01 Verical Structures

8/12/2019 01 Verical Structures

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Vertical structures Prof Schierle 1

V e r t i c a l S t r u c t u r e s

Height motivations: express power religion symbol visibility wind power


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Cheops Canary Empire Petronas Sears Taipei Burj BurjPyramid Warf State Towers Tower 101 Dubai DubaiGiza London New York Kuala Lumpur Chicago Taipei Dubai Dubai


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1776 US Declaration of Independence


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Vertical structure links

CTBUH: Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitathttp://www.ctbuh.org/http://www.archdaily.com/tag/ctbuh/

CTBUH awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTBUH_Skyscraper_Award

CTBUH conferenceshttp://www.ctbuh2012.com/http://www.ctbuh.org/Events/Conferences/tabid/74/language/en-GB/Default.aspx

Most Skyscrapershttp://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-skyscrapers

http://twistedsifter.com/2011/11/top-25-cities-with-most-high-rise-buildings/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_high-rise_buildings

http://www.terragalleria.com/pictures-subjects/high-rise-buildings/

High-rise fire:http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/analysis/compare/fires.html

Japan quake 2011:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JQBGOliAcQ

Wind Engineering:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_engineering

http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/41016(314)285

Risk Assessment:http://www.academia.edu/1391325/Performance-Based_Aeolian_Risk_assessment_and_reduction_for_tall_buildings

High-rise publications:

http://www.amazon.com/s/?ie=UTF8&keywords=highrise+architecture&tag=googhydr-

20&index=stripbooks&hvadid=18556336517&hvpos=2t4&hvexid=&hvnetw=s&hvrand=820989502673924540&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=b&ref=pd_sl_68lit4kpn1_b


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reading room = 60 psfstack room = 150 psf

Library

light = 125 psfheavy = 250 psf

Manufacturing

fixed seating = 60 psf

movable seating = 100psf

Assembly

50 psfOffice

40 psfResidential and

schools

ASCE 7 Table 4.1 excerpts of common live loads

ASCE 7, page 10

Live load reductionSince large members are unlikely fullyloaded, ASCE 7 allows live load reductions(except for public spaces and LL 100 psf):

For members supporting 600 sq. ft.Reduction shall not exceed50% for members supporting 1 floor,

60 % for members supporting 2 or morefloors


6/58Vertical structures Prof Schierle 6

Alternate 1:Standard framing

Bracedframeoptimization



Alternate 1:Standard framing

Alternate 2:Tapered steel beams $12,000 moreRectangular ducts $3,000 moreReduced curtain wall $120,000 less

Savings: S105,000

Momentframeoptimization



Struc

turesys

temsvs.bu

ilding

heig

ht,by

Fas

lur

Ka

hn

St t i ht ( t l t t )



Structure weight (steel structures)Structure weight per floor area defines efficiency.

Structure weight for gravity load increases only slightly with height.

Structure weight for lateral load, however, increases substantially.

1 Structure weight vs. building height by Fazlur Kahn

2 Structure weight per floor area of actual buildings

A Number of stories

B Structure weight in psf

C Structure weight in N/m2

D Structure weight for floor framing only

E Structure weight for gravity load onlyF Structure weight for gravity and lateral optimized

G Structure weight for gravity and lateral not optimized

Structure weight for various buildingsH Empire State building New York

I Chrysler building New York

J World Trade center New YorkK Sears tower Chicago

L Pan Am building New York

M United Nations building New York

N US Steel building Pittsburgh

O John Hancock tower Chicago

P First Interstate building Los Angeles

Q Seagram building New York

R Alcoa building Pittsburgh

S Alcoa building San Francisco

T Bechtel building San Francisco

U Burlington House New YorkV IDS Center Minneapolis

W Koenig residence Los Angeles



Vertical / lateral systems

1 Shear walls are least flexible but good for

apartments and hotels with party walls

2 Cantilevers provide the least intrusion at

ground floor

3 Moment frames are most flexible, good for

office buildings

A Concrete moment resistant joint:

rebars extend through beam and column

B Steel moment resistant joint:

beam flanges welded to column flanges;stiffener plates between column flanges

resist bending stress of beam flanges

4 Braced frames are more flexible than walls

but less flexible than moment framesbracing is usual around central cores

BBBBBBB



1 X-direction concentric, Y-direction eccentric

2 X-direction eccentric, Y-direction eccentric

3 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric

4 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric

5 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric6 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric

oerceercshwas

Note:eccentricshearwallscausetorsiona

ndshouldbe

avoided

S

hearw

al

ls

Note

:shearwalls

resistlateral

loadonlyparalleltowall

1 Shear walls resist only lateral load parallel to wall

2 One-way shear walls collapse @ perpendicular load

3 Eccentric shear walls cause torsion

4 Concentric shear walls resist torsion

Note: Walls in 4 are offset but provide concentric support



Platform framingPlatform framing is used for low-rise residentialstructures, due to economy & flexibility. 2x4 studs@ 16 reach from platform to platform. Doubletop plates overlap at corners and splices. Plywoodsheathing, nailed to studs, resists lateral wind andseismic loads. Joists, usually 2x12 @ 16 supportplywood floor and roof (platforms). Blockingresists joist buckling and supports plywood paneledges to transfer shear. Standard plywood andgypsum board panels 48 (4) wide match 2, 3, or 4

joist/stud spaces of 24, 16 or 12, respectively.

A Joists, 2x12 or 2x10 @ 16", 24, or 12 o.c..B BlockingC Double top plates overlap at corners and splicesD Studs, 2x4, 2x6, or 3x4 @ 16 or 24 o. c.

E Bottom platesF Double plates supporting joistsG Anchor bolt, 1/2 @ 6 o. c.H Sole plate, min. 6" above soilI Concrete foundation

Maximum height: 3 stories (4 with fire sprinklers)



Woodframe house

Wall erection

plywood sheathing resistslateral load



Clifton Condos, Beverly HillsArchitect: Schierle

Woodframing over concrete parking

3-story limit is in addition to parking level

assuming 3-hour fire separation (concrete slab)



Terrace Homes, Hermosa BeachArchitect: Schierle

3-story limit is assumed above grade



Reinforcedbrickmasonry

(req

uiredinse

ismicareas)

CMUwalls(C

oncreteMasonryUnits)



Salk Institute, La JollaArchitect: Louis Kahn

Engineer: Komendant and Dubin Concrete shear walls



Shearwall cores

1. Unilever building, HamburgArchitect: Hentrich / Petchnigg

2. Victoria tower, Montreal

Architect: Moretti, Greenspoon,Freelander and Dunne

Engineer: Nervi



Marina City towers, Chicago

Architect: Bertrand Goldberg

Cylindrical core wall

Sixty-story towers

Each has 450 apartments

Over continuous parking ramp



Curved shear walls

City Hall Toronto

Architect: Viljo Revel



1, 2 Single tower

3, 4 Twin tower

5, 6 Suspended

TV

tower

Stuttgart

Eng

ineer:FritzLeonhard

C

antilev

er

s


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Cantilever

Pirelli Tower, Milan

Architect: PontiEngineer: Nervi


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HypoBankM

unich

Arch

itect:BeaandW

alterBetz

Four

circulartowerssupportamid-lev

elmechanicalfloorthat

supp

ortsthefloorsa

bovewhilefloors

belowaresuspendedfromit

.


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Mom en t f r am es

M t f


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Steel:Reduced beam flanges

reduce joint stressConcrete:

Extend rebars through beam & column

I = inflection points of zero bending stress

Moment frames

Provide ductility

Require rigid

beam-column joints

to transfer moments


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Moment frames

Casa Terragni, Como, Italy

Architect: Terragni

Concrete moment frame combined with

shear wall for fail-save seismic performance

shear wall provides stifness

moment frame ductility


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Articulated moment frames

Beam / column moment jointsprovide lateral resistanceto provide full width windows

Crown Zellerbach building


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Crown Zellerbach building

San Francisco

Architect: SOM & Hertzka and Knowles

Engineer: H J Brunnier

The 19-story building has an externalcore and column-free office wing with

moment frames, spaced 20 feet

Size: 201x69

Height: 285

Height/width ratio 4.1

A ColumnB Spandrel beam

C Girder

D Joist @ 7E Gusset plate

F Fire proofing8 mat footing


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Com

merzbank,

Frankfu

rt

Arch

itect:Norman

Foster

Engineer:OveAru

p

Vieren

deel

frames

aboves

kygardens


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Framed tubes have narrowly spaced

exterior columns that, combined with

spandrel beams, form rigid frames to

resist lateral load.

1 Framed tube

2 Framed tube with core

3 Shear lag visualized(shear lag = reduced shear transfer

from tension to compression side)

4 Framed tube with outriggers

5 Prefab framed tube

6 Prefab framed tube element

A Shear lag at mid facade

B Shear peak at cross walls

C Joint at inflection point of zero

bending stress

F

ram

ed

Tube


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CBS Tower New YorkArchitect: Eero Saarinen

Framed tube

The 38-story CBS tower has a framed tube of concrete

columns that are triangular on the upper floors and diamond

shaped on the ground floor.

The columns have niches for mechanical ducts that decrease

with decreasing duct sizes from mechanical floor on top but

not from the second floor mechanical room.

A Top floor columns

B 2nd floor columns

C Ground floor columns

Concrete floors span between core and framed tube:

One-way rib slabs face the core

Two-way waffle slabs at corners

Size: 155x125x494 high (47x38x151m)

Typical story height: 12 (3.66m)

Height/width ratio 3.9

r


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World Trade Center - Framed Tube

Sears tower Chicago


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Sears tower ChicagoArchitect/Engineer: SOM

Bundled tube structureTubular walls to transfer shear from

tension to compression to reduce

1 Reduced shear lag2 Shear lag

Beu

Citicorp Tower New York


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Citicorp Tower New YorkArchitect: Hugh StubbinsEngineer: Le Messurier

Center posts provide space for

St. Peters Lutheran Churchunder the left front corner

s


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Vertical structures Prof Schierle 36B

rac

ed

Fram

es

Achteuabanoo

regarding

location

sofopenings


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Banco

gao

First interstate Bank Los Angeles

Architect: I M Pei

Engineer: CBM

Combines framed tube exterior

with braced core

Moment frame Braced frame Combined

drift drift drift


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1 IBM bui lding PittsburghArchitect: Curtis and Davis

Engineer: Worthington & Skilling

2 Alcoa bui ld ing San Francisco

Architect/Engineer: SOM

3 Federal Reserve Banc Boston

Architect: Hugh StubbinsEngineer: Le Messurier

1 Onterie Center Chicago


2 Proposed 142 story tower ChicagoArchitect: Kay Vierk Janis

Ex

pres

sed

brac

ing

John Hancock tower Chicago AT&T tower Seattle Bank of China Hong Kong


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John Hancock tower Chicago


Braced tube

Reduced top reduces wind load

AT&T tower, Seattle

Architect: Basetti et all

Engineer: Skilling et all

Braced superstructure with

4 columns of 12 ksi high strengthconcrete in 10 steel tubes

Bank of China Hong Kong

Architect: I M Pei

Engineer: Ove Arup

Braced superstructure defines

architectural form

Centre Pompidou Paris


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Centre Pompidou, Paris

Architect: Piano and Rodgers

Engineer: Ove Arup

Bracing provides lateral stability in

both width and length directions


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Epeeban

Alcoa Building San Francisco

Architect/Engineer: SOMJohn Hancock Tower Chicago


Twisted Tower Mal (1996) - Architect/Engineer Santiago Calatrava: 54 stories, 9 cubes, 147 apartments


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Twisted Tower Mal (1996) Architect/Engineer Santiago Calatrava: 54 stories, 9 cubes, 147 apartments


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Btruorg

joins

exteriorcolumnstotransfersheartoreducedrift

1 Georgia-Pacific tower, Atlanta

Architect: SOM

Engineer: Weidlinger Associates

2 Barcelona hotel

Architect: SOM


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Large drift

(unglued boards resist independently)

Small drift

(glued boards resist in synergy

shear joins tension & compression)

Gue-lam beam anlogy


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Hotel Artes BarcelonaArchitect/Engineer: SOM

Features:

Exposed steel 5 from skin

for fire protection

Belt trusses reduce lateral drif t


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Eercbaerame

(Adjus

tsstiffnessbetweenflexiblemomentframe

andstiffbracedframe

e=lin

kbeam(short

linkbeam

stiff;longlinkbeam

flexibleframe

Eercbaedas

AColumn;

Bbeam;

C

brace;

D

gusse

tp

late;

Es

tiffenerp

lates


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Link Beam


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Visco elastic bracing

Stiff at normal load Ductile at large earthquakes

Short Link Beamfor stiffness

Long Link Beamfor ductility Typical link beam ~ 20% of beam

Link Beam

Suspended h igh r ise


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Suspended h igh -r iseChallenges Load path detour: load travels up to

top, then down to foundation

Combined hanger / column deflection

yields large differential deflection

Architectural rational Column-free flexible ground floor

Facilitates top down future expansion

with minimal operation interference

Small hangers replace large columns

Structural rational

Eliminates buckling in hangers

Hangers replace large columns

Concentration of compression to a few

large columns minimizes bucklingOptions

Multiple towers to reduce lateral drift

Multiple stacks control deflection

Adjust hangers for DL and partial LL

to reduce deflection Prestress hangers to reduce deflection

1 Gravity load path

2 Differential deflection3 Prestress to reduce deflection

4 Ground anchors for stability

1 Single tower

2 Multiple towers3 Multiple stacks

4 Multiple stacks / towers

5 Triple stacks

6 Triple stacks / twin towers


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BMWh

ea

dquarters

Munich

Architect:KarlSchwanzer

Standard

BankCen

ter,Johan

nesburg

Architect:HentrichandPetschnigg

k er p


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HongKon

gShangh

aiBank

Arc

hitec

t:Norman

Fos

te

E

ng

ineer:O

ve

Arup

UN Center Vienna


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UN Center Vienna

built project

Architect: J Staber

Competition objectives:

Independent expansion

of conference center andoffices

Triangular grid allowsexpansion in 3 directions

Suspended design allows

independent top-down

expansion

UN Center ViennaCompetition entry

Architect: G G Schierle

Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis


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Architect: Gunnar Birkerts

Parabolic suspenders are supported by 2 towers

Top trusses resist lateral suspender thrust Floors below parabola are suspended

Floors above parabola are supported by columns

Support type is expressed on the facade

Read chapters 10 &15-19 and bring book to class for quiz next Tuesday


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Design stable structures

Exercise Name:__________________________


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Name and draw appropriate vertical structure systems and material

Building type Structure system Material

3-story apartment building

8-story apartment building

20-story office building in LA(Seismic load)

20-story office building in Miami(wind load)

300-foot high TV tower in Chicago(wind load)

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01 Verical Structures