01Situation in Austria and Europe-2013

8/17/2019 01Situation in Austria and Europe-2013

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Curso DoctoradoWaste Management in Austria

September 2013

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

1 © Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Ingenieria y Control deIngenieria y Control deResiduos SResiduos Sóólidoslidos

Institute of Waste Management

Erwin Binner MSc.Erwin Binner MSc.BOKUBOKU--UniversityUniversity / Vienna/ Vienna

Institute of Waste ManagementInstitute of Waste Management

Marion Huber-Humer Gudrun Obersteiner

Peter BeiglErwin Binner Katharina BöhmRobert GlanzMarlies HradGünther KrausSandra Lebersorger Peter Lechner Sabine LenzRoland Linzner Peter Mostbauer Florian PartAndreas PertlStefan Salhofer Silvia Scherhaufer Elisabeth Schmied

Felicitas Schneider Thomas Ebner Reinhold Ottner Julia NowotnyZorica Stamenkovic

Mathias StiedlDavid W iederschwinger Julia Zeilinger


Outlook

09.09.13 17:00-21:00 Waste Management in Austria

10.09.13 17:00-21:00 Waste Management Concepts(prevention, cleaner production, collectionsystems, recycling, pretreatment)

11.09.13 17:00-21:00 Incineration (MWSI) and Composting12.09.13 17:00-21:00 Mechanical Biological Pre-Treatment

(MBT)

13.09.13 17:00-21:00 Landfil l Design and Operation(landfill types, limit values, treatment ofemissions from landfills),Landfill Remidiation

14.09.13 09:00-13:00 Analysis of Wastes


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Waste Management inWaste Management in Austria Austria


Erwin Binner MSc.Erwin Binner MSc.BOKUBOKU--UniversityUniversity / Vienna/ Vienna


Marion Huber-Humer Gudrun Obersteiner

Peter BeiglErwin Binner Katharina BöhmRobert GlanzMarlies HradGünther KrausSandra Lebersorger Peter Lechner Sabine LenzRoland Linzner Peter Mostbauer Florian PartAndreas PertlStefan Salhofer Silvia Scherhaufer Elisabeth Schmied

Felicitas Schneider Thomas Ebner Reinhold Ottner Julia NowotnyZorica Stamenkovic

Mathias StiedlDavid W iederschwinger Julia Zeilinger


Outlook

About People and Country and BOKUUniversity

Development of Waste Management

Waste Generation in Austria and Peru

• Waste Collection

• Waste Disposal

• Organisation of Waste ManagementLegal Situation in Austria


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AUSTRIA AUSTRIA

Vienna

Austria


Federal Republic of Austria

9° east

17° east49° north

46° north

9 federal provinces~ 8.1 mio. inhabitants

capital: Vienna~ 1.8 mio. inhabitants



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area: 82.700 km2

• 60 % are covered by the alps (mountains)(highest mountain Großglockner 3.797 m)

• 41 % forest

• 36 % agricultural land



climate:

precipitation: < 600 mm/a to > 2,000 mm/aaverage = 1,190 mm/a

temperatures: extremes - 25 °C to + 36 °Caverage = - 3 °C to + 22 °C


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Federal Republic of AustriaMountains


Federal Republic of AustriaVirgin Forest „Rothwald“


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Federal Republic of AustriaSpring




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Federal Republic of AustriaSummer


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Federal Republic of AustriaAutumn


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Federal Republic of AustriaAutumn


Federal Republic of AustriaWinter


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University of NaturalUniversity of NaturalResources and LifeResources and LifeSciences, ViennaSciences, Vienna


Universdad de RecursosUniversdad de Recursos

Naturales y Ciencias de la VidaNaturales y Ciencias de la Vida! no oficial !! no oficial !

Peter Lechner Marion Huber-Humer Gudrun Obersteiner

Rupert Angermeier Peter BeiglErwin Binner Oliver Gamperling

Sandra Lebersorger Sabine LenzRoland Linzner Katharina MeisslPeter Mostbauer Andreas PertlStefan Salhofer Silvia Scherhaufer Elisabeth SchmiedFelicitas Schneider Ena SmidtJohannes Tintner

Thomas Ebner Reinhold Ottner

Julia NowotnyZorica Stamenkovic

Lukas EgleAndreas SchuhTheresa Rossboth



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BOKU-University(http://www.boku.ac.at/707.html?&L=1&L=0)

9 Bachelor and 25 Master programs (8 in English)• Animal Science (Tierzucht)• Organic Farming (Biolandbau)• Environmental Engineering (Kulturtechnik und Wasserwirtschaft)• Land Management and Civi l Engineering

(Landmanagement, Infrastruktur, Bautechnik)

• Water Management (Wasserwirtschaft und Umwelt)• Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management

(Wildtierökologie und Wildtiermanagement)

• Phytomedizin (Phytomedizin)• Safety in the Food Chain• Mountain Forestry• Mountain Risk Engineering


BOKU-University

links:links:

for education:for education:http://www.boku.ac.at/lehre.html?&L=1

for international relations:for international relations:http://www.boku.ac.at/zib.html?&L=0&L=1

for service:for service:http://www.boku.ac.at/service.html

information about departments:information about departments:http://www.boku.ac.at/departments.html

rectoraterectorate

rector: Martin Gerzabek

3 vice-rectors:

• research

• personnel and legal affairs

• resources

ZIB


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BOKU-University

Department for Water, Atmosphere and Environment

7 insti tutes working in the fields of:

• meteorology

• hydraulics and rural water management

• water management, hydrology and hydraulic engineering

• sanitary engineering and water pollution control

• hydrobiology and aquatic ecosystem management• safety and risk sciences

• waste management, including planning, disposal technologyand disposal logistics


Institute of Waste ManagementTeam ABF


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Institute of WasteManagement

WastePrevention

and WasteLogistics

Final Storageand

EmissionsMitigation

Biological Treatmentand

Carbon Sequestration

ResearchLaboratory

Institute of Waste ManagementResearch Groups


Institute of Waste ManagementMajor Research Topics

• optimising the classical methods in Waste Management,especially in the fields of bio-waste compost ing,biological waste treatment and landfilling of wastes

• effects of waste management systems to the climate

• landfill behaviour of organic substances• analysis and investigation of landfilled waste

(monitoring of abandoned sites, measurement ofgaseous emissions)

• long-term behaviour of incineration residues at thelandfill

• minimisation of emissions (CH4, CO2) from landfills(pre-treatment of waste, methane oxidation, landfillremidiation, landfill recultivation)


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Institute of Waste ManagementMajor Research Topics

• development of analytical tools(reactivity of wastes, quality of compost)

• development of humic compounds during compostingof separate collected biowastes

• waste management in economically developingcountries

• life cycle assessment

• eco design• optimisation of collection systems

• waste prevention

• recycling of secondary materials

Waste Management in Austria

Erwin Binner, MSc.BOKU - University Vienna

Department for Water, Atmosphere and Environment



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Development ofDevelopment ofWasteWaste

ManagementManagement

in Austriain Austria


Solid Waste Collection

a disordered waste-situation leads to hygienicproblems

1st steporganisation of waste collection

in the 19th century in Europe the connectionbetween hygiene, diseases and mortalitywas discovered


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Waste CollectionDevelopment in Austria

traditional waste collection by farmers

at the beginning, collected waste was broughtout of town and used in agriculture


Waste CollectionVehicles in the 1920ies

95 years ago the first waste bins („System Colonia“)were introduced in Vienna in 1913

collected waste was dumped (waste disposal)


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44 © Erwin Binner Lima 2013source: Frybert, 1993

Waste CollectionSystem Colonia in the 1930ies


87 years ago inLinz (1921)

Waste CollectionVehicles in the 1930ies

source:


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Waste CollectionVehicles today – Peru 2006

photo: Erwin Binner


Waste CollectionVehicles today

collection ofresidual waste(for 240 l bin)

source: MUT, 2006


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collection ofresidual waste in

240 l bins

(centre of Vienna)

separate collection ofglass (1,100 l bins)

photo: Leonor Mendez, 2008


Waste CollectionVehicles today – separate collection of glass



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collection ofresidual waste (for

1,100 l bin)



Waste Collection in AustriaSeparate Collection (Definitions)

Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)

biowaste paper

residual waste

recycling

recycling banks

glass plastics metals

c o m p o s t i n g

treatment

treatmentlandfill

collection centers

hazardoushousehold wastes

bulky wastes

electronic wastes


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Solid Waste Disposal

an inadequate waste-disposal leads to pollutionof environment

2nd steporganisation of solid waste disposal

in the 1970ies in Austria the connectionbetween uncontrolled dumps and

pollution of ground water was recognised


Solid Waste DisposalProblems

Solid Wastes use of resources and loss invalue

Solid Wastes influence on climate

Solid Wastes contamination


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Output-Related Environmental Impacts -Overview

globalcontinental/regional

human toxicity

ecotoxicity

acidification

nutrient enrichmentphotochemical ozoneformation (photochemicalsmog, regional)

local

odour

noise

victims (of accidents)

global warming

stratospheric ozonedepletion


Rautenweg landfill

Vienna, 2002

Global WarmingReactor Landfill (for Untreated Wastes)

Waste

Leachate

anaerob abbaubarer org. StoffSO4 H S, HS

-- -

2

NO N3 2-

HS SO4- --

Fe Fe (fäll t aus )++ +++

~ 90 % of carbongreenhousegas

CH4 = 21- 35 x CO2

~ 10% of carbon

3rd largestsource

many other pollutants(heavy metals, chemicals,organic compounds, ……)


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Waste Management in AustriaEmissions from Landfills

MSW-landfi lls / reactor landfi ll (50 sites in Aust ria)

• active gas collection efficiency factor 40 - 60 %

old dumps have no gas collection system

global 40 - 60 Mio t CH4/year are setfree

landfills are third largest source ofmethane emission !!


Waste Management in AustriaEmissions from Landfills

MSW-landfi lls / reactor landfi ll (50 sites in Aust ria)

• active gas collection efficiency factor 40 - 60 %

old dumps have no gas collection system~ 180.000 t CH4/year from landfills an old dumps in Austria(UBA, 1997)

that is ~ 30 % of CH4- emissions in Austria

CH4 has 25-times higher green house gas effect as CO2

=> 3,5 Mio t CO2 / year

Kyoto Goal: decrease of 10 Mio t CO2 unti l 2010(13% reduction)

35 % of Kyoto Goal35 % of Kyoto Goal


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Output-Related Environmental Impacts -Overview

globalcontinental/regional

human toxicity

ecotoxicity

acidification

nutrient enrichmentphotochemical ozoneformation (photochemicalsmog, regional)

local

odour

noise

victims (of accidents)

global warming

stratospheric ozonedepletion


Influence on ClimateHuaraz / Pastoruri-Glacier

photo: Erwin Binner


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Influence on ClimateGlaciar Yanamarey/Cordillera Blanca 4.786m

13years

1982 1992

1997 2005


source: Gerhard Lieb

2006

6 3 y e a r s

Influence on ClimateGroßglockner (3.797 m) / Pasterze-Glacier


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2007


1997


1 0 y e

a r s


h e i g h t a b o v e s e e l e v e

l



60 m .in 12 years .!

sur face 1994

surface 2006


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Solid Waste Disposal - Waste DeliverySari Mukti (Bandung) / Indonesia

photo Erwin Binner, 2007


Solid Waste Disposal - Waste RecoverySari Mukti (Bandung) / Indonesia



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Solid Waste Disposal - Waste RecoverySari Mukti (Bandung) / Indonesia



Solid Waste Disposal - Landfill Sliding 2005Leuwigaja (Bandung) / Indonesia



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7 5 0 m

r a i n w a t e r

reasons for sliding:

• rainwater runs into landfill

• no drainage system

• inadequate compactionphoto Erwin Binner, 2007



150 death people in thevil lage nearby



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Pollution by Inadequate LandfillingConakry / Guinea (Westafrica) 2006

burning waste(by self incineration)



Pollution by Inadequate LandfillingAddis Abeba / Ethiopia 2012

photo: Erwin Binner, 2012


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Addis Abeba, 2012photo: Erwin Binner, 2012





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Pollution by Inadequate LandfillingSlovakia / Peru 2004

landfill Ziar/Slovakia, 2004 landfill Cusco/Peru, 2004

photo: Erwin Binner


Pollution by Inadequate LandfillingWaste Disposal in Peru 2005-2008

2005, photo: Erwin Binner

2005, photo: Erwin Binner

2008, photo: L. Sandoval


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photo: Albrecht

photo: Sperl

©2008 Basel Action Network (BAN)

photo: ABF-BOKU


Pollution byInadequate Landfilling / Austria 1978

1978


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Pollution byInadequate Landfilling / Austria 1978

photo: Erwin Binner


Adequate LandfillingBase Liner System

consists of: - leachate collection- drainage- bottom liner

• leachate collection: HDPE pipe,diameter 200-250 mm, perforated orslotted, slope about 2 %

•• drainage system:gravel min. thickness 0,5 m,leachate resistant,slope about 3 %

• botom liner :(several layers)- plastic layer (if necessary)- 3 mineral layers

• stabile undergroundsource: ABF-BOKU


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82 © Erwin Binner Lima 2013basis liner system

Adequate LandfillingBasis Liner System / Austria 1996

gravel layer (drainage)

3 mineral layers

plastic layer (geomembrane)

geotextile (protection)


83 © Erwin Binner Lima 2013basis liner system



3 mineral layersgeotextile (protection)

plastic layer (geomembrane)

mineral layer



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84 © Erwin Binner Lima 2013drainage system



plastic layer(geomembrane)

leachate inspectionpoint



leachateinspection point

Adequate LandfillingLeachate Management

photo: Erwin Binner


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leachate collector



Adequate LandfillingBasis Liner System / San Ramon 2010



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Adequate LandfillingBasis Liner System / San Ramon 2010




leachate storage and treatment

photo: Erwin Binner


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well for gas collectionAdequate LandfillingLandfill Gas Management

use of landfill gasphoto: Erwin Binner


Solid Waste Management

waste-disposal helps to protect environment,but it does not solve all the problems

3rd steporganisation of solid waste management

1990 in Austria a newwaste management lawwaste management law

was set into effect (last amendment 2012)


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Waste Management in Austria (and EU)Legal Situation

1990 Waste Management Law(BGBL. 325/1990, set in to effect 1990, amendment 2012)

• prevention

• reuse

• recycling

• energetic recovery

• treatment + disposal

biologicaltreatment

priorities:


1992 Ordinance about Separate Collectionof Packaging Material- producers, distributors and sellers of packaging

material are responsible for collection andrecycling after use

- they have to organise an appropriate system forcollection and recycling or have to pay formunicipal collection system

- minimum quota for recycling is 80 %

- consumers have to participate to the separatecollection of packaging materials

Waste Management in AustriaLegal Situation


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1995 Bio Waste Ordinance (BGBl.68/1992)

• separate source collection of organic wastes

– from household and garden,

– wastes of plant origin from food preparing(kitchens, restaurants, hotels), foodindustry and agriculture

– paper which is in connection with food

– exception: to high pollution

• composting of separate collected organics



1998 Ordinance about HazardousWastes and “ problematic” wastes

• which wastes are hazardous

• which of them are problematic wastes(= hazardous wastes from household)

examples:

• old medicines

• fluorescent tubes

• colours and lacquers

• batteries


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1995 Bio Waste Ordinance (BGBl.68/1992)

• separate source collection of organic wastes

– from household and garden,

– wastes of plant origin from food preparing(kitchens, restaurants, hotels), foodindustry and agriculture

– paper which is in connection with food

– exception: to high pollution

• composting of separate collected organics

• 1998 Ordinance about HazardousWastes and “ problematic” wastesimproves qualityimproves quality

of compostof compost


Legal Situation in AustriaCompost Ordinance (BGBl.II 292/2001)

• requirements to quality of compost

• kind and or igin of raw materials• designation of compost

• rules for selling compost

• end of the waste characteristics

compost = product, not waste any longer!compost = product, not waste any longer!

Compost Ordinance regulates:


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• requirements to quality of compost

• kind and or igin of raw materials

• designation of compost

• rules for selling compost

• end of the waste characteristics

compost = product, not waste any longer!compost = product, not waste any longer!


regulatesregulates

qualityquality--

requirementsrequirements




unfortunately the compost ordinance does

not regulate the real compost qualityuseful effects are of low interest!

differences in quality almostdifferences in quality almostexclusively are defined by contentexclusively are defined by content

of heavy metals!of heavy metals!


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Legal Situation in AustriaCompost Ordinance / Quality of Compost

there are 3 classes ofquality (heavy metal

content in mg/kg DM):

Cd

Cr

Cu

Hg

Ni

Pb

Zn

0,7

70

70

0,4

25

45

200

A+

1

70

150

0,7

60

120

500

A

3

250

500

3

100

200

1,800

B

not allowed for agriculture

• 2001 Compost Ordinance (BGBL.II 292/2001)regulates quality requirements


table 1a:

additional requirements for MSW-compost (class B)

parameter limit value

AOX 500 mg/kg DM

Mineralöl-KW 3000 mg/kg DM

PAK (16) 6 mg/kg DM

PCB 1 mg/kg DM

Dioxin 50 ng DE/kg DM

Compost OrdinanceQuality of Compost / Use of Compost

there are 3 classes ofquality (heavy metal

content in mg/kg DM):

Cd

Cr

Cu

Hg

Ni

Pb

Zn

0,7

70

70

0,4

25

45

200

A+

1

70

150

0,7

60

120

500

A

3

250

500

3

100

200

1800

B

and 4 types of use forcompost:

agriculture

landscape gardeningand landscapeconservation (incl.recultivation oflandfill sites)

production of soil

for bio-filter

5 types of compost

compost

“ high quality -compost”

“ high quality - sewagesludge compost”

“ bark - compost”

“ MSW - compost”


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Legal Situation in AustriaCompost Ordinance / Feedstock

in appendix 1 / part 1 - part 4 there are lists ofallowed raw materials

• part 1: allowed for “ high quality - compost”(analysis on suspicion)

• part 2: allowed for compost and “ high quality -sewage sludge compost”(defined qualities of sludge, certificate of origin isneeded)

• part 3: allowed for MSW - compost

• part 4: allowed additives(total amount < 5 %, soil < 15 %)


Legal Situation in AustriaCompost Ordinance / Documentation

self monitoring

external supervision

record keeping of correspondence withgovernment, of declaration and of allconfirmations

classification and marking

requirements at documentation


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2nd barrier = exterior safety= location

3rd barrier = landfill constructionand operation

concept of 3 barriers

1st barrier =internal safety =

waste quality

Legal Situation in AustriaLandfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)


Waste Management in AustriaLegal Situation / Landfill Ordinance

1996 Landfill Ordinance(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)

– requirements at waste quality (1st barrier)

– requirements at location of landfills (2nd

barrier)

– requirements at construction (3rd barrier)

– requirements at operation


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Waste Management in AustriaLegal Situation / Landfill Ordinance

1996 Landfill Ordinance(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)

– requirements at waste quality (1st barrier)

– requirements at location of landfills (2nd

barrier)

– requirements at construction (3rd barrier)

– requirements at operation

reducesreduces

emissionsemissions


the amount of disposed biological degradablemunicipal waste needs to be reduced to

• 75 % since 2006• 50 % since 2009• 35 % until 2016

of the amount disposed in 1995

Legal Situation in EuropeLandfill Directive


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• 1996 Landfill Ordinance(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)

– requirements at waste quality:limit values for solids (e.g.: TOC < 5%) and eluate

– mechanically-biologically pretreated wastes mayexceed TOC, if calorific value (content of energy)undergoes 6,000 kJ/kg DM (1996)

amendment 2004 : Ho < 6,600 kJ/kg DMrespiration activity AT4 < 7 mg O2/g DM

gas formation potential GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM



• 1996 Landfill Ordinance(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)

– requirements at waste quality:limit values for solids (e.g.: TOC < 5%) and eluate

– mechanically-biologically pretreated wastes mayexceed TOC, if calorific value (content of energy)undergoes 6,000 kJ/kg DM (1996)

amendment 2004 : Ho < 6.600 kJ/kg DM

respiration activity AT4 < 7 mg O2/g DM

gas formation potential GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM

reducesreduces

reactivityreactivity


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Experiences in Austria / Impact of MBTGas Generation

Gas Generation Potential in Incubation Test -Impact of Mechanical Biological Pretreatment

Test Duration [days]

G a s G

e n e r a t i o n [ N l / k g D M ]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480

Oberpullendorf DANO-OutputGS21 = 34 Nl/kg DS - acidification!

Siggerwiesen 3 weeksGS21 = 54 Nl/kg DS

Allerheiligen 5 weeksGS21 = 35 Nl/kg DS

Allerheiligen 5 weeksGS21 = 25 Nl/kg DS

Liezen 16 weeks

GS21 = 4 Nl/kg DSOberpullendorf 20 weeksGS21 = 9 Nl/kg DS

source: Binner, 1999


• reduction and stabilization of org. substance

• better input-control at landfills

• reduction of gas generation

• reduction of leachate (amount andconcentrations)

• lower consumption of landfill volumes

• lower settlement

• reduction of harmful substances

• use of thermally valuable compounds

Mechanical Biological Pretreatment (MBT)Targets


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Waste Management in AustriaLandfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)

types of landfillsdifferent limits for pol lutants in sol id matter and eluates (DEV S4),

(= 1st barrier) – “Bodenaushubdeponie” (excavated soil)

– “Inertstoffdeponie” and“Baurestmassendeponie” (inert part ofconstruction and demolition wastes)

– “Reststoffdeponie”(e.g. residues from incineration plants)

– “Massenabfalldeponie”(e.g. MSW = municipal solid wastes)


Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)Landfill-type “Bodenaushubdeponie”

photo: ABF-BOKU


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Landfill-type “Bodenaushubdeponie”total amount in solids amount in eluate (1:10, 24 hours)

parameter pimit value [mg/kgDM] parameter limit value [mg/kgDM]

Zink


Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)

Landfill-type “Bauschuttdeponie”

photo: Erwin Binner


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Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)

Landfill-type “Reststoffdeponie”

photo: Erwin Binner


Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)Landfill-type “Massenabfalldeponie”

photo: Erwin Binner


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Special-Landfill-type “Untertagedeponie” forhazardous wastes (there is no one in Austria)

salt dome

type 2: caverne type 1: mine

mine shaft

bore hole overlying rock

source: Tabasaran, 1997


Legal Situation in the European Union (EU)

1. Regulations have to be directly applied from themember states after coming into force

2. Directives are in principle addressed to the

member states. The member states are obliged toenact a law to implement the directive or to adaptexisting laws within a time limit

3. European Standards have to be adopted into thenational standards of the member organisations ofCEN (European Committee for Standardisation)


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Legislation in the European UnionExamples

Directive on Waste 75/442/EEC, repealed by Directive 91/156/EEC andby Directive 2006/12/EC: contains minimum requirements for thecorrect management of wastes

Regulation on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Wastewithin, into and out of the European Community 93/259/EEC,repealed through Regulation 120/97/EC: governs shipment of wastes inand within member states as well as into and out of the EU

Directive on Hazardous Waste 78/319/EEC, repealed by Directive91/689/EEC: contains basic obligations for correct handling of hazardouswastes as minimum requirements for the member states

Directive on the Incineration of Hazardous Waste, Directive94/67/EC

Directive concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(IPPC), Directive 96/61/EC


Legislation in the European UnionEuropean Waste List (EWL)

1. European Waste List (EWL) 2000/532/EC and2001/118/EC

2. the list of wastes contains 839 waste types and

serves as Europe-wide nomenclature system tocharacterise wastes.

3. the list governs

- the classification of waste,

- the categorisation of wastes concerningtheir hazardous nature.


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1.Waste Classification: within the waste list each waste is fullydefined by six-digit code, e.g.

04 01 04 tanning liquor containing chromium

six-digit code waste type

2.Allocation to the waste types

the waste list is structured by

- Chapters (two-digit chapter-heading) and

- Groups (four-digit chapter-heading)

3. the EWL contains 20 Chapters, 111 Waste Groups and 839 WasteTypes

Legislation in the European UnionEuropean Waste List (EWL)


Legislation in the European UnionEuropean Waste List: Hazardous Wastes

• any waste marked with an asterisk (*) (besidethe six-digit code) is considered as ahazardous waste pursuant to the Hazardous

Waste Directive.• these wastes show one or more properties

which render them hazardous pursuant to Annex III of the Directive 91/689/EC onhazardous wastes.


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Directive on Hazardous WastesProperties pursuant to Annex III

H1 Explosive

H2 Oxidizing

H3-A Highly f lammable

H3-B Flammable

H4 Irritant

H5 harmful

H6 Toxic

H7 Carcinogenic

H8 Corrosive


Directive on Hazardous WastesProperties pursuant to Annex III

H9 Infectious

H10 Teratogenic

H11 Mutagenic

H12 Substances and preparations which release toxicor very toxic gases in contact with water, air or anacid

H13 Substances and preparations capable by anymeans, after disposal, of yielding anothersubstance, e.g. a leachate, which possesses anyof the characteristics listed above

H14 Ecotoxic


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Legal Situation in AustriaWaste Catalogue Ordinance

• the European Waste Catalogue was put into nationallegislation on 1 January 2004.(Waste Catalogue Ordinance)

• consistent catalogue for non hazardous andhazardous wastes

• basis is a national standard, the ÖNORM S 2100(waste catalogue)

• in Austria still the key numbers of the ÖNORM S 2100

are used for the classification of waste.The EWC will be changed again; after this is finished,the codes according to the European Waste Cataloguehave to be used in Austria too


Legal Situation in AustriaHazardous Wastes

Hazardous Waste- require very careful handling

- generators: industry, commerce, institutions

- Ordinance on the Traceability of Waste (accompanying waste

data sheet, documentation within the waste generating facility)

Hazardous Household Waste- hazardous wastes, which are usually generated in private

households (small amounts)

- which are generated by other waste producers in such amountsand qualities similar to those of private households

examples: - pharmaceuticals - fluorescent tubes - paint- mercury thermometer - batteries, etc.


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Legal Situation in AustriaOrdinance on the Traceability of Wastes

Ordinance on the Traceabil ity of Waste (Austria):

• regulates obligations to provide evidence aboutwaste

• defines the scope and form of recording,reporting and documentation

• in order to make transparent the proper

collection, storage, transportation and treatmentof waste


system of accompanying waste data sheets:everyone who delivers hazardous waste, transportsthem or have them transported with the aim to passthem to another person, has to report the type,quantity and destination of the hazardous waste aswell as his identification number in an accompanyingwaste data sheet

general obligations for recording:every owner of a waste has to keep records about thetype, amount, origin and destination of the waste

Legal Situation in AustriaOrdinance on the Traceability of Wastes

both does not apply to private households !


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Ordinance on the Traceability of Wastes (A)Hazardous Wastes Data Sheet

R (1-13) treatment (subjectto annex 1/column1 of theOrdinance on theTraceabil ity of Waste 2003

D (D1-15) method ofdisposal

• have to be numberedconsecutively

• a separate data sheet for

each type of hazardouswaste

• sheets must be retained7 years

type of waste digit code amount

w i l l b e c h a n g e d t o

e l e c t r o n i c a l s y s t e m ( E D M )

i n 2 0 1 0


Ordinance on the Traceability of Wastes (A)System of Accompanying Waste Data Sheets

f i l i n g

f i l i n g

dataexchange

head of federalstate

central database local database

transporthand over take over

* authority of the federal government for environmental protection andenvironmental control.

*

waste producer e.g. treatment facility


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Ordinance on the Traceability of Wastes (A)Hazardous Wastes Disposal in Austria

e.g. immoblization bymeans o f additives(landfill)

export to Germanyand the Netherlands

disposal of hazardous waste 1999 about 972,000 t hazardouswaste were collected in Austria,according to waste data sheets

currently, about 400,000transports of hazardous wasteper year (according to waste datasheets)

10 % of hazardous wastes areexported

thermal

phys./chem.

biological


StandardizationStandardization(Norms/Standards)(Norms/Standards)


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Legal Situation in AustriaNorms – Austrian Standards Institute

• norms are technical standards• they promote rationalisation• make quality assurance possible• conduce to safety at work and in leisure time• standardise test methods (e.g. in the field of environmental

protection)• facilitate communication in economy, engineering,

science, administration and in public

• norms are not issued top down by authorities, but ratherelaborated by those who need them: economy, consumers,administration, science. Their representatives spend time,effort and know-how for elaborating a norm, for their ownas well as for the public benefit


Legal Situation in AustriaWhat are Norms?

• professional recommendations- their application is basically voluntary

- often a prerequisite for solution of technical and economicproblems

• norms or parts of norms can be made legally bindingby the legislator (State or Federal States)- Compliance with the norm is no longer voluntary, but mandatory

• norms represent the actual state of the art inengineering and economy

• basis for controlled procedures in all fields of economyand administration


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Legal Situation in AustriaBasic Principles of Standardization

• neutral, collaborative work- all parties concerned have the possibility and are

demanded to participate in standardization bysending their representatives, in all ranks

• consensus- means general accordance, considering the point

of views of all relevant parties and clearing

refutations- European and international norms may also be

decided by a qualified majority, i.e. a consensuscan also be reached if some of the committee do notagree



• publicity- prior to the publication of a norm, a draft of the

norm has to be published, in order to give thepublic the possibility for their statement.Legitimate objections have to be considered by thecompetent standardisation committee

• consistency- each norm has to be consistent with other

existing norms on national and European level.This has to be regarded when elaborating a norm


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• in Austria, there are 18,000 norms (ÖNORMEN) inforce. 3/4 of them are European norms.

• European norms have to be adopted into the nationalsystem of norms by the member organisations of theCEN (the European Committee for Standardization).

• in Austria, norms are labelled ÖNORM EN or ÖNORMEN ISO (if the European norm is also an internat. norm).

• European norms are valid for 29 countries (whole EU +associated countries). This means that definitions,standards or test methods for the standardized subjectsare the same in these 29 countries. The number of theCEN members will increase accordingly.


Austrian StandardsExamples for Waste Management Norms

• ÖNORM CEN/TS 14405”Characterisation of Waste - Leaching Behaviour - Upflow PercolationTest” (under defined conditions)

• ÖNORM CEN/TS 14429

”Characterisation of Waste - Investigation of Leaching Behaviour -Impact of the pH-Value after Prior Addition of Acid / Alkali”

• ÖNORM EN 840-1“ Mobile Containers for Waste Collection - Part 1: Containers with 2

Wheels and a Volume up to 400 l - Dimensions and Shape”

• ÖNORM EN 1501-3”Vehicles for Waste Collection - General Requirements and SafetyRequirements”- Part 3: front loader


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norms with legally binding (laid down by ordinances), e.g.:

ÖNORM S 2070 – 2075 Relating to Landfills and Classes of EluatesÖNORM S 2100 Waste CatalogueÖNORM S 2101 Hazardous Waste CatalogueÖNORM S 2104 Medical wastesÖNORM S 2201 Compostable Biogenous WastesÖNORM S 2200 Criteria for the Quality of Compost from

Organic Waste (withdrawn Compost

Ordinance came into effect)

ÖNORM S 2023 Examination Methods for Composts andMonitoring of Compost Quality (withdrawn)

ÖNORM S 2123 Waste Sampling

Austrian StandardsRelevant National Norms in Austria


Waste ManagementImportant for Peru

• protection of humans (direct/indirect)

• protection of animals and plants

• protection of water

• protection of soil

• protection of atmosphere

targets for production and disposal:


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• prevention

• recovery

• treatment + disposal

priorit ies for waste-management:

producerproducerresponsibility !!responsibility !!



• high quality compost

• definition of quality requirements(soil protection) regulation!

• reduction of landfilled waste (amount)

• reduction of organics in landfilled waste

(reactivity)

separate collection of biowaste:


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• different types (depending on waste)

• prevention of emissions (reduction of

reactivity, bottom liner)

• treatment of emissions (leachate, gas)

regulations for landfills:

long term behaviour !!long term behaviour !!



• prevention

(substitution, producerresponsibility!)

• separate collection

• adequate treatment (reuse, recycling,

chemical/physical, thermal, disposal)

regulations for hazardous wastes:

long term behaviour !!long term behaviour !!


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• waste catalogue

• hazardous wastes

• limit values and methods for analyses(wastes, compost, landfill behavior,

leaching tests, soil, water, atmosphere)

Important Standards (norms) for Peru:


Ecologically Efficient Municipalities ProgramEcologically Efficient Municipalities Program

ProgramaPrograma dede MunicipiosMunicipios EcoeficientesEcoeficientes

priority of action linespriority of action lines

1.1. wastewater treatment and reusewastewater treatment and reuse2.2. recycling and final sure disposition of solid wasterecycling and final sure disposition of solid waste3.3. territorial planning for the sustainable development.territorial planning for the sustainable development.

source: Ana Maria González del Valle Begazo,

Viceministra de Gestión Ambiental, 02 de Octubre 2008


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wastewater treatment and reusewastewater treatment and reusewastewater treatment and reuse

1. protection of water sources

2. water saving to level of companies and domiciles

3. good practices for efficient water use

4. cleaning of riverbanks and disposal control

5. wastewater treatment and reuse

1.1. protection of water sourcesprotection of water sources

2.2. water saving to level of companies and domicileswater saving to level of companies and domiciles

3.3. good practices for efficient water usegood practices for efficient water use

4.4. cleaning of riverbanks and disposal controlcleaning of riverbanks and disposal control

5.5. wastewater treatment and reusewastewater treatment and reuse

source: Ana Maria González del Valle Begazo,Viceministra de Gestión Ambiental, 02 de Octubre 2008


1.1. ecologicalecological -- economic zoningeconomic zoning

2.2. circui ts of adding values for aggregation ofcircui ts of adding values for aggregation ofeconomic and soc ial activitieseconomic and social activities

3.3. green preserved and productive areasgreen preserved and productive areas

4.4. city planningcity planning

5.5. transport planningtransport planning

territorial planning for theterritorial planning for thesustainable developmentsustainable development

source: Ana Maria González del Valle Begazo,

Viceministra de Gestión Ambiental, 02 de Octubre 2008


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1. minimization of waste generation

2. recycling

3. compilation, transport and efficient transfer

4. safe d isposal

1.1. minimization of waste generationminimization of waste generation

2.2. recyclingrecycling

3.3. compilation, transport and efficient transfer compilation, transport and efficient transfer

4.4. safe disposalsafe disposal

recycling and final safe disposal of solid wasterecycling and final safe disposal of solid wasterecycling and final safe disposal of solid waste

source: Ana Maria González del Valle Begazo,Viceministra de Gestión Ambiental, 02 de Octubre 2008


MSW GenerationMSW Generation

(Municipal Solid(Municipal SolidWaste)Waste)


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MSW Accumulation in Cities of the WorldWaste Generation

Sources: UN-ESCAP, OECD, own research

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

K o m m

u n a l e A b f ä l l e [ k g / E w . a

]

D

j a k a r t a ( I n d o n e s i a )

L

i m a ( P e r u , 2 0 0 1 ) ?

M a n i l a ( P h i l i p p i n e s )

G u a t e m a l a C i t y ( G u a t e m a l a )

B u c h a r e s t ( R o m a n i a )

P e r u , 2 0 0 8

W a r s a w ( P

L ) 4 5 0 k g / i n h . a

L i m a ( P e r u , 2 0 0 8 ) 3 8 5 k g / i n h . a

V i e n n a

5 5 0 k

g / i n h . a

L o n d o n ( G B )

6 0 0 k g / i b h . a

U n i t e d

S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a

N e w Y

o r k 7 0 0 u p t o 1 , 4 0 0

L u x e m b u r g

8 0 0 k g / i n h . a

M S W [ k g / i n h . a ]

very huge differences

we need local data!

< 2 0 0

k g / i n h . a

3 0 0 k g / i n h . a

2 2 0 k g / i n h . a


Waste Generation on Household Level

examples from households in different countries(USA, Mali, Japan, India)

• different life-styles

• different furnishing• different prosperity (expressed as averageGross Domestic Product (GDP) in the region)

• different consumption / consume habits

=> different amount of waste to be expected

Source: „Material World. A global family portrait“ (1994)


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Lifestyle USA


Lifestyle USA

family Skeen, USA

4 members of family

GNP (av.) $23,120

radio 3telephone 5

TV-sets 2video 1computers 1bicycles 0cars 3


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Lifestyle Mali / Africa


Lifestyle Mali / Africa

family Natomo, Mali

11 members of familyGNP (av.) $300

radio 1

telephone 0TV-sets 0video 0computers 0bicycles 1cars 0


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Lifestyle Japan


family Ukita, Japan

4 members of family

GNP (av.) $28,220

radio 3

telephone 1TV-sets 1video 1computers 1bicycles 3cars 1

Lifestyle Japan


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Lifestyle India


Lifestyle India

family Yadev, India

6 members of family

GNP (av.) $310

radio 0telephone 0

TV-sets 0video 0computers 0bicycles 1cars 0


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Different lifestylesExamples: Food


Different lifestylesMarket in Somalia (Source: Menzel, So ißt der Mensch, 2005)


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Different lifestylesMarket in Ecuador (Source: Menzel, So ißt der Mensch, 2005)


Different lifestylesMarket in California (USA) (Source: Menzel, So ißt der Mensch, 2005)


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Different lifestylesExamples: Food (Source: Menzel, So ißt der Mensch, 2005)




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Waste Management in AustriaWaste Generation 2009 (FWMP, 2011)

types of wastes mill . t/a

hazardous wastes and waste oil 0.32

municipal solid wastes (MSW) 3.9

construction and demolition wastes 6.8

residues from incineration plants 1.3

wood wastes (without packaging) 4.4

wastes from waste water treatment andmaintenance of water bodies(30% DM)

0.59

separate collected recyclables from commerce andindustry

2.25

electronic wastes 0.1

others (non hazardous) wastes 10.3

excavated earth 23.5

sum 53.5


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168

31

166

90

11

466

kg/inh.a2009

Waste Management in AustriaWaste Generation 2009 (FWPP, 2011, 2006 + 2001)

residual wastes

bulky wastes

recyclables ,separate collected

bio wastes,separate collected

hazardous householdwastes, WEE sep. collected

sum

MSW

1,402,100

259,100

1,386,000

752,100

95,700

3,895,000

t/a

169

29

148

67

51)

418

kg/inh.a

163

27

131

59

31)

383

kg/inh.a19992004

1) without WEE


Region Peru:inh.: 28,000,0008,205,000 t/a295 kg /inh.a

source: INEI (2007)

http://www.minam.gob.pe/template.php?page=02102008

Waste ManagementWaste Generation in Peru 2007


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Region Lima:inh.: 8,445,2113,263,000 t/a385 kg /inh.a

source: INEI (2007)

http://www.minam.gob.pe/template.php?page=02102008

Region Piura:inh.: 1,676,315491,000 t/a295 kg /inh.a

Region Madre de Dios:inh.:109,55531,800 t/a290 kg /inh.a

Waste ManagementWaste Generation in Peru 2007


Waste Management in PeruWaste Generation 2009 (Monge, 2010)

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

1,1

Sierra Costa Selva Lima y Callao Perú

0,586

0,672

0,9610,918

0,782

k g / c a p . d a y


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Waste Management in PeruWaste Generation 2002 - 2009 (different sources)

Am ounts of MSW Generated and Landfi l led in Peru

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

A r a n i b

a r ( 8 3 %

M S W )

M I N A M

2 0 0 8

M o n g e

( c o l l e c

t e d ) 2 0

1 0

S a n d o v

a l M S W

2 0 0 8

S a n d o v

a l M S W

2 0 1 0

S a n d o v

a l M S W

+ I n d u s

t r y, 2 0 1 0

t o n s

/ y e a r

generated

landfiled

2008 2007 2009 2002 2009 2009


Waste Management in PeruWaste Generation 2002 - 2009 (different sources)

Specific Am ounts o f MSW Generated in Peru

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

A r a n i b

a r ( 8 3 %

M S W )

M I N A M

2 0 0 8

M o n g e

( c o l l e c

t e d ) 2 0

1 0

S a n d o v

a l M S W

2 0 0 8

S a n d o v

a l M S W

2 0 1 0

S a n d o v

a l M S W

+ I n d u s

t r y, 2 0 1 0

k g

/ c a p i t a .

d a y

capita 2007: 28.2 Mio

capita 2009: 29.1 Mio

2008 2007 2009 2002 2009 2009


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Waste Management in PeruWaste Generation 2009 (Monge, 2010; Sandoval, 2010)

Specific Am ounts of MSW Generated in Peru 2009

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

Costa incl. Lima Sierra Selv a total Peru

k g

/ c a p i t a .

d a y

Monge 2010

Monge 2010 - calculated

Sandoval 2010

Sandoval 2010 - calculated


Hygienewaren

4%

Textilien

3%

Problemstoffe

2%

Holz

4%

Leichtfraktion

11% Glas

8%

Metalle

5%

Sonstiges

10%

Biogene Abfälle

31%

Papier, Pappe un d

Kartonagen

22%

Source: Federal Waste Management Plan (FWMP), 2006

paper andcardboard

plasticsglass

metals

wood

Organic waste

othershazardous household waste

textiles

hygienic products

organic waste

Waste Management in AustriaMSW Composition (2004)


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Waste Composition in Peru

textile

2%

fines26%

metal2%

glass

3%

wood1%

plastic4%

leather


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Disp osal o f Generated MSW in Peru - 2009

9.215.000 t/a (incl . MWS from Indu stry )

Botadero

Controllado

3%

Amb ien te

62% Recycling

15%

Relleno Sanitario

20%

source: Sandoval, 2010

Waste DisposalSituation in Peru 2009

Disp osal o f Col lected MSW in Peru - 2009

6.277.000 t/a

Relleno Sanitario

rest of Peru

0,3 %

Relleno Sanitario

in Lima

30,6%

Recycling

14,7 %

dropped away

47,0 %

Botadero

Controlado 7,4 %

source: Monge, 2010


Disp osal o f Generated MSW in Peru - 2009

9.215.000 t/a (incl . MWS from Indu stry )

BotaderoControllado

3%

Amb ien te

62% Recycling

15%

Relleno Sanitario20%

source: Sandoval, 2010Waste treatment and disposal in Peru

recycling

15%

landfills

20%

dumps45%

dropped away

20%

Waste DisposalSituation in Peru

19981998


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Landfills in LimaMSW Landfilled 2009: 2.060.000 t/a

Am ounts of MSW L andfi l led in Lim a

Zapallal

56.100 t/a

3%

Anco n / Cas ren

262.400 t/a

13%

Huaycoloro

1.036.000 t/a

50%

Portillo Grande

460.000 t/a

22%

Callao M odelo

(botadero controlado)

245.500 t/a

source: Sandoval, 2010


Waste DisposalSituation in Peru 2009

Am ounts of MSW L andfi l led in Peru

1,098,764

463,002

56,388

302,015

464,160

664 16,276 250 1,1500

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

H u a y c o

l o r o

P o r t i l l o

G r a n d

e Z a p

a l l a l

A n c o n

/ C a s r e

n

C a l l a o

M o d e l

o ( B. C. )

S a n t a C

r u z

C a j a m

a r c a

C a r h u a

z

I n d e p e

n d e n c i

a ( B. C. )

t o n s

/ y e a r

MINAM, 2008

Monge, 2010

Sandoval, 2010INEI, 2011-Lima

INEI, 2011-total

B.C. = botadero controlado

closed end

of 2009?


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September 2013



relleno sanitario

botadero controlada

relleno de seguridad

relleno sanitario permitted byDIGESA

relleno sanitario projected

Landfills in Peru 2009

sources:

MINAM, 2008

Monge, 2010

Sandoval, 2010


“Sustainable MBT-Landfill”

0,5 m non calcareous g ravel

1-2 m mature compost

Miscantus

mechanical-biologicalpretreated waste

drainage system for surface runoff “free leachate discharge”

landfill liner (DVO)

Thank Youfor YourAttention

Dankefür Ihre

Aufmerksamkeit

[email protected]://www.wau.boku.ac.at

MuchasGracias porsu Atencion


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September 2013



“Sustainable MBT-Landfill”

0,5 m non calcareous g ravel

1-2 m mature compost

Miscantus

mechanical-biological

pretreated waste

drainage system for surface runoff “free leachate discharge”

landfill liner (DVO)

[email protected]://www.wau.boku.ac.at

MuchasGracias porSu Atencion

MuchasGracias porSu Atencion


Waste Management in AustriaList of Abbreviations

MBT mechanical biologicalpretreatment

MSW municipal solid waste

MSWI MSW-incineration

SS sewage sludge

HDPE high densitypolyethylene

AT4 respiration activity (test-duration 4 days)

GS21 gas generation sum(within 21 days)

GB21 gas evolution(within 21 days)

Ho upper calorific value

inh. = cap. inhabitant

GDP gross domestic product

GNP gross national product

BAWP federal wastemanagement plan =

report about wastemanagement in Austria,actualized every 5 years

BGBl Bundesgesetzblatt =federal law gazette, foranouncement of laws inAustria


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DEV S4 german method for elution (L:S=1:10)

TOC total organic carbon

EC electric conductivity

mS/cm millisiemens/centimeter

evap. residue residue of evaporation

BOD5 biol. oxygen demand

COD chem. oxygen demand

CH4

methane

CO2 carbon dioxide

O2 oxigen

CN cyanide

MBAS anion active tensides

HC hydrocarbons

PAHC polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

EOX extractable organichalogencompounds

POX particulate purgeableorganic halogen comp.

AOX adsorbable organic

halogen compoundsBTEX aromatic compounds

(benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylenes)

CFC chlorofluorocarbon


m3 cubic meter = 1,000 l

l liter = 1,000 ml

ml milliliter

Nl normal liter (volume calculated

to 0°C 1013 mbar)

°C degree centigrad

vol.% percent volume

kJ/kg energy per kg

kJ/mol kilo joule/mole(= energy/gram-

molecule)

Documents

01Situation in Austria and Europe-2013