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7/27/2019 07Damage of Highway Bridges Due to the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake
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Damage of Highway Bridges Due to The 2011off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure ManagementRoad Department,
Bridge and Structures Division
Research Center for Disaster Risk Management,
Earthquake Disaster Prevention Division
Public Works Research InstituteCenter for Advanced Engineering Structural Assessment and Research
CAESAR
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Missions of NILIM/PWRI Bridge Reconnaissance Team
Mission 1: Technical Supports for Highway AdministratorsTohoku Regional Development Bureau,
Local Governments (Iwate Pref., Ibaraki Pref., Chiba City, Kitakami City, etc.)
Mission 2: Damage Evaluation and Verification of Design Code
Emergency Inspection Follow-up Inspection
Inspec-
tion
Temporary
Repairs
Perm
a
nen
t
Repair
s
Planning of
Temporary Repairs
Temporary
Repairs
Philosophy of
Permanent RepairsPerma-
nent
Repairs
NILIM / PWRI, CAESAR
Reconn
ais
sa
nce
(TE
C-F
OR
CE
)
Technic
al
Supports
Technical
Supports
Reconn
aiss
an
ce
(DamageMechanism)
STEP. 1
STEP. 2 STEP. 3
STEP. 4 STEP. 5
Technical
Supports
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Reconnaissance Activity for Highway Bridges
Targets (148 Bridges, as of Apr. 25, 2011)
Damage Due to Ground Motion Effect
Damage Due to Tsunami EffectDamage Due to Soil Liquefaction Effect
Reconnaissance Teams
NILIM Total of 34 PersonDay
CAESAR Total of 79 PersonDay
Reconnaissance
Area Map
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Categorization of Damage to Highway Bridges
1. Effect of Ground Motion
2. Effect of Tsunami
3. Effect of Soil Liquefaction
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Damage to RC Columns at Section of Cut-off of Longitudinal Rebars
Damage Due to Effect of Ground MotionBridges Designed Based on Pre-1980 Specifications
Shear cracks following flexural failure at section of cut-off of longitudinal rebars
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Damage to RC Pier Wall with Small Amount of Reinforcement
Damage Due to Effect of Ground MotionBridges Designed Based on Pre-1980 Specifications
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Subsidence of Deck End
Resulting from Broken
Movable Bearing
Damage of Fix Bearing
Damage to Steel Bearings
Damage Due to Effect of Ground MotionBridges Designed Based on Pre-1980 Specifications
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Damage ofSuperstructure-side
Attachment
Damage toAttachment of
Bearings
Damage to Pier Top
Damage Due to Effect of Ground MotionBridges Designed Based on Pre-1980 Specifications
Damage to Pier Top
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Collapse of Bridge withPile-bent Columns
Damage Due to Effect of Ground MotionBridges Designed Based on Pre-1980 Specifications
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Slight Buckling and
Crack Observed in
Lower Chord
Member
Damage to Upper Lateral
Bracing in Langer Bridge
Damage of Steel Bridge
Damage Due to Effect of Ground MotionBridges Designed Based on Pre-1980 Specifications
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Retrofitted/Unretrofitted Bridge Piers Located Close
Failure of MovableSteel Bearing
about
400m
Retrofitted
(3-span cont. + 4-span cont.
Damage to Cut-offSection of Long. Rebars
Shear Crack
Unretrofitted
(3-span cont. + 3-span cont.
No Damage to Piersand Bearings
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Damage of Lateral Displacement Stopper
(Expansion Joint Protector)
Subsidence of Backfill soil for Abutment
Damage Due to Effect of Ground MotionBridges Designed Based on Post-Kobe EQ Specifications
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Rupture of Elastomeric Rubber Bearings
Damage Due to Effect of Ground MotionBridges Designed Based on Post-Kobe EQ Specifications
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Cross-railway Bridge
Cross-river Bridge
Subsidence of Embankment for Approaching to Bridge
Damage Due to Effect of Ground Motion
Subsidence of
20 cm
Subsidence of
40 cm
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Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Wash Away of All Spans of Girders and Backfill soil of Abutments
Rupture ofElastomericBearings
DampersInstalled forSeismicRetrofit
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Backfill soil ofabutment wascompletely
washed away.
Displacement Stoppers and Anchor Bars
without Damage
Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Wash Away of All Spans of Girders and Backfill soil of Abutments
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Wash Away
of Backfill soilfor AbutmentWash Away of SteelGirder Upstream
Wash Away of
Substructure Scour ofFoundation
Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Wash Away of All Spans of Girders, one substructure and Backfill soil of Abutments
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Wash Away of Backfill soil
Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Wash Away of Some Spans of Girders and Backfill soil of Abutments
Deformation of Side
Block of Steel Bearing
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(Photo Provided from Tohoku Regional Development Bureau, MLIT)
Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Wash Away of Some Spans of Girders
Upside-downConcrete Girder
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Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Backfill soil of abutments was
washed away due to tsunami
attack but bridge structure wasnot washed away.
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Temporary Repairby Barry Bridge
Before Earthquake
Scour of PileFoundation
Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Backfill soil of abutments was
washed away due to tsunami
attack but bridge structure wasnot washed away.
(Photo Provided from Tohoku
Regional Development Bureau, MLIT)
(Photo Provided from TohokuRegional Development Bureau, MLIT)
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Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Bridge girders were affected by
tsunami attack but bridge
structure was not washed away.
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Damage Due to Effect of Soil Liquefaction
Subsidence of Soil
NarrowingDeck-end Gap
Resulting fromMovement of
Abutment
Subsidence of Soil
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Failure of Embankment
near Bridge
Subsidence of Backfill soil
of Abutment (50-80cm)
Crack at Seat
on Abutment
Damage Due to Effect of Soil Liquefaction
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Preliminary Summary of Damage to Highway Bridges
1. Damage Due to Effect of Ground Motion
Unretrofitted Bridges Designed Based on Pre-1980 Specifications
Damage to RC Columns at Section of Cut-off of Longitudinal Rebars
Damage to RC Pier Wall with Small Amount of Reinforcement
Damage to Steel Bearings
Damage to Attachment of Bearings
Collapse of Pile-bent Column
Bridges Designed Based on Post-Kobe Earthquake SpecificationsAlmost No Damage except an Example of Rupture of Elastomeric Bearings
Embankment for Approaching to Bridge
Subsidence of Backfill soil of Abutment
2. Damage Due to Effect of Tsunami
Wash Away of SuperstructuresWash Away of Backfill soil of Abutment
Scour of Foundation
3. Damage Due to Effect of Soil Liquefaction
Damage to Steel Bearings and Crack to Parapet Wall
Narrowing Deck-end Gap Resulting from Movement of AbutmentSubsidence of Backfill soil for Abutment
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Acknowledgment
Damage investigation was supported by a number oforganizations. Special appreciation is extended to Iwate Pref.,
Ibaraki Pref., Chiba City, Kitakami City, Tohoku Regional
Development Bureau, Kanto Regional Development Bureau
and Headquarter of MLIT.