02 LCD Slides 1

Networking Fundamentals Evolution: Brief History of Computer

Networking Network Connectivity Devices Network Topology Standardization and its Benefits Network Classifications and Architecture The OSI – 7 Layer Reference Model

*Property of STI J0065

Evolution: Brief History of Computer Networking

Milestones in the history of data networking

1960s

The first large-scale commercial computer network is created for an airline reservation application

The ARPANET successfully links computers developed by different manufacturers, forming what is later described as the origin of today’s Internet



1970s

A networking technology for minicomputers called Ethernet is developed

Minicomputer Environment



1980s

The increase in the number of stand-alone desktop microcomputers within organizations encourages widespread adoption of LANs

Personal Computing Devices



1990s

Web-based Internet resources are introduced on a global scale

Different Network Technologies That Can Be Connected to Create an Internetwork



2000s (The New Millennium)

Improved mobile/wireless devices and networks provide the means to connect to an organizational network from nearly any location in the world


Network Connectivity Devices


These include any type of hardware that is capable of transmitting data, instructions, and information between the end-user devices

Repeater Hub Bridge Switch Router Cloud



Repeater

This is used to regenerate the signal



Hub

This functions similarly as a repeater by means of a process known as concentration



Bridge

This converts network transmission data formats as well as perform basic data transmission management



Switch

This adds more intelligence to data transfer management



Router



Router

This examines the incoming data packets, choose the best path for them through the network, and then switch them to the proper outgoing port



Cloud



Cloud

This is not really a single device, but a collection of collection/group of integrated and networked hardware, software and Internet infrastructure that represent processes and equipment that would be involved in making a connection


Network Topology

Network Topology

It refers to the structure of a network, including the physical layout, design, diagram or map of computers, cables, and other components on the network

Two (2) parts of network topology

Physical topology

Logical topology


Network Topology

Considerations When Choosing a Topology

Cost of network management

Cable length

Growth of the network


Network Topology

Physical Topology Types

Bus Topology

Ring Topology

Star Topology

Extended Star Topology

Tree Topology

Hierarchical Topology

Mesh Topology


Network Topology

Bus Topology


Network Topology

Ring Topology

Single – Ring Topology Dual – Ring Topology


Network Topology

Star Topology


Network Topology

Extended Star Topology


Network Topology

Hierarchical Topology

Server


Network Topology

Tree Topology


Network Topology

Mesh Topology

Full – Mesh Topology


Network Topology

Mesh Topology

Partial – Mesh Topology


Network Topology


Network Topology


Network Topology

Logical Topology Types

Broadcast Topology

Token Passing Topology


Network Topology

Characteristics of Bus Topology

Characteristics of Ring Topology

TopologyNetwork Connectivity

Device/ConnectorNetworking Media Designation

Maximum Segment Length/ Transfer Speed

BusTerminator/BNC

connector

Coaxial 10Base-5500 m/10

MbpsThin Coaxial (RG-58

A/U)10Base-2

185 m/10 Mbps

Bus (often only point-to-point)

Coaxial (RG-58 A/U CATV type)

10Broad-363600 m/10

Mbps


Device/ConnectorNetworking Media Designation

Maximum Segment Length/ Transfer Speed

Double Ring Fiber-optic 100 Mbps


Network Topology

Characteristics of Star Topology


Device/ConnectorNetworking

MediaDesignation

Maximum Segment

Length/Transfer Speed

Star

Repeater hubs or Ethernet switches/RJ-45

(Registered Jack modular connector

(8P8C))

Category 3 or above

unshielded twisted-pair

(UTP)

10Base-T 100 m/10 Mbps

Star Repeater hubsCategory 3

UTP, or above1Base-5 100 m/1 Mbps

Star (often only point-to-

point)

ST (Straight Tip fiber optic connector)

Fiber-optic - two strands of

multimode 62.5/125 fiber

10Base-FL2000 m (full-

duplex)/ 10 Mbps


Network Topology

Characteristics of Star Topology

Star

Repeater hubs or Ethernet switches/ RJ-45

(Registered Jack modular connector

(8P8C))

Category 5 UTP

100Base-TX 100 m/100 Mbps

Star (often only point-to-

point)

SC (Subscriber/Square Connector)

Fiber-optic - two strands of

multimode 62.5/125 fiber

100Base-FX

412 meters (Half-Duplex)/ 100 Mbps

2000 m (full-duplex)/ (200 Mb/s full-duplex mode)

StarBuffered distributor hub

(or point-to-point)

1000Base-SX 260 m/1 GbpsFiber-optic -

two strands of multimode

62.5/125 fiber or monomode

fiber

1000Base-LX

440 m (multimode) 5000 m

(singlemode)/ 1 Gbps


Network Topology

Characteristics of Mesh Topology


DeviceNetworking

MediaDesignation

Maximum Segment

Length/Transfer Speed

Mesh (often only point-to-

point)Routers


Standardization and its Benefits

Standard

It refers to documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that stipulate how a particular product or service should be designed or performed



Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

This is best known for the standardization of LAN technologies

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

This is known for published standards such as the ASCII and SCSI



Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

This writes ANSI standards and lobbies for legislation favorable to the growth of the computer and electronics industries

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

This focuses on standards for information technology, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and telephone equipment



International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

This defines the seven-layer OSI Reference Model

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

This is responsible for the overall development of the internet and the standardization of internetworking technologies



Major Groups of IETF

Internet Society (ISOC)

Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)


Geographic Scale

Personal Area Network

Local Area Network

Campus Area Network

Metropolitan Area Network

Wide Area Network

Storage Area Network

Virtual Private Network

Transmission technology

Point-to-point networks

Broadcast networks

Network Classifications and Architecture



Personal Area Network (PAN)



Local Area Network (LAN)

Single Building LAN



Local Area Network (LAN)

Multiple Building LAN



Network Architecture

It specifies how the physical and logical components of a computer network are assembled and connected with each other to facilitate information exchange and resource sharing



Network Architecture Types Client/Server Architecture Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

Architecture



Comparison of Network Architecture



Campus Area Network (CAN)



Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)



Wide Area Network (WAN)



Storage Area Network (SAN)



Virtual Private Network (VPN)



Types of VPN



Point – to – point networks



Broadcast/Multipoint networks


The OSI – 7 Layer Reference Model

Scenario 1:

Layer 1 Layer 1

Signs



Scenario 2:

Layer 1

Layer 2

Layer 3

Layer 1

Layer 2

Layer 3

Secret Code

Secret Code Secret

Code

Secret Code

ChineseChinese

FilipinoFilipino



Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

It refers to a seven-layer conceptual layout for data communication that was defined by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the year 1984



Application Application LayerLayer

Presentation Presentation Control LayerControl Layer

Session Control Session Control LayerLayer

Transport LayerTransport Layer

Network Control LayerNetwork Control Layer

Data Link LayerData Link LayerPhysical Control LayerPhysical Control Layer

Transmit Data Received Data

Physical Link

Away

Pizza

Sausage

Throw

Not

Do

Please



Application Layer

It both controls the sequence of activities within an application and the sequence of events of services used by the user of software applications

Presentation Control Layer

It is also known as the syntax layer

It presents data into a uniform format and masks the difference of data format through protocol conversion, encryption, decryption and data compression



Session Control Layer

It manages, establishes and releases logical connections for data transfer

Transport Layer

It is sometimes called as an end-to-end layer

It manages data transfer between end systems or hosts and also provides error checking that guarantees complete, accurate and reliable data transfer across the network



Network Control Layer

It provides control and creates logical paths for transmitting data between two adjacent network nodes and between DTE and the network

Link Control Layer

It provides protocol to check if the small units of transmitted information are correctly exchanged across the network between two terminals



Two Sub Layers of Data Link Control

Media Access Control (MAC) sub layer

Logical Link Control (LLC) sub layer

Physical Control Layer

It defines physical interface between DTE and DCE and also presents electrical characteristics and signaling needed to establish, maintain, and clear the physical connection between the line terminating equipment

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02 LCD Slides 1