1 2 - About BioTrade. Ashley Part1_Main...1 2 3 4 The Terms of ... to the extent of legal ... potentially more acceptable, methods of slaughter should be carried out. Euthanasia methods

James. D. Ashley ‐ 12 June 2013UNCTAD/CITES Information Session on initial findings on traceability system for reptiles

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The Terms of Reference and Objectives of the Traceability Study are comprehensive and ambitious for a 5 month study from March to early August, 2013. They include:

A)Improve Traceability• Tagging or marking options (matrix ranking of type, design & cost)• Institutional frameworks and compliance standards

B) Compliment CITES Permitting Systems• Licensing and reporting requirements• Shipment declarations and inspections• Permit clearinghouse reviews and inventories• Shipping tags and export documentation

C) Improve Conservation and Sustainable Use Frameworks• Protected areas and management units• Provincial quotas and harvest limitations• IUCN Boa & Python Specialists Group• Yellow Anaconda Model

D) Enhance Compliance and Enforcement• Designated ports and inspections• Training and ID manual• Regional enforcement coordination (AESWEAN)

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G) Recommend equitable cost and benefit sharing•Supply side (raw skin)•Value‐added (crust and finish tanning)•Manufacturing and retail•Dedicated funding sources

H) Determine applicability to other reptiles in trade•Snakes•Lizards•Turtles•By‐products (meat, gallbladders, etc.)

The Traceability Study is designed to evaluate all tagging or marking options, consider a broad range of management and compliance strategies that engage range states and industry, evaluateequitable cost and benefit sharing options as well as enhance trade monitoring and analysis. The ITC report noted trade flows of more than half a million python skins a year from SE Asia (Reticulated Python, P. reticulatus approx. 340,000 skins; Burmese Python, P. bivittatus around 100,000 skins and Short‐tailed (Blood) Pythons, P. curtus about 80,000 skins a year).

“According to traders interviewed for this ITC Study, the extent of the illegal trade in python skins is possibly equal to the extent of legal trade. These problems relate primarily to stockpiling, captive breeding claims, weak monitoring and lack of traceability”.

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StockpilingRecommendation: Singapore and Indonesia are encouraged to make an inventory of its

stockpiled skins and to establish a regular monitoring and control system. All results of the inventory and monitoring should be made publicly available.

8.1.1. Stockpiling in SingaporeRecommendation: Following a recommendation from the Secretariat, Singapore’s CITES SA (Agri‐

Food & Veterinary Authority ‐ AVA) are urged to make an inventory of existing python skin stockpiles and establish a regular monitoring and control programme for such stockpiles,

possibly in combination with tagging and traceability requirements. The source and origin of skins can be established by comparing stocks with previously issued CITES permits. In order to ensure greater transparency, Singapore’s Management Authorities are urged to disclose publicly

the number of skins from each species stored in stockpiles

Recommendation: For consumers and importing parties concerned with the true source and legality of skins being used, the direct import of skins from Parties of origin, rather than through Singapore, or other importing and re‐exporting countries without transparent systems in place,

is recommended to promote legitimate sourcing.

Recommendation: Commercial stocks of pre‐Convention skins should be verified, inventoried and registered by the relevant Management Authorities.

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8. 1.2 Stockpiling in IndonesiaRecommendation: Indonesian authorities are encouraged to make an inventory of existing stockpiles of python skins from each species and to establish a regular

monitoring and control programme for such stockpiles, such as that proposed for Singapore (above). In order to promote transparency within the python skin trade, the

authorities in Indonesia are also urged to disclose the number of skins from each species stored in stockpiles to the CITES Secretariat.

8.1.3 Stockpile management post‐censusRecommendation: The authors suggest that a more appropriate solution would be to allow traders to sell stockpiled skins on the market. This could be done gradually, in order to avoid a crash in market price. Additionally, skins would need to be tagged to

prevent them from being illegally sold on the market again. A percentage of the proceeds from the sale of skins could go toward the implementation of a traceability system or scientific research for wild pythons in trade. This would represent a profit loss for traders, ipso facto acting as a penalty for having engaged in illegal trade.

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Captive breedingRecommendation: Viet Nam and Lao PDR authorities verify the commercial case for

captive breeding pythons

8.1.4. Captive breeding in Viet NamRecommendation: With regard to the reported inconsistencies in Reticulated Python

exports reported to the CITES Secretariat from Viet Nam, the CITES Standing Committee should urge Viet Nam’s CITES MA to account for this and ascertain the

source of the discrepancy.

Recommendation: The mis‐declaration of species as captive bred to circumvent the CITES permit system has been highlighted as a significant problem. Further research, started as soon as possible, is needed to determine if captive breeding of Burmese and

Reticulated Pythons for the commercial skin trade is feasible and to establish that pythons are not being illegally traded from Viet Nam. Given its central importance, this is something which CITES or the fashion industry should consider funding of this issue to CITES. As part of this study, the creation of a manual to aid MAs in range states to

determine whether captive breeding is feasible for Pythons should also be considered.

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8.1.4. Captive breeding from the Lao People’s Democratic RepublicRecommendation: The CITES Secretariat should urge Lao PDR’s MA to establish as a matter of urgency whether the facility (Vannaseng Farms) in question has the capacity to breed the

number of pythons reported in annual exports, and to make the results of their investigation known to the Secretariat. If Lao PDR does not have the internal capacity to determine whether reported exports are legitimate an independent consultant should be hired to carry out the work. We further suggest that the SRG consider the temporary suspension of import of skins

from until it can be proven that these skins have been legally obtained.

8.1.6. Origin of Malaysia skinsRecommendation: Following a recommendation from the CITES Standing Committee, Malaysia’s CITES MA (PERHILITAN) is urged to create a system which allows the different states of origin to

be verified (e.g. MY1, MY2 etc.)

8.1.7. Re‐selling seized skinsRecommendation: The sale of confiscated skins should, partially contribute to funding research

or developing traceability systems.

Weak trade monitoringRecommendation: The Malaysia and Indonesia authorities are urged to review the export and

sourcing of Python brongersmai.

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Traceability

Recommendation: The fashion industry is encouraged to establish a traceability system complementing the existing CITES permitting system to allow identification of skins along the length of the supply chain and assure the skins legal provenance and

sustainable sourcing.

8.1.8. Recommendation: The sale of confiscated skins should, partially contribute to funding research or developing traceability systems.

Recommendation: Stakeholders (governments and private sector) should be encouraged to develop a traceability system complementing the existing CITES permit system to allow identification of each individual skin through the chain of custody. As a first step, it is recommended to carry out a feasibility study to design a simple, safe

and cost efficient system that enables individual skins to be tracked from the slaughterhouse to the manufactured item (see section 4.6).

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Trade bansRecommendation: The Malaysian authorities are urged to carry out a sustainability assessment of sources (a non‐detriment finding study) to demonstrate due diligence

to the EU.Recommendation: The Switzerland’s Upper House is encouraged to vote against the

ban in Autumn 2012.

8.1.9. EU and Swiss trade bansRecommendation: As a step toward getting the import suspension lifted, and

improving income of rural hunters by re‐opening the European market, PERHILITAN is urged to carry out an NDF along the lines suggested in this recommendation 8.2.1. IN the past Indonesia has been very successful at reversing negative opinions of the SRG:

Peninsular Malaysia could seek advice from their neighbours in getting this trade suspension lifted.

Recommendation: A decision by the Swiss Parliament to ban trade with Indonesia should be reconsidered given the apparent lack of scientific assessment and the fact

that other countries have equally or less humane forms of euthanasia.

Species identificationRecommendation: Capacity building for customs officials in both importing and

exporting Parties is recommended to reduce the scope for illegal trade.13

8.1.10 Species and unit identification at CustomsRecommendation: Capacity building and training materials for customs and enforcement officials in

importing and export Parties is recommended to reduce the potential for this to happen. In addition, the implementation of a traceability system would be of great support to species identification at customs.

Recommendation: Parties should consider implementing restrictions on the units of export with a view to closing potential loopholes which might facilitate illegal trade. This could be achieved, for example, by only permitting whole python skins and skins measured in metres, for example, to be traded. Similar to the

permitting of crocodilians each python skin could be numbered and measured and these data reported on the export permit.

SustainabilityRecommendation: Because the data indicate that a high proportion of harvested pythons are sexually

immature, this report recommends a precautionary approach to harvesting. Legally binding minimum skin size limits should be researched and implemented to ensure the protection of immature snakes. In order to

improve understanding of population trends and to allow for an efficient adaptive management of the harvest, this report recommends monitoring initiatives aimed at using data derived from the harvest itself

(i.e. population structure and reproductive condition of specimens captured) rather than relying on collecting data from population field studies which is a complex and time consuming process.

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Sustainability8.2.1 Better monitoring of harvests

Recommendation: An adaptive management approach to the python skin trade should be considered in place of setting quotas based upon population field studies.

Recommendation: Model NDFs for trade in pythons should be developed and promoted in Range States.Recommendation: Harvest demographic studies based on pythons brought to slaughterhouses are needed for the distinct island forms of Reticulated Python (Auliya et al. 2002) to ensure these isolated populations are not over‐

harvested.

8.2.2. Increasing ecological knowledgeRecommendation: A number of field‐based, mark recapture studies have been undertaken for the species of

heavily traded pythons. As a next step to increasing our understanding of python ecology, radio‐ telemetry studies should be considered. This technique is unique because it would allow determination of home range sizes and

clarification of habitat use characteristics, for example, between oil palm plantations and natural forest. Using this information, wildlife managers could better understand area limits for python populations as well as habitat

specific population density.

8.2.3 Ensuring population recruitmentRecommendation: Evaluating of the feasibility of establishing legal minimum skin size limits to ensure the

protection of immature snakes. This should help to reduce the number of immature snakes collected, allowing a greater proportion of individuals to reach sexual maturity, potentially breed, and thus contribute to population

recruitment. Parties Scientific Authorities should consider promoting this method, which can be easily applied and monitored by customs in either importing or exporting countries through random skin size checks. However,

because of the spatial and temporal variability of python biology, further consideration should be given to how to decide upon minimum harvest sizes for each sex (see point 1 above).

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Animal welfareRecommendation: All slaughterhouses are encouraged to use brain destruction as a slaughter method and to

introduce an anvil type system to reduce suffering through badly aimed blows. Viet Nam and Malaysia slaughterhouses are encouraged to use brain destruction prior to suffocation and decapitation respectively. In addition, research into alternative, and potentially more acceptable, methods of slaughter should be

carried out.

Euthanasia methods and animal welfareRecommendation: Further research is needed to assess whether pythons are stunned before decapitation. However, if not, Malaysian slaughterhouses should be encouraged to destroy the brain via a strong blow to

the head before decapitation occurs.

Recommendation: The introduction of an anvil type slaughter system (figure 42) for all python skin source countries. The snake is fed through a metal tube which is secured to a steel platform or table. This allows the

head to be held in place and insures that the snake can be accurately hit with a hammer or mallet, destroying the brain and minimising suffering. Such a system is cheap and easily applicable.

Considering Animal Welfare concerns were partly responsible for increased international focus on the python trade, the “Expert Panel Report on Humane Killing Guidelines For Reptiles”, the recommendations on humane killing should be considered as part of Best Management Practices (BMP’s) and as part of future regional workshops to improve Traceability and enhance Sustainability of the python trade (see weblink:

http://www.bvet.admin.ch/themen/tierschutz/04013/index.html?lang=en).

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Another report sponsored by UNCTAD, “Improving International Systems for Trade in Reptile Skins Based on Sustainable Use” by, Webb, Manolis ) and Jenkins provided nine overarching recommendations useful for

framing a more comprehensive strategy for Traceability and Sustainable Sourcing. Weblink is: http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Publications/The%20Trade%20in%20Southeas

t%20Asian%20Python%20Skins%2

4.1 The need for a multi‐stakeholder forum with strong industry involvementRecommendation 1

Options should be examined for the creation of a multi‐stakeholder platform of industry actors, with a broader representation of stakeholders that can assist the industry through education, promotion and

problem solving.

4.2 Legal versus illegal trade under CITESRecommendation 2

More effective cooperation between industry and national CITES management authorities should be promoted to ensure that key suppliers are well aware of the consequences of involving the industry as a

whole in illegal trade through fraudulent CITES export permits.

4.3 CertificationRecommendation 3

If industry decides certification is warranted, it should investigate the strengths and weakness ofenhancing the certification role of CITES as the most cost‐effective way of providing consumers with confidence

that the skins used in product manufacture have been obtained legally.

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4.4 The dilemma of captive breeding ‐ Recommendation 4Further information regarding the merits of sourcing python skins from captive

breeding versus wild harvest or ranching is needed. Information and analysis should be commissioned to analyse the conservation and social and economic impacts of captive

breeding relative to wild caught production systems.Those companies currently seeking to focus their imports on python skins with source

code “C” on the CITES export permits may be undermining substantially the conservation value of the final product they are selling.

4.5 Improving compliance with CITESRecommendation 5

Industry needs to consider the benefits to themselves and others by being more actively engaged in CITES, to improve regulation and compliance, particularly with

regard to lizards and snakes, and to better understand the benefits that can flow from trade.

4.6 Increasing concerns about animal welfareRecommendation 6

Industry needs to be better informed about animal welfare issues associated with their supply chains and to adopt policies and standards based on the best science available.18


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4.7 Identification difficultiesRecommendation 7 7

Industry is in a unique position to check existing identification guidelines for snakes and lizards, andif required, to develop in cooperation with CITES new and more effective mechanisms for customs officers

to make more confident species identifications.

4.8 Understanding supply chainsRecommendation 8

The expectation that high‐end fashion manufacturers are in control of their entire supply chain may beunrealistic. But for companies to ignore the dynamics of their supply chains, so that they cannot answerinformed or uninformed criticism will invite further criticism – unfounded or otherwise. Industry shouldensure they have a sound working knowledge of their primary supply chains (from “nature to market or

“marsh to market”).

4.9 Education and communicationRecommendation 9

Industry can and should play a larger role, through their own organization(s) or through others in educationand communication about the whole concept of sustainable use and conservation. There are essentiallytwo spheres where that education is needed: firstly, among immediate stakeholders within the industry,where industry can and should be more responsible; and secondly, the broader public, where various

organizations are already involved in education but would benefit from industry assistance and guidance.

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TORs Study

• Feasibility component: assess the technical and socioeconomic impacts of improved traceability

• System design: determine method that is simple, effective and cost‐efficient‐ Target appropriate points along the supply chain‐ Address how system costs will best be covered‐ Improve capacity for compliance with a legal and sustainable trading system

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CITES In Singapore

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Presentation Outline

• What is CITES and how it works;

• CITES in Singapore;

• Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act;

• Python skin trade in Singapore;

• Enforcement Activities;

• Inspections of wildlife consignments;

• Outreach and Awareness Programs;

• Q & A

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What is CITES and how it Works?

• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora;

• International agreement to ensure that trade does notthreaten wildlife species to extinction;

• 178 Parties to date;• Species listed in the Appendices to CITES;• Conference of the Parties (CoP) is the only body that can

decide on the contents to App I and II;• Any proposal to amend the Appendices require two‐thirds

majority of voting Parties for it to be adopted;• Only Parties may propose amendments to the Appendices.

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What is CITES and how it Works?APP Remarks Examples

I Commercial Trade generally prohibited

Marine Turtles, Tigers,Rhinos, Elephants.

II International Trade is permitted butregulated

Crocodiles, pythons, parrots, corals, orchids.

III Less restrictive than App II

Walruses, soft shell turtles.

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CITES in Singapore

• Implemented the Convention since February 1987;

• AVA is the Management and Scientific Authorityresponsible for CITES implementation;

• National legislation formulated to give legal effect toCITES;

• Interagency cooperation with partner enforcementagencies Immigration and Checkpoints Authority(ICA), Singapore Customs (SC) and Police Coast Guard(PCG).

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CITES in Singapore

• 6000 – 12000 permits issued annually for trade in CITES‐listed species;

• Major items imported are reptile skins, Asian Arowanas,live birds, caviar, hard corals, agarwood and zoologicalanimals;

• Major items exported/re‐exported are reptile skins andits manufactured products, Asian Arowanas, live birds,agarwood and orchids;

• Application of CITES permits via Electronic Certificates,Licenses and Permits System (eCLIPS).

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Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act 2006

• Enacted in 1989 to give legal effect to CITES;

• Permits required to trade in CITES‐listed species;

• Also empowers authorised officers to search,enter and seize any illegal wildlife;

• Penalties include fines of up to $50000 perscheduled specimen and/or up to 2 years’imprisonment.

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Enforcement of CITES in Singapore

• AVA investigates all complaints of CITESinfringements;

• Following an investigation, the offender maybe issued with a warning, fined or prosecutionunder ESA;

• Specimens seized may be disposed off as theDirector‐General deems fit.

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Python skin trade in Singapore

• Commonly traded python skins

– Python reticulatus (65%), P. molurus bivittatus (15‐20%), P.curtus (10%)

• Imported mainly from SE Asia, eg. Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia;

• Re‐exported mainly to EU, USA and Asia as raw hides, semi‐processed, leather or finished products;

• Permit confirmation with issuing country prior to import;

• Shipments inspected at ports of entry;

• Shipments must be accompanied by proper and valid CITES permitsissued by CITES Authorities;

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Python skin trade in Singapore

• Any discrepancies to shipment (excess quantities,incorrect species etc) would be investigated;

• Must be traded within exported quotas grantedby exporting countries;

• No python or lizard tanning factories, import forre‐export;

• Electronic Stockcard system to monitor importand re‐export of skins;

• Trade statistics available on UNEP‐WCMCwebsite.

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Inspections of wildlife consignments

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Enforcement Activities (2005)

• Import of 500kg (approx. 1500 pcs) python skins without a permit;

• Hidden in vehicle between boxes of speaker parts;

• Detected by ICA’s Woodlands Checkpoint;

• Offender fined S$5000 and jailed 2 months.

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Enforcement Activities (2006)

• Import of 4000+ (11 bales) reptile skins consisting of 3 reptile species, without a permit;

• Hidden between canisters of fire extinguishers;

• Detected by ICA’s Coastal Command;

• Offender fined S$10,000 and jailed 4 months.

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Outreach and awareness programs

• Publication of significant wildlife seizures in the media;

• Distribution of CITES brochures and advisories duringinspection/enforcement;

• Circulars distributed to traders on changes to wildlifelegislations, changes to CITES Appendices or reminder onCITES requirements;

• Regular dialogue sessions with traders on CITES issues;

• Public talks in community centres, symposiums andlibraries.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE SCOPING STUDY

A. Improve Traceability

• Tagging or marking options (matrix ranking of type, design & cost)

• Institutional frameworks and compliance standards

• Indonesian sticker (crust) & export inspection seal

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SUSTAINABLE TRADE: EXPLORING RELIABLE TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING TRADE OF PYTHON SKINS

A. Participatory and InclusiveB. Transparent, Credible and Practical C. Acknowledge

• “A review of the trade in Southeast Asian Python Skins” (Kasterine, Arbeid, Caillabet & Natusch)

• “Improving International Systems for Trade in Reptile Skins based on Sustainable Use” (Webb, Manolis & Jenkins)

• GOAL: CITES LISTED SPECIES IN TRADE ARE LEGALLY ACQUIRED AND NOT DETRIMENTAL TO THE SURVIVAL OF A SPECIES.

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B) Compliment CITES Permitting Systems

• Shipment declarations and inspections

• Permit clearinghouse reviews

• Shipping tags

• Common Carrier engagement

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UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAMIndependence ‐ Freedom – Happiness

MINISTRIAL STANDARDS 04 TCN 86 ‐ 2006

TECHNICAL REGULATIONS ON BREEDING THE BURMESE AND RETICULATED PYTHONS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Objectives, ContentThese technical regulations specify key techniques in the breeding of Burmesepython (Python molurus bivittatus Linnaeus, 1785) and Reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider,1801), including the provisions on housing; selection of parentalstock; incubation techniques; care of young pythons; farming techniques; food; selection of juveniles for future parental stock; veterinary work; sanitation; transport for isolated farms breeding the burmese and reticulated pythons.

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C) Improve Conservation and Sustainable Use Framework

• Protected areas and management units

• Provincial quotas and harvest limitations

• IUCN Boa & Python Specialists Group

• Yellow Anaconda Model

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Information of Sustainability of Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus) Harvests in Indonesia

May 2013

This Information has been prepared by the CITES Management Authority and Scientific Authority of Indonesia on the request of The Scientific Review Group of EU Member States in accordance with their International trade regulaton in CITES implementation.

Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Convention Ministry of Forestry

7th Floor, Block VII, Manggala Wanabakti Building Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270, INDONESIA E‐mail : [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Telefax: +62 21 5720 227

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Figure 6. Protected Areas in Indonesia (source, DG of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, 2010)

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Figure 6. A hunter with a newly caught Anaconda

Table 1. Anaconda Program benefits partitioning on a 50 USD skin price basisProgram actor USD %

Provincial and export taxes 2.1 4.2Program running costs (NGO ) 7.4 14.8Hunters and local buyers 6.7 13.3Stockpiling logistic expenses 3.1 6.2Total expenses per skin 19.2 38.5Exporters income 30.8 61.5

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Figure 5. Natural distribution of 500 illegal skins seized in Paraguay (Micucci and Waller 2007).Current minimum size limits established by the YAMP are substantially more conservative than

historical minimum sizes in trade

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Indonesia ID Sticker

CITES Export Inspection102


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D) Enhance Compliance and Enforcement

• Designated ports

• Specialized Training and ID manual

• Regional enforcement coordination (ASEANWEN)

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E) Improve Capacity Building

• Research and management (study priorities & BMP’s)

• Enforcement and compliance (interdict illegal trade & validate legal trade)

• Annual reports and trade monitoring (IACTS/WCMC model)

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F) Encourage Stakeholder Engagement

• Supply chain participants (Harvesters, landowners, breeders, etc.)

• Traders and tanners

• Manufacturers and Luxury Brands

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G) Recommend Equitable Cost and Benefit Sharing

• Supply side (illegal trade impacts & processing costs)

• Value‐added (crust tanning)

• Dedicated funding

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The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit‐sharing

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement which aims at sharing the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding, thereby contributing to the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components. It was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at its tenth meeting on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan. The Nagoya Protocol will enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification.

The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources is one of the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. For background information on the Convention's work programme on access and benefit-sharing prior to the adoption of the Nagoya Protocol and information on the negotiations of the Nagoya Protocol, please visit the folowing pages: Background and ABS Developments under the CBD Prior to the Nagoya Protocol

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H) Determine applicability to others reptiles in trade

• Snakes

• Lizards

• Turtles

• By‐products (meat, gallbladders, etc.)

Timeline:

March to August, 2013

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KEY ISSUES

A. Similarities and Differences with Crocodilian Trade Models• Volume and value• Traceability potential• Tannery bottleneck

• World trade incrementally restored• Independently monitored (IACTS/WCMC)• Direct engagement with IUCN CSG• Tannery bottleneck (4x larger)• Female size larger than male• Nesting and population monitoring challenges• Dedicated funding (Louisiana alligator example)

B. Practicality of tagging, institutional frameworks and compliance initiatives

C. Retagging and marking options (two tier systems)109

KEY ISSUES (continued)

D. Socio‐economic considerations including cost, implementation and oversight requirements

E. Rural communities and livelihood benefits

F. Inventories and stockpiling

G. Captive breeding implications and production systems assessments

H. Illegal trade, national & regional enforcement initiatives, violations consequences and judicial outreach

I. Trade monitoring and analysis

J. Animal Welfare and Humane Killing Guidelines

K. Dedicated funding and Matching Fund Startup

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SUSTAINABLE TRADE

WITH BENEFITS TO:

COMMERCE

CONSERVATION

COMMUNITIES

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Documents

1 2 - About BioTrade. Ashley Part1_Main...1 2 3 4 The Terms of ... to the extent of legal ... potentially more acceptable, methods of slaughter should be carried out. Euthanasia methods