# *ar otitis4 inflammation of the ear

osteo# 3one osteomalacia4 softening of the bone

palpebr# *yelid palpebration4 the act of winking

pharyng# %hroat pharyngoplasty4 plastic operation ofthe pharyn

phleb# 9ein phlebitis4 inflammation of a vein

phren# 0:1 the mind schi&ophrenia4 disturbance of the



0;1 the diaphragm mental functions" phrenohepatic4pertaining to the diaphragm and theliver

#pnea 3reathing dyspnea4 difficult breathing

pneumo# lung" also air or

breathing

pneumothora4 accumulation of air

or gas in the pleural cavityproct# )ectum proctorrhea4 a mucous discharge

from the rectum

pulmo# Lung pulmonary4 pertaining to the lungs

pyel# pelvis 0of the kidney1 pyelonephritis4 inflammation of thekidney and its pelvis

pyloro# (ylorus pylorospasm4 spasm of the pylorusor of the pyloric portion of thestomach

pyo# (us pyoderma4 any skin dischargecharacteri&ed by pus formation

rhin# 5ose rhinitis4 inflammation of the mucousmembrane of the nose

salping# %ube salpingoscopy4 eamination of theeustachian tube

stomo# mouth" opening colostomy4 surgical formation of anopening into the colon

thoraco# 6hest thoracic4 pertaining to the chest

trache# 5eck trachelocystitis4 inflammation of theneck of the bladder

viscer# organ 0especiallyabdominal1

visceral4 pertaining to the internalorgans

PREFIXES and COMPOUNDING ELEMENTS

P#efix: Meaning: Exampe:

a" an without" not asthenia4 without strength

ab# away from" off abduct4 to draw away from

ad# near" toward adrenal4 near the kidney" adduct4 todraw toward

ana# upward" backward"again" ecessive

anaphylais4 unusual or eaggeratedreaction to foreign protein" analysis4breaking down into component parts

ante# before 0time or place1 antepartum4 before child#birthanti# Against antipruritic4 relieving or preventing

itching

bi#" di# two or twice bis in die 0b.i.d.1" twice a day

brady# -low bradysphygmia4 abnormal slownessof the pulse

co#" con# together, with congenital4 born with" hereditary



contra# against" opposite contraceptive4 anything used toprevent con#ception

dys# difficult, painful, bad dysmenorrhea4 painful menstruation

ecto# /utside ectopic4 out of the normal place

endo# within endocrine4 pertaining to internal

secretionepi# on, upon epidermis4 outermost layer of the

skin

erythro# )ed erythrocyte4 red blood cell

e# away from, outside,without

epire4 to breath out

hyper# above ecessive hypertension4 blood pressure abovenormal" high blood pressure

hypo# beneath, deficient hypodermic4 under the skin

hemi# <alf hemiplegia4 paralysis of one half ofthe body

infra# 3elow infratracheal4 beneath the tracheainter# 3etween intermuscular4 situated between

muscles

intra# 'ithin intracutaneous4 within the skin

leuko# 'hite leukocyte4 a white blood corpuscle

mega#"megalo#

huge" very large megalocyte4 an etremely largeerythrocyte

neo# 5ew neonatal4 pertaining to the first fourweeks of life

necro# relating to a dead body necroscopy4 a postmortemeamination

oligo# scanty" few oliguria4 diminished urine secretionortho# straight" normal" correct orthopedic4 pertaining to the

correction of deformities

para# beside" around" near"abnormal

paranoia4 a mental disease

patho# relating to disease pathognomonic4 characteristic of adisease

peri# Around pericardium4 membrane enclosingthe heart

pro# in front of" forward prolapse4 downward dis#placement of an organ

retro# backward" behind retroversion4 the tipping backward ofan entire organ

steno# contracted or narrow stenocephalia4 ecessive narrownessof the head

sub# under" beneath subcutaneous4 under the skin

supra#"super#

above, beyond"superior

supraoccipital4 situated above theback part of the skull



syn#" sym# with, together, beside symphysis4 the line of 2unction andfusion between bones

tachy# rapid, swift tachypnea4 ecessive rapidity ofrespiration

trans# across, over transection4 incision across the long

ais" a cross section

M*=I6AL %*)MI5/L/G>

A. =I)*6%I/5AL %*)M-4

-(*)I/) 06)A5IAL, 6*(<ALA=14 =irected toward the head

I5+*)I/) 06A=AL, 6A=A=14 =irected toward the tail

A5%*)I/) 09*5%)AL14 %oward the front

(/-%*)I/) 0=/)-AL14 %oward the backM*=IAL 0M*=IAL14 %oward the midline of the body

LA%*)AL4 Away from the midline of the body, toward the side

()/IMAL4 %oward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part,

closer to any point of reference

=I-%AL4 Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of apart, farther from any point of reference

3. (LA5*- /+ %<* 3/=>4

-AGI%%AL (LA5*4 A lengthwise plane running from front to back dividingthe body or any of its parts into right and left sides

M*=IA5 (LA5*4 -agittal plane through midline dividing the body or any

of its parts into right and left halves

6/)/5AL (LA5*4 A lengthwise plane running from side to side0+)/5%AL (LA5*1 dividing the body or any of its parts into

anterior and posterior portions %)A5-9*)-* (LA5*4 A crosswise plane dividing the body or any of its

parts into upper and lower parts



CONCEPTUAL APPROAC$ TO PAT$OGENESIS

I% DEFINITIONS

Di&ea&e4

=isorder of body function resulting in loss of normal health.Diagn!&i&4

=etermination of the nature of a disease.

Cini'!pa"(!!gi' '!##ea"i!n4

(rocess where concepts and disease characteristics are integrated

with clinical information.

P#!)em*!#ien"ed app#!a'(4

3ased on symptoms, e.g. headache, chest pain

Di&ea&e*!#ien"ed app#!a'(4

Meningitis, myocardial infarction

Gene#a pa"(!!g+4)efers to the mechanisms and characteristics of the ma2or types of

disease processes.

S+&"emi' pa"(!!g+4

)efers to the specific diseases affecting individual organs or organ

systems.

II% C$ARACTERISTICS OF A DISEASE

A% Epidemi!!g+

a. Incidence, age, se, race and geographical distributions, and

risk factors,% E"i!!g+ -CAUSE.

a. Agent0s1 responsible for series of events leading to a disease

0fecalith, lymphoid hyperplasia can cause acute appendicitis1

C% Pa"(!gene&i& -MEC$ANISM.

a. Mechanism 0series of events1 by which the causative agent

produces disease

D% Cini'a manife&"a"i!n&

a. -igns, symptoms, laboratory and radiographic features1

E% Pa"(!!gi' manife&"a"i!n&

a. -tructural manifestations of disease 0gross, histologic,immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features1

F% C!mpi'a"i!n& !f di&ea&e

a. -hort and long term consequences of disease, both local and

systemic

G% P#!gn!&i&:

a. (robable course of a disease



III% EXAMPLES

=isease Appendicitis Myocardial Infarction

*tiology fecalith atherosclerosis

(athogenesis obstruction ischemia

acute inflammation necrosis

6lin features )L? pain chest pain(ath features transmural inflammation infarction

6omplications perforation, peritonitis dysrhythmia, failure

I/% GENERAL APPROAC$ IN CLASSIFICATION

/ ascular

I nfectious

T oic@Metabolic

A utoimmune@ Immune

M echanical@ *nvironmental

M etabolic I atrogenic@ Idiopathic

N eoplastic

D evelopmental@ Genetic

/% CLASSIFICATION ON PAT$OGENESISA% /ASCULAR

a% Impaired blood flowi. Arterial and venous obstructionii. 9ascular occlusioniii. 6A-*-4 atherosclerosis, arteritis, thrombosis

)% Inadequate oygenationi. =estruction of lung parenchymaii. =ecreased flow through lungiii. 6A-*-4 heart failure, 6/(=

'% =ecreased oygen carrying capacity of bloodi. =ecreased red cell productionii. Intrinsic red cell abnormalitiesiii. Increased red cell destructioniv. 6 hronic blood lossv. 6A-*-4 iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, colon

cancer



,% INFECTIOUSa% 3acterial

i. )elease of en&ymes 0local tissue destruction1:. -taph aureus boil

ii. (roduction of toin 0eotoin, endotoin1

:. * coli diarrheaiii. Abnormal immune response

:. 3eta -trep glomerulonephritis

)% 9irali. =irect cytopathic effectii. Immune destructioniii. 5eoplastic transformation

'% +ungald% (arasitic

C% TOXIC0 META,OLIC0 NUTRITIONALa% %oic4i. =rugs, poisons

)% Metabolici. Inborn errors of metabolismii. <ormonal ecess or deficiencyiii. Acid base abnormalitiesiv. *lectrolyte abnormalitiesv. Liver failure

vi. )enal failure'% 5utritional

i. (rimary 0dietary deficiency1ii. -econdary

D% AUTOIMMUNE0IMMUNEa% Immune

i. Immediate hypersensitivity 0%ype I1ii. 6ytotoic 0%ype II1iii. Immune comple 0%ype III1iv. =elayed hypersensitivity 0%ype I91

)% Autoimmune 0humoral or cell mediated1'% Immunodeficiency

i. 6ongenitalii. Acquired

E% MEC$ANICAL0 EN/IRONMENTAL

a% 6ompression of critical structure

)% /bstruction of viscus

'% %rauma, heat, cold, radiation



F% IATROGENIC0 IDIOPAT$IC

a% -teroid therapy# 6ushingBs syndrome

)% <alothane# liver necrosis

'% 6hloramphenicol#aplastic anemia

G% NEOPLASTIC

a% Local growth of tumor i. 6ompression of vital structures

ii. lceration, perforation

iii. <emorrhage

iv. Inflammation

v. -ei&ures

)% Metastases

'% (araneoplastic syndrome# production of biologically active

compound

$% DE/ELOPMENTAL0 GENETIC

a% congenital diseases affect approimately CD of birthsi. malformations 0ED1

ii. single gene disorders 0:D1

iii. chromosomal disorders 0F.CD1

/I% EXAMPLE

A. =iarrhea 0problem#oriented1

a% /a&'ua#

)% Infe'"i!u&

i. 9ibrio, * coli, 6lostridium 0toins1, <I9, -almonella,

-higella, * coli, 6ampylobacter '% T!xi'

i. =rugs, laatives

d% Au"!immune

i. Inflammatory bowel disease

e% Me"a)!i'

i. =iabetes 0autonomic neuropathy1, disaccharidase

deficiency

f% Me'(ani'a

i. -hort bowel, fistula

g% Ia"#!geni'i. (ostgastrectomy, postvagotomy

(% Idi!pa"(i'

i. Irritable bowel syndrome

i% Ne!pa&"i'

i. Gastrinoma, carcinoid, villous adenoma, 9ipoma

1% De2e!pmen"a

i. MeckelBs diverticulum



3. 6irrhosis 0disease oriented1

a% /a&'ua#

i. 6ardiac cirrhosis

)% Infe'"i!n

i. 9iral hepatitis

'% T!xi'i. Alcohol, drugs, 0methotreate1

d% Au"!immune

i. (rimary biliary cirrhosis

e% Me"a)!i'

i. <emochromatosis, 'ilsons, galactosemia, !:#antitrypsin

deficiency, cystic fibrosis

f% Me'(ani'a

i. *trahepatic biliary obstruction 0gallstones, strictures,

tumor, cholangitis1

g% Ia"#!geni'i. %(5, transfusions

(% Idi!pa"(i'

i. Indian childhood, cryptogenic

i% Ne!pa&"i'

1% De2e!pmen"a

i. 3iliary atresia



I pa&& "(#!ug( "(i& 3!#d )u" !n'e

An+ g!!d4 "(e#ef!#e4 "(a" I 'an d!4

O# an+ 5indne&& "(a" I 'an &(!3T! an+ (uman )eing4

Le" me d! i" n!3%

Le" me n!" defe# !# nege'" i"%

F!# I &(a n!" pa&& "(i& 3a+ again%

f#!m "(e E"(i'& !f "(e Sage&

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00Path intro.doc