09 Measures of Scientific Productivity and Current Philippine Performance - Dean Caesar a. Saloma

8/9/2019 09 Measures of Scientific Productivity and Current Philippine Performance - Dean Caesar a. Saloma

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Measures of Scientific Productivityand Current Philippine Performance

Caesar SalomaNational Institute of Physics,

College of Science

[email protected]

Beyond 2010: Leadership for the Next GenerationFebruary 3, 2010 (S&T session)College of Law, UP Diliman


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The Philippines

Source: www.wikipedia.org

Area: 300,000 km2 (72nd)

Population: 91,983,000 (2009 estimate; 12th) Density: 306.6/km2 (44th)88,574,614 (2007 census)76,498,735 (2000 census)

GDP (2008 est): USD 166.909B (47th) Per capita: USD1,845 (121st)

Republic of China (Taiwan)Area: 36,188 km2 (137th)Population: 23,119,722 (2009 est; 50th) Density: 637.4/ km2 (15th)

GDP (nominal): USD 392.552B (26th) Per capita: USD 17,040 (42nd)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area


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The Winning Formula for High Economic Growth

Six causes of rapid growth:

(1) Import of bright ideas and technology(2) Exports that others want.(3) Macroeconomic stability(4) High rates of savings and investment(5) Market-driven allocation of resources(6) Committed, credible, capable government

Thirteen countries with an averageGDP growth rate of7% a year or

more, for 25 years or longer.


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The Wealth of Nations

TOTAL WEALTH. Present value of future consumption.

NATURAL CAPITAL. Nonrenewable resources (oil, natural gas, coal, minerals), pastureland, agricultural land, timber,non-timber forest resources, fish stocks, energy

PRODUCED CAPITAL. Investment (machinery, equipment, structures and infrastructures), urban land.

INTANGIBLE CAPITAL. Skills and know-how of labor force (human capital), trust among people in society, ability towork together for a common purpose, efficient judicial system, clear property rights, effective government

TOTAL WEALTH ESTIMATE in 2000 (USD per capita)

Source: K. Hamilton et al (9 others), Where is the Wealth of Nations - Measuring Capital for the 21st Century(The WorldBank, Washington, DC, 2006)

Most important means of increasing intangible capital: Investment in education, stable rule of law, business-friendlyenvironment.

Country TotalWealth Naturalcapital Producedcapital Intangiblecapital

Switzerland 648,241 5,943 (0.9%) 99,904 542,394 (84%)Singapore 252,607 0 79,011 173,595 (69%)Thailand 35,854 3,936 (11%) 7624 24294 (68%)Philippines 19,351 1549 (8%) 2673 15129 (78%)Indonesia 13869 3472 (25%) 2382 8015 (58%)Ethiopia 1,965 796 (41%) 177 992 (50.5%)


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Prosperous countries are scientific powerhouses.

Source: D King, Nature (London) 430, 311 (2004)

Nobel Prize winners in physics from US (1980-2008):61.8%


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Scientific Research and Technological Innovation

Research is generation of new knowledge

Innovation is application of new knowledge.

Technology advances through innovation.

Toyota Prius 1.5L (Hybrid)Fuel consumption: 25km/literauto123.com

Blue, green, red LEDsEfficiency, true color, fast,compact, lifetime, non-toxicwikipedia.org

USB Flash DriveCapacity: 128 GBgatzet.com


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The Scientific Balance of Power: Government Investment in R&D

Source: The EconomistSource: Nature (London) 439, 646-647 (2006)

US (2005): USD133.78B (1.1% of GDP); Canada: 6.32B (0.6%);Brazil: 1.27B (0.2%); Argentina: 0.41B (0.2%)


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Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)

Source: The EconomistSource: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicator Database (May 2009)

Businesses paid formore than 50% of R&Din G-7 countries (US,UK, France, Canada,Germany, Japan) exceptItaly


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Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)

Sources: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicator Database (May 2009); DOST-SEI

Philippines: 0.15% GDP (2002), 0.14% (2003), 0.12% (2005)


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Researcher Population Density

Source: The Economist

Researchers Per Population

Japan (1 per 179.63), US (1 per 216.45), Canada (1 per 253.02), Germany (1 per289.58), France (1 per 309.99), UK (1 per 348.27), Italy (1 per 681.12)

Singapore (1 per 182.69), Taiwan (1 per 223.48), China (1 per 940.45)

Philippines (1 per 7977.55)1, Thailand (1 per 2301.84)2, Indonesia (1 per 2248.51)3

* DOST-SEI (12005, 22004, 32001 data)

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicator Database (May 2009)


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Growth Trend: GERD and Researcher Density

Source: The Economist

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicator Database (May 2009)


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How many PhDs do we need in the Philippines?

Philippines (Population: 87.9 M) - 26,508 PhDs (Germany, 1 PhD per 3,316)- 7,564 PhDs (Japan, 1 PhD per 11,621)- 13,454 PhDs (US, 1 PhD per 6,533)

Philippines (2003): 1,374 PhDs (Natural Sciences, Engg, Agriculture, Medicine, SocSci & Humanities)

Source: Compendium of S&T Statistics, DOST (June 2007)

Source: D King, The scientific impact of nations, Nature (London) 430, pp. 311-317 (2004)


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Asia on the riseNATURE 447, p 885 (21 June 2007)

Asia Pacific share of worlds ISI publications:15% (1990) to 25% (2006)

www.viscotek.com

ISI publications (2006): Europe, Asia-Pac ~ USChemistry: Europe ~ Asia-Pac, USEngineering: Europe ~ Asia-Pac, USPhotonics: Asia-Pac, Europe, US

Asia Pacific is strong in the physical sciences.

Source: D. King, Nature 430, p 311 (11 July 2004)

Weakness: Asia Pac papers are less cited.


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Entrepreneurial Success: Key Factors

Source: The Economist (14 March 2009 issue)

1. Mature venture-capital industry

2. Close relations between universities and industry

3. Willingness of consumers to try new products

4. Open immigration policy

Silicon Valley start-ups byimmigrants: 58%

Average no. of small businessescreated per month (1996-2004):550,000

High-growth US businesses bycollege graduates in last 20 years:85%


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Ranking Systems for Universities

Source: M Enserink, Science 317, pp. 1026-1028 (2007)

Nobel Prize winners (in physics, chemistry,physiology) from universities or nonprofitresearch centers (1999-2008): 92.6% (75out of 81)

TOP 100 (2006)


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2009 Academic Ranking of World Universities

Source: www.economist.com

Source: The Center for World Class Universities, Shanghai Jiao Tung

Top 100: Five (5) Japanese universities

National Univ. of Singapore (Rank 101-151)Univ. of the Philippines not in Top 500


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Patent Behavior

Patentability: Invention must be new, non-obvious and useful or industrially applicable.


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Lack of Capable Mentors of PhD StudentsThe most serious limitation of Philippine higher education system

Sources: www.ched.gov.ph; asiainfo.org

PHILIPPINE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM (SY 2004-2005): 1604 (17.8% in NCR)

State Universities and Colleges: 111Local Universities and Colleges: 50Private Universities and Colleges: 1103 (non-sectarian) + 340 (sectarian)

ENROLMENT (SY 2004-2005): 2,396,546 (27.2% in NCR)

State Universities and Colleges: 33.944% of totalMale-to-Female Ratio: 1:1.69Graduates (SY 2003-2004): 386,072Philippine population (2005): 87,850,000

FACULTY (SY 2004-2005): 111,225With PhD degrees: 9.08%With MS degrees: 30.63%Male-to-Female Ratio: 1:1.57

FACULTY (SY 2000-2001): 93,884With PhD degrees: 8%With MS degrees: 26%
http://www.ched.gov.ph/http://www.ched.gov.ph/


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The College of ScienceUniversity of the Philippines DilimanEstablished: 6 October 1983 (UP President Edgardo J. Angara)

College Profile1st Semester, SY 2009-2010

Constituent Academic Units (11): Natl Inst of Geological Sciences, Natl Inst ofMolecular Bio & Biotech, The Marine Science Institute, Natl Institute of Physics,Natural Sciences Research Inst , Institute of Biology, Institute of Mathematics,Institute of Chemistry, Inst of Environmental Science & Meteorology, MaterialsScience Program, Science & Society Program

Faculty Members: 287 (with 151 PhDs incl. 2 Professor Emeritus)Full-time Researchers (REPS): 45Administrative Personnel: 150Student Population: BS (1609), MS (561), PhD (165)

Deans of CollegeDr Roger Posadas October 1983 - October 1993Dr Danilo Yanga November 1993 - May 2000Dr Rhodora Azanza June 2000 - May 2006Dr Caesar Saloma June 2006 - present


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The College of ScienceUniversity of the Philippines Diliman

Mission

1. To generate new knowledge that improves the accuracy of ourunderstanding of how Nature works (scientific R&D).

2. To train the next generations of scientists and researchers of the

country (mentoring).

Graduates Per Year (SY 84-85 to SY 08-09)PhD: 13.04 MS: 46.52 BS: 236.2

Average Enrollment Per Term (SY 84-85 to SY 08-09)PhD: 144.9 MS: 449.8 BS: 1401.3

New Students Per Year (SY 90-91 to SY 07-08)PhD: 25.7 MS: 135.1 BS: 381.9 (from SY 1983-84)


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PhD Graduates per CS Units (Total: 326)

PhD Graduates Per Year: 13.04IB: 3.24 per yearIM: 2.4NIP: 2.32

PhD FacultyTotal: 148 + 31st sem, SY 2009-10

IB: 17IC: 28NIGS: 17IESM: 9IM: 26

MSI: 19NIMBB: 8NIP: 24NSRI: 3

Source: CS Graduate Office


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MS Graduates per CS Units (Total: 1163)

MS Graduates Per Year: 46.52IM: 13.56 per yearIB: 8.04NIP: 6.64

Source: CS Graduate Office

PhD Faculty

Total: 148 + 31st sem, SY 2009-10

IB: 17IC: 28NIGS: 17IESM: 9IM: 26MSI: 19

NIMBB: 8NIP: 24NSRI: 3


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Graduate Enrollment 1st semester SY 2009-2010

AVERAGE ENROLLMENT (SY 83-84 to SY 07-08)PhD: 144.9 MS: 449.8 BS: 1401.3

PhD: 165 (+13.9% above average)

MS: 561 (+24.7%)Source: OUR

New PhD students: 34New MS students: 137 + 10 (MA Math)Source: CS Graduate Office

NEW STUDENTS PER YEAR (SY 90-91 to SY 07-08)PhD: 25.7 MS: 135.1BS: 381.9 (from SY 1983-84)

Enrollment (1st semester, SY 2008-09)PhD: 153 (27) MS: 582 (144)

CS Graduate Office Office of Univ. Registrar

as of 27 August 2009


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Generation of New Knowledge: ISI Publication Output

SCOPUS Papers/PhD Faculty2008

MSI: 2.8NIGS: 1.53NIP: 1.32IB: 0.67IM: 0.4IESM: 0.38NIMBB: 0.29IC: 0.1

SCOPUS Papers in 2008Indonesia: 1,140Malaysia: 5,934Singapore: 11,016Thailand: 7,031


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The National Science Complex: PhP1.7B Project

National Institute of Physics

Institute of Chemistry

Institute of Mathematics

IBNIMBB

IESM

NIGS

MSI

NSRI

Google (Feb 2007)

Institute of Biology (IB) Natl Institute of Physics (NIP)The Marine Science Inst (MSI) Inst of Environ Science & Meteor (IESM)

Natl Inst of Mol Biology & Biotechnology (NIMBB)Natl Inst of Geological Sciences (NIGS)


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The National Science Complex

Source: Gil Jacinto (11 May 2009)

CP Garcia

Institute of Biology (IB) Institute of Chemistry (IC)Natl Institute of Physics (NIP) Institute of Mathematics (IM)The Marine Science Institute (MSI)Institute of Environmental Science & Meteorology (IESM)Natl Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (NIMBB)Natl Institute of Geological Sciences (NIGS)CS Administration Building (CSAB)

CSABNIP

IM

IC

MSI

NIGS


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Causes of low scientific productivityLow absorption capacity of R&D investment

1. Lack of capable mentors of PhD students.

2. Few principal investigators.(Inability of UP scientists and researchers to publish in high impact journals ascorresponding authors)

3. Static system for recognizing scientific excellence.

(inclusion of citations, journal impact factor, h-index, etc)

4. Inefficient R&D support infrastructure(Wieldy procurement system for scientific R&D, Paralyzing regulations, Weaktechnical support)

5. Weak self-regulatory environment in academe.

(e.g. prompt and proper investigation of misconduct allegations)

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09 Measures of Scientific Productivity and Current Philippine Performance - Dean Caesar a. Saloma