Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
11
AN INVESTIGATION INTO AN INVESTIGATION INTO A PEDAGOGIC CORPUS OF A PEDAGOGIC CORPUS OF MARITIME ENGLISH (ME)MARITIME ENGLISH (ME)
[email protected]@[email protected]@astom.ac.uk
2
MARITIME ENGLISH sub-registers set languages (SeaSpeak and IMO Standard Phrases ) shipbuilding, seamanship, cargo handling, meteorology and oceanography, marine engineering, electricity, electronics, automation, port operations, marine pollution, safety of life at sea, international rules and regulations, marine insurance, shipping, business transactions, catering and tourism.
3
ME: The State of the ArtME: The State of the Art
very little, if any, known about very little, if any, known about MEME
research almost non-research almost non-existentexistent
no field-specific corpora no field-specific corpora availableavailable
44
Maritime English Pedagogic Corpus (MEPC) Maritime English Pedagogic Corpus (MEPC) materials/texts materials/texts
‘‘representative’ of the type of Englishrepresentative’ of the type of English used and accepted as ‘genuine’ in an used and accepted as ‘genuine’ in an
educated discourse community living and educated discourse community living and working in a maritime environment working in a maritime environment
outside the English-speaking countries, outside the English-speaking countries, possibly a sample of ELFpossibly a sample of ELF
selection of specific selection of specific ‘lexical fields’ and ‘lexical fields’ and
sub-registers sub-registers
language used in language used in the relevant field the relevant field
literatureliterature
typical ESP typical ESP rhetorical rhetorical functionsfunctions
validated by Italian validated by Italian professionals working professionals working in the maritime fieldin the maritime field
55
The softwareThe software
WinATA WinATA (Aston Text Analyser)(Aston Text Analyser) FREQUENCYFREQUENCY and and RANGERANGE (Heatley, Nation and Coxhead, (Heatley, Nation and Coxhead,
2002)2002)
WordClassifierWordClassifier (Denies, Goethals and EET Project Team, 1996)(Denies, Goethals and EET Project Team, 1996)
6
Corpus statisticsSub-corpora 14
Texts 185
Average length of texts 280 running words
Pages 96
Tokens/Running words 51,823 (WinATA count)
Types 5,831
Hapax legomena 2,528
Types occurring less than 9 times 5,013
7
Sub-corpora description (no ‘norming’) Token count Type count
Basic Ship Terminology 1,771 455
Ship Types 1,255 416
Ship Particulars 1,010 314
Manning 2,057 541
The History of the Ship 2,323 747
Famous Ships 5,956 1,659
Shipbuilding 1,235 509
Miscellanea: Structural Elements and Shipboard Plants 2,583 775
Technical Specification (4) 9,482 1,984
IMO/Classification Societies 2,958 874
Marine Pollution 3,642 1,115
Marine Meteorology 6,134 1,515
Port Operations 3,153 750
Collision Regulations 8,264 997
88
Stages in the investigationStages in the investigation Stage1
Producing a frequency list Comparing the MEPC most frequent ‘words’ with the
ones from other lists Identifying the function words not/present in the
corpus Finding the coverage of the most common words
Stage 2 Identifying the ‘maritime’ lexical items in the corpus Analysing the main features of the ‘field specific’
lexical items. Classifying the technical ‘words’
9
The most and the least The most and the least frequent wordsfrequent words across across
different listsdifferent lists
The 50 most frequent words The 50 most frequent words
General Service List (GSL)General Service List (GSL) adapted from West by Bauman (adapted from West by Bauman (http://jbauman.com/gsl.htmlhttp://jbauman.com/gsl.html ) )
Cambridge International Corpus Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) (CIC) 330,000 words of written data 330,000 words of written data
The COBUILD Bank of EnglishThe COBUILD Bank of English 196 million words of written 196 million words of written corpuscorpus
0
20
40
60
80
100
the most frequent types
West (1953)
Nations (2001)
Coxhead (2000)
MEPC
10
ME ‘vocabulary’
Hardly unique ‘per se’
Mainly ‘general words’ taking on different meanings and roles through: polysemy and homonymy compounding
1111
PolysemyPolysemy and homonymy and homonymy1/5th of all types 1/5th of all types
GE/ME differences – ‘Shifts’ in:GE/ME differences – ‘Shifts’ in:
meaning meaning
(bank, floor, air draught , port)(bank, floor, air draught , port) grammatical functions: grammatical functions:
adverbs or prepositions -> adverbs or prepositions -> adjectives adjectives
from verbs -> nouns from verbs -> nouns
(after) (bow?)(after) (bow?)
0
2000
4000
6000
Types
Hapax Legomena
Polysemes &homonyms
1212
‘‘Shifts’Shifts’In meaningIn meaning
‘‘bank’bank’ - a financial institution - a financial institution - the bank of a river - the bank of a river - a ‘bank of fog’ - a ‘bank of fog’ - a ‘row of objects’ (e.g. - a ‘row of objects’ (e.g. a bank of a bank of oars, a bank of tubesoars, a bank of tubes). ).
‘‘floor’floor’ - a horizontal subdivision in a - a horizontal subdivision in a building building - a vertical plate in the ship bottom. - a vertical plate in the ship bottom.
‘‘air draught’air draught’ - a current of air - a current of air - the maximum height of the ship’s - the maximum height of the ship’s parts above the water surface. parts above the water surface.
‘‘port’port’- - an artificial harbour, an artificial harbour, - an ‘- an ‘opening’opening’ in the hull in the hull- the ‘- the ‘left’left’ side of the ship. side of the ship.
In grammatical functionsIn grammatical functions
‘‘bow’bow’
GE: GE: - noun - noun (a knot with two loops, a (a knot with two loops, a
weapon or a device for playing a weapon or a device for playing a musical instrument) musical instrument)
- verb - verb (indicating a body motion)(indicating a body motion) ME:ME: - noun - noun (the fore end of a ship)(the fore end of a ship) ‘‘after’after’ GE:GE: - time relater - time relater
(preposition/adverb)(preposition/adverb) ME: ME: - adjective (the - adjective (the after after end of the end of the
ship). ship).
1313
Compounding (1)Compounding (1)
Usual types of connectionUsual types of connection
noun plus nounnoun plus noun
e.g. e.g. ballast water, radio officerballast water, radio officer present participle plus nounpresent participle plus noun
e.g. e.g. mooring ropes, navigating cadetmooring ropes, navigating cadet past participle plus nounpast participle plus noun
e.g. e.g. compressed air, I-shaped beamcompressed air, I-shaped beam
1414
Compounding (2) Compounding (2) Common semantic relationships Common semantic relationships
((Blakey, 1987: 146)Blakey, 1987: 146)
B of AB of A cylinder covercylinder cover, , hatchwayhatchway
B with/has A B with/has A
B contains AB contains Asalt water, shipownersalt water, shipowner wheelhouse , storeroomwheelhouse , storeroom
B in/on/at AB in/on/at A port operations, bow thrusterport operations, bow thruster
B is made of/from AB is made of/from A copper wire, air-cushioncopper wire, air-cushion
B operated by AB operated by A
B uses AB uses Ahand pump hand pump
steam turbine, water plantsteam turbine, water plant
B shaped like AB shaped like A needle valve, I-beamneedle valve, I-beam
B invented by AB invented by A Diesel engine, Beaufort wind Diesel engine, Beaufort wind scalescale
1515
Compounding (3) adjectives adjectives
((deep tank, double deep tank, double bottom, forecastle, bottom, forecastle, parallel middle body, parallel middle body, strong beam, upper deck)strong beam, upper deck)
nominalised adjectivesnominalised adjectives ((deck longitudinalsdeck longitudinals))
adjectival compoundsadjectival compounds ((oil tight,oil tight, watertightwatertight))
reverse combinationsreverse combinations ((depth moulded, length depth moulded, length overall)overall)
ordinal numbersordinal numbers (first mate, third (first mate, third engineer) engineer)
prepositionsprepositions (‘tween deck, upkeep, (‘tween deck, upkeep,
overhauloverhaul))
the names of seasonsthe names of seasons ( ( summer load linesummer load line))
proper nouns turned into proper nouns turned into common nouns common nouns ((jacob’s ladder, samson jacob’s ladder, samson postpost))
eponyms or names of eponyms or names of inventors to describe a inventors to describe a productproduct ((Diesel engine, Beaufort Diesel engine, Beaufort scale, Plimsoll marksscale, Plimsoll marks) )
place names to indicate place names to indicate an important event or an important event or conventionconvention
((York-Antwerp York-Antwerp Convention, Florida ActConvention, Florida Act) )
geographical namesgeographical names ((North Atlantic loadlineNorth Atlantic loadline) )
1616
Compounding (5) Compounding (5) poly-words poly-words
One word One word (bulkhead, shipowner)(bulkhead, shipowner) Spaces in between Spaces in between (water ballast, bracket floor)(water ballast, bracket floor) Hyphens Hyphens (I-beam)(I-beam) Prepositions Prepositions ((round of deck, turn of the bilge, length between round of deck, turn of the bilge, length between
perpendicularsperpendiculars)) Possessive case Possessive case ((Ship’s Cook)Ship’s Cook) Combined devices Combined devices ((men-of-war) men-of-war)
fixed collocations with ‘specialized unitary fixed collocations with ‘specialized unitary meaning’ meaning’
17
condense information (Hatch & Brown,1995:191) create new meanings different from the one of each of the
parts making up a combination (Barlow,1996:12)create ‘unique’ meaningsare the only acceptable referential forms available to point
to areas of experience shared by the target maritime community (there exist no other words to point to the concepts they represent)
do not serve other frames of reference are to be considered as single words (though written with
hyphens or with spaces in between) have stable relationships having frozen into fixed forms can be seen as extreme forms of fixed collocationextreme forms of fixed collocation (Becker,
1975: 8; Schmitt and McCarthy, 1997:43)
ME multi-word items- fixed collocations with ‘specialized unitary meaning’ -
1818
Other relevant lexical aspectsOther relevant lexical aspects
– clippingsclippings ( (bosunbosun for for boatswainboatswain, , f’c’slf’c’sl for for
forecastleforecastle),),– initialization initialization (A.B.S.) (A.B.S.) – acronymsacronyms (SOLAS: Safety Of Life At Sea, (SOLAS: Safety Of Life At Sea,
MARPOL: MARine POLlution). MARPOL: MARine POLlution).
1919
MetaphorsMetaphors
Metaphorical use of animal names in fixed Metaphorical use of animal names in fixed collocationscollocations with ‘specialized unitary with ‘specialized unitary meaning’meaning’ ((cat’s walkcat’s walk, , dog watch, crow’s nest, dog watch, crow’s nest, donkeyman)donkeyman)
Metaphorical use of the language in in connection with the word ‘ship’connection with the word ‘ship’(she/her ->backbone, ribs)(she/her ->backbone, ribs)
2020
Field-specific borrowings (Eckersley, & Eckersley, 1960: 417-432 )
captain, navy, officercaptain, navy, officer (French) (French) cargo, canoe,cargo, canoe, niñaniña (Spanish) (Spanish) anchoranchor (Greek) (Greek) admiraladmiral (Arabic) (Arabic) yacht, buoy, hull, dock, cruise yacht, buoy, hull, dock, cruise (Dutch) (Dutch) tornado, hurricanetornado, hurricane (Caribbean) (Caribbean) tsunamitsunami (Japanese) (Japanese)
21
ME lexical classification
Few ‘unique’ field specific lexical items Lexical items also belonging to other ESP
fields Multi-word sense segments or compounds (‘common words’ occurring together to form
unique ‘field specific single meanings’) Polysemes and homonyms (‘common words’ used with special ‘unique’
meanings in the frame of reference) Function words and general service words
22
THE PEDAGOGIC WASH-BACK greater attention to the most frequent and to
the least frequent words in the texts a different approach in designing learning
tasks ‘sense-segment-based lexical activities’
matching ‘old words’ to ‘new meanings’ exploring the ‘multiple meanings’ of words analysing and manipulating the different
relationships and combinations
23
Activity 1: Look at the following table and decide what is the meaning of ‘course’ in the different instances
This is of course important in all ships.The captain's watch, and, of course, the bell itself, …..
….. an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam ….. sufficient sea-room, alteration of course alone may be the solution.
24
Activity 2: Read the following examples and guess the different meanings of the word ‘current’ in context. Then check by using a dictionary.
1. Evaluate current, nearby port and hurricane haven locations that may be considered for tropical cyclone avoidance.
2. Current and lighting are supplied by the generators.3. Winds of hurricane force opposing any ocean current
can quickly create very steep, short period waves.4. Plot current/ forecast positions of all active/ suspected
tropical cyclone activity.5. The service speed as well as the optimum size of tanker
is very much related to current market economics.6. The developing storm drifts westwards with the current
of free air and it deviates from the equator after arriving at the western margin of the semi-permanent 'high'
7. The current state of the environment is one of the most serious problems facing mankind today.
25
Activity 3: Find the different uses and meanings of the word ‘after’ using a dictionary. Then read the following ‘bits of sentences’ and identify the different meanings.
…..on course and look after all the equipment used.
….. not going to Liverpool after all, not yet anyway.
The after perpendicular ( A.P.) is a …..
Every deck is named after an Italian city (Genoa, …..
….. deviates from the equator after arriving at the western …..
….. if a witch was after her.
….. died a few days after she was registered and …..
However, by 12 hours after landfall, tornadoes tend to …..
….. peak tanks and the after peak tanks.
….. have patterned their ships after the shapes of waterfowl.
Standing on the after davit, he was trying …..
….. vertical line through the after edge of the rudderpost.
26
Activity 4:All the words listed below contain ‘ship’, but there are two odd-words-out . Cross them out and motivate your decision. Provide an example for each word . Translate the words into Italian.
1. amidships2. athwartships3. battleships4. lightship5. seamanship6. shipboard7. shipbuilder8. warship
1. shipmasters2. ship-owner3. ship-repairing4. relationship5. shipwreck6. shipwright7. shipyard8. steamship
27
Activity 5: Identify the relationships in the following compounds and fill in the table
after peak tank cylinder cover salt water needle valve I-beam ship owner wheelhouse storeroom hatchway steam turbine water plant hand pump steam turbine air-cushion Beaufort wind scale port operations
B of A
B with/has A B contains A
B is made of/from A
B in/on/at A
B uses A
B operated by A
B shaped like A
B invented by A
28
Activity 6: Form compounds out of the following definitions
a ship that was designed to carry containers ______________________________________________
the chain of the anchor ______________________________________________
the room where the engines are located _______________________________________________
an engine driven by steam_______________________________________________
an engine invented by Rudolf Diesel_______________________________________________
the tanks located in the fore peak_______________________________________________
the covers on the hatches_______________________________________________
a bulkhead made of steel_______________________________________________
the papers of the ship_______________________________________________
a bar shaped like the letter H_______________________________________________
29
Activity 7: ‘Gapped’ compounds - Complete the compound words in this passage.
A general cargo _______ is a single- or two-deck ship. The hull is divided up into a number of water-__________ compartments by decks and _________ heads. At the fore and after ends of the hull are the fore _________ tanks and the ________ peak tanks.
There usually are four or five holds in-between. The holds also have ‘__________ decks, i.e. decks dividing up cargo space.
A traditional dry cargo _______ has her engine ______ and bridge ____________ amidships so that there are three holds forward of the engine _____________ and two holds aft of it. Above the main _________ at the fore end, forward of n°1 hold there is the __________ castle and right forward is the _________ staff. The derricks are supported by masts and by a _______________ post. They are stowed fore-and-__________ when the ship is at sea. There are two _________ boats, one on the port ___________ amidships, another on the ___________________ side amidships, abaft the funnel (the funnel is always abaft the bridge). The poop is at the after end of the ship and there is an ensign ______________ right aft.
30
Task aiming at developing learner autonomy (created with Word Classifier)
Read the following lists of words. They are all the words (381) from the Module ‘Basic Ship Terminology’ that you have studied. Their difficulty ranges from 0 (fairly common) to 5 ( less common)
Work on your own. Underline all the words that you recognize and whose meaning you can remember. Count them and see how good you are and how much you have learnt.
Work with a partner and create as many ‘compound words’ as you can.
Form a group of four and compare your lists. If you like, you can turn this activity into a competition.(The winner is the team of 2 students who have produced more compound words. The group decides whether the words are correct or not and assigns the scores. If you do not manage to reach an agreement, ask your teacher)
3131
ENDEND
ReferencesReferences
