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Wireless Sensor Network: Intricate Modeling andAnalysis of CNT
and MEMS based Sensor Nodes
Satyadhar Joshi2, Rohit Pathak1, Salman Ahmed2
1Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research,2
Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology & Science,Indore,
Madhaya Pradesh, India
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Abstract- We have analyzed the effect of innovations
inNanotechnology on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and havemodeled
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
based sensor nodes. SUGARlibrary in MATLAB has been used to
illustrate the staticanalysis of deflection, display the structure
and to compute the
displacement parameters of a cantilever beam subjected to
anexternal force. A WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) model hasbeen
programmed using Simulink in MATLAB. We haveshown the integration
of CNT in WSN as CNT based sensors,
microprocessors, batteries etc. A proposition is put forward
byus on the changes needed in the existing sensor node structureto
improve its efficiency and to facilitate and enhance
theassimilation of CNT based devices in a WSN. We have shownthe
functioning of CNT based Nano devices in WSN technology.
Finally we have commented on the challenges that exist in
thistechnology and described the important factors that need to
bekept under consideration for the calculation of the reliability
ofCNT based devices and their key effects on the
WSNenvironment.
KeywordsWireless Sensor Networks, Nanotechnology,
CNT sensors, MEMS sensor, Sensor Nodes, Reliability,Simulink
Modeling, MATLAB SUGAR.
I.
INTRODUCTIONThe combination of recent technological advances
inelectronics, nanotechnology, wireless communications,computing,
and networking has hastened the development ofWireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) technology.Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks
(WSANs) constitute anemerging and pervasive technology that is
attractingincreased interest for a wide range of applications. WSN
seeapplication in various areas like space research,
biomedicalengineering, military applications such as
battlefieldsurveillance and the quest for making low power,
reliableand cheap sensor nodes has been a prime focus in
recentyears. We know that Nanotechnology has enabled
realization
of low power devices such as MEMS devices and CNTbased FETs
[11-12]. CNT based sensors have shown manybenefits over their past
counterparts and are suitablecandidates in this Nanotechnology
driven age [24].Nanotechnology uses the smallest unit of matter to
engineernew materials and devices atom by atom, aiming atachieving
superior properties and performance throughatomic scale
architecture. An improvement in techniques ofNano-characterization
and Nano-fabrication has helped us topave the way to develop many
novel materials that can beapplied to various spheres of
technology. For example theimpact of Nanotechnology on Wireless
Communications hasbeen shown by Er. Ping Li in [14]. An
Architecture ofQuantum-Based Nano-sensor Node for Future
WirelessSensor Networks has been proposed [10]. WSN in space
application has been shown in [6] which use adaptive
MEMSantennas. Wireless Sensor Networks with BiomedicalApplications
has been shown by Zachary Walker describingthe importance of
Middleware [22]. Miniature AcousticCommunication Subsystem
Architecture for UnderwaterWireless Sensor Networks has been
proposed by SaunvitPandya [33]. WSN architecture for the Wireless
HealthMobile Bio-diagnostic System for physiological studies
hasbeen proposed [34]. Thus, we have expanded and proposed
designing and modeling of MEMS based array of sensors inour
paper that can lead to its practical applications in
theseareas.
II. MEMSSENSORSTrends toward smaller size, higher performance,
and
greater functionality for electronic devices are made possibleby
the success of solid-state microelectronics technology.Recent
developments in MEMS and wireless technologytogether enable remote
sensing of the environment using alarge number of miniaturized
wireless sensor nodes [1]. Asensor node AccuMicroMotion based on
MEMS is proposedin [3] that has the ability to detect motion in six
degrees offreedom for the application of physiological
activitymonitoring. MEMS based sensors used in WSN forenvironmental
monitoring, traffic monitoring and waterquality monitoring can be
used for prevention of undesirableevents has been shown in [4].
Batteryless-Wireless MEMSSensor System with a 3D Loop Antenna RFID
based devicehas been proposed by Sasaki which can be used for
passiveRFID based sensors [8]. MEMS based sensors
networksutilization for space application has been shown by Erfy
in[7]. MEMS capacitive sensor for chemical detection hasbeen put
forth in [5]. Thus we can see that MEMS devicesplaying an important
role in Sensors and giving many
advantages over their traditional counterparts.Reliability and
failure mechanism in MEMS, its
implications for WSN and the changes that are needed to bemade
in the modeling of the nodal software and operatingsystem have been
the major challenges in MEMS basedWSNs.
III. SUGAR MODELING OF MEMSSENSORSDuring the last two decades,
the field of micro electro-
mechanical systems (MEMS) has advanced from
producingsimple-function devices to building systems of
greatercomplexity.
With the ultimate goal of quickly and accuratelysimulating
complex systems, we present efficient methods toconfigure, model,
and simulate MEMS that are composed of
2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and
Semiconductor Technology
978-1-4244-3832-7/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE
IEEE Catalog Number: CFP0926CISBN: 978-1-4244-3832-7
Library of Congress: 2009900354
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a large number of lumped components. These methods arepackaged
in a CAE for MEMS tool called SUGAR [26]. Wehave used Sugar to get
results as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Modeling of Array of cantilever MEMS sensors SUGAR-
Diagram of Structure.CODEI
ARRAY OF SENSORS
use("mumps.net")
use("stdlib.net")gap=300u
gridDim=gap/3
fringeDim=40u
beamw = gridDim-fringeDim
beaml=200u
--Array junction
junction = { node{} }
for n=0,3 do --z
for m=0,3 do --y
--Nodes
junction[n] = node{0, m*gap, n*gap}
junction[n+1] = node{}
junction[n+2] = node{}junction[n+3] = node{}
junction[n+4] = node{0, (m*gap), (n*gap)-(gap-
beamw)/2}
--Beams
beam3d { junction[n], junction[n+1] ; material=p1,
l=gap-beamw, w=gap-beamw, h=beamw, oy=90}
anchor { junction[n] ; material=p1, l=gap-beamw,
w=gap-beamw, h=beamw, oy=90}
beam3d { junction[n+4], junction[n+2] ; material=p1,
l=beaml, w=beamw, h=beamw, ox=90}
beam3d { junction[n+2], junction[n+3] ; material=p1,
l=beaml/1.5, w=beamw/2, h=beamw*4, ox=90}end
end
Thus we can calculate various parameters required inreliability
calculations from SUGAR simulation program asshown above. Here we
have the sensing parameter as 1 1( )F x is a function of the linear
displacement. Attaching materialsat the free end of the cantilever
and studying the change inparameters can help in realizing the
application of MEMSbased sensors. Here in the simplest case 1 is
the lineardisplacement.
IV. CNTSENSORS ANDNANO PROCESSORSResearch on carbon nanotubes is
ever intensifying in
diverse fields of science and engineering in spite of the
more
than a decade that have passed since and many applicationsbeing
proposed over the years. Realization of CNT basedsensors devices
can make them a suitable candidate for WSNsensor nodes.
Functionalization of CNT can lead to noveldevice application giving
advantages of their uniqueproperties [25].
We know that conductance of CNT depends on therolling of the
graphene sheet which in turn depends upon thechiral vector as given
by the equation
where n and m are integers and 1a , 2a are unitvectors in the
bi-dimensional hexagonal lattice of thegraphene sheet.
The radius of the nanotube being
Hence we can model a sensor dependent on the
above parameters as follows:1. Define m, nand calculate the
radius required for the
particular sensor as electronic structure (energyband gap
structure) depends on the integers, m andn.
2. Take note of impact of working temperature andenvironmental
factors on the reactivity of CNT likehydrogenation, oxygenation,
NO2, NH3, CO, O3 asstudied in [24, 25].
3. Effect of elasticity, mechanical motions and effectof other
adsorbent on CNT surface.
4. Predicting the reliability of the sensor.
Fig. 2. Interaction of CNT and other molecules.
We know that variations in current conductanceproperties of CNT
make it a useful for detecting gas andchemicals as shown in Fig. 2.
We can illustrate the variationof current vs. time in a CNT based
sensor from the graphs inFig. 5 [24]. The special semiconducting
properties of CNTshave been exposited that makes them a suitable
candidate forthe future development of Nano-processors and
Nano-scalecircuitry [28, 30-31].
Atashbar et. al. [37] has asserted that SWNT basedefficient gas
sensor using SWNT functionalized with SodiumDodecyl Sulfate
improved the solubility of SWNT in DI
( )1/22 2
0 / 2R a n m nm = + +
1 2= +hC na ma
hC
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water significantly. He proposes that this
functionalizationreduces the short range attraction forces by
introducingrepulsive forces of equal strength and this results in
thealteration of structural, electronic, and mechanical
propertiesof the nanotubes.
We are aware that there is a change in conductance ofCNT on
absorption of CO, NH3, CO, O3, NO2 and O2 and
other gases [24]. Jing Li[18] has proposed a unique
andcommercializable way to develop Nano-scale chemicalsensors with
polymer-coated CNTs for selective chemicalsensing in gas phase. But
we need more exploration incoating and doping techniques for broad
applicationcoverage. In Fig. 3 we have shown the integration of
CNTsensor in a WSN. The main challenges for any
engineeringapplication of CNT are its reliability and
interconnects.Functions of CNT based devices have been shown in
Fig. 5.
Our proposed Mathematical Model in this regard
We know that
( )1/22 2 / 2
c cr a n m nm
= + +
Where r is the radius of the CNT and ac-c, n, m are
theparameters needed for calculation of the radius
2 2( )3 h
c c
Cm mn nD a
+ += =
2 2 1/2( )3
2 2h
c c
Cm mn nr a
+ += =
We propose a parameter which is a gas concentration
operator that varies from 0 to 1 depending on the number ofgas
molecules adsorbed on.That is,
0 1 Where 0 signifies extremely high adsorption of gasmolecules
and when it has value equal to 1, it is for pureCNT.We know
that,
Resistance,R length .
Also, R 1/External surface areaAnd R {adsorption coefficient of
a gas on CNT}Now, we further propose that
1/N N where N is the no. of gas moleculesadsorbed on a CNT i.e.
concentration of gas molecules.
And where is orientation of molecule.
1 k = +
is constant for a particular gas and kis effective valencyof the
gas.
Here, 0k > if gas molecule is electron acceptor and0k < if
gas is electron donor.
Thus, we have
N
.Then the proposed equation for resistance of CNT is
2 2 1/23 ( )c c
LR
a m mn n
=
+ +
Where is resistivity, L is length of CNT, c ca is C-C
bond length in CNT equal to 1.42 , m and n are
parametersdepending on structure of CNT.
Fig. 3. Graph between Resistance and Number of particles (R vs
N)
Fig. 4. Graph between Resistance and (R vs )
Finally, putting value of
Thus the variation of resistance with N (number of gasmolecules)
in Fig. 3, and variation R with gamma has beenshown in Fig. 4.
CODEII
MATLAB CODE FOR GRAPHfunction [ output_args ] =
Equation_resist1( d )syms gamm;
x=-1000:1:10; %Range for our resultm=10;n=10;
a_cc=1.4e-10;alph=1;beta=1;thet=1;%gamm=2;
N=1000;rho=1;one = rho * alph * (beta ^ thet);two = (m ^ 2) +
m*n + (n ^ 2);three = (3 ^ 1/2) * a_cc * (two ^ 1/2) * (N ^
gamm);ans = one/three;
y=subs(ans, gamm, x);plot(x,y);
02 2 1/23 ( )c c
Ra m mn n N
=
+ +
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Fig. 5. Integration of CNT based devices for a WSN.
Fig. 6. Functioning of CNT Devices in WSN.
Fig. 7. CNT based sensors advantages and challenges.
V. RELIABILITY OF CNTBASEDWSNContemporary work in computation of
WSN reliability is
pretty generalized and Nano-scale devices based WSN hasnot been
the sole focus of the research done in this area. Thechallenges and
advantages are shown in Fig. 5.
In our previous work we have shown that MEMSreliability can be
calculated using HPC thus making their
practical applications possible [39]. Effects of the failure
ofsensor nodes are studied and no compromise data acquisition
methods have been proposed in [21]. Requirement forsustained,
reliable and fault-tolerant operations have beenconferred and a
solution has been proposed by Kaminska in[15].In this regard the
reliability calculations by probabilisticgraph models and algorithm
have been demonstrated byHosam M. F. AboElFotoh [17].
Reliability studies in respect to Common Cause Failures
have been examined [20]. Modeling and evaluating thereliability
of Wireless Sensor Networks as subject tocommon cause failure has
been described in [18]. Datatransport and the reliability of data
transport protocols havebeen discussed in [19]. Thus if we can
predict the cause offailure then we can modify the protocols in our
systemaccordingly. In Nano domains the failure can be caused dueto
large number of problems and errors which needs to bemodeled and
predicted in advance. Ad hoc wirelessarchitecture has been
introduced by Kamiska in [15] for thesustainability of
self-configuring Wireless Sensor Networksand the routing scheme
forwards sensor data along fuzzy andintentionally redundant paths
to provide for reliability and
fault-tolerance has been proposed. In [23] Zhand
Dingxingdiscusses coverage algorithm based on probability
toevaluate point coverage. Reliability in Wireless SensorNetworks
using Soft Sensing and Artificial Neural Networkmethodology has
been demonstrated by Rubina Sultan [21].Optimizing availability and
reliability in Wireless SensorNetworks applications by the use of
middle wares has beenshown in [16]. Thus we need to develop
middleware inaccordance with the challenges that exist.
But reliability and performance of the Node in a CNTbased Sensor
Node depends on the Sensor, Nano-processor,Nano-battery sources as
shown in Fig. 5. Thus we need to
make appropriate changes in the middle ware and
OperatingSystem.
Our analysis shows that Reliability of CNT depends on:-1.
Functional group(s) attached, length and chirality of
the CNT molecule2. Packaging model used3. Integration with other
devices and interconnects4. Other factors such as temperature
and
environmental parameters in the particular setting we plan
itsuse.
VI. DISCUSSIONWe have shown that since CNTs are used in many
parts ofthe sensor nodes, MEMS and Nano-processors [28, 20],
therefore, it is necessary to study the reliability and effect
ofvarious parameters on CNT based devices. We have shownthe
importance of functionalization of CNT and its
realisticapplications in chemical sensors and other
Nano-electronicdevices [35, 36]. The sensor software has to be
modified forCNT specific computations and in case of detection
oferroneous readings by the node in CNT based
calculations;corrective measures are needed to be incorporated into
thesoftware to counter these readings. Certain changes have tobe
made in the operating system of the node for correctivemeasures and
precise computation of reliability. The
software application algorithms need to be adapted as per thenew
parameters of the sensor nodes.
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Algorithms for the functioning of the sensor node:ALGORITHM
ONE
Start
Step 1: Input from CNT SensorsStep 2: ADC convertersStep 3: Data
sent to CNT based Nano-processorsStep 4: Computation of data to
study the reliability
of the signal and the various aspects of occurrence
ofdiscrepancy in the readings of the functional CNT sensorsEnd
Modifications needed in current Operating System forCNT based
WSN:-
1. Minimizing the inconsistency in the readings of CNTsensor
nodes due to functional CNTs.
2. Inclusion of correction for the CNT based Nano
batterysource.Modeling of CNT based devices in a WSN environment
suchas CNT Sensors, CNT electronics, CNT based power sourcescan be
done in this way. Since CNT is the main ingredient ofdevices, its
reliability is of paramount importance. We havecorroborated that
the reliability of CNT based sensor nodedepends upon
functionalization of the CNT molecule,application, interconnects
and packaging. VHDL-AMS(VHSIC hardware description language Analog
and Mixed-Signal extensions) modeling can be done as substantiated
in[26].
Fig. 8. Modeling of a CNT sensor Node.
Fig. 9. Simulink Model.
Shown above is Simulink model and the testing of a CNTbased WSN
sensor node. The connections are described inFig. 6. The modeling
of parameters of CNT is shown are Fig.7. A comprehensive modeling
of MEMS sensors, ADC(Analog to Digital Converter) and
Nano-processor can bealso done through VHDL-AMS but there are no
options forCNT based circuitry in the proposals [27, 32].
VII.CONCLUSIONThus we have shown how Nanotechnology enabled
devices can be used in a WSN environment and thechallenges that
needs to be confronted. We havesubstantiated the integration of CNT
based devices in WSN.We corroborated the challenges that exist on
modeling ofCNT and MEMS based devices for a WSN sensor node. Wehave
demonstrated the functioning of CNT devices and thepossible
reliability issues effecting WSNs. We have alsoproposed the changes
that are needed in the analysis of thecurrent setup of a sensor
node system to enable and improve
the integration of CNT based devices in WSN. Change in
theproperties of the MEMS and CNT devices that is needed tobe
incorporate in their analysis has been proposed. We haveconstructed
a Simulink model in MATLAB and using thesame we have performed the
testing of a CNT based WSNsensor node. Thus, the modeling of CNT
based nodes can bedone in packages like Simulink in MATLAB.
Integration ofSugar [17] MEMS as an added functionality with
MATLABalso remains an area to work in this regard.
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