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Lisbon / 29th and 30th October 2014

Brian Elliott / Senior Project Officer for the MarineEnvironment

What BWM Treatment Systems

are on the Market

Member State Training:

Update on Sampling for

Compliance of the IMO’s BWMC 

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BWM Techniques (I)

Solid-liquid separation (usually precedes chemicalphysiochemical unit process)

1. Filtration: In BWM usually backwashing system

BWM standards are size based ―>  mesh size between 10 and50µm most common

More effective for larger particles/organisms

2. Hydrocyclones  Alternative technology to filtration

Water injected at high velocity

rotational motion of the water leads to separation of particlesfrom water

Effectiveness depends on difference in density of particleand surrounding water, size of particle speed of rotation andresidence time

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BWM Techniques (I)

• Solid-liquid separation (examples) 

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BWM Techniques (II)

3. Coagulants:

Can be used to increase efficiency of filtering or hyrdocyclones;

Time dependent

Requires big tank

Efficiency can be increased by adding ancillary powder of highdensity (e. g. magnetite or sand)

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BWM Techniques (III)

Chemical Disinfection Chlorination/Electrochlorination: relatively inexpensive, but virtually ineffective

against cysts. Can lead to undesirable chlorinated by-products.

 Ozonation: fewer harmful by-products, but requires relatively complex

equipment to both produce and dissolve it into the water

 Chlorine dioxide: normally produced on the spot, but critical (reagents used are

themselves hazardous)

 Peracetic acid: infinitely soluble in water, few harmful byproducts, relatively

stable as Peraclean. Problem: relatively expensive, dosed at high level and

require considerable storage facilities

 Hydrogen peroxide: see peracetic acid

 Menadione / Vitamin K: natural product and safe to handle

Pre-treatment desirable (filtering, hydrocyclones); post-treatment of

residuals necessary

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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=RS3PrqJch4uuVM&tbnid=l6Qccc7KWGcceM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://techcross.com/eng_html/product/case.asp?code%3D%26subp%3D%26bbsid%3Deng_install_case%26gbn%3Dview%26cate%3D%26ps%3D10000%26sp%3D%26sw%3D%26gp%3D1%26mode%3D%26ix%3D135&ei=Gh4HVI-OL-vJsQSR64HIBQ&psig=AFQjCNHQ0RBRPDpmwxI6ez4XHQbEVHtjeA&ust=1409838837127541

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BWM Techniques (IV)

Physical Disinfection

 Ultraviolet irradiation: most well established method; well known to be effective

against wide range of micro-organisms (e. g. viruses and cysts); relies on good

UV transmission through the water ―>  clear water and unfouled clean quartz

sleeves needed for effectiveness; removal of water turbidity essential; UV can be

enhanced by combining with another reagent, such as ozone, hydrogen dioxideor titanium dioxide

 Deoxygenation: takes a couple of days to come into effect due to the length of

time it takes organisms to be asphyxiated

 Cavitation: acts at the surface of the micro-organism and disrupts the cell wall

through the collapse of micro bubbles Ultrasonic treatment: see cavitation

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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=4UcpqdTxCwQWGM&tbnid=uP3URWZY7rflVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.westfalia-separator.com/media-news/news-press-releases/singleview/article/gea-westfalia-separator-ballastmaster-ultrav-awarded-us-coast-guard-ams-certificate.html&ei=ABwHVKiICYm-sQTVwoCoCQ&bvm=bv.74115972,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNGLPJbJmagUq1aCNXmEDgLKAQCChg&ust=1409837637698762http://www.allaboutshipping.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Hamworthy-Ballast-Water-systems-engineer2-29-11-11-aas1.jpg

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BWM Techniques (V)

Presently  – 42 systems (51 after MEPC 67)

Solid-liquid separation:

 Hydrocyclones: 3 systems

 Filtration: 27 systems

 Coagulants: 1 system None: 11 systems

Chemical disinfection:

 Ozone: 7 systems

 Chlorine: 3 systems

 Electrochlorination: 12 systems

 Menadion/Vitamin K: 4 systems

 Others: 4 systems

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BWM Techniques (V)

Physical disinfection:

 UV: 14 systems

 Deoxigenation: 5 systems

 Heat: 1 system

 Cavitation: 5 systems Ultrasound: 2 systems

 Advanced oxydation: 5 systems

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However……… 

MEPC 67• Revision of G-8 Agreed

- Testing being performed using fresh, brackish and marine waters

- Testing considering the effect of temperature in cold and tropical waters onoperational effectiveness and environmental acceptability

- Specification of standard test organisms for use in testing – test organisms shallchallenge the treatment process

- Challenge levels set with respect to suspended solids in test water  – notingchallenge levels shall be realistic, consideration of levels of clay silt and thecontent of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in the test water and the need for levelsto be increased needs to be taken into account. challenged under conditionsreflecting the worst case real life scenarios that may be encountered.

- TA testing discounting test runs in the full-scale testing that do not meet the D-2standard and the results of test runs being "averaged" – TA testing realisticallyrepresenting the flow rates the system is approved for

• 51 Type Approvals reduced to ???

• Marine Equipment Directive ?????? 

• 

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Brian.Elliott@emsa.europa.eu