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( PENGERTIAN DASAR TANAH)
FUAD HARWADI Jl. Skip I No. 46
Tanjung Selor - 77211
Kab. Bulungan - KALTIM
Hp : 081252900070
Phone /Fax : 0552-2024090
e-mail : [email protected]
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
( DESCRIPTION of SOIL )
PENGERTIAN TANAH
Tanah didefinisikan sebagai material yang terdiri dari agregat
(butiran) mineral padat yang tidak tersementasikan (terikat secara
kimia) satu sama lain dari bahan-bahan organik yang telah
melapuk disertai dengan zat cair dan gas mengisi ruang-ruang
kosong di antara partikel-partikel padat tersebut.
TANAH PENDUKUNG PONDASI DARI
BANGUNAN dan SEBAGAI MATERIAL
KONSTRUKSI
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
( SOIL PROBLEMS in CIVIL ENGINEERING)
PERMASALAHAN TANAH dalam TEKNIK SIPIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
( SOIL FORMATION and SOIL DEPOSITS )
PEMBENTUKAN dan KANDUNGAN TANAH
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Tanah merupakan hasil pelapukan batuan Dikelompokkan dalam 2 group besar, yaitu:
a. Tanah yang terjadi oleh penumpukan produk pelapukan batuan
ditempat asalnya : TANAH RESIDU = residual soils
b. Tanah yang terjadi oleh produk pelapukan yang kemudian terbawa ke tempat lain : TANAH SEDIMEN = transported soils
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
A. TANAH RESIDU (RESIDUAL SOIL):
-------------------------- Tanah yang
Terbentuk oleh
penumpukan produk
pelapukan batuan
ditempat Asalnya.
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
b.1. Tanah glacial
Terbentuk karena produk pelapukan
terangkut dan terdeposisi oleh
es atau oleh gletser
(sungai es).
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
b.2. Tanah aeolian
Terbentuk
karena produk pelapukan terangkut
dan terdeposisi
oleh
angin
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
b.3. Tanah aluvial
Terbentuk
karena
produk pelapukan terangkut
oleh
air dan
terdeposisi sepanjang sungai
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
( SOIL TEXTURE & PARTICLE SHAPE)
TEKSTUR TANAH & BENTUK PARTIKEL
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (Robert D. Holtz & William D.Kovacs, 1981)
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
PARTIKEL TANAH
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
( SOIL MINERALOGY)
MINERAL TANAH
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
( NONCLAY MINERALS IN SOILS)
MINERAL BUKAN LEMPUNG
( CLAY MINERALS)
MINERAL TANAH LEMPUNG
PASIR (SAND)
LANAU (SILT)
GAMBUT (PEAT)
KERIKIL (GRAVEL)
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
( NONCLAY MINERALS IN SOILS)
MINERAL BUKAN LEMPUNG
Karakter fisik ditentukan terutama oleh :
Ukuran partikel
Bentuk
Texture permukaan
Distribusi ukuran
Material ini dihasilkan dari suatu proses pelapukan dan
pecahnya batuan lama karena pengaruh cuaca.
Jenis mineral yang paling banyak terdapat dalam tanah
adalah QUARTZ.
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Gambar Bentuk Pasir
dan Partikel Lanau.
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
Merupakan koloid yg sangat kecil < 0,002 mm
Partikel lempung berbentuk seperti lembaran/lempengan
yg memiliki struktur atom yang berulang dan permukaan
yang khusus, sehingga tanah lempung sangat
dipengaruhi oleh gaya-gaya permukaan.
SUSUNAN TANAH LEMPUNG
Susunan kebanyakan tanah lempung terdiri dari :
Silika Tetrahedra ( 1 silikon + 4 Oksigen)
Aluminium Oktahedra ( 1 Aluminium + 6 Oksigen)
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
( CLAY MINERALS)
MINERAL LEMPUNG
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
Gambar SILIKIA TETRAHEDRA
(a) Tetrahedron ; (b) Silica Sheet
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
Gambar ALUMINIUM OKTAHEDRA
(c) Octahedron ; (d) Alumina Sheet
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL YANG DOMINAN :
JENIS MINERAL TANAH LEMPUNG
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
Mineral Formulasi Struktural
Kaolinite Si2 Al2 O5 (OH)4
Illite Si3.5 Al0.5 (Mg2 Fe) O10 (OH)2 K0.7
Monmorillonite / Bentonite Si4 (Al1.7 Mg0.3 ) O10 (OH)2 K0.3
Dan lain-lain.
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
K A O L I N I T E
Diagram of the structure of
kaolinite
Electron photomicrograph of well-crystallized
kaolinite from St Austell, Cornwall, England.
Picture width is 17m ( Tovey,1971).
• Ukuran : < 2µm
• Particle Shape : Platy
• Thick of layer : 7 Å
• Specific Surface : ± 20 m2/g
• Specific Gravity : 2.60
• PI : 1 – 40 %
• Thixotropie : Weak
• Swelling : NOT
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
I L L I T E
• Particle size : < 2µm
• Particle Shape : Platy
• Thick of layer : 10 - 12 Å
• Specific Surface : ± 115 m2/g
• Specific Gravity : 2.80
• PI : 20 – 50 %
• Thixotropie : Weak
• Swelling : WEAK Diagram of the structure of Illite
Scanning electron photomicrograph of illite-
smectite clay in a tight gas reservoir pore
space. Clays in the tight rocks complicate
interpretation of reservoir quality and can
impede gas recovery. Bar is 10 micrometers
long.
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
of SOIL
1. Description of Soil
2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering
3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits
4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape
5. Soil Mineralogy
MONTMORILLONITE
• Ukuran : < 0,5 µm
• Particle Shape : Platy
• Thick of layer : 11 - 15 Å
• Specific Surface : ± 80 m2/g
• Specific Gravity : 2.65 – 2.80
• PI : 300 – 600 %
• Thixotropie : High
• Swelling : HIGH
Scanning Electron photomicrograph of
monmorillonite (bentonite)
Diagram of the structure of
monmorillonite