8/10/2019 07b_lect

1/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

HUMANPHYSIOLOGY

PowerPointLecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

T H I R D E D I T I O N

Chapter 7, part BThe Endocrine System

8/10/2019 07b_lect

2/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neurohormones: secreted into the Blood by Neurons

Adrenal Medulla

catecholamines Hypothalamus to:

Anterior pituitary

Trophic Hs

Growth H.

Prolactin

Posterior pituitary

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

8/10/2019 07b_lect

3/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neurohormones: secreted into the Blood by Neurons

Figure 7-12: Synthesis, storage, and release of posterior pituitary hormones

8/10/2019 07b_lect

4/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hypothalamic stimulationfrom CNS

Pituitary stimulation

from hypothalamic trophicHs

Endocrine gland stimulationfrom pituitary

trophic Hs

Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration

8/10/2019 07b_lect

5/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration

Figure 7-13: Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway

8/10/2019 07b_lect

6/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Negative Feedback Controls:Long & Short Loop Reflexes

Figure 7-14: Negative

feedback loops in the

hypothalamicanteriorpituitary pathway

8/10/2019 07b_lect

7/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Negative Feedback Controls:Long & Short Loop Reflexes

Figure 7-15: Control pathway for cortisol secretion

8/10/2019 07b_lect

8/21

8/10/2019 07b_lect

9/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Multiple Stimuli for Hormone Release:Nervous & Endocrine

Figure 7-9: Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release

8/10/2019 07b_lect

10/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Growth H

Somatomedins

Thyroxin All have receptors

on many tissues

Stimulatepathways forgrowth

Multiple Hormones Can Target a Cell/Tissue

Figure 7-17: A complex endocrine pathway

8/10/2019 07b_lect

11/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synergism: multiple stimuli more than additive

Cortisol +5

Glucagon +10

Epinephrine +20 (added = +35)

Synergistic effect + 140

Antagonism: glucagons opposes insulin Permissiveness: need 2nd hormone to get full

expression

More Impacts on Target Cells

8/10/2019 07b_lect

12/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

More Impacts on Target Cells

Figure 7-18: Synergism

8/10/2019 07b_lect

13/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

"no bad hormones just too much or too little"

Exogenous medication

Replaces & exceeds normal

Cause atrophy of gland

Hypersecretion: too much

Tumors or cancer

Grave's disease- thyroxin

Hyposecretion: too little

Goiter thyroxin

Diabetes

insulin

Pathologies: Over or Under Production

8/10/2019 07b_lect

14/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathologies: Over or Under Production

Figure 7-19: Negative feedback by exogenous cortisol

8/10/2019 07b_lect

15/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Downregulation hyperinsulinemia

Transduction abnormalities Testicular feminization syndrome

Pseudohypothyroidism

Abnormalities of control mechanisms

Pathologies: Due to Receptors

8/10/2019 07b_lect

16/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathologies: Due to Receptors

Figure 7-20: Primary and secondary hypersecretion of cortisol

8/10/2019 07b_lect

17/21Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Influences body clock & antioxidant activity

Other roles need research: SAAD & sexualbehavior

Pineal Gland and Melatonin

8/10/2019 07b_lect

18/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pineal Gland and Melatonin

Figure 7-22-1: The pineal gland

8/10/2019 07b_lect

19/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pineal Gland and Melatonin

Figure 7-22-2: The pineal gland

8/10/2019 07b_lect

20/21

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine glands throughout body are key tochemical integration and homeostasis

Protein, polypeptide, amine and a few steroidhormones are plasma soluble and targetmembrane

Surface receptors transduce signals into cell andactivate via second messengers

Summary

8/10/2019 07b_lect

21/21

C i ht 2004 P Ed ti I bli hi B j i C i

Most steroid and some amine hormones arelipophilic, can pass into cell, bind on cytoplasmicor nuclear receptors and activate DNA for proteinsynthesis

Hypothalamus, pituitary trophic hormone

pathways coordinate endocrine regulation

Summary