01-P Hamel DGLR FQ Manching 081111 New

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[email protected]@alum.mit.edu DGLR/EADS Manching 11. November 2008DGLR/EADS Manching 11. November 2008 11

A Selected Review of FlyingQualities Research at DLR Peter Hamel Braunschweig Germany

AA SelectedSelected ReviewReview of Flyingof Flying

QualitiesQualities Research at DLRResearch at DLRPeter HamelPeter Hamel BraunschweigBraunschweig GermanyGermany


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ContentsContentsIntroduction

Flying Qualities Challenges during WW IIEarly Flying Qualities Research after WW II

Flying Qualities Research since 1970Transatlantic Cooperation

Project Support

Resum


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Argueing with Bavarian Flight-Enthusiast F.J.SArgueing with Bavarian Flight-Enthusiast F.J.S.

FJS & Hermann Blenk

1958 ILA 1988


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Problem:Flight-physical

Limitations

VehicleVehicleStabilityControllabilitySensitivityLoads

The Man-Machine-Interface (MMI) of

Integrated Flight Systems

The Man-Machine-Interface (MMI) of

Integrated Flight Systems

StabilityControllabilitySensitivityLoads

VehicleVehicle
http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/


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6/[email protected]@alum.mit.edu DGLR/EADS Manching 11. November 2008DGLR/EADS Manching 11. November 2008 66

The MMI of Integrated Flight SystemsThe MMI of Integrated Flight Systems

Problem:Flight-physical

Limitations

DisplaysSensorsProcessorsEffectors

SystemsSystems

Man-MachineI nterface


Problem:Flight-critical

System Failures

What Effects on Flying Qualities?

StabilityControllabilitySensitivityLoads

VehicleVehicle

Problem:Flight-criticalWorkload

KnowledgePerceptionsReactionsDecisionmaking

PilotPilot



The Role of agood pilot.wmv
http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/http://the%20role%20of%20a%20good%20pilot.wmv/






Project Support

Resum



Extreme F.Q. Testing: Me 163B (1943/44)Extreme F.Q. Testing: Me 163B (1943/44)

Hazardous Environment

Acceptable Low-Speed Handling (L.E.Slots)Compressibility Effects Mach Tuck3 5 minutes test time

F.Q. Criteria non-existent archaic testequipmentarchaic testequipment Rudy OpitzRudy Opitz



Rudder

F.Q. Research: Artificial Stability (1944)F.Q. Research: Artificial Stability (1944)

Separate Surface ControlPilot Control (Rudder)Automatic Control (Yaw Damper)

Hs 129 Snaking Tendency


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Project Support

Resum


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Early Rotorcraft F.Q. Research (1960/63)Early Rotorcraft F.Q. Research (1960/63)

Vertol

H-21C

Focke Kolibri I


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Early Rotorcraft F.Q. Research (1961)Early Rotorcraft F.Q. Research (1961)

Bristol SycamoreBristol Sycamore

2

1

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 Hz 1

Frequency ResponsePitch

Rate/long. StickFrequency ResponsePitch

Rate/long. Stick Rate GyroRate Gyro


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Early Aircraft F.Q. Research (1963)Early Aircraft F.Q. Research (1963)

100

10

1.0

0.10.01 0.1

1.0 rad/sec 100.01 0.1

1.0 rad/sec 10

/ stBasic ControlBasic Control

Artificial

Pitch

DampingArtificial Pitch

Damping

Dornier Do 27

Pitch

Attitude

ControlAugmentation

Dornier Do 27

Pitch

Attitude

ControlAugmentation


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Pitch

Control

EffectivenessPitch

Control

Effectiveness

PitchDampingPitchDamping

goodgood

Early Rotorcraft F.Q. Research (1965)Early Rotorcraft F.Q. Research (1965)

SA Super Frelon

German

Franco Cooperation

(Flight

Tests in Istris)


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Project Support

Resume


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In-Flight Simulator (IFS) HFB-320 FLISIIn-Flight Simulator (IFS) HFB-320 FLISI

1973-1984


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Safety Pilot

Direct Lift Flap

Vane

Data Aquisition SystemAileron Actuator

DLC Flap Actuator

Analog Tape Recorder

Digital Tape Recorder

Elevator

Evaluation Pilot

Throttle Actuator

Flight Log

Rudder Actuator

Rudder

Elevator actuator

Digital ComputerOperator s Console

Test Electronic

Hydraulic Power Packages

In-Flight Simulator HFB-320 FLISI (Layout)In-Flight Simulator HFB-320 FLISI (Layout)

FBW-Effectors


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Effect of D.L.C. on F.Q.:HFB-320 FLISI (1973)Effect of D.L.C. on F.Q.:HFB-320 FLISI (1973)

Tightend Frequency Neighbourhood between Pitch & Path Control

CAP Criterion for D.L.C. not relevant

KK = Flap/Elevator Gearing

Ratio

K


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RC/AH

Systemarchitecture

Landing

Approach in Turbulence

Effect of Control Law on F.Q.: HFB-320 FLISIEffect of Control Law on F.Q.: HFB-320 FLISI

Long./Lat. Rate- Command/Attitude- Hold: Sidegrip Control


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Effect of Time Delay on F.Q.: HFB-320 FLISIEffect of Time Delay on F.Q.: HFB-320 FLISI

Time Delay


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Effect of Static Margin on F.Q.: HFB-320 FLISIEffect of Static Margin on F.Q.: HFB-320 FLISI

55% MAC


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In-Flight Simulator BO-105 ATTHeSIn-Flight Simulator BO-105 ATTHeS

Autonomous

Tracking

Flightabove

moving

Target 1994

Autonomous

Tracking

Flightabove

moving

Target 1994

Flight

over

Brocken Mountainafter

German Unification

1990

Flight

over

Brocken Mountainafter

German Unification

1990

1982-1995


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Modeling Effects on IFS Quality: BO-105 ATTHeSModeling Effects on IFS Quality: BO-105 ATTHeS

IFS:

In-flightSimulation

IFS:In-flightSimulation

Eff f D li F Q


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Explicit

Model-Following

ControlExplicit Model-Following Control

Effect of Decoupling on F.Q.: BO-105 ATTHeSEffect of Decoupling on F.Q.: BO-105 ATTHeS

Explicit Model-Following ControlExplicit

Model-Following

Control

Rotor-Decoupling

Rotor-Decoupling


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Inflight Simulator VFW-614 ATTAS (since 1986)Inflight Simulator VFW-614 ATTAS (since 1986)

Fly-by-Wire Motivators

Data Acquisition,Recording, Avionic,Telemetry

Rudder

Elevator

Stabilizer

Direct li ft flaps

Landing flaps

FlaperonsEngines

Data AcquisitionSystem Operator

Flightengineer

Simulationcockpit

Air flow sensor

Safety pilot

Experimenter

On-board computers

Computer Operator

6

32

1


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ATTAS In-Flight Simulation: Hermes SpaceplaneATTAS In-Flight Simulation: Hermes Spaceplane

20

0

-20

40

-40 0 20 40 50301 0 s

Sidestick roll command, deg/s

Bank angle, deg

Time

Model ATTAS

Landing

ApproachLanding

Approach

Magnitude

ErrorMagnitude

Error

Phase ErrorPhase Error

Flight

ControlLaw:

RC/AHFlight

ControlLaw:

RC/AH


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Oscillatory Pilot Vehicle Interactions (1)Oscillatory Pilot Vehicle Interactions (1)

Control Pumping:HFB-320 FLISI

Intuitional

Testing

of Control

Effectiveness


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Rotorcraft-Pilot Coupling (RPC):CAT IBO-105 ATTHeS:

Time Delay

Effects

8 0

4 0

- 2 0

T im e , (s e c )

P i l o t

R o l l I n p u t( % )

B a n kA n g l e( d e g )

u e o m m a n w m s e c a e e a y

P ro n o u n c e d R P C -S itu a t io n

0

2 0

0

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0

8 0

4 0

- 2 0

T i m e , (s e c )

P i l o tR o l l I n p u t

( % )

B a n kA n g l e( d e g )

u e o m m a n w m s e c a e e a y

P ro n o u n c e d R P C -S itu a t io n

0

2 0

0

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 00.3

0.2

0.1

0 1 3 4 5

Level 3

Level 1

Level 2

2

(sec)

PhaseDelay

p

Bandwidth BW (rad/sec)

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1 3 4 5

Level 3

Level 1

Level 2

2

(sec)

Phase

Delayp

Bandwidth BW (rad/sec)

BO-105 ATTHeS Basic

BO-105 ATTHeS + AC + 160msec

ADS 33D Bandwidth Criterion feasible


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Task:Sidestep

Target:Moving

Car

Control

Law:Att. Command

Added

Delay:100msec

BO-105 ATTHeS:

Time Delay/Biodynamic

Coupling

Oscillatory Pilot Vehicle Interactions (3)Oscillatory Pilot Vehicle Interactions (3) Rotorcraft-Pilot Coupling (RPC):CAT I/III

No Criteria


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Aircraft/Rotorcraft-Pilot Coupling (A/RPC):CAT II:

Rate Saturation Criterion OLOP (1)

OLOP (Duda) Open Loop Onset Point of a Rate Limiting Element (RLE)

in an Aircraft-Pilot Loop, plotted in a Nichols Chart Predicts A/RPC Problems due to RLEs Applicable to Roll, Pitch and Yaw Axes for RLEs

in Forward

and/or Feedback Paths

of Flight Control Systems Based on Describing Function Techniques Intensity of Jump Resonances highly dependent on

OLOP-Location...

The OLOP Criterion has all the Hallmarks for practical Design Guidance ...

John Gibson, 1999


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Aircraft-Pilot Coupling (APC):CAT II:

Rate Saturation OLOP Validation Data Base

APC-prone

OLOP-Locus

In-Flight

SimulationIn-Flight

Simulation

Nonlinear

SimulationNonlinear

Simulation

APCAPC

APC


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Control Ratcheting (1):Biodynamic

Feedback Multibody-Pilot-Model

Biomechanical

Model (Koehler)

40 deg/sec

4 sec

4 sec

40 deg/sec

F-16XL Flight

Data Nonl. Simulation


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Oscillatory Pilot Vehicle Interactions (6)Oscillatory Pilot Vehicle Interactions (6) Control Ratcheting (2):

Biodynamic

Feedback Multibody-Pilot-Model Cluster

Biomechanic

Pilot Models (Hoehne) 4 Biomechanic

Models predicting

F-16XL RR

Area

of potentialRoll Ratcheting

(RR)

MATLAB/SIMULINK/

SIMPACKCombined

Modeling

Approach


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Flying Qualities Research since 1970Transatlantic Scientific Cooperation

Project Support

Resum


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Transatlantic

Scientific

CooperationTransatlantic Scientific Cooperation

1979

19881979 1988 1979 20101979

2010


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USAF-FMOD MoU: GRATE/ATLAS Road MapUSAF-FMOD MoU: GRATE/ATLAS Road Map

USAF-FMOD MoU

Multi Target Sequential

Lighting

System


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GRATE/ATLAS Evaluation of Grumman X-29AGRATE/ATLAS Evaluation of Grumman X-29A


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GRATE/ATLAS Flight

Experiment with

NT-33AGRATE/ATLAS Flight Experiment with NT-33A

G S C l i


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GRATE/ATLAS ConclusionsGRATE/ATLAS ConclusionsSequential Target Light Tracking extremely effective

Apparent Randomness of Light Sequences raises Pilot Gain

Eliminating pre-cognitive

Behaviour

Suitable for allTypes

of Flight

Vehicles

Recommeded byUSAF TPS tobecome

standard

DLR/NASA/USAFFlight

Test Team


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[email protected]@alum.mit.edu DGLR/EADS Manching 11. November 2008DGLR/EADS Manching 11. November 2008 4141 Chris Blanken


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ContentsContents

Introduction



Project Support

Resum

Tornado USMil SpecsDo 228 TNT OLGA R.Q.

A-310/A-3XX IFSHermes/HTA IFS

SAFIR IFSEurofighter HQDD

Do 728 IFSStrato 2C Extreme F.Q.

X-31 Extreme F.Q.

Tornado USMil SpecsDo 228 TNT OLGA R.Q.

A 310 IFSHermes IFS

Eurofighter HQDD

Do 728 Extreme F.QIFS

Strato 2C X-31A/VECTOR

Tornado USMil Specs

Do 228 TNT OLGA R.Q.

A 310 IFSHermes IFS

Eurofighter HQDDDo 728 Extreme F.Q

IFS Strato 2C X-31A/VECTOR

High Risk

ProgramsHigh Risk Programs

E F Q T i S 2C (1995)


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Extreme F.Q. Testing: Strato 2C (1995)Extreme F.Q. Testing: Strato 2C (1995)

Large control friction

Local Flow Separations

Low Speed Stability

Low Yaw DampingSluggish Roll Control

Low Force Gradients

Worlds largest Composite Structure

Unoff. WorldAltitude

Record: 18,3km = 60.000ft

E F Q T i S 2C (1995)


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Extreme F.Q. Testing: Strato 2C (1995)Extreme F.Q. Testing: Strato 2C (1995)

ad-hoc Fixes:Ventral Fin nControl Column Down Springo

Yaw DamperManual Control Allocation on Final:Pilot 1 (PiC): Attitude

Control

& Alignment

Pilot 2: Speed & Flight Path Control

n

o

E F Q R h X 31A/VECTORExtreme F Q Research: X 31A/VECTOR


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Extreme F.Q. Research: X-31A/VECTORExtreme F.Q. Research: X-31A/VECTOR

Integrated Thrust Vector Control for Improved F.Q.Large Amplitude Maneuvers Aerodynamic Hysteresis

Integrated Flush Air Data S ystem FADS verified & validated

EFM VECTOR

FADS

1990-1995

1999-2003

Hi h AOA F Q R h X 31A VECTOR


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High AOA F.Q. Research: X-31A VECTORHigh AOA F.Q. Research: X-31A VECTOR

Effects

of Dynamic

LiftEffects of Dynamic LiftUnsteady

Steady

OriginalData Set

Multi-run

Identification:29 Maneuvers

Multi-run

Identification:29 Maneuvers

The DLR XThe DLR X--31A31A TeamTeam--BSBS/OP/OP


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Project Support

Resume & Lessons Learned

I Fli ht Si l t P j t li d


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In-Flight Simulator Projects realizedIn-Flight Simulator Projects realized

HFB-320 FLISIHFB-320 FLISI BO-105 ATTHeSBO-105 ATTHeS

VFW-614 ATTASVFW-614 ATTAS EC-135 FHSEC-135 FHS

1982-19951972-1984

1986-2010 2001-2020

lI t ti l S i IFS 1991


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International Symposium on IFS - 1991International Symposium on IFS - 1991

Author: Michael Mecham

Airborne

simulation

is

driving

forcein advanced

control

system

research

AW&ST, October

7, 1991, 8 Pages

k hDLR FRI* WTD 61 W k h IFS 1993


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DLR FRI*-WTD-61 Workshop on IFS - 1993DLR FRI*-WTD-61 Workshop on IFS - 1993

*Gromov Flight Reserch Institute

Former Members of our F Q Testing FamilyFormer Members of our F Q Testing Family


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Former Members of our F.Q. Testing FamilyFormer Members of our F.Q. Testing Family

Bob WoodcockUSAF-FDL

Duane McRuerSTI

Ron GerdesNASA-Ames

Bob HarperCalspan

Claude LelayeAirbus

R i i h 4 f Di f AFFTCReunion with 4 former Directors of AFFTC


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Fred StolikerFred Stoliker

Dick HildebrandtDick Hildebrandt

PeteAdolphPeteAdolph Al PhilipsAl Philips

Reunion with 4 former Directors of AFFTCReunion with 4 former Directors of AFFTC

Edwards AFB, 21.10.1988Edwards AFB, 21.10.1988

R & L L d


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Resum & Lessons LearnedResum & Lessons Learned

What do you need to assure ultimate Flying Qualities?Long-Term

& L Research

with

> qualified, motivated and experienced Scientists &Engineers> well modeled, validated

& calibrated

Test Facilities

(ground-based and airborne Simulators)> individual

& experienced

Test Pilots:-

they

never

create

Problems

- unless F. Q. Problems show up > Collaboration,Collaboration, Collaboration> no Lawyers, please

(this

keeps

not

only

Pilots

happy)

L:

Long Life Learning


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FinalFinal

In-Flight Simulator - Projects cancelled (I)In-Flight Simulator - Projects cancelled (I)


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In-Flight Simulator - Projects cancelled (I)In Flight Simulator Projects cancelled (I)

1984 1984

In Flight Simulator Projects cancelled (II)In-Flight Simulator - Projects cancelled (II)


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1986

In-Flight Simulator - Projects cancelled (II)In-Flight Simulator - Projects cancelled (II)

Documents

01-P Hamel DGLR FQ Manching 081111 New