Three Baskets of the Dharma:The history and development of

the Chinese Buddhist Canon

簡說簡說簡說簡說 漢譯佛教大藏經的發展漢譯佛教大藏經的發展漢譯佛教大藏經的發展漢譯佛教大藏經的發展與與與與

數位藏經的編輯數位藏經的編輯數位藏經的編輯數位藏經的編輯

杜正民杜正民杜正民杜正民

Aming Tu

Dharma Drum Buddhist College, DDBCChinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association, CBETA

深入經藏Deeply Enter the Sutra Treasury

Photo by Allen H.http://www.yelp.com/biz_photos/9EP_PKOSc2IeBQvIGFPi0g?select=0pNwNHe_-JnNgkUqu66qew#0pNwNHe_-

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Topics for tonight

1. How were the Buddha's teachingsrecorded and organized into written form?

2. How did the Chinese Buddhist scripturesevolve over the centuries and into the modern time?

1. How were the Buddha's teachingsrecorded and organized into written

form?

� Three Baskets of the DharmaTri - piṭakaSutra Vinaya Abhidharma經 律 論

�

2. How did the Chinese Buddhist scriptures evolve over the

centuries and into the modern time?

�The history and development of the Chinese Buddhist Canon

1) 漢譯佛教大藏經演化簡史漢譯佛教大藏經演化簡史漢譯佛教大藏經演化簡史漢譯佛教大藏經演化簡史The Chinese Buddhist scriptures evolve over the centuries

與與與與

2) 數位藏經的編輯數位藏經的編輯數位藏經的編輯數位藏經的編輯

…and into the modern time

心經影壁心經影壁心經影壁心經影壁

三要素

3 Elements :Spatial – Temporal & Language

1) Space (空間) –傳播 Spread2) Time (時間) –發展 Development3) Language (語言) –問題 Problem

講要Outline

• 1. 前言: 三要素 3 elements空間空間空間空間 Spatial• 2. 印度 India

– 1) 南傳 Southern Buddhism– 2) 北傳 Northern Buddhism

• 3. 中國 China時間時間時間時間 Temporal • 4. 過去 Past • 5. 現在 Present• 6. 未來 Future語言語言語言語言 Language • 7. 結語: Union Catalogs

1.空間 Spatial

1) 印度印度印度印度 India – 南傳南傳南傳南傳 Southern Buddhism --

The teachings of Buddhism that spread south to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asian countries, such as Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia (based on the Pali scriptures)

– 北傳北傳北傳北傳 Northern Buddhism --The teachings of Buddhism that spread north from India to Central Asia, Tibet, China, Korea, and Japan (based on the Sanskrit scriptures)

�印度撰述部印度撰述部印度撰述部印度撰述部 (Indian Works)

2) 中國中國中國中國 China �傳譯傳譯傳譯傳譯 Translation +造疏造疏造疏造疏 Commentary…�中國撰述部中國撰述部中國撰述部中國撰述部 (Chinese Works)

譯經(印度撰述部, Indian Works)

造疏(中國撰述部, Chinese Works)

印度撰述部, Indian Works中國撰述部, Chinese Works

時間 Temporal 載體載體載體載體 Material :1. 過去(past)

• 貝業貝業貝業貝業 Palm leaf

• 寫本寫本寫本寫本 Manuscript• 刻本刻本刻本刻本 Block-printing

2. 現在(present)– 紙本藏經紙本藏經紙本藏經紙本藏經 Paper Edition– 數位藏經數位藏經數位藏經數位藏經 Digital Edition

3. 未來 (future)

口傳Oral Transmission

http://blog.dom390420.com/?p=3037

第一次結集 First CouncilThe first Buddhist Council was held soon after

the mahaparinirvana of the Buddha

http://blog.dom390420.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/fu35.jpg

結集 Councils

1 First Buddhist council (c. 400 BCE) 2 Second Buddhist council (c. 4th century BCE) 3 Third Buddhist council (c. 247 BCE)

4 The Fourth Buddhist Councils

5 (Fifth Buddhist council) Theravada Buddhist council in 1871

6 (Sixth Buddhist Council) Theravada Buddhist council in 1954

第六次聖典結集第六次聖典結集第六次聖典結集第六次聖典結集 Chaṭṭha SaṅgāyanaThe Sixth Buddhist Council

佛歷 B.E.2498-2500年 (1954-1956)

Mahāpāsāna guhā (大石窟)

http://www.therawikipedia.org/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86&variant=zh-hant

佛典語言 Languages 1. 南傳南傳南傳南傳 Southern Buddhism• Pali Tripitaka (in different Scripts)

2. 北傳北傳北傳北傳 Northern BuddhismSanskrit Manuscript (Indo-European Language)Central Asian Manuscripts (+ Indo-Iranian Language)

Gandarian (犍陀羅語), Khotanese (于闐語), Tocharian (吐火羅語) ,Sogdian (粟特語) , Kuchean(龜茲語)…等佛典斷片

• 藏傳藏傳藏傳藏傳 Tibetan Buddhism(Tibetan,Mongolian Tripitaka )

• 漢傳漢傳漢傳漢傳 Chinese Buddhism(Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, CJKV Tripitaka )

�西文西文西文西文Western Translations (Mahāyāna texts translated into Western languages )

Buddhist Sūtras

Palm Leaf Manuscript

British Library

British Library

Siddham / Chinese

British Library

Chinese Manuscript

British Library

Hand-writing

British Library

Block-printing

British Library

3 Types: • Hand writing 手寫• Wood printing 木刻

• Typeset printing 排版

3 Formats: 卷軸、梵夾、方冊…

• 《嘉興藏》是目前存世的唯一一部完整的方冊本刻本大藏經方冊本刻本大藏經方冊本刻本大藏經方冊本刻本大藏經

• 嘉興藏的完成結束了梵夾裝及梵夾裝及梵夾裝及梵夾裝及卷軸卷軸卷軸卷軸藏經藏經藏經藏經的時代。

• 刻本: 卷軸、梵夾、方冊…

Typeset - printing• Taisho Tripitaka大正大正大正大正藏藏藏藏 : 2,373 sutras in 8,982 fascicles

• Xuzangjing (ShinsanZokuzokyo)卍續藏卍續藏卍續藏卍續藏 :1,229 sutras in 5,060 fascicles

The CBETA Collection 《電子佛典集成》

From India to China玄奘取經

From India to China �From Ancient time to Modern days

Essence of the development of the Chinese Buddhist Canon

• 3 elements (culture)

• 3 types (input)

• 3 formats (output)

漢文佛教大藏經演化簡史

The history and development of the Chinese Buddhist Canon

杜正民

法鼓佛教學院

中華電子佛典協會