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1 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
AANNTTIIGGOONNEE CCOONNSSUULLTTIINNGG
MOBILE PHONES OFF PLEASE
2 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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FIBRE OPTICS Optical Fibre Theory
Why Fibre Optics Actual and Future Business Development What is Fibre Optics Construction of Optical Fibre Fibre Transmission Factors Types of Optical Fibre Standards
3 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Who am I?
Roberto Fornasiero Academic education 1998 : Italian Certified Electrical Engineer 2007 : Executive MBA – SDA Bocconi School of Management Work Experience 1990 – 2007 : experience in data communication business as sales manager for PANDUIT, ANIXTER and ADC KRONE 2008 – today Independent business consultant ETK KABLO sales manager for Italy,
Spain and Algeria
5 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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What happens in an Internet Minute?
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Long Ago, People Danced@Concert Now They Video/Click/Share/Tweet
1990s 2010s
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Media + Data Uploading + Sharing from Mobiles = Ramping Fast & Still Early Stage
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Top 5 Bandwidth-Hungry Apps High-Definition Telepresence 24 Mbps and about a 50 millisecond latency to recreate the feeling of sitting in a room speaking with people. Telemedicine and Remote Surgery 10 Mbps and about a 1 millisecond latency to connect doctors with remote physician and, next step, surgery done by robot Video Instant Messaging and Video Presence 10 Mbps on mobile network, needs of LTE (4G) and fibre backhaul
High-Definition Television 5-8 Mbps to deliver crisp video
Real-Time Data Backup 2 Mbps and 10 millisecond latency to allow enterprises storing and keeping data secure and without interruptions
11 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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12 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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18 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Dal 1° Luglio 2015 tutti gli edifici di nuova costruzione tutti gli edifici da ristrutturare con permesso a costruire
DEVONO ESSERE EQUIPAGGIATI con 1. un’infrastruttura fisica multiservizio passiva interna
all’edificio, costituita da adeguati spazi installativi e da impianti di comunicazione ad alta velocità in fibra ottica fino ai punti terminali di rete.
2. un punto di accesso Gli edifici conformi al presente articolo possono beneficiare, ai fini della cessione, dell’affitto o della vendita dell’immobile, dell’etichetta volontaria e non vincolante di
“EDIFICIO PREDISPOSTO ALLA BANDA LARGA”
G.U 11 Novembre 2014 – Art. 135-bis Norme per l’infrastrutturazione digitale degli edifici
19 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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1. Infrastruttura fisica multiservizio grande innovazione impiantistica: cambia il modo di pensare,
progettare e realizzare impianti di telecomunicazioni digitali e domotici
Impiantistica attuale = infrastruttura per ciascun impianto. Videocitofono + TV + Allarme + Domotica + LAN
Impiantistica futura = un cablaggio unico per tutti gli impianti Indipendenza dal portante fisico (cavo)
L’unicità della infrastruttura consentirà di rendere “interoperabili” i vari sistemi in modo che la somma delle funzionalità possibili sia molto più ampia e potente delle funzionalità di tutti gli impianti presi singolarmente.
2. Passiva i componenti (cavi, derivazioni, derivatori, prese) si limitano a
realizzare una “rete” intermodale di trasporto ad elevato livello qualitativo e trasparente alle vari tipologie di applicazione
Significato
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Multiservizio i vari servizi devono utilizzare questo unico portante 2 categorie di servizi
Servizi esterni all’edificio: Providers fissi (Telecom, Fastweb, Netflix, Google…) Providers wireless (Tim, Vodafone, Linkem, Tooway…) Broadcasting (Rai, Mediaset, Sky, La7, TVSat…)
Servizi interni all’edificio: Sorveglianza e sicurezza Domotica di edificio e appartamento Videocitofonia Reti LAN e WI-FI
Punto di accesso Punto fisico interno o esterno all’edificio, accessibile alle imprese
autorizzate a fornire reti pubbliche di comunicazione
Il legislatore dice che tutto ciò deve essere predisposto per servizi di accesso in fibra ottica a banda larga.
Infrastruttura fisica multiservizio passiva. Cosa significa?
21 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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3. Multiservizio tutti i servizi devono utilizzare un unico portante: la FIBRA OTTICA 2 categorie di servizi
Servizi esterni all’edificio Providers fissi (Telecom, Fastweb, Netflix, Google…) Providers wireless (Tim, Vodafone, Linkem, Tooway…) Broadcasting (Rai, Mediaset, Sky, La7, TVSat…)
Servizi interni all’edificio Sorveglianza e sicurezza Domotica di edificio e appartamento Videocitofonia Reti LAN e WI-FI
4. Punto di accesso punto fisico interno o esterno all’edificio, accessibile alle imprese
autorizzate a fornire reti pubbliche di comunicazione Il legislatore dice che tutto ciò deve essere predisposto per
servizi di accesso in FIBRA OTTICA a banda larga
Significato
23 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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What is "Fibre Optics"?
A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibres) to transmit data
A fibre optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves
Not a "new" technology Concept over a century old Used commercially for 35 years
24 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Fibre Advantages
Less susceptible than metal cables to interference Immunity to static interferences
Lightenings Electric motors Fluorescent light
Higher environment immunity: weather, temperature, etc. Thinner and lighter than metal wires Longer Lasting Security: tapping is difficult
Remember: Fibre is non-conductive Hence, change of magnetic field has NO IMPACT!
25 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Fibre Advantages Greater bandwidth than metal cables (10GHz vs. 16kHz) Data can be transmitted digitally rather than analogically Ex. copper cable of about 1000 pairs vs. 2 cores fibre cable
each pair can only carry about 24 telephone conversations a distance of less than 4 kilometres
fibre cable carries more than 32.000 conversations hundreds or even thousands of kilometres without regeneration
à each fibre can simultaneously carry over 150 times more à cost of transmitting a single phone conversation over fibre
optics is only about 1% the cost of transmitting it over copper wire! That’s why fibre is the exclusive medium for long distance communications.
Economics: Low transmission loss (dB/km) Fewer repeaters Less cable
26 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Myth #1: Fibre is too expensive Today, fibre is cheaper than kite string or fishing line
Myth #2: Fibre is extremely hard to work with Grind-and-polish connectors era is finished!
Myth #3: Fibre needs expensive and complicated installation and test equipment
Myth #4: Fibre is fragile Fibre optic cable can withstand a higher pulling tension than copper, is rated for larger temperature ranges, and is immune to EMI/RFI Military prefers fibre for its ruggedness and survivability!
Myths of Fiber Optics
27 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Ø Optical fibre ends are extremely sharp, don’t let them penetrate the skin.
Ø Dispose of any fibre off-cuts in a suitable container. Don’t leave them sticking in the carpet!
Ø Don’t look into the end of a fibre if it is connected (or even if you suspect it may possibly be connected) to a transmitting system. Not all lights from fibre harm eyes. LEDs used with multimode fibre are generally too low in power. Some lasers can cause issues. BUT NEVER LOOK INTO THE END OF THE FIBER ANYWAY BETTER BE SAFE THAN SORRY
Safety First
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Fibre Optic Construction
Core Glass with a higher index of refraction than cladding It carries signal Cladding Glass with a lower index of refraction than the core Buffer Protects the fiber from damage and moisture
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Fibre Construction
There are 3 main components:
COATING
CLADDING
CORE
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Fibre Optic Types
Light is "guided" down the centre of the fiber called the "core”
The core is surrounded by a optical material called the "cladding"
The fiber is coated with a protective plastic covering called the "primary buffer coating"
31 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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In 1870 John Tyndall demonstrated how to guide a light beam through a falling stream of water. “Total Internal Reflection”: a special optical condition in which optical rays cannot escape the material in which they are traveling
Fibre Optics
Total Internal Reflection
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Total Internal Reflection
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Total Internal Reflection
Optical fibers work on the principle of total internal reflection With light, the refractive index is listed The angle of refraction at the interface between two media is
governed by Snell’s law:
n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2
40 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
AANNTTIIGGOONNEE CCOONNSSUULLTTIINNGG Numerical Aperture
The numerical aperture of the fiber is closely related to the critical angle and is often used in the specification for optical fiber and the components that work with it
The numerical aperture is given by the formula:
The angle of acceptance is twice that given by the numerical aperture
22
21.. nnAN −=
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Fibre Optics
Total Internal Reflection
Rays of light referred to as modes
Transmitter Receiver
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Fiber Optic Data Links
Fiber optic transmission consists of a transmitter on one end of a fiber and a receiver on the other end
The transmitter takes an electrical input and converts it to an optical output from a laser diode or LED
The receiver converts the light back into an electrical signal at the other end
44 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Fiber Optic Data Links
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Fibre GBIC Modules
Switch and module slots combinations GBIC Modules Typically LC (small form factor)
46 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Fiber Wavelength
Wavelength is colour of light The range of light is called the spectrum Humans see from 400-770nm : Visible Light Fibre optics utilize 850-1675 nm: Infrared Light Frequency (cycles per second) is mesured in Hertz (Hz) while
light in fibre optics is more commonly measured in billionths of a meter (nm)
47 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Light propagation is a function of Attenuation, Dispersion and non-linearities.
Attenuation Dispersion
0 2
1
2
2 2
2
2 == ++ ∂∂
-- ++ ∂∂
∂∂ A A
dT
A A i
z A i γγ ββ αα
48 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Pure Glass=Si O2
Si
Si O O O
Si
Si O
Si
Cu O
Imperfections
Losses in optic fibres Absorption: light is absorbed due to chemical properties or natural impurities in the glass. The worst culprits are hydroxyl ions and traces of metals. Accounts for about 5% of total loss.
scattering
Scattering is the loss of light due to small localized changes in the refractive index or by impurities. Accounts for about 95% of total less and depends on the size of the discontinuity compared with the wavelength of the light so the shortest wavelength, or highest frequency, suffers most scattering.
Light scattered
Impurities
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Fiber Attenuation Attenuation is total loss of light signal
= Absorption + Scattering
51 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Bending Losses
Microbending Microbending losses are due to microscopic fiber deformations in the core-cladding interface caused by induced pressure on the glass. These are generally a manufacturing problem.
Attenuation due to macrobending increases with wavelength (e.g. greater at 1550nm than at 1310nm)
Macrobending Macrobending losses are due to physical bends in the fiber that are large in relation to fiber diameter. The problem of macrobend loss is largely in the hands of installers
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Bending Losses for SM fibre
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Bending Losses for MM fibre
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Elements of Loss
Pout (Received
Power)
Power variation
Fiber Attenuation Caused by scattering & absorption of light as it travels through the
fiber Measured as function of wavelength (dB/km)
OTDR Trace of a fiber link
Pin (Emitted Power)
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AANNTTIIGGOONNEE CCOONNSSUULLTTIINNGG Typical Attenuation Values
0.22 dB/km for singlemode fiber at 1550 nm 0.35 dB/km for singlemode fiber at 1310 nm 1 dB/km for multimode fiber at 1300 nm 3 dB/km for multimode fiber at 850 nm 0.05 dB for a fusion splice 0.3 dB for a mechanical splice 0.5 dB for a connector pair
57 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Signal Distortion in fibres Optical signal weakens from attenuation mechanisms and broadens due to distortion effects.
Eventually these two factors will cause neighboring pulses to overlap.
After a certain amount of overlap occurs, the receiver can no longer distinguish the individual adjacent pulses and error arise when interpreting the received signal.
Pulse broadening and attenuation
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Step Index Multi-mode
Graded Index Multi-mode
Intermodal Dispersion
Solution to problem is to change the refractive index progressively from the centre of the core to the outside. If the core centre has the highest refractive index and the outer edge has the least, the ray will increase in speed as it moves away from the centre.
60 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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Pulse Spreading
Chromatic Dispersion Chromatic Dispersion is the effect that different wavelengths (colours or spectral components of light) travel at different speed in a media. The more variation in the velocity, the more the individual pulses spread which leads to overlapping: longer wavelengths travel faster
Pulse stream without chromatic dispersion
Pulse stream with chromatic dispersion
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Fibre Optic Types
Multi Mode
Single Mode
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OPTICAL FIBRE THEORY
Fibre Optic Types
OM1OM2 OM3 OM4
OS1 OS2
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Multi mode has light travelling in many rays... called modes Three main categories
62.5/125-µm à OM1 50/125-µm à OM2 Laser-Optimized 50/125-µm à OM3 and OM4
Low cost sources LED (Light Emitting Diode) and VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) @ 850 nm Laser @ 1300nm
Low cost connectors + lower installation costs = lower system cost
Higher fibre cost Higher loss, lower bandwidth Distance up to 2000 m Best for LAN, SAN, Data Centre
Multimode fibres
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Standardized Multimode Fibre Specifications
Multimode fibres
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Light travels in only one ray or better in only one mode High cost sources
1310+ nm lasers 1 ÷ 10 Gb/s 1 ÷ 25 Gb/s with DWDM High precision packaging
Higher cost connectors + Higher installation costs = Higher system cost
Lower fiber cost Lower loss, higher bandwith Distance to 60km + Best for WAN, MAN, Access, Campus
Singlemode fibres
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Standards Singlemode fibres
Two primary sources of specification of singlemode optical fibre: ITU-T G.65x series IEC 60793-2-50 (and the equivalent to EN 60793-2-50)
19 different singlemode optical fibre defined by the ITU-T: ITU-T G.652a, b, c and d (low water peak) ITU-T G.653a and b; ITU-T G.654a, b and c; ITU-T G.655a, b, c, d and e; (nonzero dispersion-shifted) ITU-T G.656; ITU-T G.657 Categories A1, A2, B1 and B2.
IEC 60793-2-50:2008 (EN 60793-2-50) specifies 7 different single mode optical fibres (equivalent to 16 of the ITU-T specifications)
Type B1.1: equivalent to ITU-T G.652a and b; Type B1.2: equivalent to ITU-T 654 b and c Type B1.3: equivalent to ITU-T G.652c and d; Type B2: equivalent to ITU-T G.653a and b; Type B4: equivalent to ITU-T G.655c, d and e Type B5: equivalent to ITU-T G.656; Type B6: equivalent to ITU-T G.657.
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ITUT-T G692/694 Transmisssion Bands Singlemode fibres
“Band” terminology used in FTTx/PON: ITU-T G983/984 Basic band (1480 to 1500 nm) Enhancement band (1550 to 1560 nm)
Wavelength Band Purpose Fibre Type 1260 to 1360 nm O-band Standard single mode operation G.652 SM
1360 to 1460 nm E-band For future use including CWDM G.652.D SM
1460 to 1530 nm S-band Downstream FTTx operation G.652, G.655 SM
1530 to 1565 nm C-band Long haul, DWDM, CATV G.655 SM
1565 to 1625 nm L-band Future testing and maintenance monitoring G.655 SM
1625 to 1675 nm U-band Future testing and maintenance monitoring G.655 SM
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Standards Singlemode fibres
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) specifications of singlemode optical fibre
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OPTICAL FIBER THEORY
Fibre Optic Categories
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OPTICAL FIBER THEORY
Fibre Optic Categories
SM (OS1)
MM (OM4)
MM (OM3)
MM (OM2)
MM (OM1)
Core Diameter (µm) 8,3 / 9 50 50 50 62,5
Mode field diameter 9,3 ±0,5 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Cladding diameter (µm) 125 125 125 125 125
Numerical Aperture 0,13 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,275
Attenuation (dB/km)
850 nm 1300 nm 1550 nm
N/A 0,4 0,3
2,3 0,6 N/A
2,3 0,6 N/A
2,5 0,8 0,6
3,5 1,5 0,3
Bandwidth (MHz x km)
850 nm 1300 nm
N/A N/A
4.700 500
2.000 500
600 1.000
160 500
Dispersion (ps/nm x km)
1310 nm 1550 nm
3,2 1,7
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
SM
MM
SM
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Size Does Matter !
CAUTION: You cannot mix and match fibers!
OPTICAL FIBER THEORY
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Categories OS1 and OS2
GUIDANCE
OS1 and OS2 are cabled Single Mode optical fibre specifications Category OS1 is appropriate to Indoor and Universal tight buffered
cable constructions Category OS2 is appropriate to Outdoor and Universal loose tube
cables (where the cabling process applies no stress to the optical fibres) Cables with either OS1 or OS2 performance are constructed from B1.3
optical fibres (also known as ITU specification G.652D) or B6_a fibres (a less bend sensitive singlemode optical fibre which is similar to, and compatible with, B1.3. Also known as ITU specification G.657)
OS1 or OS2 performance is not related to Single Mode optical fibres according to ITU specification G.655 (Non Zero Dispersion Shifted fibre)
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Categories OS1 and OS2
EUROPEAN STANDARDS and ISO/IEC
The European Standard EN 50173-1:2007 states that both OS1 and OS2 cabled optical fibres can only be constructed from B1.3 (or ITU G.652D) and B6.a (or ITU G.657) optical fibre according to EN 60793-2-50
Unfortunately, ISO/IEC have not made this logical leap - even in the latest proposed amendment of ISO/IEC 11801 (which now features both OS1 and OS2).
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Fiber Optic Link Power Budget
Cable plant Loss Calculation Total Loss = (0.5 dB X # connectors) + (0.05 dB x # splices) + loss length of cable (dB/Km)
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Loss Formula Fibre Attenuation x km + Splice Attenuation x # + Connectors Attenuation x # + Safety margin = Total Loss
Wavelength/Mode Core diam. Att./km Splice Connector 850 nm Multimode 50 µm 3 dB 0.2 dB 0.5 dB 850 nm Multimode 62.5 µm 3 dB 0.2 dB 0.5 dB 1300 nm Multimode 50 µm 0.75 dB 0.2 dB 0.5 dB
1300 nm Multimode 62.5 µm 0.75 dB 0.2 dB 0.5 dB
1310 nm Singlemode 9 µm 0.35 dB 0.05 dB 0.5 dB 1550 nm Singlemode 9 µm 0.22 dB 0.05 dB 0.5 dB
Fiber Optic Link Power Budget
Ex: 10 km of 1310 SM fibre 0.35 dB x 10 = 3.50 dB + 0.05 dB x 1 = 0.05 dB + 0.50 dB x 5 = 2.50 dB + 3 dB Safety = 3.00 dB
Total Loss = 9.05 dB
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Applicable Standards and Loss Budgets
Year Application Data Rate Standard Loss Budget (dB)
1982 Ethernet 10 Mbps IEEE 802.3 12,5
1991 Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps IEEE 802.3 11
1998 Short Wavelength Fast Ethernet
10/100 Mbps TIA/EIA-7885 4
2000 1G Ethernet 1.000 Mbps IEEE 802.3z 3,56
2004 10G Ethernet 10.000 Mbps IEEE 802.3ae 2,6
2010 40G Ethernet 40.000 Mbps IEEE 802.3ba 1,9
2010 100G Ethernet 100.000 Mbps IEEE 803.3ba 1,9
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Indicative Link Lengths
Multimode Fiber Type
62.5/125 µm 50/125 µm 850 nm laser-optimized
50/125 µm 850 nm laser-optimized
50/125 µm TIA 492AAAA
(OM1) TIA 492AAAB
(OM2) TIA 492AAAC
(OM3) TIA 492AAAD
(OM4)
Application Distance 850 nm
1300 nm
850 nm
1300 nm
850 nm
1300 nm
850 nm
1300 nm
10Base-FL m 2000 - 2000 - 2000 - 2000 -
100Base-FX m - 2000 - 2000 - 2000 - 2000
100Base-SX* m 300 - 300 - 300 - 300 -
1000Base-SX m 220 - 550 - 800 - 880 -
10GBASE-S m 33 - 82 - 300 - 550 -
(*)100Base-SX (short wavelength multi-mode) is not formally adopted standards, but are commonly understood and used in fiber optic networking
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8.45 – Ricevimento / Apertura Lavori 9.00 – Basi teoriche
Perché la fibra ottica Mezzo trasmissivo e principi di funzionamento Fattori di trasmissione Metodi di trasmissione Normative: IEC 11801 2°ED, ANSI/TIA 568
10.15 – Cavi in fibra ottica Tipi di cavo Installazioni interne ed esterne Come scegliere un cavo
11.15 – Coffee Break 11.30 – Installazione di cavi in fibra ottica
Procedure e linee guida generali Raggi di curvatura e trazioni Metodi di posa Preparazione di un cavo
13.00 – Pranzo
Programma Corso
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14.00 – Terminazione della fibra ottica Connessione e giunzione Caratteristiche e tipologie di connettori e giunzioni Procedure operative per la giunzione Preparazione di un cassetto ottico Preparazione di una muffola
15.00 – Test e collaudo Normative Strumentazione Certificazione di Base Test con Sorgente/Power Meter Certificazione Estesa Test con OTDR Risoluzione dei problemi
16.00 – Coffee Break
Programma Corso
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16.15 - Dimostrazioni pratiche Giunzione con giuntatrice a fusione Giunzioni con connettori pre-lappati Cavi pre-terminati Collaudo con Power Meter Analisi di un OTDR
17.45 – Chiusura lavori Tavola rotonda
Programma Corso
Gruppi – non meno di 10 e non più di 15 persone Costo – 275 Euro + IVA per partecipante
sconti per più partecipanti di medesima azienda
A tutti i partecipanti verrà fornito attestato di partecipazione dispensa del docente sugli argomenti trattati
94 Copyright © Antigone Consulting 2016 2 April 2016
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CCOONNSSUULLTTIINNGG Roberto Fornasiero [email protected]